The actual prevalence of RH may be lower than what is
perceived in the literature when triple-A (accuracy of BP
measurement, adherence of medications, and adequacy
of anti-HTN medications) are ensured. It is important to
emphasize that the sea of RH starts when the shore of secondary
HTN is over and the island of RfH is still uncharted. RfH is
emerging as a novel phenotype, and growing evidence suggest
that these patients have sympathetic hyperactivity. However,
the role of beta-blockers and interventions such as RDN and
baroreceptor activation techniques is yet to be studied.
The actual prevalence of RH may be lower than what is
perceived in the literature when triple-A (accuracy of BP
measurement, adherence of medications, and adequacy
of anti-HTN medications) are ensured. It is important to
emphasize that the sea of RH starts when the shore of secondary
HTN is over and the island of RfH is still uncharted. RfH is
emerging as a novel phenotype, and growing evidence suggest
that these patients have sympathetic hyperactivity. However,
the role of beta-blockers and interventions such as RDN and
baroreceptor activation techniques is yet to be studied.
Beta Blockers in current cardiovascular practice Praveen Nagula
betablockers are the drug of choice for prevention of progression of heart failure with mortality benefit, after the evolution of neurohormonal regulation as pathogenesis of heart failure
Mr. AMF 62 years presented with central chest pain on exertion for last 4 monthsHypertension(BP-220/120 mmHg) for last 4 years, taking 4 anti hypertensives.Diabetes for last 5 years (HbA1c-9.3%).Smoking for 8 years.Dyslipedemic for 3 years. H/o 5 times hospital admissions due to heart failure in last 3 years.ECG-Anterior wall ischemiaEF-58%During careful clinical exam- renal bruit on left side.Coronary angiogram done and revealed DVD. Renal angiogram showed significant left renal artery stenosis. Coronary angioplasty and left renal artery angioplasty done.
Mr AMF now have no chest pain on exertion after 3 months of coronary angioplasty.
Now BP is controlled (130/85 mm Hg), taking B blockers and ARB due to intolerance of ACE inhibitors.
No hospital admission during this period.
Diabetes and serum lipids are controlled.
Beta Blockers in current cardiovascular practice Praveen Nagula
betablockers are the drug of choice for prevention of progression of heart failure with mortality benefit, after the evolution of neurohormonal regulation as pathogenesis of heart failure
Mr. AMF 62 years presented with central chest pain on exertion for last 4 monthsHypertension(BP-220/120 mmHg) for last 4 years, taking 4 anti hypertensives.Diabetes for last 5 years (HbA1c-9.3%).Smoking for 8 years.Dyslipedemic for 3 years. H/o 5 times hospital admissions due to heart failure in last 3 years.ECG-Anterior wall ischemiaEF-58%During careful clinical exam- renal bruit on left side.Coronary angiogram done and revealed DVD. Renal angiogram showed significant left renal artery stenosis. Coronary angioplasty and left renal artery angioplasty done.
Mr AMF now have no chest pain on exertion after 3 months of coronary angioplasty.
Now BP is controlled (130/85 mm Hg), taking B blockers and ARB due to intolerance of ACE inhibitors.
No hospital admission during this period.
Diabetes and serum lipids are controlled.
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
3. A 50 year old male presents with BP-180/100 mmHg. How will you investigate him? (DU-18Ju)
When investigating a patient with high blood pressure, several tests can be done to determine the cause and severity of the hypertension. Some of the tests that can be performed include:
Blood tests: This may include a complete blood count (CBC), kidney function tests, fasting glucose level, and lipid profile.
Urine tests: A urinalysis may be done to check for the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which could indicate kidney damage.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormalities in heart function.
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and can help detect any structural abnormalities or problems with the heart's function.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): This is a portable device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals over a 24-hour period, providing a more accurate assessment of blood pressure patterns.
Renal artery ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the renal arteries, which supply blood to the kidneys, and can help identify any blockages or narrowing in these arteries.
CT or MRI angiography: These imaging tests can provide detailed images of the blood vessels in the body, including the renal arteries, to help identify any blockages or narrowing.
The specific tests ordered will depend on the individual patient and their medical history, and should be decided by a healthcare professional.
4. A 25 year old woman has presented with repeated recordings of blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg. (DU- 21M)
a. What history and clinical signs you would look for?
b. What are the factors affecting the choice of antihypertensive drugs?
a. When evaluating a young woman with repeated recordings of high blood pressure, it is important to take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any underlying causes or risk factors. Some key points to consider include:
Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease
Personal history of kidney disease, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and tobacco and alcohol use
Medications or supplements that may contribute to hypertension
Symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, or shortness of breath
Physical exam findings such as enlarged kidneys, abnormal heart sounds, or signs of hormonal imbalances
b. The choice of antihypertensive drugs depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, and specific blood pressure goals. Some factors to consider when selecting a medication include:
The drug's mechanism of action and potential side effects
The patient's medical history
In this overview, we draw inspiration from the article titled "Managing Hypertension in Primary Care“, published in the Canadian Family Physician journal (Vol 65: October 2019).
The article, edited by Khrystine Waked PharmD, Jeff Nagge PharmD, and Kelly Grindrod PharmD MSc,.
It provides valuable insights and evidence-based approaches to tackle Hypertension Management In Primary Care.
By incorporating the recommendations discussed in this article, we can enhance our ability to manage hypertension and ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Recent Advancements in the treatment of Hypertension.Akshata Darandale
Uncontrolled blood pressure had become most common cause of death accounting for more than 7 million deaths per year worldwide. Despite the availability of potent lifestyle and pharmacologic approaches, rates of control of blood pressure are unsatisfactory and additional strategies to curb the burden of hypertension are warranted. Several novel pharmacological and device-based approaches have recently been tested and may prove helpful to achieve better blood pressure control rates and thereby improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with hypertension.
Changing your lifestyle can help control and manage high blood pressure. Your health care provider may recommend that you make lifestyle changes including:
Eating a heart-healthy diet with less salt
Getting regular physical activity
Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight
Limiting alcohol
Not smoking
Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
4. Definition:
• Resistant hypertension defined as blood pressure that
remains above goal in spite of concurrent use of three
antihypertensive agents of different classes
the 2008 American Heart Association scientific statement
• Thus, patients whose blood pressure is controlled with
four or more medications should be considered to have
resistant hypertension.
5. • One of the three agents should be a diuretic
• All agents should be prescribed at optimal doses (ie, 50
percent or more of the maximum recommended
antihypertensive dose)
• Although patients with resistant hypertension may have
elevations in both systolic and diastolic pressures,
isolated systolic hypertension is common
6. • Resistant hypertension is not synonymous with
uncontrolled hypertension
• since resistant hypertension is not the only cause of
uncontrolled hypertension.
• Other causes include inadequate treatment regimens
and pseudoresistance
7. Refractory hypertension
• Some patients with resistant hypertension cannot be
controlled, even with maximal medical therapy i.e.four or
more drugs with complementary mechanisms given at
maximal tolerated doses under the care of a
hypertension specialist
• Such patients are referred to as having refractory
hypertension
8. • Refractory hypertension was defined as the inability to
achieve blood pressure control (to less than 140/90
mmHg) despite at least three visits to the hypertension
clinic over six or more months
• Many authors suggested neurologic mechanisms (eg,
sympathetic overactivity).
• But this contrasts with the conventional thinking that
resistant hypertension is largely due to persistent
hypervolemia
10. Apparent resistant hypertension
• Patients have uncontrolled clinic blood pressure (ie,
greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg) despite being
prescribed three or more antihypertensive medications,
or require prescriptions of four or more drugs to control
their blood pressure
11. Pseudoresistant hypertension
• Pseudo resistance refers to poorly controlled
hypertension that appears resistant to treatment but is
actually attributable to other factors
• The five most common causes of pseudoresistance are:
1. Inaccurate measurement of blood pressure
2. Poor adherence to antihypertensive therapy
3. Suboptimal antihypertensive therapy
4. Poor adherence to lifestyle and dietary approaches
5. White coat hypertension
12. True resistant hypertension
• Patients with true resistant hypertension are those who
have uncontrolled clinic blood pressure despite being
compliant with an antihypertensive regimen that includes
three or more drugs (including a diuretic, and each at
optimal doses)
• and who also have uncontrolled blood pressure
confirmed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure
monitoring.
13. White coat hypertension
• Also called isolated clinic or office hypertension
• Refers to patients who have office readings that average
more than 140/90 mmHg and reliable out of office
readings that average less than 140/90 mmHg
• Having the BP in the office taken by a nurse or
technician, rather than the physician, may minimize the
white coat effect
14. Clue in diagnosis is……..
• Patients with white coat hypertension have less severe
target organ damage and appear to be at less
cardiovascular risk compared to those patients with
persistent hypertension during ambulatory monitoring
15. PREVALENCE
• The true prevalence of resistant hypertension is not
known
•
A major problem is that not all patients with uncontrolled
hypertension have resistant hypertension as defined
above; many are uncontrolled because of poor
adherence or inadequate treatment regimens
17. • Extracellular volume expansion — Relative or absolute
volume expansion is frequently at least partially
responsible for an inability to control hypertension BP
• Underlying renal insufficiency, sodium retention due to
therapy with vasodilators, and/or ingestion of a high salt
diet (which can be assessed by measuring sodium
excretion in a 24-hour urine collection) all may play a
role.
18. causes
• Patients with resistant hypertension are much more likely
to have an identifiable cause of hypertension
• The most common are primary aldosteronism and renal
artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease, and obstructive
sleep apnea
•
Less common causes include pheochromocytoma,
Cushing's syndrome, and aortic coarctation
19. Primary aldosteronism
• Primary aldosteronism has been reported in
approximately 10 to 20 percent of patients with resistant
hypertension
• Otherwise unexplained hypokalemia is the major clue
20. Renal artery stenosis
• Renal artery stenosis is a common cause of resistant
hypertension and can be due to either atherosclerotic
disease or, in younger patients, fibromuscular dysplasia.
21. Chronic kidney disease
• As renal function declines there is an increasing need for
additional antihypertensive medications
• Diuretics play a central role.
• Diuretics should be pushed until the blood pressure goal
is reached or the patient has attained "dry weight" or
decreased tissue perfusion as evidenced by an
otherwise unexplained elevation in the blood urea
nitrogen and/or serum creatinine concentration
22. Obstructive sleep apnea
• Obstructive sleep apnea is common among patients with
resistant hypertension who are referred for sleep studies
• screening to be done in patients with resistant
hypertension who have one or more of the following risk
factors: obesity, loud snoring, and/or daytime sleepiness
• The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with positive
airway pressure provides a usually modest
antihypertensive benefit among patients with
hypertension
23.
24.
25.
26. • Medical history — The medical history should document
age of onset, duration, severity, and progression of the
hypertension
•
Current medication use (including herbal and over-thecounter medications) and the response to prior
medications should be determined. Patient adherence is
established mostly by self-report
27. • The clinician should ask about adverse effects of
medications, out-of-pocket costs, and dosing
inconvenience, all of which can limit adherence.
• The patient should also be questioned about possible
manifestations of secondary causes of hypertension,
such as pheochromocytoma and Cushing's syndrome
• Physical examination — The physical examination
should include careful measurement of the blood
pressure and funduscopic examination looking for
retinopathy
28. •
In addition, signs that suggest secondary causes of
hypertension may be present.
• As examples, carotid, abdominal, or femoral bruits
suggest atherosclerotic diseaseand possible renal artery
stenosis,
• Diminished femoral pulses and/or a discrepancy
between arm and thigh blood pressures suggest aortic
coarctation or significant aortoiliac disease
29. • serum electrolytes, glucose, and creatinine, and a
urinalysis with estimation of proteinuria (eg, urine
albumin-to creatinine ratio).
• Screening for primary aldosteronism begins with a
paired, morning measurement of the plasma aldosterone
concentration (PAC) and plasma renin activity (PRA) to
PAC/PRA ratio.
30. • In addition to blood testing, a 24-hour urine collection
should be obtained on the patient's usual diet for
determination of sodium excretion, creatinine clearance,
and aldosterone excretion.
• Urinary sodium excretion permits estimation of dietary
sodium intake unless the patient has been recently
(within the past two weeks) started on a diuretic or there
has been a recent dose increase
31. • Patients with resistant hypertension should be evaluated
for pheochromocytoma if they have suggestive
manifestations such as episodic hypertension,
palpitations and/or diaphoresis, or tremor
32. • Noninvasive imaging — Most patients with resistant
hypertension should undergo noninvasive imaging for
renal artery stenosis
1.known atherosclerotic disease in other vascular beds,
2.including peripheral artery disease
3.coronary artery disease or
4.cerebrovascular disease,
5.a rise in serum creatinine after initiation of ACEI or ARBS
6.onset of hypertension at a young age which could represent
fibromuscular dysplasia
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. • The choice of agents should be individualized and may
depend upon consideration of prior benefit, history of
adverse events, financial limitations, and the presence of
concomitant disease processes such as chronic kidney
disease or diabetes.
• The triple combination of an ACE inhibitor or ARB, a
long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
(usually amlodipine), and a long-acting thiazide diuretic
(preferably chlorthalidone) is often effective and
generally well tolerated
40. Our approach varies with the patient's regimen:
• If the patient is on hydrochlorothiazide, we switch to
chlorthalidone.
• If the current regimen includes a drug not from the three
recommended drug classes, we add the missing
preferred drug and assess the response. We do not
discontinue any drugs, as long as they are well tolerated,
before achieving blood pressure control.
• If the patient is still hypertensive despite being treated
with the three preferred drugs, we add an aldosterone
antagonist.
• If the patient is still hypertensive, additional medications
are added sequentially.
41. Possible agents that may be used include:
• Beta blockers (labetalol, carvedilol, or nebivolol)
• Centrally acting agents (clonidine or guanfacine)
• Direct vasodilators (hydralazine or minoxidil)
•
If beta blockers are used, a vasodilating beta blocker, such as
labetalol, carvedilol or nebivolol, may provide more antihypertensive
benefit with fewer side effects compared to traditional beta blockers,
particularly when high doses are used
42. • Aliskiren, the only available direct renin inhibitor, is at
least as effective as ARBs in reducing end target organ
damage but has not been directly tested in resistant
hypertension
• The ALLAY trial showed that aliskiren monotherapy was
as effective as losartan in reducing LVMI, although the
combination of both did not achieve a statistically
significant further LVMI regression
43. • Endothelin receptor antagonists are a new family of
antihypertensive medications that are currently being
evaluated.
• Darusentan is a selective antagonist for type A
endothelin receptors, activation of which causes
vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth
muscle
• It has demonstrated significant dose-dependant
reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures
and has been positively evaluated in resistant
hypertension
44. • Atrasentan is another highly selective endothelin
receptor antagonist that has shown positive results in
blood pressure reduction for 72 patients
• Interestingly, it also had a positive influence on the
patients metabolic profile
45. • Omapatrilat is such an agent that has been evaluated
favorably in the OCTAVE trial
•
Another promising category under development is
medication that combines inhibitors of vasoconstrictive
mediators with drugs that potentiate vasodilating
mediators by inhibiting their breakdown by neutral
endopeptidases (NEPs)
55. radiofrequency ablation of the renal sympathetic nerves should be
reserved for patients who meet all of the following criteria :
• Resistant hypertension is present
• Pseudoresistant hypertension has been excluded (eg, white coat
effect, medication nonadherence).
• Identifiable secondary causes of resistant hypertension, such as
primary aldosteronism, have been excluded.
• Renal function is preserved (estimated glomerular filtration rate
greater than or equal to 45 mL/min/1.73 m ).
• The renal artery anatomy is eligible (ie, there are no accessory renal
arteries and no renal artery stenosis or renal artery
revascularization)