This document is a summer intern report submitted by Swati Pawar to Powergrid Corporation of India Ltd. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking various individuals and organizations that supported her internship. It also includes a table of contents that lists sections on the company profile and bank reconciliation statement. The company profile section provides details on Powergrid Corporation of India Ltd., including its role and operations in electricity transmission across India as well as regulations set by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission. The bank reconciliation statement section outlines the bank reconciliation process.
K a-sivaram-chitale-policy-framework-for-transmission-distributionsrinivasdeepak
This document provides an overview of India's policy framework for power transmission and distribution. It discusses the key laws and policies governing this sector, including the Electricity Act of 2003, National Tariff Policy of 2006, guidelines for tariff determination through competitive bidding, and foreign direct investment policy. The Electricity Act aims to promote private sector participation through liberalization of entry barriers and mandates open access. Transmission and distribution are regulated through licensing by the Central and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions. Tariffs are required to be determined through a multi-year tariff framework. The policies seek to introduce competition while ensuring consumer protection.
PTTI is an infrastructure company that aims to become a global player in power transmission, telecom, and energy. It has a vision to provide superior value to stakeholders. The company will engage an experienced team and technical consultants to help maintain high production quality and levels. PTTI sees opportunities in the growing demand for telecom and power transmission towers in India, as telecom density is expected to rise to 20% by 2007 and huge investments are planned for power generation and transmission. The company aims to achieve sales of Rs. 500 crores in five years and be a leader in providing towers and industrial structures while encouraging social responsibility.
1) The document summarizes the internship of Muhammad Raza Butt at Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) from April 13-27.
2) PTCL is Pakistan's largest telecom company providing telephone and internet services nationwide using a network of over 3200 exchanges.
3) During the internship, Raza learned about PTCL's switching and transmission systems, and assisted with tasks like exchange overview and testing transmission lines.
Nepal Telecom (NT) was established in 2004 and provides various telecommunication services across Nepal. It holds the largest market share at 60.3% for mobile phones and 91% for landlines. NT offers products like basic telephone, mobile, internet, leased lines, and CDMA services. Its main competitors are Spice Nepal and United Telecom Limited, which have grown their market shares in recent years to 44.75% and provides GSM and CDMA services respectively. The telecom industry in Nepal has seen rapid growth in subscribers and increased mobile penetration rates.
The document is the TRA (Telecommunications Regulatory Authority) Annual Report for 2011. It provides an overview of the telecom sector in Oman, highlights of TRA's activities and regulatory initiatives in 2011, and discusses TRA's vision, mission, and functions. Some key points:
- Telecom sector saw remarkable growth and improvements over the last decade in Oman.
- In 2011, TRA issued new regulations, conducted surveys, approved new services/tariffs, and issued radio licenses to facilitate expansion of telecom networks.
- Going forward, TRA aims to further enhance competition, coverage, and high-speed broadband access across Oman.
From centralised long-term planning to market-based access: Proposed change i...Amitava Nag
The present transmission planning process in India does not incorporate economic dispatch principle. Transmission Planning is proposed to be done on the basis of projected load of the States and anticipated generation scenario based on economic principles of merit order operation.
The document outlines Bangladesh's regulatory framework for telecommunications. It establishes an independent regulatory commission to oversee the sector and promote transparency, adaptability, and objectivity. The commission's primary functions include licensing operators, regulating tariffs, setting technical standards, monitoring service quality, managing spectrum, and more. It also discusses the competitive framework, emphasizing liberalization and equal opportunities for public and private operators. Institutional development focuses on research, education, and promoting local manufacturing.
Report on Nepal Telecom by Neeraj Bhandari (Surkhet, Nepal)Neeraj Bhandari
Nepal Telecom is the largest telecommunications provider in Nepal, with a 60.30% share of the mobile phone market and 91% of fixed telephone lines. It has provided nationwide coverage since being established in 2032. However, it now faces competition from private companies like Ncell and United Telecom. While Nepal Telecom has a strong brand and history of service, it needs to improve its customer service, upgrade technologies more quickly, and streamline operations to address weaknesses like high overhead costs. Adopting new opportunities from technological advances and expanding rural coverage could help it thrive despite threats from competitors, regulations, and economic challenges.
K a-sivaram-chitale-policy-framework-for-transmission-distributionsrinivasdeepak
This document provides an overview of India's policy framework for power transmission and distribution. It discusses the key laws and policies governing this sector, including the Electricity Act of 2003, National Tariff Policy of 2006, guidelines for tariff determination through competitive bidding, and foreign direct investment policy. The Electricity Act aims to promote private sector participation through liberalization of entry barriers and mandates open access. Transmission and distribution are regulated through licensing by the Central and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions. Tariffs are required to be determined through a multi-year tariff framework. The policies seek to introduce competition while ensuring consumer protection.
PTTI is an infrastructure company that aims to become a global player in power transmission, telecom, and energy. It has a vision to provide superior value to stakeholders. The company will engage an experienced team and technical consultants to help maintain high production quality and levels. PTTI sees opportunities in the growing demand for telecom and power transmission towers in India, as telecom density is expected to rise to 20% by 2007 and huge investments are planned for power generation and transmission. The company aims to achieve sales of Rs. 500 crores in five years and be a leader in providing towers and industrial structures while encouraging social responsibility.
1) The document summarizes the internship of Muhammad Raza Butt at Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) from April 13-27.
2) PTCL is Pakistan's largest telecom company providing telephone and internet services nationwide using a network of over 3200 exchanges.
3) During the internship, Raza learned about PTCL's switching and transmission systems, and assisted with tasks like exchange overview and testing transmission lines.
Nepal Telecom (NT) was established in 2004 and provides various telecommunication services across Nepal. It holds the largest market share at 60.3% for mobile phones and 91% for landlines. NT offers products like basic telephone, mobile, internet, leased lines, and CDMA services. Its main competitors are Spice Nepal and United Telecom Limited, which have grown their market shares in recent years to 44.75% and provides GSM and CDMA services respectively. The telecom industry in Nepal has seen rapid growth in subscribers and increased mobile penetration rates.
The document is the TRA (Telecommunications Regulatory Authority) Annual Report for 2011. It provides an overview of the telecom sector in Oman, highlights of TRA's activities and regulatory initiatives in 2011, and discusses TRA's vision, mission, and functions. Some key points:
- Telecom sector saw remarkable growth and improvements over the last decade in Oman.
- In 2011, TRA issued new regulations, conducted surveys, approved new services/tariffs, and issued radio licenses to facilitate expansion of telecom networks.
- Going forward, TRA aims to further enhance competition, coverage, and high-speed broadband access across Oman.
From centralised long-term planning to market-based access: Proposed change i...Amitava Nag
The present transmission planning process in India does not incorporate economic dispatch principle. Transmission Planning is proposed to be done on the basis of projected load of the States and anticipated generation scenario based on economic principles of merit order operation.
The document outlines Bangladesh's regulatory framework for telecommunications. It establishes an independent regulatory commission to oversee the sector and promote transparency, adaptability, and objectivity. The commission's primary functions include licensing operators, regulating tariffs, setting technical standards, monitoring service quality, managing spectrum, and more. It also discusses the competitive framework, emphasizing liberalization and equal opportunities for public and private operators. Institutional development focuses on research, education, and promoting local manufacturing.
Report on Nepal Telecom by Neeraj Bhandari (Surkhet, Nepal)Neeraj Bhandari
Nepal Telecom is the largest telecommunications provider in Nepal, with a 60.30% share of the mobile phone market and 91% of fixed telephone lines. It has provided nationwide coverage since being established in 2032. However, it now faces competition from private companies like Ncell and United Telecom. While Nepal Telecom has a strong brand and history of service, it needs to improve its customer service, upgrade technologies more quickly, and streamline operations to address weaknesses like high overhead costs. Adopting new opportunities from technological advances and expanding rural coverage could help it thrive despite threats from competitors, regulations, and economic challenges.
Power Grid's Inter-State transmission charges in IndiaAmitava Nag
CERC on June 16, 2010 notified the Regulations of sharing inter-state transmission charges as per Electricity Act 2003. The method described in the Regulations is known as point of connection (PoC) transmission charges which is nothing but sharing of transmission charges as per projected usage.
This document provides an update on the National Skills Academy for Power (NSAP). It summarizes that the NSAP membership has grown and now includes 16 members, with a target of 20 by the end of the year. It also outlines the NSAP's operational plan for 2010/11, including delivering business objectives and transitioning the Power Sector Skills Strategy Group to the NSAP through its governance structure. Upcoming meetings will cover the 2010/11 plans and Employer Support Program involvement, rolling out the NSAP quality standard, product mapping to career paths, and capacity building for members.
The document summarizes TRAI's annual report for the financial year 2008-2009. Some key points:
1) TRAI continued its work regulating the telecom and broadcasting sectors in India, facilitating growth in subscriber base, network expansion, and protecting consumer interests.
2) The total telecom subscriber base in India crossed 400 million, growing from around 50 million in 1999. Wireless subscribers reached 391.76 million while wireline was 37.96 million.
3) Notable achievements included rural teledensity reaching 15.2% compared to 9.2% previously, 13.54 million internet subscribers, and 6.22 million broadband connections.
Dong Duong Telecom and VTC face having their mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) licenses taken back by the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC) for failing to launch registered services despite promises to do so within a set timeframe. The head of MIC's Telecom Department said the firms would need to provide reasonable explanations for the delays or their licenses would be revoked. Industry insiders believe the delays also relate to the firms' difficulties entering the competitive domestic telecom market.
Comments on draft cerc sharing of transmission charges and losses regulations...Amitava Nag
CERC's draft inter-State Transmission Charges and Losses Regulations proposes socialization of expenditure of national interest with creation of cross subsidy against present Tariff Policy. Proposal of sharing of YTC of HVDC elements by postage stamp method is truly illogical. It is understood from Para 13 of the Jha Committee Report that merely 22% of the total YTC is proposed to be shared by hybrid method which measures sensitivity of distance, direction and quantum of power flow. Rest of the YTC will be shared by postage stamp method allowing cross subsidy ignoring the fact that postage stamp method is suitable for small area only.
ESKOM Transmission Ten-Year Development Plan 2013-2022Dr Lendy Spires
The document is Eskom's Transmission Ten-Year Development Plan (TDP) for 2013-2022, which outlines Eskom's plans to develop South Africa's transmission network over the next decade. It provides an overview of key factors like load demand forecasts, new generation assumptions, and major transmission projects planned for each province. The publication aims to inform stakeholders of developments to ensure a reliable electricity supply as load increases and accommodate new generation connections across South Africa and the region. It outlines approximately R149 billion in planned transmission investment over 10 years, including projects for reliability, generation integration, and new customer connections.
Thank you for the presentation. ICT development in Laos faces challenges but progress is being made through continued investment, skills transfer, and capacity building.
This document provides an overview of ICT infrastructure in Laos, as presented by Mr. Phonpasit PHISSAMAY, Director General of the Information Technology Research Institute of the National Authority for Science and Technology in Laos. It describes the national e-government infrastructure, transmission backbone, national internet center, telecom and ISP operators, and challenges connecting Laos to the Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN).
Jedtavong THEPVONGSA presented on the current status of Laos' satellite and telecommunications projects. Laos' first satellite, LAOSAT-1, is scheduled to launch in November 2015 and will have 14 C-band and 8 Ku-band transponders in geostationary orbit at 128.5°E. The country is also developing a VSAT communication network, emergency network, international gateway station, and DTH broadcasting network using LAOSAT-1. Additionally, Laos is constructing a TD-LTE mobile network with 80 sites across major cities to provide 4G coverage.
The document summarizes telecenter development initiatives in Laos, including barriers faced. The first project, E-Way, established an internet access center but struggled with high costs and low participation. A subsequent Rural Telecenters Project set up 10 centers across the country, but faced issues with high internet fees and lack of regular content updates. An e-Health Center Project is currently being implemented to provide healthcare information online. The national e-Government Project aims to computerize government offices and establish online services through a centralized infrastructure network. Overall, ICT development in Laos faces challenges of limited skills, resources, and telecommunications infrastructure.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was established in 1997 to regulate the telecommunications sector in an independent manner. TRAI aims to enable quick growth of telecom in India through a transparent regulatory environment. Key functions of TRAI include regulating tariffs, interconnection issues, and protecting consumer interests. Some services regulated by TRAI include National Do Not Call registry to limit telemarketing calls, mobile number portability to allow retaining numbers when changing providers, and consumer protection regulations regarding mobile connections and complaint redressal. Statistical data presented shows declining telecom subscribers and tele-density in India over time. New services being introduced include 4G technology and mobile television.
1) The USOF was created in 2002 to provide basic telegraph services to rural areas at affordable prices, originally focusing on public phones, rural community phones, and rural telephone lines.
2) In 2006, the scope was broadened to include shared infrastructure, mobile services, broadband connectivity, and fiber optic network augmentation.
3) The USOF is funded through a 5% universal access levy on all telecom service providers' adjusted gross revenues.
4) Upcoming schemes include a second phase of mobile infrastructure sharing, optical fiber connectivity,
The document summarizes the experience of the Lao PDR in setting up its telecommunications regulatory authority, the National Authority of Post and Telecommunications (NAPT). It provides details on [1] the governance of the telecom sector prior to NAPT, [2] the functions and duties of NAPT, [3] NAPT's ICT policy approach including universal access, licensing and tariffs, and [4] the current structure and market in Lao PDR. It concludes with plans to review the sector and regulatory framework in 2010.
This document provides a summary of an internship at Nepal Telecom. It includes:
- An introduction to the internship objectives which were to fulfill degree requirements, apply theoretical knowledge practically, and develop professional skills.
- An overview of activities during the 12-week internship in the Networking Department, including introductions to networking devices, cabling, troubleshooting, and fiber optic installation.
- Lessons learned regarding the importance of teamwork, time management, and developing technical skills.
- Recommendations to improve telecommunications access and train employees.
The document provides a country profile and overview of telecommunications infrastructure for Lao PDR, describing its capital city, population, telecom operators and network. It discusses the role of the National Authority of Post and Telecommunication in regulating the sector and formulating policy. The document also outlines Lao PDR's approach to developing its ICT sector and expanding access to underserved areas through improved infrastructure, skills, and affordable services.
The document is the Communications Regulatory Commission's 2012 Performance and Accountability Report submitted to the Prime Minister of Mongolia.
It contains an overview of the telecommunications, broadcasting, and postal sectors in Mongolia, as well as a summary of the CRC's regulatory activities in 2012. It also includes the CRC's audited financial statements for 2012.
The report was prepared in accordance with Mongolian law and provides information on infrastructure development, regulatory frameworks, license classifications, consumer protection initiatives, radio frequency regulation, interconnection tariffs, key sector statistics, and the postal sector regulatory environment.
A financial analysis on Astro's performance 2014Roziana Mohammad
This document provides an analysis of Astro's performance. It begins with an outline and overview of Astro, including its background, corporate structure, products and services, workforce, and financial performance over several years. It then discusses Astro's market analysis and future plans, which include expanding channel offerings, investing in new satellites, and pursuing new initiatives like home shopping. The conclusion states that Astro is a worthwhile company to invest in due to its strong management, reputation, brand, growth trends, and promising new businesses. An analyst view is included citing Astro as an attractive investment due to completing its investment phase and representing Malaysia's consumption growth.
This document provides an overview and index of a research report on customer satisfaction with BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL) in Delhi, India. It discusses the history of electricity in Delhi, describes BRPL's profile, services, organizational structure, and initiatives. The report aims to assess customer satisfaction levels through a survey and make recommendations. It will analyze primary data collected through questionnaires and secondary research on BRPL's operations and customer profile.
Wind Force Newsletter January, Edition, 2012rupeshsingh_1
This newsletter provides updates on policy and regulatory developments in the renewable energy sector in India.
It summarizes new draft regulations from the Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Central Electricity Regulatory Commissions related to renewable purchase obligations, transmission charges, and tariffs for renewable technologies. It also outlines a new order from the Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission regarding concessional transmission and wheeling charges.
REC trading data is presented, showing increasing prices and volumes traded on exchanges each month. Electricity prices from bilateral arrangements are generally higher than at power exchanges.
Upcoming renewable energy events are listed. Contact information is provided for questions or feedback on the newsletter.
Édouard Estaunié coined the term "télécommunication" in 1904 from the Greek prefix "tele-" meaning "far off" and the Latin word "communicare" meaning "to share". The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed in 1839 and the first commercial telephone services began in the late 1870s. Today, Bharti Airtel is India's largest telecommunications company with over 300 million subscribers across its mobile, fixed line, high speed broadband and DTH services. Airtel continues to invest heavily in expanding its network across India with a goal of covering 95% of the population by 2010.
The document discusses social media marketing and provides an overview of key social media platforms. It begins with defining social media and its value for businesses. It then covers foundations of social media like content creation and publishing. Specific platforms covered include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and others. Best practices, analytics, and advertising on each channel are summarized. The document aims to provide guidance on developing a social media strategy and presence for marketing purposes.
Power Grid's Inter-State transmission charges in IndiaAmitava Nag
CERC on June 16, 2010 notified the Regulations of sharing inter-state transmission charges as per Electricity Act 2003. The method described in the Regulations is known as point of connection (PoC) transmission charges which is nothing but sharing of transmission charges as per projected usage.
This document provides an update on the National Skills Academy for Power (NSAP). It summarizes that the NSAP membership has grown and now includes 16 members, with a target of 20 by the end of the year. It also outlines the NSAP's operational plan for 2010/11, including delivering business objectives and transitioning the Power Sector Skills Strategy Group to the NSAP through its governance structure. Upcoming meetings will cover the 2010/11 plans and Employer Support Program involvement, rolling out the NSAP quality standard, product mapping to career paths, and capacity building for members.
The document summarizes TRAI's annual report for the financial year 2008-2009. Some key points:
1) TRAI continued its work regulating the telecom and broadcasting sectors in India, facilitating growth in subscriber base, network expansion, and protecting consumer interests.
2) The total telecom subscriber base in India crossed 400 million, growing from around 50 million in 1999. Wireless subscribers reached 391.76 million while wireline was 37.96 million.
3) Notable achievements included rural teledensity reaching 15.2% compared to 9.2% previously, 13.54 million internet subscribers, and 6.22 million broadband connections.
Dong Duong Telecom and VTC face having their mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) licenses taken back by the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC) for failing to launch registered services despite promises to do so within a set timeframe. The head of MIC's Telecom Department said the firms would need to provide reasonable explanations for the delays or their licenses would be revoked. Industry insiders believe the delays also relate to the firms' difficulties entering the competitive domestic telecom market.
Comments on draft cerc sharing of transmission charges and losses regulations...Amitava Nag
CERC's draft inter-State Transmission Charges and Losses Regulations proposes socialization of expenditure of national interest with creation of cross subsidy against present Tariff Policy. Proposal of sharing of YTC of HVDC elements by postage stamp method is truly illogical. It is understood from Para 13 of the Jha Committee Report that merely 22% of the total YTC is proposed to be shared by hybrid method which measures sensitivity of distance, direction and quantum of power flow. Rest of the YTC will be shared by postage stamp method allowing cross subsidy ignoring the fact that postage stamp method is suitable for small area only.
ESKOM Transmission Ten-Year Development Plan 2013-2022Dr Lendy Spires
The document is Eskom's Transmission Ten-Year Development Plan (TDP) for 2013-2022, which outlines Eskom's plans to develop South Africa's transmission network over the next decade. It provides an overview of key factors like load demand forecasts, new generation assumptions, and major transmission projects planned for each province. The publication aims to inform stakeholders of developments to ensure a reliable electricity supply as load increases and accommodate new generation connections across South Africa and the region. It outlines approximately R149 billion in planned transmission investment over 10 years, including projects for reliability, generation integration, and new customer connections.
Thank you for the presentation. ICT development in Laos faces challenges but progress is being made through continued investment, skills transfer, and capacity building.
This document provides an overview of ICT infrastructure in Laos, as presented by Mr. Phonpasit PHISSAMAY, Director General of the Information Technology Research Institute of the National Authority for Science and Technology in Laos. It describes the national e-government infrastructure, transmission backbone, national internet center, telecom and ISP operators, and challenges connecting Laos to the Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN).
Jedtavong THEPVONGSA presented on the current status of Laos' satellite and telecommunications projects. Laos' first satellite, LAOSAT-1, is scheduled to launch in November 2015 and will have 14 C-band and 8 Ku-band transponders in geostationary orbit at 128.5°E. The country is also developing a VSAT communication network, emergency network, international gateway station, and DTH broadcasting network using LAOSAT-1. Additionally, Laos is constructing a TD-LTE mobile network with 80 sites across major cities to provide 4G coverage.
The document summarizes telecenter development initiatives in Laos, including barriers faced. The first project, E-Way, established an internet access center but struggled with high costs and low participation. A subsequent Rural Telecenters Project set up 10 centers across the country, but faced issues with high internet fees and lack of regular content updates. An e-Health Center Project is currently being implemented to provide healthcare information online. The national e-Government Project aims to computerize government offices and establish online services through a centralized infrastructure network. Overall, ICT development in Laos faces challenges of limited skills, resources, and telecommunications infrastructure.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was established in 1997 to regulate the telecommunications sector in an independent manner. TRAI aims to enable quick growth of telecom in India through a transparent regulatory environment. Key functions of TRAI include regulating tariffs, interconnection issues, and protecting consumer interests. Some services regulated by TRAI include National Do Not Call registry to limit telemarketing calls, mobile number portability to allow retaining numbers when changing providers, and consumer protection regulations regarding mobile connections and complaint redressal. Statistical data presented shows declining telecom subscribers and tele-density in India over time. New services being introduced include 4G technology and mobile television.
1) The USOF was created in 2002 to provide basic telegraph services to rural areas at affordable prices, originally focusing on public phones, rural community phones, and rural telephone lines.
2) In 2006, the scope was broadened to include shared infrastructure, mobile services, broadband connectivity, and fiber optic network augmentation.
3) The USOF is funded through a 5% universal access levy on all telecom service providers' adjusted gross revenues.
4) Upcoming schemes include a second phase of mobile infrastructure sharing, optical fiber connectivity,
The document summarizes the experience of the Lao PDR in setting up its telecommunications regulatory authority, the National Authority of Post and Telecommunications (NAPT). It provides details on [1] the governance of the telecom sector prior to NAPT, [2] the functions and duties of NAPT, [3] NAPT's ICT policy approach including universal access, licensing and tariffs, and [4] the current structure and market in Lao PDR. It concludes with plans to review the sector and regulatory framework in 2010.
This document provides a summary of an internship at Nepal Telecom. It includes:
- An introduction to the internship objectives which were to fulfill degree requirements, apply theoretical knowledge practically, and develop professional skills.
- An overview of activities during the 12-week internship in the Networking Department, including introductions to networking devices, cabling, troubleshooting, and fiber optic installation.
- Lessons learned regarding the importance of teamwork, time management, and developing technical skills.
- Recommendations to improve telecommunications access and train employees.
The document provides a country profile and overview of telecommunications infrastructure for Lao PDR, describing its capital city, population, telecom operators and network. It discusses the role of the National Authority of Post and Telecommunication in regulating the sector and formulating policy. The document also outlines Lao PDR's approach to developing its ICT sector and expanding access to underserved areas through improved infrastructure, skills, and affordable services.
The document is the Communications Regulatory Commission's 2012 Performance and Accountability Report submitted to the Prime Minister of Mongolia.
It contains an overview of the telecommunications, broadcasting, and postal sectors in Mongolia, as well as a summary of the CRC's regulatory activities in 2012. It also includes the CRC's audited financial statements for 2012.
The report was prepared in accordance with Mongolian law and provides information on infrastructure development, regulatory frameworks, license classifications, consumer protection initiatives, radio frequency regulation, interconnection tariffs, key sector statistics, and the postal sector regulatory environment.
A financial analysis on Astro's performance 2014Roziana Mohammad
This document provides an analysis of Astro's performance. It begins with an outline and overview of Astro, including its background, corporate structure, products and services, workforce, and financial performance over several years. It then discusses Astro's market analysis and future plans, which include expanding channel offerings, investing in new satellites, and pursuing new initiatives like home shopping. The conclusion states that Astro is a worthwhile company to invest in due to its strong management, reputation, brand, growth trends, and promising new businesses. An analyst view is included citing Astro as an attractive investment due to completing its investment phase and representing Malaysia's consumption growth.
This document provides an overview and index of a research report on customer satisfaction with BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL) in Delhi, India. It discusses the history of electricity in Delhi, describes BRPL's profile, services, organizational structure, and initiatives. The report aims to assess customer satisfaction levels through a survey and make recommendations. It will analyze primary data collected through questionnaires and secondary research on BRPL's operations and customer profile.
Wind Force Newsletter January, Edition, 2012rupeshsingh_1
This newsletter provides updates on policy and regulatory developments in the renewable energy sector in India.
It summarizes new draft regulations from the Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Central Electricity Regulatory Commissions related to renewable purchase obligations, transmission charges, and tariffs for renewable technologies. It also outlines a new order from the Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission regarding concessional transmission and wheeling charges.
REC trading data is presented, showing increasing prices and volumes traded on exchanges each month. Electricity prices from bilateral arrangements are generally higher than at power exchanges.
Upcoming renewable energy events are listed. Contact information is provided for questions or feedback on the newsletter.
Édouard Estaunié coined the term "télécommunication" in 1904 from the Greek prefix "tele-" meaning "far off" and the Latin word "communicare" meaning "to share". The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed in 1839 and the first commercial telephone services began in the late 1870s. Today, Bharti Airtel is India's largest telecommunications company with over 300 million subscribers across its mobile, fixed line, high speed broadband and DTH services. Airtel continues to invest heavily in expanding its network across India with a goal of covering 95% of the population by 2010.
The document discusses social media marketing and provides an overview of key social media platforms. It begins with defining social media and its value for businesses. It then covers foundations of social media like content creation and publishing. Specific platforms covered include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and others. Best practices, analytics, and advertising on each channel are summarized. The document aims to provide guidance on developing a social media strategy and presence for marketing purposes.
Mutations from outside sources accumulate in cells over time and express a foreign identity. This group of mutations wants to immortalize the cell by continuously signaling it to bypass normal apoptosis. The mutations situate themselves into the normal DNA sequence, making the cancer cell have a dual identity with the mutation identity dominant over the normal DNA. The normal DNA is suppressed and unable to be transcribed or expressed properly due to inadequate energy. Apoptosis is unsuccessful because the cell does not have enough energy to die physiologically as the normal DNA wants to, despite being affected by the mutations.
This document contains the resume of Abdul Azeem Farooqi. It summarizes his professional experience in corporate banking, trade finance, and international marketing/trading spanning over 20 years. He has held positions at several banks such as First Gulf Bank, National Bank of Abu Dhabi, and Credit Agricole CIB. The resume also lists his educational qualifications and professional certifications.
Agenda 2020 no Debates do Rio Grande - Edição Passo Fundoleandro-duarte
Durante o debate, os painelistas analisaram o que tem sido feito para melhorar as condições sociais e econômicas de Passo Fundo.
Entre os temas mais debatidos estavam saúde e segurança pública.
Passo Fundo é conhecida por ser referência em saúde, onde, de acordo com Ilário de David, administrador do Hospital São Vicente de Paulo, acaba influenciando a ida de grandes empresas para o município.
O diretor executivo da Agenda 2020, Ronald Krummenauer, apresentou um panorama socioeconômico da região.
Entre os dados que mais chamaram a atenção do público estava o aumento do tráfico de drogas no local.
Em dez anos, o crime teve alta de 325%.
A gerente regional do SEBRAE/RS, Maria Meyer, falou das oportunidades que a região oferece para os empreendedores
Foram painelistas do debate: Marco Antônio Silva; advogado, empresário e presidente da Associação Comercial, Industrial, Serviços e Agronegócios de Passo Fundo (ACISA), Nei Mânica; empresário, presidente da Cotrijal e da Expodireto, especialista em produção de soja e milho, Antônio Roso; empresário, especialista em empreendedorismo, fundador da Metasa, de Marau, e da BSBIOS, de Passo Fundo e Ilário de David; administrador do Hospital São Vicente de Paulo.
A próxima cidade a receber o Debates do Rio Grande será Canoas, no dia 13 de agosto
This document contains a resume summary for Haris Zubear. It outlines his education and over 4 years of experience in customer service and order management roles. It summarizes his responsibilities handling customer requests, quotes, orders, and issues. It also lists his achievements including awards for quality and productivity.
La Fuerza Terrestre del Ejército creó la Escuela de Formación de Soldados del Ejército (ESFORSE) el 22 de febrero de 1990 para optimizar la formación del talento humano. Inicialmente operó en el Escuadrón de Reconocimiento Mecanizado No. 13 y luego se trasladó a las instalaciones del Fuerte Militar Atahualpa. La ESFORSE ha entrenado a soldados durante más de 30 años.
Faheem-ul-Haq Usmani is seeking a professional opportunity with a challenging environment that offers growth. He has over a year of experience as an intern at Meezan Bank and worked as an HR officer from 2011 to 2015. He holds an MS in Management Sciences from GC University Faisalabad with a 3.3 CGPA, an MBA in Finance from Mohi-Din Islamic University, and a B.Com from Punjab University. His hobbies include reading newspapers, playing games, and reading books. He is proficient in MS Office and has a diploma in hardware and software.
This document announces a new marketing class called "Marketing Perceptions" being offered at Challenge Camp. The class was created through a collaboration between Challenge Camp director Carole Berman and researcher Dr. Howard Moskowitz. It teaches middle school students marketing concepts using real-life business simulations. In the class, students are developing a marketing plan for a local candy store called Candy Rox. The students will present their findings to Candy Rox and have provided positive feedback about learning professional skills at a young age through this innovative class.
PUERTO DE CONIL. PATRIMONIO CULTURAL EN LOS PUERTOS DE INTERÉS PESQUERO EN AN...inmamine
PUERTO DE CONIL. PATRIMONIO CULTURAL EN LOS PUERTOS DE INTERÉS PESQUERO EN ANDALUCÍA. Os ofrecemos uno de los resultados del proyecto Dinamización de los enclaves pesqueros del sistema portuario andaluz. Además de la aplicación general (que podéis visionar en el vídeo colgado en el muro), hemos realizado documentos individuales sobre el patrimonio cultural de cada uno de los diecisiete puertos estudiados, que iremos colgando sucesivamente en los siguientes días. Esperamos que os guste.
PUERTO DE FUENGIROLA. PATRIMONIO CULTURAL EN LOS PUERTOS DE INTERÉS PESQUEROS...inmamine
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The objective of this project was to identify various methods for well test in horizontal wells. Well test analysis in horizontal wells is applied to find the reservoir parameters like permeability and skin factor and the result from the chosen methods will be compared to the result of some famous software like Kappa Saphir, PanSystem, etc which are used in oil and gas industries.
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The document provides an overview of power generation, transmission, distribution, and rural electrification in India. Some key points:
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This document provides an overview of a summer internship project report submitted by Aishwarya Raj for her Bachelor of Business Administration degree. The report focuses on analyzing the training and development process at Odisha Power Transmission Corporation Limited (OPTCL), the state-owned power transmission utility in Odisha, India, where Aishwarya Raj completed her internship. The report includes chapters on OPTCL's company profile, an explanation of its training and development practices, a case study on a computer literacy event, and an analysis of findings with conclusions and recommendations.
This document provides an overview of PowerGrid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), including its formation, organizational structure, business lines, and focus on training and development of employees. Some key points:
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This document provides information about Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), including:
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3) It provides an overview of POWERGRID's network and technological developments, including the implementation of new technologies like ultra-high voltage transmission lines and smart grid pilots.
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It is important to emphasize some basic assumptions:
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India's power sector faces significant challenges with transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, which occur at both the utility and consumer levels. T&D losses in India are around 33%, much higher than in other countries. The government has implemented several programs and regulatory reforms to strengthen infrastructure and reduce losses through modernizing systems, encouraging private participation, and setting independent regulatory bodies to oversee the sector.
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Similar to report on completion of internship period (20)
1. POWERGRID CORPORATION
OF INDIA LTD.
A SUMMER INTERN REPORT
Submitted by
SWATI PAWAR
in partial fulfillment of Summer Internship for the award of the degree
of
B.COM(H)
From Shri Ram College of
Commerce
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with Powergrid Corporationof India was a
great chance for learning and professionaldevelopment. Therefore, I consider
myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a
part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful
people and professionals who led me though this internship period.
MY SINCERE AND SPECIAL THANKS ARE DUE TO ________________, ________________
AND_________________ INTERNAL PROJECT SUPERVISOR, WHO HAS BEEN A WONDERFUL
GUIDE AND HELPED ME IN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETION OF MY PROJECT.
I ALSO EXPRESS MY THANKS TO ALL MY FRIENDS AND FAMILY MEMBERS WHO HAVE BEEN A GREAT
HELP AT TIMES FOR
MY SINCERE AND SPECIAL THANKS ARE DUE TO ________________, ________________
AND_________________ INTERNAL PROJECT SUPERVISOR, WHO HAS BEEN A WONDERFUL
GUIDE AND HELPED ME IN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETION OF MY PROJECT.
I ALSO EXPRESS MY THANKS TO ALL MY FRIENDS AND FAMILY MEMBERS WHO HAVE BEEN A GREAT
HELP AT TIMES FOR PROVIDING NECESSARY SUPPORT TOWARDS COMPLETING THIS PROJECT.
I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK ALL THOSE FACULTY MEMBERS AND STAFF MEMBERS WHO HAVE
SHARED THEIR VALUABLE TIME, EXPERIENCE, AND KNOWLEDGE AND PROVIDED THEIR
UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE IN COMPLETING MY STUDIES INCLUDING THIS
PROJECT.
3. SUKANYA SHARMA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.CompanyProfile
About the company,
CERC norms,
2.Bank Reconciliation Statement
COMPANY PROFILE
POWERGRID was incorporated in October 1989 and started its commercial
operation in 1992. POWERGRID was formed with the mandate to build, operate
and maintain AC (Alternate Current) & HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current)
transmission systems including Load Dispatch facilities under Central sector. About
one third of the total generating capacity in India is transmitted through
POWERGRID system. Power Grid is India’s principal electric power transmission
company. It own and operate most of India’s interstate and inter-regional electric
power transmission system(the “ISTS”). In that capacity, as on 31stMarch, 2011,
company owns and operates a transmission network of about 82,355 cktkms of
inter-State transmissionlines, 135 nos. of EHV & HVDC substations with
transformationcapacityof about93,050MVAandwheels about50%of totalpower
generated in the Country. Transmission systemavailability of 99.80%, bestever so
far, was achieved in the history of the Company and projects worth about `7,313
Crorewere commissioned during the year. POWERGRID is also entrusted with role
of Central Transmission Utility (“CTU”) by GoI. As CTU it is required to:
4. Undertake transmission of electricity through the inter-state transmission
system;
Discharge all functions of planning and co-ordination relating to inter-state
transmission systems, with certain specified authorities and stakeholders;
Ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of
inter-state transmission lines for smooth flow of electricity from generating
stations to load centres; and
Provide non-discriminatory open access to its transmission system for use by
any licensee or generating companyon payment oftransmission charges and to
any consumer on payment of transmission charges and a surcharge thereon in
accordance with the Electricity Act.
PGCIL have also been entrusted by the GoI with the statutory role of Central
Transmission Utility (“CTU”). In this role, they operate as one of the chief agencies
responsiblefor the planning and development of the country’s nationwidepower
transmission network, including interstate networks. Since 1994 the GoI has
progressively entrusted us with the operation of the Regional Load Despatch
Centres (“RLDCs”)ineach of the fiveregionsinto which Indiaisdivided for purposes
of power transmission and regulation. On the subsidiary company set up by your
Company for Independent system operation viz. Power System Operation
Corporation Ltd (POSOCO), POWERGRID has transferred the movable assets and
liabilities to POSOCO w.e.f. 1stOctober, 2010. POSOCO is now fully functional and
has started billing the constituents for fees and charges from 1st October, 2010 in
terms of CERC Regulations on Fees and Charges of Regional Load Despatch Centre
Consultancy- since Fiscal 1995, consultancy division has provided transmission-
related consultancy services to more than 90 clients in over 200 domestic and
international projects. In consultancy role, wealso facilitate the implementation of
various GoI-funded projects for thedistribution of electricity to end-users, such as
the ‘Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme’ (“APDRP”)in urban
and semi-urban areas and the ‘Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyutikaran Yojana’ (the
“RGGVY”) in rural areas.
Telecommunication- PGCIL has also diversified into the telecommunications
business,bycreating a telecommunications networkprincipallyusing ouroverhead
5. transmission infrastructure. Itown and operate a fibre-optic cable network that as
on March 31, 2007 was over 19,000 kilometres long and connected over 60 Indian
cities, including all major metropolitan areas. They have been leasing bandwidth
on this network to more than 60 customers, including major telecom operators
such as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited, Tata
Teleservices Limited, Reliance Communications Limited and Bharti Airtel Limited.
PGCIL have been designated a Mini-Ratna Category-I public sector undertaking
since October 1998, which provides it with a greater delegation of powers to
undertake new projects without Government approval, subject to an investment
ceiling set by the Government. A major development in the transmissionsector is
that tariff based competitive bidding has been effectivefor transmission projects
w.e.f. 06th January, 2011. Competitive bidding, however, is not applicable for
transmission projects requiring up gradation/strengthening of existing
transmission lines and associated sub-stations and also not for projects for which
Bulk Power Transmission Agreement/Transmission ServiceAgreement (BPTA/TSA)
have been signed upto 05.01.2011. I wish to sharewith you that POWERGRID had
already signed BPTAs for nine nos. of High Capacity Power Transmission Corridors
which have a tentative cost estimate of about `58000 crore, to be executed
progressively through XII Plan and for a no. of other projects.
After the Issue, the President of India continues to hold 69.42% of the total paid-
up equity capital of POWERGRID.
Areas of operation:
The corporation’s parent business is “Transmission of power” through inter-state
transmission system yet the corporation is undertaking following activities also:-
Development of Inter-State transmission Systems
6. Planning & Design.
Construction.
Quality Assurance & Inspection.
Operation & Maintenance. Grid Management
Establishment of modern Load Dispatch Centers
Real-time Grid Operation.
Optimum scheduling & dispatch.
Energy accounting including settlements.
Diversification
Broad band Telecom Services.
Sub-transmission.
Distribution.
Rural Electrification.
Consultancy.
Entertainment.
To participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business ventures.
To assistvarious SEBs and other utilities in up gradation of skills & sharing of
expertise by organizing regular conferences, tailor made training workshops
etc.
To offer Total Solutions and to meet specific needs of the customers.
Introduce other value added services such as Video
conferencing, Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN), Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP).
7. CENTRAL ELECTRICITY REGULATION COMMISSION (CERC)
The Electricity Act 2003 has empowered the CERC to specify the terms and
conditions for the determination of tariff in respect of the generating companies
that are either owned by the Central Government or supply power to more than
one State. The CERC is also empowered to determine the tariff that can be levied
by transmission licensees for inter-State transmission of electricity. After the
enactment ofthe Electricity Act2003,theCERC hadcome outwith tariffregulations
for the period 2004-09 in March 2004. With these regulations set to expire on
March 31,2009,theCERC hasnotified new tariff regulationsfor the next regulatory
period 2009-14. Thenew regulations willapply to all generating stations (excluding
stations based on non-conventional energy sources) and transmission
licenseesprovided that the tariffs for these entities have not been determined
through bidding process in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central
Government. Further, the grace period of three years for government utilities to
competitively bid the projects willcome to an end by 2011, and hencethesenorms
will be applicable to projects set up by PSUs as well that will either be existing on
that date or the agreement for such projects have been executed. The new
regulations are also important for the various State Electricity Regulatory
Commissions (SERCs) as they are guided by these regulations while framing their
own tariff principles for the State sector utilities concerned. Prior to constitution of
CERC, Tariff was notified by Ministry Of Power for a five year block. The ministry of
power had defined the normative factors for transmission charges that can be
levied by POWERGRID to electricity board for fiveyear block 1997-2002.Now CERC
determines the norms of electricity tariffs, guided by the tariff policy issued by GOI
8. and the provisions of the electricity act 2003. Ithas issued the regulations setting
forth certain parameters for generation and transmission tariffs. Tariff is set at a
level intended to compensate the licensee for the construction of project and for
operating the project thereafter. CERC defines tariff structure for 5 year block e.g.
“CERC 04-09 Norms” and “CERC 09-14 Norms”. Few changes were done in 09-14
block ,the Impactof the changes are discussed by analysing a case where the data
forOf Power for a fiveyear block. The ministry of power had defined the normative
factors for transmission charges that can be levied by POWERGRID to electricity
board for fiveyear block 1997-2002. Now CERCdetermines thenorms of electricity
tariffs, guided by the tariff policy issued by GOI and theprovisions of the electricity
act 2003. It has issued the regulations setting forth certain parameters for
generation and transmission tariffs. Tariff is set at a level intended to compensate
the licenseefor theconstructionof projectand foroperating theprojectthereafter.
CERC defines tariff structure for 5 year block e.g. “CERC 04-09 Norms” and “CERC
09-14 Norms”. Few changes were done in 09-14 block ,the Impact of the changes
arediscussedbyanalysinga casewherethedata fora transmissionlinewhoseDate
Of Commercial Operation(DOCO) was after 01.04.2009and tariff computed using
both the Norms and the difference in the two analysed.
Promotes
Efficiency, economy and competition in bulk electricity supply.
Regulates
The tariff of generating companies, owned or controlled by the government of
India, any other generating company, which have a composite scheme for
generation and sale of electricity in more than one state and the inter-state
transmission of energy, including the tariff of transmission utility
The Central Electricity Regulation Commission shall consist of the following
members:
A chairman and three other members
9. The chairman of the central electricity authority shall be the member, Ex-
officio
The central commission shall appoint a secretary to exercise and perform
under control of the chairperson.
The tariff of generating companies, owned or controlled by the government of
India, any other generating company, which have a composite scheme for
generation and sale of electricity in more than one state and the inter-state
transmission of energy, including the tariff of transmission utility
The Central Electricity Regulation Commission shall consist of the following
members:
A chairman and three other members
The chairman of the central electricity authority shall be the member, Ex-
officio
The central commission shall appoint a secretary to exercise and perform
under control of the chairperson.
Establishment of central advisory committee to advice the central
commission.
The central commission was established on 24.07.1998.
Powers and functions of CERC
The powers and functions of CERC inter alia include the following:
To regulate the inter-state transmission of energy including tariff of
transmission utilities.
To promotecompetition, efficiency and economy in the activities ofthe power
industry.
10. To aid and advice the central government in the formation of tariff policy,
which shall be :
Fairs to consumers
Facilitate mobilisation of adequate resources for the power sector.
To associate with the environmental regulatory agencies to develop
appropriate policies and procedures for environmental regulation of power.
To frame guidelines in matter of electricity tariff
To arbitrate or adjudicate upon disputes involving generating companies or
transmission utilities in regard to matters connected with (a) to (c).
To aid and advice the central government orany other matter related to central
commission.
Bank Reconciliation Statement
A Bank reconciliation is a process that explains the difference between the bank balance shown in
an organization's bank statement, as supplied by the bank, and the corresponding amount shown in
the organization's own [accounting] records at a particular point of time.[1]
Such differences may occur, for example, because a cheque or a list of cheques issued by the
organisation has not been presented to the bank, a banking transaction, such as a credit received,
or a charge made by the bank, has not yet been recorded in the organization's books, or either the
bank or the organisation itself has made an error.
It may be easy to reconcile the difference by looking at very recenttransactions in either the bank
statement or the organisation's own accounting records (cash book) and seeing if some combination
of them tallies with the difference to be explained. Otherwise it may be necessary to go through and
match every transaction in both sets of records since the last reconciliation, and see what
transactions remain unmatched. The necessary adjustments should then be made in the cash book,
or any timing differences recorded to assist with future reconciliations.
For this reason, and to minimise the amount of work involved, it is good practice to carry out such
reconciliations at reasonably frequent intervals. Reconciliations are generally performed by
specialised accounting software though the understanding of what occurs is important for a
successful reconciliation. Also, Bank reconciliation statement is a statement prepared on a
11. particular day to reconcile the bank balance as per Cash book or Bank statement showing entries
causing difference between the two balances.
Bank Reconciliation Process
Step 1. Adjusting the Balance per Bank
We will demonstrate the bank reconciliation process in several steps. The first step is to adjust
the balance on the bank statement to the true, adjusted, or corrected balance. The items necessary for
this step are listed in the following schedule:
Deposits in transit are amounts already received and recorded by the company, but are not yet
recorded by the bank. For example, a retail store deposits its cash receipts of August 31 into the
bank's night depository at 10:00 p.m. on August 31. The bank will process this deposit on the
morning of September 1. As of August 31 (the bank statement date) this is a deposit in transit.
Because deposits in transit are already included in the company's Cash account, there is no need to
adjust the company's records. However, deposits in transit are not yet on the bank statement.
Therefore, they need to be listed on the bank reconciliation as an increase to the balance per bank in
order to report the true amount of cash.
A helpful rule of thumb is "put it where it isn't." A deposit in transit is on the company's books, but it
isn't on the bank statement. Put it where it isn't: as an adjustment to the balance on the bank statement.
Outstanding checks are checks that have been written and recorded in the company's Cash account,
but have not yet cleared the bank account. Checks written during the last few days of the month plus
a few older checks are likely to be among the outstanding checks.
Because all checks that have been written are immediately recorded in the company's Cash
account, there is no need to adjust the company's records for the outstanding checks. However, the
outstanding checks have not yet reached the bank and the bank statement. Therefore, outstanding
checks are listed on the bank reconciliation as a decrease in the balance per bank.
Recall the helpful tip "put it where it isn't." An outstanding check is on the company's books, but it
isn't on the bank statement. Put it where it isn't: as an adjustment to the balance on the bank statement.
Bank errors are mistakes made by the bank. Bank errors could include the bank recording an
incorrect amount, entering an amount that does not belong on a company's bank statement, or
omitting an amount from a company's bank statement. The company should notify the bank of its
12. errors. Depending on the error, the correction could increase or decrease the balance shown on the bank
statement. (Since the company did not make the error, the company's records are not changed.)
Step 2. Adjusting the Balance per Books
The second step of the bank reconciliation is to adjust the balance in the company's Cash account
so that it is the true, adjusted, or corrected balance. Examples of the items involved are shown in the
following schedule:
Bank service charges are fees deducted from the bank statement for the bank's processing of the
checking account activity (accepting deposits, posting checks, mailing the bank statement, etc.)
Other types of bank service charges include the fee charged when a company overdrawsits checking
account and the bank fee for processing a stop payment order on a company's check. The bank might
deduct these charges or fees on the bank statement without notifying the company. When that
occurs the company usually learns of the amounts only after receiving its bank statement.
Because the bank service charges have already been deducted on the bank statement, there is no
adjustment to the balance per bank. However, the service charges will have to be entered as an
adjustment to the company's books. The company's Cash account will need to be decreased by the
amount of the service charges.
Recall the helpful tip "put it where it isn't." A bank service charge is already listed on the bank
statement, but it isn't on the company's books. Put it where it isn't: as an adjustment to the Cash
account on the company's books.
An NSF check is a check that was not honored by the bank of the person or company writing the
check because that account did not have a sufficient balance. As a result, the check is returned
without being honored or paid. (NSF is the acronym for not sufficient funds. Often the bank
describes the returned check as a return item. Others refer to the NSF check as a "rubber check"
because the check "bounced" back from the bank on which it was written.) When the NSF check
comes back to the bank in which it was deposited, the bank will decrease the checking account of
the company that had deposited the check. The amount charged will be the amount of the check
plus a bank fee.
Because the NSF check and the related bank fee have already been deducted on the bank
statement, there is no need to adjust the balance per the bank. However, if the company has not yet
13. decreased its Cash account balance for the returned check and the bank fee, the company must
decrease the balance per books in order to reconcile.
Check printing charges occur when a company arranges for its bank to handle the reordering of its
checks. The cost of the printed checks will automatically be deducted from the company's checking
account.
Because the check printing charges have already been deducted on the bank statement, there is no
adjustment to the balance per bank. However, the check printing charges need to be an adjustment
on the company's books. They will be a deduction to the company's Cash account.
Recall the general rule, "put it where it isn't." A check printing charge is on the bank statement, but it
isn't on the company's books. Put it where it isn't: as an adjustment to the Cash account on the
company's books.
Interest earned will appear on the bank statement when a bank gives a company interest on its
account balances. The amount is added to the checking account balance and is automatically on the
bank statement. Hence there is no need to adjust the balance per the bank statement. However, the
amount of interest earned will increase the balance in the company's Cash account on its books.
Recall "put it where it isn't." Interest received from the bank is on the bank statement, but it isn't on
the company's books. Put it where it isn't: as an adjustment to the Cash account on the company's
books.
Notes Receivable are assets of a company. When notes come due, the company might ask its bank to
collect the notes receivable. For this service the bank will charge a fee. The bank will increase the
company's checking account for the amount it collected (principal and interest) and will decrease the
account by the collection fee it charges.Since these amounts are already on the bank statement, the
company must be certain that the amounts appear on the company's books in its Cash account.
Recall the tip "put it where it isn't." The amounts collected by the bank and the bank's fees are on the
bank statement, but they are not on the company's books. Put them where they aren't:as adjustments
to the Cash account on the company's books.
Errors in the company's Cash account result from the company entering an incorrect amount,
entering a transaction that does not belong in the account, or omitting a transaction that should be in
the account. Since the company made these errors, the correction of the error will be either an
increase or a decrease to the balance in the Cash account on the company's books.
Step 3. Comparing the Adjusted Balances
After adjusting the balance per bank (Step 1) and after adjusting the balance per books (Step 2), the two
adjusted amounts should be equal. If they are not equal, you must repeat the process until the
balances are identical. The balances should be the true, correct amount of cash as of the date of the
bank reconciliation.