Hubungan Internasional

1. REGIONAL SECURITY
NORTH AMERICA
Sergy Prian Hasian Simanullang
201922133

2. ◦ North America, third largest of the world’s continents, lying for the
most part between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer. It
extends for more than 5,000 miles (8,000 km) to within 500 miles
(800 km) of both the North Pole and the Equator and has an east-
west extent of 5,000 miles. It covers an area of 9,355,000 square
miles (24,230,000 square km).
◦ Mainland North America is shaped roughly like a triangle, with its
base in the north and its apex in the south; associated with
the continent is Greenland, the largest island in the world, and
such offshore groups as the Arctic Archipelago, the West
Indies, Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands), and
the Aleutian Islands.
◦ In between these two mountain belts are the generally flat regions
of the Great Plains in the west and the Central Lowlands in the
east.
◦ The longest river in North America is the Mississippi-Missouri
River System.
◦ Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the world by area.
It is located on the border between the United States and Canada.

3. ◦ North America share border to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the
southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean
◦ In North America political borders comply almost perfectly to geography, america took the
Mississipi/Missouri, Columbia and Colorado basins; the border is along the Rio Grande and Gila
River, Canada got the Saint Lawrence, Nelson and Fraser basins and Mexico the rest

4. Government North America
◦ federal democratic republic form of government
◦ The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive,
and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress,
the president and the federal courts, respectively.
◦ The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, in
which power is shared between the federal government and state governments. The
interpretation and execution of these principles, including what powers the federal government
should have and how those powers can be exercised, have been debated ever since the
adoption of the Constitution. Some make a case for expansive federal powers while others
argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states, or
other recognized entities.

5. ◦ Since the American Civil War, the powers of the federal
government have generally expanded greatly, although there
have been periods since that time of legislative branch
dominance (e.g., the decades immediately following the Civil
War) or when states' rights proponents have succeeded in
limiting federal power through legislative action, executive
prerogative or by a constitutional interpretation by the
courts.[2][3]
◦ One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the
idea of "checks and balances" among the powers and
responsibilities of the three branches of American
government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary.
For example, while the legislative branch (Congress) has the
power to create law, the executive branch under
the president can veto any legislation—an act which, in turn,
can be overridden by Congress.[4] The president nominates
judges to the nation's highest judiciary authority, the Supreme
Court, but those nominees must be approved by Congress.
The Supreme Court, in turn, can invalidate unconstitutional
laws passed by the Congress.

6. George W. Bush
( 2001 – 2009 )
George Walker Bush (born July 6,
1946) is an American politician and
businessman who served as the
43rd president of the United
States from 2001 to 2009. A
member of the Bush
family and Republican Party, he
previously served as the
46th governor of Texas from 1995
to 2000.

7. Barrack Obama
( 2009 – 2017 )
Barack Hussein Obama II (born
August 4, 1961) is an American
politician, lawyer, and author who
served as the 44th president of
the United States from 2009 to
2017. A member of
the Democratic Party, Obama
was the first African-American
president of the United States.

8. Donald Trump
( 2017 – 2021)
◦ Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of
the United States on January 20, 2017. During
his first week in office, he signed six executive
orders: interim procedures in anticipation of
repealing the Affordable Care Act
("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-
Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement
of the Mexico City policy, authorizing
the Keystone XL and Dakota Access
Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border
security, and beginning the planning and design
process to construct a wall along the U.S.
border with Mexico.[234]
◦ Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared
Kushner became his assistant and senior
advisor, respectively.

9. Joe Biden
( 2021 – Now )
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born
November 20, 1942) is an American
politician who is the 46th and
current president of the United States.
A member of the Democratic Party,
he served as the 47th vice
president from 2009 to 2017
under Barack Obama and
represented Delaware in the United
States Senate from 1973 to 2009.

10. Geopolitcs of north america
• North America - when used
to denote less than the
entire North American
continent, this term may
include Canada, Mexico and
the United States, or just
Canada and the United
States together.
• North America may also
include the dependencies of
Bermuda (U.K.), Greenland
(Denmark), and Saint Pierre
and Miquelon (France).

11. REFUGEE CRISIS IN NORTH AMERICA:
COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA

12. Background Refugee Crisis
◦ The reception of refugees has been one of North America's most
prominent political controversies over the past three years. Latest
national surveys indicate that there has been an obvious
difference between the political trends and local views on refugee
problems between the Canada and United States (US). The US
continues to lean toward a traditional, negative approach
(Gomez, 2018) and to encourage cultural diversity in Canada.
With time, however, bureaucratic and geographical obstacles
have permitted Canada to take more control over relocation
flows, facilitate refugees with better resources, and alleviate
national security issues, creating a more liberal and hospitable
image as a consequence. Refugee problems in the US on the
other hand, remain dominated by a dynamic "Us vs Them"
national dialogue, which may promote a more negative sentiment
against newly arriving refugees. The US and Canada comparative
study will be split into two key areas: (1) the past of refugee
entrance and relocation policy decisions, and (2) local narratives
and attitudes related to major refugee communities.

13. Canadian Refugee Law
In the beginning of the 20th century, Canada used to have an
immigration system which was discriminatory towards non-
European immigrants. However, relative to the US, Canada's
immigration rules today are much less reliant on political
conditions, making the scheme seem much more robust and
effective to applicants applying as a result (Gravelle, 2018). The
explanation lies mainly in the assumption that no major global
war or cross-state dispute has included Canada. Its remote
geographical status also enables the nation to take a small part
in global challenges. The connection between a refugee's
nationality and the political and social environment of Canada is
not that much of a deciding factor in refugee entry and
relocation. In fact, in the Canadian society, cultural diversity and
nationalism are called inherently linked terms; and this conviction
makes the problems of refugees hard to be politicized.
The Main Reason conflict between United States and Canada
(North America)

14. Policy differences between United States
and Canada
Canadian immigration policy despite being
portrayed to be more liberal. The close analysis
shows that as compared to the US, the Canadian
immigration policy is less refugee friendly. This is
based on the fact that various massive backlash
is practiced against the refugees, given its
positioning in the secluded location along with
constraint and restricted measures in terms of
the regulatory mechanism. As a consequence of
these, the border limits the irregular entries. To
make it simpler, the Canadian government is in a
more favorable position due to its position as well
as a manageable workload. This makes it easy
for the country to manage the flow as well as
ensure that the right individuals are provided
entrance in the country as compared to the US,
which has never experienced such a thing.

15. The Result of Canadian Refugee Law
◦ Geographically speaking, Canada is observed to be out of the way in terms of everything. Also,
the national borders in the Europe might appear to be messy, the borders in Canada are found
to be precisely drawn through its geology. It is primarily because of the three cold, vast oceans
which limit the reach of the borders to the country. The geography serves as the major reason
concerning the isolation from the huge influx of the migrants. This further makes it easy for the
Canada government to exercise more freedom as to decide on the ways in which the country is
likely to tackle such situations
◦ Since the region has plenty of space available for accommodating the individuals that are
refugee, the potential to grow the refugee population is high along with the relative expansion
of the workforce to deal with the fundamental concern.
◦ The findings of the responses have shown that the policy maker are more inclined to the
inclusion of the refugee population in Canada since they serve as an economic advantage and
also do not serve as a threat to the national security to the country. Though, the support of
Canada to the refugee is not unconditional. Such as the Canadian government makes use of
the existing geographical barriers for the imposition of the highly bureaucratic system on the
admission as well as resettlement of the refugees, which strives to include only a fraction of the
people, which would help in the resource investment, globally.
◦ The country Canada only accepts the immigrants that have been provided with the acceptance
overseas are provided entry to the majority of refugees. Such as an active and comprehensive
screening have been performed for every applicant to the Canadian authorities, where
individuals have to wait constantly for years as well as months (Keller, 2018). Although the
process causes severe emotional stress to the refugees, however, serves as the major
facilitator for abiding to the set rules, as well as orderly movement of the individuals.

16. Conclusion
The policy made by the Canadian
government tends to support
refugees from abroad, although
there is still a policy on refugees.
In North America, especially
Canada, only accepts the
immigrants that have been
provided with the acceptance
overseas are provided entry to
the majority of refugees.