The document analyzes the relationship between pollution levels and poverty in three regions of Chile - Antofagasta, Valparaiso and Biobio. It finds that income poverty, multidimensional poverty, and energy (fuel) poverty are positively correlated with higher levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) based on regression models using pollution, meteorological and socioeconomic data from 2017-2021. Specifically, areas with greater poverty tend to have higher air pollution, indicating environmental policies are needed to address both issues.
IRJET- Evaluation of The Feasibility of using the Incineration of Urban S...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the feasibility of using urban solid waste incineration for electric power generation in Itacoatiara, Brazil. It finds that the amount of solid waste collected in the city, 18.06 GW per year, could generate electricity and provide a revenue of 26 million Brazilian reals per year. The document also reviews how urban solid waste is currently handled in Brazil and the environmental impacts of landfilling, highlighting incineration as an alternative that utilizes waste as a fuel for power plants.
The impact of environmental accounting and reporting on sustainable developme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that evaluated the relationship between environmental accounting and reporting and sustainable development in Nigeria. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the two and that environmental accounting can encourage organizations to track emissions and environmental data against reduction targets. Noncompliance with environmental accounting and reporting can have consequences. It was recommended that organizations adopt standards and graphical indicators to illustrate environmental performance over time to users.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Need for sustainable solution: Environment, rural agriculture and food securi...Open Access Research Paper
Electronic waste is currently the largest growing waste stream in the world. It is hazardous, complex and expensive to treat in an environmentally sound manner. Unsustainable electronic waste management of has led to pollution of rivers, which has negatively affected the environment, agriculture activities and food security. The research sought to investigate the waste management of electronic waste, its impact on environment, agriculture and food security in the rural communities. To recommend sustainable waste management strategy for the country and reduce the adverse effects on environment and agriculture to enhance food security. Zimbabwe has become an electronic waste hazard as waste pile up at backyard and in houses. A research survey was conducted in Mutare urban and peri-urban rural communities involving a sample of 1250 participants revealed that 29% of waste was electronic effluent, 29% of waste in backyard, 22% of waste in storerooms. The peri-urban rural communities are heavily affected downstream as the Sakubva River and its streams are polluted, either poisoned or drying up. Methods of disposal were landfilling, burning, backyard and storeroom storage. Food security as a state where the availability, accessibility, utilization and stability of food are ensured and food production is enough to cover the food demand of the people has been heavily affected as water for gardening and field crop irrigation is polluted. It was revealed that in some areas farmers have totally stopped gardening as the source of water has dried up due to both soil and water pollution.
This document summarizes a policy brief on environmental governance of extractive activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The brief finds that while extractive industries generate economic benefits, they often damage the environment and local livelihoods. Local communities most impacted feel their concerns are neglected. The brief recommends that national governments, foreign investors, and international organizations seriously involve local communities in decision making to achieve sustainable and equitable development. Unless local voices are included and practices improved, extractive activities will likely lead to more tensions and potential conflicts.
This document summarizes a policy brief on environmental governance of extractive activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The brief finds that while extractive industries generate economic benefits, they often damage the environment and local livelihoods. Local communities most impacted feel their concerns are neglected. The brief recommends that national governments, foreign investors, and international organizations seriously involve local communities in decision making to achieve sustainable and equitable development. Unless local voices are included and practices improved, extractive activities will likely lead to more tensions and potential conflicts.
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of increasing prices of petroleum-derived energy sources on household energy use for cooking in Ibadan, Nigeria. It finds that prior to further subsidy removal in 1993, most households used kerosene for cooking. After subsidy removal, there was a complete or partial switch to using fuelwood and other more polluting sources. Removing subsidies made commercial fuels like kerosene and LPG too expensive for most people. This led to increased use of fuelwood and associated environmental impacts like indoor air pollution and deforestation.
IRJET- Evaluation of The Feasibility of using the Incineration of Urban S...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the feasibility of using urban solid waste incineration for electric power generation in Itacoatiara, Brazil. It finds that the amount of solid waste collected in the city, 18.06 GW per year, could generate electricity and provide a revenue of 26 million Brazilian reals per year. The document also reviews how urban solid waste is currently handled in Brazil and the environmental impacts of landfilling, highlighting incineration as an alternative that utilizes waste as a fuel for power plants.
The impact of environmental accounting and reporting on sustainable developme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that evaluated the relationship between environmental accounting and reporting and sustainable development in Nigeria. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the two and that environmental accounting can encourage organizations to track emissions and environmental data against reduction targets. Noncompliance with environmental accounting and reporting can have consequences. It was recommended that organizations adopt standards and graphical indicators to illustrate environmental performance over time to users.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Need for sustainable solution: Environment, rural agriculture and food securi...Open Access Research Paper
Electronic waste is currently the largest growing waste stream in the world. It is hazardous, complex and expensive to treat in an environmentally sound manner. Unsustainable electronic waste management of has led to pollution of rivers, which has negatively affected the environment, agriculture activities and food security. The research sought to investigate the waste management of electronic waste, its impact on environment, agriculture and food security in the rural communities. To recommend sustainable waste management strategy for the country and reduce the adverse effects on environment and agriculture to enhance food security. Zimbabwe has become an electronic waste hazard as waste pile up at backyard and in houses. A research survey was conducted in Mutare urban and peri-urban rural communities involving a sample of 1250 participants revealed that 29% of waste was electronic effluent, 29% of waste in backyard, 22% of waste in storerooms. The peri-urban rural communities are heavily affected downstream as the Sakubva River and its streams are polluted, either poisoned or drying up. Methods of disposal were landfilling, burning, backyard and storeroom storage. Food security as a state where the availability, accessibility, utilization and stability of food are ensured and food production is enough to cover the food demand of the people has been heavily affected as water for gardening and field crop irrigation is polluted. It was revealed that in some areas farmers have totally stopped gardening as the source of water has dried up due to both soil and water pollution.
This document summarizes a policy brief on environmental governance of extractive activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The brief finds that while extractive industries generate economic benefits, they often damage the environment and local livelihoods. Local communities most impacted feel their concerns are neglected. The brief recommends that national governments, foreign investors, and international organizations seriously involve local communities in decision making to achieve sustainable and equitable development. Unless local voices are included and practices improved, extractive activities will likely lead to more tensions and potential conflicts.
This document summarizes a policy brief on environmental governance of extractive activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The brief finds that while extractive industries generate economic benefits, they often damage the environment and local livelihoods. Local communities most impacted feel their concerns are neglected. The brief recommends that national governments, foreign investors, and international organizations seriously involve local communities in decision making to achieve sustainable and equitable development. Unless local voices are included and practices improved, extractive activities will likely lead to more tensions and potential conflicts.
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of increasing prices of petroleum-derived energy sources on household energy use for cooking in Ibadan, Nigeria. It finds that prior to further subsidy removal in 1993, most households used kerosene for cooking. After subsidy removal, there was a complete or partial switch to using fuelwood and other more polluting sources. Removing subsidies made commercial fuels like kerosene and LPG too expensive for most people. This led to increased use of fuelwood and associated environmental impacts like indoor air pollution and deforestation.
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
11. article azojete vol. 12 103 109 oumarouOyeniyi Samuel
This document presents a statistical model developed to predict the energy content of municipal solid wastes in Northern Nigeria. Samples of solid waste were collected from major cities in the region and analyzed to determine their physical characteristics, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific values. An empirical linear regression model was created using the experimental data to statistically correlate the waste characteristics of physical composition and moisture content with energy content. The model showed about 70% agreement when compared to experimental calorific values, with an average deviation of 5.03% and standard deviation of 5.29%.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
This document discusses potential energy generation from waste treatment in São Luís, Brazil. It notes that São Luís generates about 414,000 tons of municipal solid waste per year and 190 million cubic meters of domestic sewage per day, but collection and treatment services are deficient. The document proposes treating municipal solid waste through recycling 10% of recyclables, biodigester in landfills, or incineration. It also proposes treating domestic sewage through biodigestion of sewage gas or heat recovery during incineration. Analysis shows these methods could generate enough electricity for homes in São Luís and treat enough wastewater to supply homes lacking water access.
The Environment And Corporate Environmental Impact On The...Erin Rivera
The document discusses several environmental issues caused by human activities, including loss of biodiversity, deforestation, ocean pollution, water scarcity, and climate change. These issues have serious implications for both the environment and humanity. Pollution from human waste and emissions is harming ecosystems and making people sick. Litter ends up in oceans, threatening sea life. Many bodies of water are too contaminated for safe recreational use due to pollution. These environmental problems negatively impact society.
Impacto del COVID-19 en las emisiones de GEI del
Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Peruano
La pandemia COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto en la economía, la industria, la salud y sectores clave en casi todos los países del mundo. La generación eléctrica ha sido uno de los sectores más impactados por las medidas nacionales tomadas debido a la pandemia.
En Perú se decretó una cuarentena social obligatoria que impactó fuertemente la demanda y generación de energía eléctrica en el país.
The effects associated with waste vary widely and are influenced by the substances or chemicals found in waste and how they are managed. Although data do not exist to directly link trends in waste with effects on human health and the environment, the management of waste may result in waste and chemicals in waste entering the environment.
Conclusions
Mitigating and adapting to climate
change while honoring the diversity
of humans entails major transformations in the ways our global society
functions and interacts with natural
ecosystems. We are encouraged by a
recent surge of concern. Governmental
bodies are making climate emergency
declarations. Schoolchildren are striking. Ecocide lawsuits are proceeding
in the courts. Grassroots citizen movements are demanding change, and
many countries, states and provinces,
cities, and businesses are responding.
As the Alliance of World Scientists,
we stand ready to assist decision-makers in a just transition to a sustainable
and equitable future. We urge widespread use of vital signs, which will
better allow policymakers, the private sector, and the public to understand the magnitude of this crisis,
track progress, and realign priorities
for alleviating climate change. The
good news is that such transformative change, with social and economic
justice for all, promises far greater
human well-being than does business
as usual. We believe that the prospects
will be greatest if decision-makers and
all of humanity promptly respond to
this warning and declaration of a climate emergency and act to sustain life
on planet Earth, our only home.
Côte d'Ivoire faces significant challenges in waste management due to population growth and increasing waste generation. The country lacks adequate infrastructure and enforcement of regulations for industrial and residential waste disposal. At the policy level, multiple government agencies are responsible for waste management but lack resources and coordination. Improved education, innovative solutions, private sector involvement, and political will are needed to address waste management problems and their health and environmental impacts.
Declaration ; Agrofuels As An Obstacle To Food And Energy SovereigntyPeople Power
The document is a declaration from organizations and social movements opposing agrofuels and the agroindustrial model. It makes several key points:
1) Agrofuels are intrinsically unsustainable as they lead to monocultures, land concentration, intensive chemical use, and destruction of ecosystems.
2) Agrofuel production threatens food security by competing for land and water with food crops.
3) The agrofuel industry in Brazil is only viable due to heavy government subsidies and turns a blind eye to social and environmental problems.
4) As an alternative, the document advocates for energy and food sovereignty based on small farmers, local economies, and renewable decentralized energy to meet local needs.
Reyes, J.A.; Gómez-Barrón, J.P.; Muis, R.O.; Zavala, R., 2012b, “Potential of Environmental Services in the Social Property of Mexico”. (English summary). National Agrarian Registry (RAN) & Inter-American Institute of Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Project. Mexico, D.F. 72 pp.
This document presents the findings in the first stage of the Strategy for Environmental Services and Common Property, which analyzes the relative importance of the environmental services in the agrarian nucleuses, such as: forest carbon, biodiversity and hydrological cycles. An important conclusion of this analysis is that none of the three themes can be efficiently developed without the integration of the common property.
As part of the findings, 115 ejidos and communities were identified with the highest potential to contribute in the provision of the three environmental services: carbon storage and capture, biodiversity conservation and maintenance of the hydrological cycle. In the next stage, these agrarian nucleuses will be analyzed for its feasibility in order to be included in payment for environmental services schemes.
A presentation designed for the Chile Summer Study Program by Monash University. The subject of this presentation was to give an overall view toward environmental challenges of Chile and Latin America and coming up with solutions to face them.
1) The document discusses modelling ecosystem service trade-offs in agricultural systems using a case study in the Basque Country. It developed a conceptual model to assess how farming practices impact crop yields, water quality, climate regulation, and air quality.
2) The model found that increasing fertilizer had trade-offs, positively impacting crop yields but negatively impacting climate regulation through greenhouse gas emissions. It also found water supply impacted crop yields and soil water impacted emissions.
3) Model results showed changing manure application practices could significantly reduce emissions with some potential yield reduction, and limited tilling increased carbon sequestration without hurting yields. The model demonstrated the value of an integrated ecosystem services approach to agricultural management.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of global e-waste statistics and highlights the challenges posed by improper e-waste management to achieving sustainable development goals. It reports that the world generated 44.7 million metric tons of e-waste in 2017 and forecasts this to increase to 52 million tons by 2021. Developing countries like India are particularly vulnerable due to lack of management policies and technology. Proper e-waste management is essential to protect environmental and human health as well as support employment and economic growth from recycling.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL CAN MAKE THE ENERGY SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate how the government of Brazil can make the energy sector sustainable in order to collaborate in the fight against global warming and to bequeath the existing energy resources in the country to future generations. According to the International Energy Agency, oil, natural gas and coal are the energy sources most responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the world, the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the energy sector is responsible for 21% of greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity sector in Brazil has 19.7% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (natural gas, petroleum derivatives and coal and derivatives) and 2.2% of energy sources based on nuclear power plants. In turn, Brazil's energy matrix as a whole has 53.3% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (oil and derivatives, natural gas and mineral coal) and 1.3% are energy sources based on nuclear power plants. For Brazil's energy sector to be sustainable, all these energy sources based on fossil fuels and nuclear power plants must be replaced by renewable energy sources (hydro, solar, wind, tidal, wave, biomass and hydrogen).
The document discusses building climate resilience in Pakistan. It provides climate and environmental data showing Pakistan's high vulnerability to climate impacts like floods and droughts. Possible approaches are discussed, including focusing directly on resilience or taking a co-benefits approach. Building resilience will require strengthening knowledge and capacity, encouraging private sector solutions, facilitating provincial action, and protecting vulnerable groups. The government can play a role in monitoring progress, financing initiatives, and supporting strategic, climate-integrated policies and signature projects.
La empresa de estudios de mercado Ipsos lanzó su informe mensual “Preocupaciones del Mundo”, que estudia la percepción sobre los temas que generan mayor inquietud en la ciudadanía en más de 25 mil personas adultas de 29 países. Aquí podemos ver:
¿Cual es el tema que más inquieta a los chilenos?
¿Es el control de inmigración uno de los temas que más preocupa a los chilenos?
¿Va Chile por el buen camino?
La empresa de investigación de mercados Ipsos lanzó su más reciente informe “Claves Ipsos”, para lo que encuestaron a varias personas con el fin de identificar las principales opiniones y preocupaciones de los chilenos sobre sus prioridades desde la agenda ciudadana y la reforma de pensiones.
More Related Content
Similar to RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTION LEVELS AND POVERTY: REGIONS OF ANTOFAGASTA, VALPARAISO AND BIOBIO, CHILE
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
11. article azojete vol. 12 103 109 oumarouOyeniyi Samuel
This document presents a statistical model developed to predict the energy content of municipal solid wastes in Northern Nigeria. Samples of solid waste were collected from major cities in the region and analyzed to determine their physical characteristics, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific values. An empirical linear regression model was created using the experimental data to statistically correlate the waste characteristics of physical composition and moisture content with energy content. The model showed about 70% agreement when compared to experimental calorific values, with an average deviation of 5.03% and standard deviation of 5.29%.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
This document discusses potential energy generation from waste treatment in São Luís, Brazil. It notes that São Luís generates about 414,000 tons of municipal solid waste per year and 190 million cubic meters of domestic sewage per day, but collection and treatment services are deficient. The document proposes treating municipal solid waste through recycling 10% of recyclables, biodigester in landfills, or incineration. It also proposes treating domestic sewage through biodigestion of sewage gas or heat recovery during incineration. Analysis shows these methods could generate enough electricity for homes in São Luís and treat enough wastewater to supply homes lacking water access.
The Environment And Corporate Environmental Impact On The...Erin Rivera
The document discusses several environmental issues caused by human activities, including loss of biodiversity, deforestation, ocean pollution, water scarcity, and climate change. These issues have serious implications for both the environment and humanity. Pollution from human waste and emissions is harming ecosystems and making people sick. Litter ends up in oceans, threatening sea life. Many bodies of water are too contaminated for safe recreational use due to pollution. These environmental problems negatively impact society.
Impacto del COVID-19 en las emisiones de GEI del
Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Peruano
La pandemia COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto en la economía, la industria, la salud y sectores clave en casi todos los países del mundo. La generación eléctrica ha sido uno de los sectores más impactados por las medidas nacionales tomadas debido a la pandemia.
En Perú se decretó una cuarentena social obligatoria que impactó fuertemente la demanda y generación de energía eléctrica en el país.
The effects associated with waste vary widely and are influenced by the substances or chemicals found in waste and how they are managed. Although data do not exist to directly link trends in waste with effects on human health and the environment, the management of waste may result in waste and chemicals in waste entering the environment.
Conclusions
Mitigating and adapting to climate
change while honoring the diversity
of humans entails major transformations in the ways our global society
functions and interacts with natural
ecosystems. We are encouraged by a
recent surge of concern. Governmental
bodies are making climate emergency
declarations. Schoolchildren are striking. Ecocide lawsuits are proceeding
in the courts. Grassroots citizen movements are demanding change, and
many countries, states and provinces,
cities, and businesses are responding.
As the Alliance of World Scientists,
we stand ready to assist decision-makers in a just transition to a sustainable
and equitable future. We urge widespread use of vital signs, which will
better allow policymakers, the private sector, and the public to understand the magnitude of this crisis,
track progress, and realign priorities
for alleviating climate change. The
good news is that such transformative change, with social and economic
justice for all, promises far greater
human well-being than does business
as usual. We believe that the prospects
will be greatest if decision-makers and
all of humanity promptly respond to
this warning and declaration of a climate emergency and act to sustain life
on planet Earth, our only home.
Côte d'Ivoire faces significant challenges in waste management due to population growth and increasing waste generation. The country lacks adequate infrastructure and enforcement of regulations for industrial and residential waste disposal. At the policy level, multiple government agencies are responsible for waste management but lack resources and coordination. Improved education, innovative solutions, private sector involvement, and political will are needed to address waste management problems and their health and environmental impacts.
Declaration ; Agrofuels As An Obstacle To Food And Energy SovereigntyPeople Power
The document is a declaration from organizations and social movements opposing agrofuels and the agroindustrial model. It makes several key points:
1) Agrofuels are intrinsically unsustainable as they lead to monocultures, land concentration, intensive chemical use, and destruction of ecosystems.
2) Agrofuel production threatens food security by competing for land and water with food crops.
3) The agrofuel industry in Brazil is only viable due to heavy government subsidies and turns a blind eye to social and environmental problems.
4) As an alternative, the document advocates for energy and food sovereignty based on small farmers, local economies, and renewable decentralized energy to meet local needs.
Reyes, J.A.; Gómez-Barrón, J.P.; Muis, R.O.; Zavala, R., 2012b, “Potential of Environmental Services in the Social Property of Mexico”. (English summary). National Agrarian Registry (RAN) & Inter-American Institute of Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Project. Mexico, D.F. 72 pp.
This document presents the findings in the first stage of the Strategy for Environmental Services and Common Property, which analyzes the relative importance of the environmental services in the agrarian nucleuses, such as: forest carbon, biodiversity and hydrological cycles. An important conclusion of this analysis is that none of the three themes can be efficiently developed without the integration of the common property.
As part of the findings, 115 ejidos and communities were identified with the highest potential to contribute in the provision of the three environmental services: carbon storage and capture, biodiversity conservation and maintenance of the hydrological cycle. In the next stage, these agrarian nucleuses will be analyzed for its feasibility in order to be included in payment for environmental services schemes.
A presentation designed for the Chile Summer Study Program by Monash University. The subject of this presentation was to give an overall view toward environmental challenges of Chile and Latin America and coming up with solutions to face them.
1) The document discusses modelling ecosystem service trade-offs in agricultural systems using a case study in the Basque Country. It developed a conceptual model to assess how farming practices impact crop yields, water quality, climate regulation, and air quality.
2) The model found that increasing fertilizer had trade-offs, positively impacting crop yields but negatively impacting climate regulation through greenhouse gas emissions. It also found water supply impacted crop yields and soil water impacted emissions.
3) Model results showed changing manure application practices could significantly reduce emissions with some potential yield reduction, and limited tilling increased carbon sequestration without hurting yields. The model demonstrated the value of an integrated ecosystem services approach to agricultural management.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of global e-waste statistics and highlights the challenges posed by improper e-waste management to achieving sustainable development goals. It reports that the world generated 44.7 million metric tons of e-waste in 2017 and forecasts this to increase to 52 million tons by 2021. Developing countries like India are particularly vulnerable due to lack of management policies and technology. Proper e-waste management is essential to protect environmental and human health as well as support employment and economic growth from recycling.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL CAN MAKE THE ENERGY SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate how the government of Brazil can make the energy sector sustainable in order to collaborate in the fight against global warming and to bequeath the existing energy resources in the country to future generations. According to the International Energy Agency, oil, natural gas and coal are the energy sources most responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the world, the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the energy sector is responsible for 21% of greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity sector in Brazil has 19.7% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (natural gas, petroleum derivatives and coal and derivatives) and 2.2% of energy sources based on nuclear power plants. In turn, Brazil's energy matrix as a whole has 53.3% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (oil and derivatives, natural gas and mineral coal) and 1.3% are energy sources based on nuclear power plants. For Brazil's energy sector to be sustainable, all these energy sources based on fossil fuels and nuclear power plants must be replaced by renewable energy sources (hydro, solar, wind, tidal, wave, biomass and hydrogen).
The document discusses building climate resilience in Pakistan. It provides climate and environmental data showing Pakistan's high vulnerability to climate impacts like floods and droughts. Possible approaches are discussed, including focusing directly on resilience or taking a co-benefits approach. Building resilience will require strengthening knowledge and capacity, encouraging private sector solutions, facilitating provincial action, and protecting vulnerable groups. The government can play a role in monitoring progress, financing initiatives, and supporting strategic, climate-integrated policies and signature projects.
Similar to RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTION LEVELS AND POVERTY: REGIONS OF ANTOFAGASTA, VALPARAISO AND BIOBIO, CHILE (20)
La empresa de estudios de mercado Ipsos lanzó su informe mensual “Preocupaciones del Mundo”, que estudia la percepción sobre los temas que generan mayor inquietud en la ciudadanía en más de 25 mil personas adultas de 29 países. Aquí podemos ver:
¿Cual es el tema que más inquieta a los chilenos?
¿Es el control de inmigración uno de los temas que más preocupa a los chilenos?
¿Va Chile por el buen camino?
La empresa de investigación de mercados Ipsos lanzó su más reciente informe “Claves Ipsos”, para lo que encuestaron a varias personas con el fin de identificar las principales opiniones y preocupaciones de los chilenos sobre sus prioridades desde la agenda ciudadana y la reforma de pensiones.
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Starting from January 2024, the full weekly and monthly reports will only be available for free to VCOSA members. To access the complete weekly report with figures, charts, and detailed analysis of the cotton fiber market in the past week, interested parties are kindly requested to contact VCOSA to subscribe to the newsletter.
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2. P. Herrera, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. & Mgmt., Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022) 177
productive processes with high environmental impact, where many of the industrial areas
have been located next to poor communities.
The object of study, the regions of Antofagasta (8 active conflicts), Valparaíso (16 active
conflicts) and Biobío (2 active conflicts) are among the territorial spaces with the greatest
environmental conflicts in Chile at present. According to the National Institute of Human
Rights [10] during 2018, emissions and contamination of natural resources resulting from
energy, mining, agro-industrial and forestry projects, represented 60% of the total number of
conflicts [11, 12]. The territories involved present worrying figures of multidimensional pov-
erty, insufficient public health services and a lax environmental policy regarding the
exploitation of natural resources and emissions of polluting particles [13] to such an extent
that some of these localities have become sacrifice zones, which have increased their inequal-
ity indicators [9, 14].
The Chilean State has made unsuccessful attempts to reduce environmental damage – to air,
soil and biodiversity – throughout the country. Despite increased environmental regulation in
the last decade – since the creation of the Ministry of Environment – better investment in tech-
nology and monitoring instruments, both the state and companies (particularly energy, mining
and forestry companies) continue to fail to resolve pollution episodes in their multiple dimen-
sions. Antofagasta, Valparaíso and Biobío have repeatedly presented critical episodes of air
saturation as a result of the production process carried out in those areas. The instruments and
measurements, in turn, have been imprecise in clarifying the toxicological damage to the pop-
ulation, which is added to other environmental disasters produced by fuel spills, chemical
substances and waste from productive activities, damaging ecosystems and the sustainability
of self-subsistence activities, thus widening the inequality in the assurance of environmental
rights to the communities. It is paradoxical that the State itself is often the protagonist in the
movement to ensure the human right to live in a pollution-free environment. Both the National
Petroleum Company (ENAP) and the National Copper Corporation (CODELCO) are respon-
sible for particulate emissions in the regions studied, which complicates the State’s role as
guarantor of the protection of the right to live in pollution-free territories.
The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between socioeconomic var-
iables and pollution in order to establish evidence for the implementation of environmental
public policies in the territories. Socioeconomic variables, such as income poverty, multidi-
mensional poverty and energy poverty, are considered. The last variable seems to be of
paramount importance. It is an articulating concept in today’s global energy policy, seeking to
guarantee equitable access to quality energy services for human populations without exception
and to direct efforts toward a just energy transition that consolidates a decarbonized economy
[15, 16]. Looking at the household without omitting relevant energy conditions at the territo-
rial scale, are issues that in this study are complementary in the three regions studied.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the data collection and
methodology. Section 3 presents the results and, finally, the conclusions are highlighted in
Section 4.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Data
The data used in this study were obtained from various sources. Firstly, pollution data
obtained from the National Air Quality Information System (SINCA) website between
3. 178 P. Herrera, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. Mgmt., Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022)
January 2017 and December 2021 were downloaded. Below, in Table 1, is a list by region,
commune and names of the monitoring stations considered.
This allowed the formation of a data panel with daily concentrations (μg/m3) of PM10,
PM2.5 and SO2 from monitoring stations in the regions of Antofagasta, Valparaíso and
Biobío. The monitoring stations considered in this study are those that had information avail-
able for the period studied. A total of 54 monitoring stations were used, covering an area of
approximately 52,928 km².
Subsequently, meteorological data were downloaded from the Meteorological Directorate
of Chile (MeteoChile), which allowed the formation of a data panel with temperature (degrees
Celsius, °C), humidity (percentage) and waterfall (mm) on a daily basis. Finally, poverty data
were obtained from the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (Encuesta de Car-
acterización Socioeconómica Nacional [CASEN]). In particular, data on unemployment,
income poverty, multidimensional poverty and energy poverty were used to construct an
indicator that represents the percentage of people in the commune in this condition. For the
calculation of fuel poverty, the Low Income-High Cost method [17] was used. The household
income level is reduced by the amount spent on electricity by the family, thus obtaining an
adjusted income that was compared to the poverty line. In this way, the percentage level of
energy poverty per commune was obtained.
Table 1: Monitoring stations by region.
Region Commune Monitoring Station
Antofagasta Tocopilla Tres Marias, Super Site, Gobernación, Bomberos
Antofagasta Antofagasta
Calama Nueva Chiuchiu, Hospital, El Cobre, Colegio Pedro Ver-
gara, Club
Deportivo 23 de marzo, Estación Centro
Valparaíso Valparaíso Valparaíso
Viña del Mar Viña del Mar
Concón Junta de Vecinos, Concón, Las Gaviotas, Colmo
Quillota San Pedro, La Palma, Cuerpo de Bomberos
Catemu Romeral, Catemu, Santa Margarita
Panquehue Lo Campo
Quintero Valle Alegre, Sur, Loncura, Centro Quintero, Quintero
Puchuncaví Los Maitenes, La Greda, Ventanas, Puchuncaví
Biobío Curanilahue Balneario Curanilahue
Nacimiento Club de empleados, Lautaro, Entre Ríos
Los Angeles Los Angeles Oriente, 21 de Mayo
Laja Laja
Coronel Cerro Merquín, Coronel Norte, Calabozo
Hualqui Hualqui
Chiguayante Punteras
Hualpen Bocatoma, ENAP Price, JUNJI
Talcahuano Indura, Inpesca, Nueva Libertad, Consultorio San Vicente
Concepcion Kingston College
Tome Liceo Polivalente
4. P. Herrera, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. Mgmt., Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022) 179
The splicing of the aforementioned databases makes it possible to answer the research
questions posed. As a result, a panel of 34,462 records for PM10, 32,190 records for PM2.5
and 36,383 records for SO2 was obtained.
The location of the 54 monitoring stations is shown in the following map (Fig. 1) for each
of the regions.
The descriptive statistics by pollutant are shown in Table 2.
Figure 1: Location of the 54 monitoring stations [18, 19].
Table 2: Descriptive statistics by pollutant.
Variables Observations Mean
Standard
Deviation Minimum Maximum
Particulate matter 10 34,575 36.71607 21.04791 0 874
Particulate matter 2.5 32,266 17.19745 18.07546 0 529
Sulfur dioxide 36,522 4.695554 6.420443 0 77
5. 180 P. Herrera, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. Mgmt., Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022)
2.2 Methodology
Three multiple linear regression models were estimated and, using the ordinary least squares
(OLS), the estimators of β
ˆ were obtained in order to study the relationship between pollu-
tion (PM10, PM2.5 and SO2) and poverty [20]. The first model aims to explain the effect of
income poverty on PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 pollution, and is expressed as follows:
yit = b0 + b1Tit + b2Hit + b3 Rit + b4Zi + b5Di + Œit (1)
where:
yit : Logarithm of the daily concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, measured in (μg/m3),
for each commune i and for each day t.
Tit : Temperature measured in degrees Celsius (°C), for each commune and day.
Hit: Percentage of ambient humidity, for each commune and day.
Rit: Total rainfall (mm), for each commune and day.
Zi : Income poverty level of commune i.
Di: Unemployment rate of commune i.
Subsequently, a fixed effect per year and month is included, which allows for controlling
for all types of seasonality. The results are presented for each type of pollutant.
The second model corresponds to a variation of the first one. The income poverty explan-
atory variable is replaced by the multidimensional poverty variable. The expression is as
follows:
yit = b0 + b1Tit + b2Hit + b3 Rit + b4Mi + b5Di + Œit (2)
where Mi represents multidimensional poverty in commune i. As in the previous estima-
tion, year and month controls are included to control for all types of seasonality. Results are
presented for each type of pollutant.
In the third model, the explanatory variable of multidimensional poverty is replaced by the
fuel poverty indicator, leaving the model as follows:
yit = b0 + b1Tit + b2Hit + b3 Rit + b4Ei + b5Di + Œit (3)
where Ei represents the percentage of fuel poverty in the commune i. As in the previous
estimations, time fixed effects are included. The results are shown for each type of pollutant.
3 RESULTS
The results obtained from the first estimation model (eqn (1)) are shown in Table 3. It is
possible to see that the meteorological variables are related to the different pollutants. Spe-
cifically, in the case of precipitation, a negative and significant relationship with the
different pollutants can be seen. In the case of temperature, a negative and significant rela-
tionship with both types of particulate matter was found, while with SO2, the correlation is
positive and significant. Finally, in the case of ambient humidity, the relationship is nega-
tive and significant in the case of PM10, while for PM2.5 and SO2, it is positive and
significant.
In the particular case of the variable of interest, the results confirm the assumptions show-
ing how income poverty is positively and significantly related to both types of particulate
matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and SO2. The unemployment variable shows a positive and signif-
icant relationship for PM2.5 and a negative and significant correlation for SO2, the latter
being closely linked to economic activity, as less pollution is generated when there is less
6. P. Herrera, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. Mgmt., Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022) 181
economic activity. The results corroborate that the economic growth model has intensified
productive processes with a high environmental impact [7–9].
The results obtained from the second estimation model (eqn (2)) are similar to those
obtained in the previous section and are shown in Table 4.
Precipitation shows a negative and significant relationship with the different pollutants. In
the case of temperature, there is a negative and significant relationship with PM10 and PM2.5,
while with SO2, the correlation is positive and significant. Finally, in the case of ambient
humidity, the relationship is negative and significant only in the case of PM10, while for
PM2.5 and SO2, it is positive and significant.
In the particular case of the variable of interest, the results confirm the assumptions show-
ing how multidimensional poverty is positively and significantly related to all pollutants;
these results confirm the relationship found by Herrera et al. [13]. In the case of unemploy-
ment, a positive and significant relationship is shown for PM10 and PM2.5 and a negative and
significant correlation for SO2, the latter being closely linked to economic activity, since less
pollution is generated when there is less economic activity.
Finally, the results of the third estimated model (eqn (3)) are shown in Table 5. It can be
seen that the relationship between the meteorological variables and the different pollutants is
the same as in the previous estimations in terms of sign and significance, which confirms the
need to generate efforts toward an energy transition [15, 16]. In relation to fuel poverty, the
results show that there is a positive and significant relationship with all pollutants. As for
unemployment, the relationship takes a negative and significant value for PM10 and SO2,
while for PM2.5, the relationship is positive and significant.
Table 3: Summary of results from eqn (1) – OLS.
Variables PM10 PM2.5 SO2
Temperature −0.702*** −1.912*** 0.187***
(0.0473) (0.0407) (0.0107)
Water −0.623*** −0.361*** −0.0780***
(0.0201) (0.0170) (0.00843)
Humidity −0.103*** 0.0696*** 0.0512***
−0.00492 −0.00323 −0.00153
Income poverty 0.0000327*** 0.0000898*** 0.00000944***
(0.00000416) (0.00000439) (0.000000974)
Unemployed −0.00000527 0.0000474*** −0.0000734***
(0.00000623) (0.00000562) (0.00000137)
Const. 52.54*** 26.43*** 4.370***
(0.824) (0.636) (0.199)
Observations 34,462 32,190 36,383
R-squared 0.035 0.218 0.082
Fixed effect Month Yes Yes Yes
Fixed effect Year Yes Yes Yes
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
*** p0.01, ** p0.05, * p0.1.
7. 182 P. Herrera, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. Mgmt., Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022)
Table 4: Summary of results from eqn (2) – OLS.
Variables PM10 PM2.5 SO2
Temperature −0.755*** −1.902*** 0.153***
(0.0459) (0.0411) (0.0115)
Water −0.574*** −0.317*** −0.0364***
(0.0199) (0.0176) (0.00823)
Humidity −0.124*** 0.0799*** 0.0311***
(0.00556) (0.00446) (0.00172)
Multi. poverty 16.12*** 6.690*** 12.33***
(1.349) (1.336) (0.426)
Unemployed 0.0000313*** 0.000131*** −0.0000717***
(0.000054) (0.00000465) (0.0000018)
Const. 50.40*** 23.47*** 4.304***
(0.837) (0.637) (0.199)
Observations 34,462 32,190 36,383
R-squared 0.036 0.196 0.096
Fixed effect Month Yes Yes Yes
Fixed effect Year Yes Yes Yes
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
*** p0.01, ** p0.05, * p0.1.
Table 5: Summary of results from eqn (3) – OLS.
Variables PM10 PM2.5 SO2
Temperature −0.713*** −1.920*** 0.192***
(0.0473) (0.0408) (0.0107)
Water −0.626*** −0.365*** −0.0712***
(0.0200) (0.0172) (0.00847)
Humidity −0.110*** 0.0673*** 0.0527***
(0.00498) (0.00321) (0.00157)
Energy poverty 0.0000409*** 0.000083*** 0.00000229***
(0.00000351) (0.00000383) (0.000000889)
Unemployed −0.0000130** 0.000045*** -0.000000776***
(0.00000597) (0.00000559) (0.00000145)
Const. 52.87*** 26.87*** 5.167***
(0.825) (0.642) (0.200)
Observations 34,462 32,190 36,383
R-squared 0.037 0.219 0.078
Fixed effect Month Yes Yes Yes
Fixed effect Year Yes Yes Yes
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
*** p0.01, ** p0.05, * p0.1.
8. P. Herrera, et al., Int. J. of Energy Prod. Mgmt., Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022) 183
4 CONCLUSIONS
Air pollution is one of the main problems affecting the population. Despite the existence of
an environmental policy in Chile since the mid-1980s, progress has slowed down as a result
of the economic growth model that has generated a high environmental impact and many of
the industrial areas have been located next to poor communities. The work focused on three
regions of the country that have important similarities in terms of environmental degradation:
Antofagasta, Valparaíso and Biobío. Air pollution data were used: fine particulate matter
(PM2.5), coarse particulate matter (PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), meteorological indica-
tors and socioeconomic variables, from 2017 to 2021. A total of 54 monitoring stations from
the three different regions covering an area of approximately 52,928 km² were used. The
purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between pollution and socioeconomic
variables, in particular income poverty, multidimensional poverty and energy poverty, in
order to generate evidence for environmental decision making.
In relation to the variable of interest, the results show a positive and significant correlation
between income poverty and the different pollutants. For multidimensional poverty, the
results corroborate a previously obtained relationship, showing a positive and significant
relationship with the concentration of all pollutants. Finally, in the case of energy poverty,
and like the two previous estimates, the results again show a positive and significant correla-
tion with all pollutants. Finally, the unemployment variable is negative and significant for
sulfur dioxide, while for fine particulate matter, there is a positive and significant correlation,
and finally, in the case of coarse particulate matter, the results are mixed.
The results are in line with the working hypothesis, as the null hypothesis that there is no
relationship between poverty and pollution is rejected. The relationship found for income
poverty, multidimensional poverty and energy poverty is positive and significant at 1%, for
each type of pollutant. Finally, this allows for the issue of environmental and social inequal-
ities that exist in the country to be put on the table.
This work is an exploratory and empirical study whose main limitation is the lack of infor-
mation from monitoring stations to characterize the entire territory, and secondly, the lack of
information on other pollutants that would enrich the analysis and conclusions of the work.
As for future work, it is recommended that this study be extended to the whole country to see
if similar results can be obtained, and it is recommended that an econometric technique be
used to measure the causality between the variables studied.
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[1] Encuesta Nacional Ambiental, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de Chile,
2019.
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estructural y desigualdad de ingresos y riqueza, en Calderón, D. y Gajardo, F. Chile del
Siglo XXI: Propuestas desde la Economía. Estudios Nueva Economía. Santiago, Chile,
2018.
[3] Alarcón, C., Conflictividad social-ecológica, ecología política del capitalismo neolib-
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