Student received exam results for 12 modules taken in their Qualification program in Pharmacy. They received Distinctions for 5 modules, with marks ranging from 79-80, and Passed grades for 7 modules, with marks ranging from 68-75. Overall the student performed well, with above average marks in most modules.
The document summarizes aromatic compounds and their properties and reactions. It discusses how benzene was discovered and classified aromatic compounds. Benzene occurs in resonance structures and is planar with uniform carbon-carbon bond lengths. The document also outlines Huckel's rule for determining if a compound is aromatic and covers common aromatic reactions like halogenation, nitration, and Friedel-Crafts reactions. It provides examples of these reactions and discusses the reactivity of different functional groups on aromatic rings.
Aromatic compounds contain benzene-like, 6-membered carbon rings with 3 double bonds. They are unusually stable and undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. Many drugs contain aromatic compounds, such as aspirin, codeine, and ibuprofen, which are used for pain relief and medicine.
1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds like those that are essential for life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2. These molecules are made up of monomers like amino acids and nucleotides that join together through condensation reactions to form polymers.
3. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids each have important roles in the structure and functions of living organisms.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that contain delocalized pi bonds. Benzene is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-carbon ring structure. The true structure of benzene involves delocalized pi electrons that can move around the ring rather than alternating single and double bonds. Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that contain fused benzene rings. Some aromatic hydrocarbons like benzanthracene, dibenzanthracene, and benzpyrene are potent carcinogens that are formed during incomplete combustion and present in substances like tobacco smoke.
This document discusses bifunctional compounds and heterocyclic compounds. It begins by defining bifunctional compounds as organic molecules containing two different functional groups. It then covers the nomenclature of multifunctional compounds and bifunctional compounds. The document primarily focuses on heterocyclic compounds, including their preparation through various reactions as well as common reaction types of three-membered, four-membered, and five-membered heterocyclic rings.
The document discusses organic chemistry concepts including homologous series, isomers, and IUPAC nomenclature rules. It defines homologous series as groups of compounds with similar properties that differ by -CH2- units and a common generic formula. Isomers are described as compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. The document provides examples of applying IUPAC nomenclature rules to name organic compounds containing up to six carbons and various functional groups.
Student received exam results for 12 modules taken in their Qualification program in Pharmacy. They received Distinctions for 5 modules, with marks ranging from 79-80, and Passed grades for 7 modules, with marks ranging from 68-75. Overall the student performed well, with above average marks in most modules.
The document summarizes aromatic compounds and their properties and reactions. It discusses how benzene was discovered and classified aromatic compounds. Benzene occurs in resonance structures and is planar with uniform carbon-carbon bond lengths. The document also outlines Huckel's rule for determining if a compound is aromatic and covers common aromatic reactions like halogenation, nitration, and Friedel-Crafts reactions. It provides examples of these reactions and discusses the reactivity of different functional groups on aromatic rings.
Aromatic compounds contain benzene-like, 6-membered carbon rings with 3 double bonds. They are unusually stable and undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. Many drugs contain aromatic compounds, such as aspirin, codeine, and ibuprofen, which are used for pain relief and medicine.
1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds like those that are essential for life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2. These molecules are made up of monomers like amino acids and nucleotides that join together through condensation reactions to form polymers.
3. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids each have important roles in the structure and functions of living organisms.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that contain delocalized pi bonds. Benzene is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-carbon ring structure. The true structure of benzene involves delocalized pi electrons that can move around the ring rather than alternating single and double bonds. Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that contain fused benzene rings. Some aromatic hydrocarbons like benzanthracene, dibenzanthracene, and benzpyrene are potent carcinogens that are formed during incomplete combustion and present in substances like tobacco smoke.
This document discusses bifunctional compounds and heterocyclic compounds. It begins by defining bifunctional compounds as organic molecules containing two different functional groups. It then covers the nomenclature of multifunctional compounds and bifunctional compounds. The document primarily focuses on heterocyclic compounds, including their preparation through various reactions as well as common reaction types of three-membered, four-membered, and five-membered heterocyclic rings.
The document discusses organic chemistry concepts including homologous series, isomers, and IUPAC nomenclature rules. It defines homologous series as groups of compounds with similar properties that differ by -CH2- units and a common generic formula. Isomers are described as compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. The document provides examples of applying IUPAC nomenclature rules to name organic compounds containing up to six carbons and various functional groups.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It outlines key objectives which include being able to name organic compounds, describe homologous series, and explain reactions of alkanes and alkenes. It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds excluding carbonates, oxides, and allotropes of carbon. It then covers topics such as bonding properties of carbon, structural isomers, combustion reactions of alkanes producing carbon dioxide and water, and halogenation and cracking reactions of alkanes. Alkenes are also introduced, including their general formula and common addition reactions.
This experiment aims to determine the porosity of a core sample using the saturation method. The procedure involves saturating a dry core sample with brine under vacuum and pressure, then measuring the saturated and dry weights to calculate pore volume and porosity. Effective porosity is measured, representing the interconnected pores that contain movable fluids like brine. Core plugs are analyzed to determine physical rock properties like porosity and permeability important for calculating oil and gas in place volumes. The result of porosity value for the sample will be reported to the nearest 0.1%.
The document summarizes aromaticity and related topics for chemistry students. It discusses:
- Benzenoid and non-benzenoid aromatic compounds, including their properties and reactions.
- Resonance structures of benzene and how it follows Huckel's rule for aromaticity.
- Classification of compounds based on aromaticity and examples of antiaromatic compounds.
- Aromatic ions and heterocyclic aromatic compounds like pyrrole, furan and pyridine.
This document discusses retrosynthetic analysis approaches for aromatic compounds. It covers aromatic electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions, including addition of cationic synthons, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, and substitution of diazonium salts. It also discusses aromatic side chain transformations through functional group interconversion and nucleophilic aromatic substitution of halides.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses that organic chemistry involves carbon chains that can be straight, branched, or circular. The three major types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes contain single bonds, alkenes contain double bonds, and alkynes contain triple bonds. The document also discusses naming conventions for different hydrocarbon structures and examples of propane, butane, and other small molecules.
This presentation discusses porosity, which is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity is denoted by φ and expressed as a percentage. The document defines porosity and outlines factors that affect it such as particle shape, packing, sorting, and cementation. It describes two main types of porosity: primary porosity formed during deposition and secondary porosity developed after. Porosity is further divided into total, effective, micro, meso, and macro categories based on pore size. Methods for determining porosity include direct measurement of bulk and material volumes or comparing saturated and dried sample weights.
The document summarizes key concepts about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions from Chapter 17 of an organic chemistry textbook. It discusses mechanisms and factors that influence the reactivity and products of reactions like bromination, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene and substituted benzenes. The effects of different substituents on the aromatic ring in determining whether they activate or deactivate the ring toward electrophilic attack are explained.
This document summarizes key concepts about aromatic compounds from Chapter 16 of Organic Chemistry. It discusses the discovery of benzene and its resonance structures, explaining that benzene is a resonance hybrid with delocalized pi electrons. Hückel's rule is introduced, stating that compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic and those with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of benzene and other aromatic compounds such as heterocycles and polycyclic aromatics.
This document discusses porosity of reservoir rocks. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity can be classified as original or induced. Factors that affect porosity include particle size, sorting, packing, cementation and stress. Porosity is important for reservoir engineering calculations as it represents the pore space occupied by fluids. It is measured through core analysis, well logging, or well testing. Laboratory methods to determine porosity include measuring bulk volume through fluid displacement or gravimetric techniques and pore volume through fluid saturation.
Kekulé had a dream in which he envisioned snakes grasping their own tails and forming rings, inspiring his hypothesis that carbon atoms in benzene are arranged in a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. This ring structure explains benzene's stability and resistance to addition reactions compared to open-chain alkenes. Aromatic compounds are named for many originally having pleasant aromas, though the term now refers to chemical stability conferred by conjugated planar ring structures like benzene that allow for resonance. These compounds are important industrially as precursors to dyes, drugs, polymers, and other chemicals.
Organic Chemistry
1. History
2. Properties of Organic Chemistry
3. comparison of Compounds
4. Sources of Organic Compounds
5. Types of Organic Compounds
6.Types of Organic Formula
7. Carbon
8. Structural Formulas of Carbon
9. Isomerism
10 Classification of Organic Compounds
11. HydroCarbons
This document summarizes key concepts about porosity and permeability from a student presentation. It discusses how porosity is the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability relates to how easily fluids can pass through materials. Several factors that control porosity are described, including packing density, grain size, sorting, and post-burial changes from processes like compaction, cementation, and fracturing. Common methods for determining porosity from well logs are also summarized, including bulk density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Equations for calculating porosity from each log type are provided.
This document provides information about organic compounds and their components. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon bonded to itself, hydrogen, and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur. Examples of organic compounds that make up living things are described, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These compounds are composed of combinations of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sometimes sulfur. The document emphasizes carbon's unique ability to form many diverse molecules by bonding to itself and other elements.
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary presentation of the introductory topics in Organic Chemistry, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. 95% of known compounds contain carbon. Organic compounds are essential to life and are found in our bodies, fuels, medicines, plastics, and more. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds and bonds with many other elements, allowing for a huge diversity of organic compounds. Organic compounds are classified and studied based on their functional groups, which impart specific properties. Key functional groups include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds that are extremely important to life. Our bodies, medicines, fuels, plastics and many other materials are made of organic compounds. Carbon can form diverse compounds because it can form various bonds to itself and other elements. The structure and bonding of organic molecules determines their properties. Key groups like alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids and esters impact a molecule's chemistry. There are several families of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes and aromatics whose formulas vary based on saturation.
1. The document contains questions and answers related to organic chemistry concepts involving ethers, epoxides, and sulfides.
2. Many questions require drawing chemical structures, naming compounds, predicting products, or explaining reaction mechanisms.
3. Key topics covered include the hybridization of oxygen in ethers, IUPAC naming of ethers and epoxides, synthesis of ethers using Williamson ether synthesis and alkoxymercuration-demercuration reactions, and reactions of ethers with acids, bases, and halogenating agents.
This curriculum vitae provides information on Leandri du Plessis, including her contact details, education history, hobbies and interests, sports involvement, cultural and leadership experience, and references. She has a B.Pharm degree from North West University and will be registered as an academic intern by March 2016. She is currently pursuing a Master's degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and has received multiple awards for academic excellence.
This document contains exam results for a student. It shows the student's university number, qualification program of B Pharm, and results for 11 modules taken between 2014-2015. The student received distinction marks over 75% in 7 modules and passed 2 modules with marks between 58-68%.
Leandrie has served Resonate Church faithfully since 2015, taking responsibility and completing every task with excellence. As a young and growing church with limited resources, Leandrie made the most of opportunities and is a natural leader who plans well and encourages others. The pastor believes Leandrie will accomplish great things in life as she faithfully serves her vision. He recommends her without hesitation for passionately and faithfully completing any task.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It outlines key objectives which include being able to name organic compounds, describe homologous series, and explain reactions of alkanes and alkenes. It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds excluding carbonates, oxides, and allotropes of carbon. It then covers topics such as bonding properties of carbon, structural isomers, combustion reactions of alkanes producing carbon dioxide and water, and halogenation and cracking reactions of alkanes. Alkenes are also introduced, including their general formula and common addition reactions.
This experiment aims to determine the porosity of a core sample using the saturation method. The procedure involves saturating a dry core sample with brine under vacuum and pressure, then measuring the saturated and dry weights to calculate pore volume and porosity. Effective porosity is measured, representing the interconnected pores that contain movable fluids like brine. Core plugs are analyzed to determine physical rock properties like porosity and permeability important for calculating oil and gas in place volumes. The result of porosity value for the sample will be reported to the nearest 0.1%.
The document summarizes aromaticity and related topics for chemistry students. It discusses:
- Benzenoid and non-benzenoid aromatic compounds, including their properties and reactions.
- Resonance structures of benzene and how it follows Huckel's rule for aromaticity.
- Classification of compounds based on aromaticity and examples of antiaromatic compounds.
- Aromatic ions and heterocyclic aromatic compounds like pyrrole, furan and pyridine.
This document discusses retrosynthetic analysis approaches for aromatic compounds. It covers aromatic electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions, including addition of cationic synthons, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, and substitution of diazonium salts. It also discusses aromatic side chain transformations through functional group interconversion and nucleophilic aromatic substitution of halides.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses that organic chemistry involves carbon chains that can be straight, branched, or circular. The three major types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes contain single bonds, alkenes contain double bonds, and alkynes contain triple bonds. The document also discusses naming conventions for different hydrocarbon structures and examples of propane, butane, and other small molecules.
This presentation discusses porosity, which is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity is denoted by φ and expressed as a percentage. The document defines porosity and outlines factors that affect it such as particle shape, packing, sorting, and cementation. It describes two main types of porosity: primary porosity formed during deposition and secondary porosity developed after. Porosity is further divided into total, effective, micro, meso, and macro categories based on pore size. Methods for determining porosity include direct measurement of bulk and material volumes or comparing saturated and dried sample weights.
The document summarizes key concepts about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions from Chapter 17 of an organic chemistry textbook. It discusses mechanisms and factors that influence the reactivity and products of reactions like bromination, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene and substituted benzenes. The effects of different substituents on the aromatic ring in determining whether they activate or deactivate the ring toward electrophilic attack are explained.
This document summarizes key concepts about aromatic compounds from Chapter 16 of Organic Chemistry. It discusses the discovery of benzene and its resonance structures, explaining that benzene is a resonance hybrid with delocalized pi electrons. Hückel's rule is introduced, stating that compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic and those with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of benzene and other aromatic compounds such as heterocycles and polycyclic aromatics.
This document discusses porosity of reservoir rocks. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity can be classified as original or induced. Factors that affect porosity include particle size, sorting, packing, cementation and stress. Porosity is important for reservoir engineering calculations as it represents the pore space occupied by fluids. It is measured through core analysis, well logging, or well testing. Laboratory methods to determine porosity include measuring bulk volume through fluid displacement or gravimetric techniques and pore volume through fluid saturation.
Kekulé had a dream in which he envisioned snakes grasping their own tails and forming rings, inspiring his hypothesis that carbon atoms in benzene are arranged in a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. This ring structure explains benzene's stability and resistance to addition reactions compared to open-chain alkenes. Aromatic compounds are named for many originally having pleasant aromas, though the term now refers to chemical stability conferred by conjugated planar ring structures like benzene that allow for resonance. These compounds are important industrially as precursors to dyes, drugs, polymers, and other chemicals.
Organic Chemistry
1. History
2. Properties of Organic Chemistry
3. comparison of Compounds
4. Sources of Organic Compounds
5. Types of Organic Compounds
6.Types of Organic Formula
7. Carbon
8. Structural Formulas of Carbon
9. Isomerism
10 Classification of Organic Compounds
11. HydroCarbons
This document summarizes key concepts about porosity and permeability from a student presentation. It discusses how porosity is the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability relates to how easily fluids can pass through materials. Several factors that control porosity are described, including packing density, grain size, sorting, and post-burial changes from processes like compaction, cementation, and fracturing. Common methods for determining porosity from well logs are also summarized, including bulk density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Equations for calculating porosity from each log type are provided.
This document provides information about organic compounds and their components. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon bonded to itself, hydrogen, and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur. Examples of organic compounds that make up living things are described, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These compounds are composed of combinations of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sometimes sulfur. The document emphasizes carbon's unique ability to form many diverse molecules by bonding to itself and other elements.
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary presentation of the introductory topics in Organic Chemistry, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. 95% of known compounds contain carbon. Organic compounds are essential to life and are found in our bodies, fuels, medicines, plastics, and more. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds and bonds with many other elements, allowing for a huge diversity of organic compounds. Organic compounds are classified and studied based on their functional groups, which impart specific properties. Key functional groups include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds that are extremely important to life. Our bodies, medicines, fuels, plastics and many other materials are made of organic compounds. Carbon can form diverse compounds because it can form various bonds to itself and other elements. The structure and bonding of organic molecules determines their properties. Key groups like alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids and esters impact a molecule's chemistry. There are several families of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes and aromatics whose formulas vary based on saturation.
1. The document contains questions and answers related to organic chemistry concepts involving ethers, epoxides, and sulfides.
2. Many questions require drawing chemical structures, naming compounds, predicting products, or explaining reaction mechanisms.
3. Key topics covered include the hybridization of oxygen in ethers, IUPAC naming of ethers and epoxides, synthesis of ethers using Williamson ether synthesis and alkoxymercuration-demercuration reactions, and reactions of ethers with acids, bases, and halogenating agents.
This curriculum vitae provides information on Leandri du Plessis, including her contact details, education history, hobbies and interests, sports involvement, cultural and leadership experience, and references. She has a B.Pharm degree from North West University and will be registered as an academic intern by March 2016. She is currently pursuing a Master's degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and has received multiple awards for academic excellence.
This document contains exam results for a student. It shows the student's university number, qualification program of B Pharm, and results for 11 modules taken between 2014-2015. The student received distinction marks over 75% in 7 modules and passed 2 modules with marks between 58-68%.
Leandrie has served Resonate Church faithfully since 2015, taking responsibility and completing every task with excellence. As a young and growing church with limited resources, Leandrie made the most of opportunities and is a natural leader who plans well and encourages others. The pastor believes Leandrie will accomplish great things in life as she faithfully serves her vision. He recommends her without hesitation for passionately and faithfully completing any task.
Leandri duPlessis worked as a pharmacy assistant at Dis-Chem Vaal Mall from December 2013 to the present to help dispense medications and assist customers. Her manager, Jonet vander Westhuizen, writes that Leandri was conscientious about timekeeping and work quality, always pleasant and professional with clients and staff. The manager found that Leandri was quick to learn new skills and open to feedback, and would hire her again or recommend her for similar positions in the future.