The document discusses carbon nanotube synthesis via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. It describes the CVD process which involves preparing a substrate with a metal catalyst and heating it while flowing carbon-containing and process gases to decompose at the metal sites and form nanotubes. Common catalysts used are nickel, cobalt and iron. The diameters of the nanotubes depend on catalyst particle size which can be controlled. CVD is a common industrial production method and issues involve catalyst support removal and achieving vertically aligned nanotube growth orientation.
An introduction to synthesis & applications of carbon (2)Nithya Nair
Carbon nanotubes have potential for hydrogen storage due to their unique properties. There are two main mechanisms for hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes - physisorption and chemisorption. Physisorption involves weak van der Waals interactions while chemisorption forms stronger chemical bonds. Metal doping of carbon nanotubes can further enhance their hydrogen storage capacity. However, challenges remain around mass producing carbon nanotubes with controlled structures at low cost for practical hydrogen storage applications.
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
IRJET - Photoluminescence Study of Rare Earth Doped ZnO NanoparticlesIRJET Journal
This document reports on a study of photoluminescence properties of rare earth doped ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method with thiourea as a capping agent. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the structural and morphological properties. The particle sizes measured from XRD were 56nm for doped samples and 66nm for undoped. SEM images showed agglomerated nanoparticles without distinct structures. Absorption spectra showed band gaps of 4.32eV for undoped and 4.28eV for doped samples. Photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra of doped samples exhibited characteristic peaks of Eu3+ ions.
This document summarizes research on improving the stability of perovskite solar cells. It discusses using tin instead of lead in perovskite materials to reduce toxicity. A carbon and epoxy electrode is also proposed to improve moisture stability. Test results show the carbon-epoxy electrode maintains solar cell efficiency for over 20 days in humid conditions, while a carbon-only device degrades after 16 days. Coating the carbon-epoxy with silver further enhances moisture resistance and electrical conductivity.
Formation SiO2 Mass-Independent Oxygen Isotopic Partitioning During Gas-PhaseCarlos Bella
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated oxygen isotopic partitioning during gas-phase silicon dioxide (SiO2) formation. The experiments involved laser ablation of silicon monoxide (SiO) in the presence of oxygen (O2) with and without hydrogen (H2). SiO2 formed in experiments without H2 showed normal mass-dependent isotopic fractionation, whereas those with H2 exhibited anomalous mass-independent fractionation. The extent of mass-independent fractionation in SiO2 increased with higher H2/O2 ratios. This provides the first experimental evidence that gas-to-particle conversion reactions can produce solids like SiO2 with oxygen isotopic compositions similar to early solar system materials like calcium-
Use of conventional sources of energy to generate electricity is
increasing rapidly due to growing energy demands. This is a
major cause of pollution as well and also is an environmental
concern for future. Considering this, there is lot of R&D going on in the field of alternate energy sources with recent advancements in technology. One of the most recent advancement is the perovskite solar technology in the photovoltaics industry. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been improved from 9.7 to 20.1% within 4 years which is the fastest advancement ever in the photovoltaic industry. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics of the hybrid lead perovskite materials. In this review, different perovskite materials are breifly discussed along with the fundamental details of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. The fabrication techniques, stability, device structure and the chemistry of the perovskite structure are also briefly described aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient perovskite solar cell devices. The main focus of this resarch is to understand possible methods to reduce toxicity due to lead and to improve Perovskite stability.
Perovskite solar cells - An Introduction, By Dawn John MullasseryDawn John Mullassery
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology that has seen rapid increases in power conversion efficiency from 9.7% to over 20% in just a few years. PSCs offer advantages over other solar cell technologies in terms of cost of raw materials, fabrication, and efficiency. However, research is still needed to address challenges such as stability in the presence of moisture and the toxicity of lead used in early PSC designs. Future work aims to remove toxicity concerns and develop thin film and flexible PSC designs to enable widespread commercialization of this emerging solar technology.
An introduction to synthesis & applications of carbon (2)Nithya Nair
Carbon nanotubes have potential for hydrogen storage due to their unique properties. There are two main mechanisms for hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes - physisorption and chemisorption. Physisorption involves weak van der Waals interactions while chemisorption forms stronger chemical bonds. Metal doping of carbon nanotubes can further enhance their hydrogen storage capacity. However, challenges remain around mass producing carbon nanotubes with controlled structures at low cost for practical hydrogen storage applications.
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
IRJET - Photoluminescence Study of Rare Earth Doped ZnO NanoparticlesIRJET Journal
This document reports on a study of photoluminescence properties of rare earth doped ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method with thiourea as a capping agent. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the structural and morphological properties. The particle sizes measured from XRD were 56nm for doped samples and 66nm for undoped. SEM images showed agglomerated nanoparticles without distinct structures. Absorption spectra showed band gaps of 4.32eV for undoped and 4.28eV for doped samples. Photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra of doped samples exhibited characteristic peaks of Eu3+ ions.
This document summarizes research on improving the stability of perovskite solar cells. It discusses using tin instead of lead in perovskite materials to reduce toxicity. A carbon and epoxy electrode is also proposed to improve moisture stability. Test results show the carbon-epoxy electrode maintains solar cell efficiency for over 20 days in humid conditions, while a carbon-only device degrades after 16 days. Coating the carbon-epoxy with silver further enhances moisture resistance and electrical conductivity.
Formation SiO2 Mass-Independent Oxygen Isotopic Partitioning During Gas-PhaseCarlos Bella
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated oxygen isotopic partitioning during gas-phase silicon dioxide (SiO2) formation. The experiments involved laser ablation of silicon monoxide (SiO) in the presence of oxygen (O2) with and without hydrogen (H2). SiO2 formed in experiments without H2 showed normal mass-dependent isotopic fractionation, whereas those with H2 exhibited anomalous mass-independent fractionation. The extent of mass-independent fractionation in SiO2 increased with higher H2/O2 ratios. This provides the first experimental evidence that gas-to-particle conversion reactions can produce solids like SiO2 with oxygen isotopic compositions similar to early solar system materials like calcium-
Use of conventional sources of energy to generate electricity is
increasing rapidly due to growing energy demands. This is a
major cause of pollution as well and also is an environmental
concern for future. Considering this, there is lot of R&D going on in the field of alternate energy sources with recent advancements in technology. One of the most recent advancement is the perovskite solar technology in the photovoltaics industry. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been improved from 9.7 to 20.1% within 4 years which is the fastest advancement ever in the photovoltaic industry. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics of the hybrid lead perovskite materials. In this review, different perovskite materials are breifly discussed along with the fundamental details of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. The fabrication techniques, stability, device structure and the chemistry of the perovskite structure are also briefly described aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient perovskite solar cell devices. The main focus of this resarch is to understand possible methods to reduce toxicity due to lead and to improve Perovskite stability.
Perovskite solar cells - An Introduction, By Dawn John MullasseryDawn John Mullassery
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology that has seen rapid increases in power conversion efficiency from 9.7% to over 20% in just a few years. PSCs offer advantages over other solar cell technologies in terms of cost of raw materials, fabrication, and efficiency. However, research is still needed to address challenges such as stability in the presence of moisture and the toxicity of lead used in early PSC designs. Future work aims to remove toxicity concerns and develop thin film and flexible PSC designs to enable widespread commercialization of this emerging solar technology.
The document is a 20 question quiz about nanotechnology. It covers topics like who coined the term "nanotechnology", properties of materials at the nanoscale, approaches to preparing nanomaterials, types of nanotubes and nanostructures, applications of nanotechnology in fields like medicine, and basic concepts in nanoscience. The questions test knowledge about characteristics of nanomaterials, nanofabrication techniques, uses of nanotechnology, and fundamentals of areas like semiconductors and carbon nanotubes.
This study examines lunar basalt sample 10020, which is approximately 3.7 billion years old. Paleomagnetic measurements and petrologic analysis reveal the sample contains a stable natural remanent magnetization acquired in a magnetic field of at least 12 microteslas. This provides evidence the lunar dynamo, which was likely present 4.2 billion years ago, persisted for at least another 500 million years. A long-lived lunar dynamo would have required an energy source beyond secular cooling of the lunar interior. The findings extend knowledge of the lunar dynamo and present a challenge to current dynamo theory.
An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coate...ijtsrd
In this paper we have produced NiO thin film based solar cells. The NiO thin film was then studied for their structural, optical and electrical properties. By the help of these results we have capable to know about the structure of NiO the phase purity of the thin film X ray diffraction XRD pattern of NiO showed the diffraction planes corresponding to cubic phase respectively. The optical properties showed that with the increase in the deposition time of NiO the energy band gap varied between 3.1 to 3.24 eV. In the end, IV characteristics of the thin films were obtained by the help of matlab in the presence of light as will as dark region. Vijay Aithekar "An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coated Solar Cell" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25300.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/25300/an-research-article-on-fabrication-and-characterization-of-nickel-oxide-coated-solar-cell/vijay-aithekar
SIMONA CAVALU_Bioactivity evaluation of new silver doped bone cementSimona Cavalu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the bioactivity and antimicrobial properties of two types of silver-doped bone cement composites. Electrochemical measurements and SEM/FTIR analysis were used to analyze the composites after incubation in simulated body fluid for up to 14 days. The results showed that both composites released silver and calcium ions into the fluid over time. One composite released silver ions more rapidly initially but both developed a hydroxyapatite-like surface layer indicating bioactivity. The layer formed more intensely on the surface of the composite also containing antibiotics. The study demonstrates the antimicrobial activity and bone bonding properties of the silver-doped composites.
Structural characterization of TiO2 films grown on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 substrat...Oleg Maksimov
The document summarizes a study that used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) to characterize the structural properties of TiO2 thin films grown on LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) substrates using reactive molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The TiO2 films grew epitaxially in the anatase polymorph and exhibited the expected crystallographic orientation relationship with the substrates. High-resolution TEM and EELS revealed an interfacial cubic TiOx phase present at the TiO2/STO interface, but not at the TiO2/LAO or TiO2/STO buffer layer interfaces. Growing the TiO2 film on a STO buffer layer eliminated the
SWCNT Growth from Chiral and Achiral Carbon Nanorings: Prediction of Chiralit...Stephan Irle
Catalyst-free, chirality-controlled growth of chiral and achiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from organic precursors is demonstrated using quantum chemical simulations [1]. Growth of (4,3), (6,5), (6,1), (10,1), (6,6) and (8,0) SWCNTs was induced by ethynyl radical (C2H) addition to organic precursors. These simulations show a strong dependence of the SWCNT growth rate on the chiral angle, θ. The SWCNT diameter however does not influence the SWCNT growth rate under these conditions. This agreement with a previously proposed screw-dislocation-like model of transition metal-catalyzed SWCNT growth rates [2] indicates that the SWCNT growth rate is an intrinsic property of the SWCNT edge itself. Conversely, we predict that the rate of local SWCNT growth via Diels-Alder cycloaddition of C2H2 is strongly influenced by the diameter of the SWCNT. We therefore predict the existence of a maximum local growth rate for an optimum diameter/chirality combination at a given C2H/C2H2 ratio. We also find that the ability of a SWCNT to avoid defect formation during growth is an intrinsic quality of the SWCNT edge.
References:
[1] Li, H.-B.; Page, A. J.; Irle, S.; Morokuma, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 15887-15896.
[2] Ding, F.; Harutyunyan, A. R.; Yakobson, B. I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106, 2506-2509.
This document describes the development of functionalized nanofibers for separating rhodium(III) and iridium(IV) chlorido species. Three quaternary diammonium-functionalized polyvinylbenzyl chloride nanofibers were synthesized using hexamethylenediamine quaternized with methyl, ethyl, or benzyl groups. Batch experiments showed the nanofibers followed Langmuir isotherm monolayer adsorption for both metal complexes. Column studies of a binary mixture found iridium loading capacities of 15.2, 9.7, and 42.9 mg/g for the different functionalized nanofibers. Computational methods helped explain the interaction
Edri And Regev 2009 “Shaken, Not Stable”: Dispersion Mechanism and Dynami...edrier
This study examines the dispersion dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. The researchers investigated how BSA properties like charge and conformation affect SWNT exfoliation during sonication and subsequent recovery after centrifugation. They found that bulkier BSA conformations led to faster exfoliation and higher SWNT recovery, while higher BSA-to-SWNT ratios resulted in slower exfoliation dynamics and lower recoveries. The study links the unstable state during sonication to the stable state achieved after centrifugation removal of bundles and impurities.
Study of columnar growth polycrystalline (sn, cr) co doped in2 o3 films depos...EROMOR
The document describes a study of (Sn, Cr) co-doped In2O3 polycrystalline films deposited by sputtering at different deposition times. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were crystalline with the main In2O3 phase present in all samples. Additional Cr3O4 and CrO2 phases were detected in thicker and thinner films respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the films had a columnar growth structure with good homogeneity. Optical measurements determined an optical band gap of ~3 eV, lower than the expected value of 3.75 eV for bulk In2O3. The films showed a response to acetone gas, indicating potential for gas sensing applications.
Patterson et al. used a new microscopy technique called liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) to observe the crystallization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in real time. This provided insights into the growth mechanisms. They observed that MOFs like ZIF-8 grow through the transport and attachment of metal ions and ligands to particle edges, not by particle coalescence. This two-step process of transport followed by edge attachment limits the growth rate. LCTEM is able to directly observe growth at the nanoscale and will provide insights to better control MOF synthesis.
This document summarizes a study that examined the post-irradiation microstructure of 316 stainless steel and Hastelloy N alloy samples exposed to molten FLiBe salt in the MIT research reactor. The alloys were characterized using XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM. For 316 stainless steel, gamma-phase FeNi formed in the surface layer due to chromium depletion, and grain boundaries contained many irregular chromium and molybdenum rich precipitates. Hastelloy N maintained its FCC nickel phase structure but developed molybdenum rich phases in grains and grain boundaries, with oxides and carbides on the surface and dislocation loops from irradiation.
Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties ...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present investigation, Sb2S3 powder samples were exposed to biofield treatment, and further its physical, structural and spectral properties are investigated.
This document contains 22 figures showing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of various nanomaterials, including CdSe nanocrystals, CdS nanowires, ZnO nanostructures, FeO(OH) and Fe2O3 nanostructures, silicon nanowire arrays, Ni-Cu nanowires, nanoparticle-supported composite structures, and biofunctionalized nanoparticles. The nanomaterials were synthesized using methods such as hydrothermal processing, thermal annealing, and ligand-assisted assembly. The images characterize the shapes, sizes, and arrangements of the nanostructures produced.
This document summarizes research on the synthesis of amorphous silicon oxide (SiOx) nanospheres using thermal evaporation of silicon monoxide (SiO). Structural analysis using electron microscopy and spectroscopy revealed that the nanospheres were uniformly spherical and amorphous in structure, composed solely of silicon and oxygen. Photoluminescence measurements showed strong blue emission from the SiOx nanospheres. A vapor-solid growth mechanism is proposed where SiO vapors react with oxygen to form SiOx vapors which then condense and aggregate to form the amorphous nanospheres on substrate surfaces in the temperature zone of 1100-1150°C.
1) Researchers used scanning electron microscopy and micro X-ray tomography to analyze an iron bead from a 3300 BCE tomb in ancient Egypt.
2) The analysis found that the microstructure and chemistry of the bead are consistent with it being made from a meteorite. Thin fragments of the nickel-iron alloy and distorted Widmanstaetten pattern provided evidence of this.
3) This suggests that the earliest known use of iron in Egypt was produced from a meteorite, indicating the ancient Egyptians may have recognized meteoritic iron as a special material with celestial origins.
This document summarizes a study that used laser ablation and mass spectrometry techniques to image and analyze biofilms on corroding steel surfaces. The researchers investigated the relationship between the chemical composition of marine bacterial biofilms and corrosion damage of the underlying steel substrate. They found that laser ablation and solvent capture mass spectrometric imaging could detect over 1000 ions within biofilms and identify some patterns that correlated with corrosion, while others did not. This provided insights into microbially influenced corrosion at high spatial resolution by mapping metabolites within biofilms on corroding metal surfaces.
Perovskites-based Solar Cells: The challenge of material choice for p-i-n per...Akinola Oyedele
Perovskite-based PV have triggered widespread interest in the scientific community because these materials offer the attractive combinations of low cost and theoretically high efficiency. However, several challenges must be overcome for these relatively new PV materials. Among the many important challenges, one is the choice of materials to be used in thin film PV devices..
Based on fundamental principles of solar photovoltaics, this problem focuses on two aspects of the perovskite system:
1) Based on a planar p-i-n device structure, a potential list of p- and n-type charge collecting layers as well as the conductive contacts that could be used with a promising perovskite absorber material was identified, and a proper justification for the selection of each material in the device was given.
2) Three theoretical p-i-n type solar cells were made with the chosen materials and appropriate conductive contacts.
This document summarizes research on the formation of silver nanoparticles from a single-source precursor, N-hexadecylethylenediamine silver nitrate complex. The complex acts as both a metal ion provider and particle protector. Transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy showed the formation of spherical silver nanoparticles averaging 7.0-12.1 nm in size. Small-angle X-ray scattering supported the formation of a 2D array of nanoparticles with center-to-center spacing of 3.8-3.9 nm, consistent with the diamine ligand length. The stable colloidal solution formed indicates this complex is a viable route for controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a single-source precursor.
Synthesis Of Various Forms Of Carbon Nanotubes by ARC Discharge Methods – Com...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes, specifically arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. It discusses the structure of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and how they are formed. It also reviews research on reinforcing aluminum matrix composites with carbon nanotubes to improve mechanical properties like strength and stiffness. Strengthening mechanisms for aluminum-carbon nanotube composites include thermal mismatching, Orowan looping, and shear lag effects between the matrix and reinforcement.
CARBON NANO TUBE -- PREPARATION – METHODSArjun K Gopi
The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their structure and properties. It describes three common production methods: arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Arc discharge was the initial discovery method and remains widely used, but it produces impurities. Laser ablation yields primarily single-walled nanotubes but is expensive. Chemical vapor deposition allows control over diameter and is suitable for scaling up. Purification techniques are needed to separate nanotubes from byproducts. Potential applications include electronics, energy storage, and reinforced composites.
The document is a 20 question quiz about nanotechnology. It covers topics like who coined the term "nanotechnology", properties of materials at the nanoscale, approaches to preparing nanomaterials, types of nanotubes and nanostructures, applications of nanotechnology in fields like medicine, and basic concepts in nanoscience. The questions test knowledge about characteristics of nanomaterials, nanofabrication techniques, uses of nanotechnology, and fundamentals of areas like semiconductors and carbon nanotubes.
This study examines lunar basalt sample 10020, which is approximately 3.7 billion years old. Paleomagnetic measurements and petrologic analysis reveal the sample contains a stable natural remanent magnetization acquired in a magnetic field of at least 12 microteslas. This provides evidence the lunar dynamo, which was likely present 4.2 billion years ago, persisted for at least another 500 million years. A long-lived lunar dynamo would have required an energy source beyond secular cooling of the lunar interior. The findings extend knowledge of the lunar dynamo and present a challenge to current dynamo theory.
An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coate...ijtsrd
In this paper we have produced NiO thin film based solar cells. The NiO thin film was then studied for their structural, optical and electrical properties. By the help of these results we have capable to know about the structure of NiO the phase purity of the thin film X ray diffraction XRD pattern of NiO showed the diffraction planes corresponding to cubic phase respectively. The optical properties showed that with the increase in the deposition time of NiO the energy band gap varied between 3.1 to 3.24 eV. In the end, IV characteristics of the thin films were obtained by the help of matlab in the presence of light as will as dark region. Vijay Aithekar "An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coated Solar Cell" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25300.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/25300/an-research-article-on-fabrication-and-characterization-of-nickel-oxide-coated-solar-cell/vijay-aithekar
SIMONA CAVALU_Bioactivity evaluation of new silver doped bone cementSimona Cavalu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the bioactivity and antimicrobial properties of two types of silver-doped bone cement composites. Electrochemical measurements and SEM/FTIR analysis were used to analyze the composites after incubation in simulated body fluid for up to 14 days. The results showed that both composites released silver and calcium ions into the fluid over time. One composite released silver ions more rapidly initially but both developed a hydroxyapatite-like surface layer indicating bioactivity. The layer formed more intensely on the surface of the composite also containing antibiotics. The study demonstrates the antimicrobial activity and bone bonding properties of the silver-doped composites.
Structural characterization of TiO2 films grown on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 substrat...Oleg Maksimov
The document summarizes a study that used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) to characterize the structural properties of TiO2 thin films grown on LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) substrates using reactive molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The TiO2 films grew epitaxially in the anatase polymorph and exhibited the expected crystallographic orientation relationship with the substrates. High-resolution TEM and EELS revealed an interfacial cubic TiOx phase present at the TiO2/STO interface, but not at the TiO2/LAO or TiO2/STO buffer layer interfaces. Growing the TiO2 film on a STO buffer layer eliminated the
SWCNT Growth from Chiral and Achiral Carbon Nanorings: Prediction of Chiralit...Stephan Irle
Catalyst-free, chirality-controlled growth of chiral and achiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from organic precursors is demonstrated using quantum chemical simulations [1]. Growth of (4,3), (6,5), (6,1), (10,1), (6,6) and (8,0) SWCNTs was induced by ethynyl radical (C2H) addition to organic precursors. These simulations show a strong dependence of the SWCNT growth rate on the chiral angle, θ. The SWCNT diameter however does not influence the SWCNT growth rate under these conditions. This agreement with a previously proposed screw-dislocation-like model of transition metal-catalyzed SWCNT growth rates [2] indicates that the SWCNT growth rate is an intrinsic property of the SWCNT edge itself. Conversely, we predict that the rate of local SWCNT growth via Diels-Alder cycloaddition of C2H2 is strongly influenced by the diameter of the SWCNT. We therefore predict the existence of a maximum local growth rate for an optimum diameter/chirality combination at a given C2H/C2H2 ratio. We also find that the ability of a SWCNT to avoid defect formation during growth is an intrinsic quality of the SWCNT edge.
References:
[1] Li, H.-B.; Page, A. J.; Irle, S.; Morokuma, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 15887-15896.
[2] Ding, F.; Harutyunyan, A. R.; Yakobson, B. I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106, 2506-2509.
This document describes the development of functionalized nanofibers for separating rhodium(III) and iridium(IV) chlorido species. Three quaternary diammonium-functionalized polyvinylbenzyl chloride nanofibers were synthesized using hexamethylenediamine quaternized with methyl, ethyl, or benzyl groups. Batch experiments showed the nanofibers followed Langmuir isotherm monolayer adsorption for both metal complexes. Column studies of a binary mixture found iridium loading capacities of 15.2, 9.7, and 42.9 mg/g for the different functionalized nanofibers. Computational methods helped explain the interaction
Edri And Regev 2009 “Shaken, Not Stable”: Dispersion Mechanism and Dynami...edrier
This study examines the dispersion dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. The researchers investigated how BSA properties like charge and conformation affect SWNT exfoliation during sonication and subsequent recovery after centrifugation. They found that bulkier BSA conformations led to faster exfoliation and higher SWNT recovery, while higher BSA-to-SWNT ratios resulted in slower exfoliation dynamics and lower recoveries. The study links the unstable state during sonication to the stable state achieved after centrifugation removal of bundles and impurities.
Study of columnar growth polycrystalline (sn, cr) co doped in2 o3 films depos...EROMOR
The document describes a study of (Sn, Cr) co-doped In2O3 polycrystalline films deposited by sputtering at different deposition times. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were crystalline with the main In2O3 phase present in all samples. Additional Cr3O4 and CrO2 phases were detected in thicker and thinner films respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the films had a columnar growth structure with good homogeneity. Optical measurements determined an optical band gap of ~3 eV, lower than the expected value of 3.75 eV for bulk In2O3. The films showed a response to acetone gas, indicating potential for gas sensing applications.
Patterson et al. used a new microscopy technique called liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) to observe the crystallization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in real time. This provided insights into the growth mechanisms. They observed that MOFs like ZIF-8 grow through the transport and attachment of metal ions and ligands to particle edges, not by particle coalescence. This two-step process of transport followed by edge attachment limits the growth rate. LCTEM is able to directly observe growth at the nanoscale and will provide insights to better control MOF synthesis.
This document summarizes a study that examined the post-irradiation microstructure of 316 stainless steel and Hastelloy N alloy samples exposed to molten FLiBe salt in the MIT research reactor. The alloys were characterized using XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM. For 316 stainless steel, gamma-phase FeNi formed in the surface layer due to chromium depletion, and grain boundaries contained many irregular chromium and molybdenum rich precipitates. Hastelloy N maintained its FCC nickel phase structure but developed molybdenum rich phases in grains and grain boundaries, with oxides and carbides on the surface and dislocation loops from irradiation.
Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties ...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present investigation, Sb2S3 powder samples were exposed to biofield treatment, and further its physical, structural and spectral properties are investigated.
This document contains 22 figures showing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of various nanomaterials, including CdSe nanocrystals, CdS nanowires, ZnO nanostructures, FeO(OH) and Fe2O3 nanostructures, silicon nanowire arrays, Ni-Cu nanowires, nanoparticle-supported composite structures, and biofunctionalized nanoparticles. The nanomaterials were synthesized using methods such as hydrothermal processing, thermal annealing, and ligand-assisted assembly. The images characterize the shapes, sizes, and arrangements of the nanostructures produced.
This document summarizes research on the synthesis of amorphous silicon oxide (SiOx) nanospheres using thermal evaporation of silicon monoxide (SiO). Structural analysis using electron microscopy and spectroscopy revealed that the nanospheres were uniformly spherical and amorphous in structure, composed solely of silicon and oxygen. Photoluminescence measurements showed strong blue emission from the SiOx nanospheres. A vapor-solid growth mechanism is proposed where SiO vapors react with oxygen to form SiOx vapors which then condense and aggregate to form the amorphous nanospheres on substrate surfaces in the temperature zone of 1100-1150°C.
1) Researchers used scanning electron microscopy and micro X-ray tomography to analyze an iron bead from a 3300 BCE tomb in ancient Egypt.
2) The analysis found that the microstructure and chemistry of the bead are consistent with it being made from a meteorite. Thin fragments of the nickel-iron alloy and distorted Widmanstaetten pattern provided evidence of this.
3) This suggests that the earliest known use of iron in Egypt was produced from a meteorite, indicating the ancient Egyptians may have recognized meteoritic iron as a special material with celestial origins.
This document summarizes a study that used laser ablation and mass spectrometry techniques to image and analyze biofilms on corroding steel surfaces. The researchers investigated the relationship between the chemical composition of marine bacterial biofilms and corrosion damage of the underlying steel substrate. They found that laser ablation and solvent capture mass spectrometric imaging could detect over 1000 ions within biofilms and identify some patterns that correlated with corrosion, while others did not. This provided insights into microbially influenced corrosion at high spatial resolution by mapping metabolites within biofilms on corroding metal surfaces.
Perovskites-based Solar Cells: The challenge of material choice for p-i-n per...Akinola Oyedele
Perovskite-based PV have triggered widespread interest in the scientific community because these materials offer the attractive combinations of low cost and theoretically high efficiency. However, several challenges must be overcome for these relatively new PV materials. Among the many important challenges, one is the choice of materials to be used in thin film PV devices..
Based on fundamental principles of solar photovoltaics, this problem focuses on two aspects of the perovskite system:
1) Based on a planar p-i-n device structure, a potential list of p- and n-type charge collecting layers as well as the conductive contacts that could be used with a promising perovskite absorber material was identified, and a proper justification for the selection of each material in the device was given.
2) Three theoretical p-i-n type solar cells were made with the chosen materials and appropriate conductive contacts.
This document summarizes research on the formation of silver nanoparticles from a single-source precursor, N-hexadecylethylenediamine silver nitrate complex. The complex acts as both a metal ion provider and particle protector. Transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy showed the formation of spherical silver nanoparticles averaging 7.0-12.1 nm in size. Small-angle X-ray scattering supported the formation of a 2D array of nanoparticles with center-to-center spacing of 3.8-3.9 nm, consistent with the diamine ligand length. The stable colloidal solution formed indicates this complex is a viable route for controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a single-source precursor.
Synthesis Of Various Forms Of Carbon Nanotubes by ARC Discharge Methods – Com...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes, specifically arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. It discusses the structure of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and how they are formed. It also reviews research on reinforcing aluminum matrix composites with carbon nanotubes to improve mechanical properties like strength and stiffness. Strengthening mechanisms for aluminum-carbon nanotube composites include thermal mismatching, Orowan looping, and shear lag effects between the matrix and reinforcement.
CARBON NANO TUBE -- PREPARATION – METHODSArjun K Gopi
The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their structure and properties. It describes three common production methods: arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Arc discharge was the initial discovery method and remains widely used, but it produces impurities. Laser ablation yields primarily single-walled nanotubes but is expensive. Chemical vapor deposition allows control over diameter and is suitable for scaling up. Purification techniques are needed to separate nanotubes from byproducts. Potential applications include electronics, energy storage, and reinforced composites.
Sumio Iijima is credited with discovering carbon nanotubes in 1991. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms that are many times longer than their diameter. They exist as single-walled nanotubes or multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties that make them promising for many applications.
Sumio Iijima is credited with discovering carbon nanotubes in 1991. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms that are many times longer than their diameter. They exist as single-walled nanotubes or multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties that make them promising for many applications.
Sumio Iijima is credited with discovering carbon nanotubes in 1991. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms that have unique mechanical and electrical properties. There are two main types: single-walled nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have a variety of potential applications due to their extraordinary strength, thermal conductivity, and other properties.
this is the ppt on nano technology.
made by harshid panchal and dhrumil patel.
this take lots of time..thanx for dhrumil for time.
i think this is helpful to all.
education
This document is a seminar report on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It was written by Mr. Saurabh Muniraj Bansod for his Bachelor of Technology degree. The report provides an introduction to carbon nanotubes, including their classification into single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes. It describes the functional and technical details of different carbon nanotube structures and the primary methods for producing carbon nanotubes, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. The report aims to explain how carbon nanotubes can be utilized in solar panel technology to increase efficiency.
This document provides an overview of carbon and nanocarbon materials presented by Prof. Mohamed Khedr. It discusses the properties of carbon including its melting point and use as the basis for organic compounds. It then describes various forms of nanocarbon including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon black. The document outlines different classifications of carbon nanotubes and provides examples of potential applications for carbon nanomaterials in fields like electronics, energy storage, sensors and displays. In summary, Prof. Khedr presents information on the structure and properties of carbon allotropes with a focus on emerging applications of nanocarbon materials.
Carbon Nano tubes and its Applications in the Field of Electronics and Comput...ijsrd.com
With rapid advancement of technology and unlimited quest in the intricate fields of science led man to confront nano tubes. It consists of C60 Fullerenes with tube like structures capped at both ends delivering extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties. It is hard to stress as extremely low turn on for fields and has high current densities. It is also the best emission field emitter for future field emission displays. Can be extensively used for fuel cells and field emission display. We throw a light on the research on nano tubes and it's general applications. In this paper we are focusing and questioning the field of research to ponder for the betterment off life to nano tube.
IRJET- A Numerical Study on the Effect of Length on Natural Frequency of Sing...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a numerical study on the effect of length on the natural frequency of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes were modeled in ANSYS for different lengths ranging from 5nm to 100nm to analyze how their natural frequency varies with length. Previous research has found that natural frequency decreases with increasing length, but those studies only looked at 3 lengths. This study aims to provide more data by analyzing a larger number of lengths. The results will help understand how carbon nanotubes vibrate at different frequencies depending on their length.
A seminar report summarizes carbon nanotubes, including their synthesis, types, and applications. It describes three main methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes: plasma-based methods such as arc discharge; thermal methods such as chemical vapor deposition; and hydrothermal methods. It outlines the different types of carbon nanotubes including single-walled, multi-walled, nanotori, nanobuds, and nanonorns. Current applications discussed include materials, electronics and energy storage, with potential future applications in fields like biotechnology.
Receptor function and response of semiconductor gas sensorSherry Huang
Theoretical approaches to receptor function and response of semiconductor gas sensor are described, following the illustrations of some relevant key issues such as tunneling transport.
The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their discovery in 1991 by Sumio Iijima, their unique tubular structure made of rolled graphene sheets, and their extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties which make them useful for many applications. Carbon nanotubes exist as either single-walled or multi-walled structures and have a variety of properties depending on their exact structure, including being metallic or semiconducting conductors. Their small size but high strength and flexibility make them promising for applications in electronics, optics, and other nanotechnology fields.
This document discusses carbon nanotube-based gas sensors. Carbon nanotubes have properties that make them well-suited for use in gas sensors, including their electrical and mechanical properties. There are two main types of carbon nanotubes: single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Research has focused on enhancing the sensitivity and performance of carbon nanotube gas sensors by modifying the nanotubes through methods like functionalization or depositing thin metal films. Carbon nanotube-based sensors have shown potential for detecting various gases like nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses carbon nanotube-based gas sensors. Carbon nanotubes have properties that make them well-suited for use in gas sensors, including their electrical and mechanical properties. There are two main types of carbon nanotubes: single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Research has focused on enhancing the sensitivity and performance of carbon nanotube gas sensors by modifying the nanotubes through methods like functionalization or depositing thin metal films. Carbon nanotube-based sensors have shown potential for detecting various gases like nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide.
Nanotechnology Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Research PaperMohammed Aqeel
Carbon nanotubes are an emerging nanotechnology that were discovered accidentally in 1991. They are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms that have extraordinary thermal and electrical conductivity as well as mechanical strength. There are currently three main methods for producing carbon nanotubes, with catalytic chemical vapor deposition being the most promising for mass production. While carbon nanotubes show potential for a wide range of applications, their use has been limited due to the complex, expensive production methods and inability to manufacture very long or defect-free nanotubes. Researchers are working to address these challenges and find ways to incorporate carbon nanotubes into composite materials to make products stronger and lighter.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
1. 1. S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature (London), 1991,
354, 56-58.
2. S. Iijima, and T. Ichihashi, Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter,
Nature (London), 1993, 363, 603-605.
1. 3.R.S. Ruoff et al. Carbon 33(7), 925 (1995). Iijima,
S. Nature, 1991, 354, 56.
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C. Nature, 1997, 386, 474.
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M.C. Nature Nanotechnology, 2006, 1, 60.
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Furtado, C.A.; Jiang, J.; Balzano, L.; Resasco, D.E.; Pimenta,
M.A. Phys. Rev. B, 2005, 72, 075207.
8. Bachilo, S.M.; Strano, M.S.; Kitrell, C.; Hauge, R.H.; Smalley, R.E.;
Weisman, R.B. Science, 2002, 298, 2361.
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Resasco, D.E. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, 2108.
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http://www.rpi.edu/locker/38/001238/pdfs/applications%20of
%20nanotubes. pdf. (accessed Mar 03 2009).
Jorio, A.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M.S. (Eds.). Carbon Nanotubes, Topics in
Applied Physics.,: Springer-Verlag, New York (2008)..
Trademarks : SWeNT and CoMoCAT and registered trademarks
® ®
of Southwest Nanotechnologies, Inc. HiPCo is a registered®
trademark of Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc.
13.
Conclusion
Despite early excitement about SWNT materials and the
extraordinary amount of research inspired by their discovery, to
date, commercial exploitation of the technology has been
disappointing. Perhaps there is insufficient understanding of the
practical hurdles to their commercialization. However, momentum
2. seems finally to be building, driven by substantial recent progress
in these fundamental areas:
Metrology and Quality Control: The concept of “if you can measure
it, you can improve it” applies here. The means are now available
to adequately characterize SWNTs and to assure consistency of
the materials needed for commercialization. Supporting this is the
soon to be available offerings by NIST of Standard Reference
Materials for calibration purposes.
Improved selectivity: Driven by applications that require more than
a near-random distribution of tube chiralities, there has been a
demonstration of the means to substantially narrow the ‘as
produced’ chirality distributions of commercial scale production
products. There is also promising work toward achieving further
selectivity through secondary processing.
Dispersion: Recent years have seen the emergence of improved
aids to disperse SWNTs for formulation in inks and composites.
Scale-up of manufacturing process: The last five years have seen
development and a maturing of scalable SWNT manufacturing
processes, which can provide commercial quantities of SWNT with
high purity, controlled properties and consistent quality
SWNT Applications
The numerous unique properties of SWNTs have led to their
application in a wide range of technological problems. Their
12
extraordinary mechanical strength is exploited in enhanced carbon
fiber and reinforced resins and elastomers; their highly conductive
13
nature and large surface areas are utilized to prepare conductive
polymer blends and films, improved lithium ion batteries, and super
capacitors. Unique optical properties allow for their use as
electrodes in displays, solarcells, and emerging solid state lighting
3. technologies. The semiconducting nature of some SWNT species
allow their adaptation to logic devices, non-volatile memory
elements, sensors and security tags. It seems that new SWNT
applications emerge regularly, limited only by the creativity of
scientists and engineers working in the fiel
The field emission characteristics of the body for single-walledcarbonnanotubes (SWNTs) are investigated by use of the first-principles calculations.
We find that field emission property, chemical stability and binding energy of the tube body with the practical diameter are less sensitive to the tube
diameter, morphology, and conductive characteristic, and conclude the emission features of the body film: consistence in emission sites, uniformity in
emission energy distribution, predictability in emission effects and high emission stability, which are similar to those of graphite sheet or diamond film.
These unique features guarantee the tube body to be applicable to flat panel displays with the same picture quality, cylindrical cathode and linear
emitter.
Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
Single walled carbon nanotubes are an allotrope of sp hybridized 2
carbon, similar to fullerenes. The structure can be thought of as a
cylindrical tube comprised of 6-membered carbon rings, as in
graphite. The cylindrical tubes may have one or both ends capped
with a hemisphere of the buckyball or fullerene structure.
An understanding of SWNT structure requires familiarity with the
concept of nanotube chirality, since the chirality of a SWNT
dictates many of its properties. A concept known as a Chirality
Map, illustrated in Figure 1, has been developed as a tool for
understanding chirality and its implications.
A SWNT can be envisioned as a sheet of graphite one atom thick
rolled into a tube (see inset in Figure 1). The chirality describes
both the orientation and diameter to which the sheet is rolled. Each
SWNT on the chirality map is defined by two integers, (n,m). As
indicated previously chirality defines many of the properties of the
individual SWNT. For example, SWNT shown on the chirality map
in blue are metallic in nature. These are tubes where n=m
4. (armchair) or n - m = 3i, (where i is any integer.) Those depicted in
yellow are semiconducting, displaying different band gaps
depending on the length of the chiral vector.
Figure 1. A graphic displaying a Chirality Map which shows the various types of SWNTs that can be forfmed.The properties are governed by the way
in which they are rolled as shown in the insert. The SWNT will be metallic in the armchair configuration, or when m-n is a multiple of 3.
5. Cvd method
The catalytic vapor phase deposition of carbon was reported in 1952[68] and 1959,[69] but it was not until 1993[70] that carbon nanotubes were formed by
this process. In 2007, researchers at the University of Cincinnati (UC) developed a process to grow aligned carbon nanotube arrays of 18 mm length
on a FirstNano ET3000 carbon nanotube growth system.[71]
During CVD, a substrate is prepared with a layer of metal catalyst particles, most commonly nickel, cobalt,[72] iron, or a combination. [73] The metal
nanoparticles can also be produced by other ways, including reduction of oxides or oxides solid solutions. The diameters of the nanotubes that are to
be grown are related to the size of the metal particles. This can be controlled by patterned (or masked) deposition of the metal, annealing, or by
plasma etching of a metal layer. The substrate is heated to approximately 700°C. To initiate the growth of nanotubes, two gases are bled into the
reactor: a process gas (such as ammonia, nitrogen or hydrogen) and a carbon-containing gas (such as acetylene, ethylene, ethanol or methane).
Nanotubes grow at the sites of the metal catalyst; the carbon-containing gas is broken apart at the surface of the catalyst particle, and the carbon is
transported to the edges of the particle, where it forms the nanotubes. This mechanism is still being studied. The catalyst particles can stay at the tips
of the growing nanotube during the growth process, or remain at the nanotube base, depending on the adhesion between the catalyst particle and the
substrate. Thermal catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon has become an active area of research and can be a promising route for the bulk
production of CNTs. Fluidised bed reactor is the most widely used reactor for CNT preparation. Scale-up of the reactor is the major challenge. [74] [75]
CVD is a common method for the commercial production of carbon nanotubes. For this purpose, the metal nanoparticles are mixed with a catalyst
support such as MgO or Al2O3 to increase the surface area for higher yield of the catalytic reaction of the carbon feedstock with the metal particles.
One issue in this synthesis route is the removal of the catalyst support via an acid treatment, which sometimes could destroy the original structure of
the carbon nanotubes. However, alternative catalyst supports that are soluble in water have proven effective for nanotube growth.[76]
If a plasma is generated by the application of a strong electric field during the growth process (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition), then the
nanotube growth will follow the direction of the electric field.[77] By adjusting the geometry of the reactor it is possible to synthesize vertically aligned
carbon nanotubes[78] (i.e., perpendicular to the substrate), a morphology that has been of interest to researchers interested in the electron emission
from nanotubes. Without the plasma, the resulting nanotubes are often randomly oriented. Under certain reaction conditions, even in the absence of a
plasma, closely spaced nanotubes will maintain a vertical growth direction resulting in a dense array of tubes resembling a carpet or forest.
Of the various means for nanotube synthesis, CVD shows the most promise for industrial-scale deposition, because of its price/unit ratio, and because
CVD is capable of growing nanotubes directly on a desired substrate, whereas the nanotubes must be collected in the other growth techniques. The
growth sites are controllable by careful deposition of the catalyst. In 2007, a team from Meijo University demonstrated a high-efficiency CVD technique
for growing carbon nanotubes from camphor.[79] Researchers at Rice University, until recently led by the late Richard Smalley, have concentrated upon
finding methods to produce large, pure amounts of particular types of nanotubes. Their approach grows long fibers from many small seeds cut from a
single nanotube; all of the resulting fibers were found to be of the same diameter as the original nanotube and are expected to be of the same type as
the original nanotube.[80]
[edit]Super-growth CVD
Procedure PROCEDURE
**Do not open the chamber while the alarm red light is on
**Never touch the detector (may result in signal off).
1. Obtain a sample from your instructor, place it onto the double-side tape
which is then placed on an aluminum sample holder; if you are preparing
a powder sample, use a spatula to spread the powder onto the double-
side tape.
2. Read the instructions for the Miniflex X-ray diffractometer, which are on
the wall above the instrument. Your instructor will explain the operation.
3. Set the instrument at optimum setting as follows
6. time constant 2
range ?
chart speed: Low
4. Slide in the sample holder and adjust the beginning 2theta at 70 degree
(It scans from high degrees to low degrees)
5. Switch on the start knob and chart recorder (slow) simultaneously, run
your sample on slow chart speed.
6. Once scan gets down to 3 degree of 2theta , stop (switch start knob to
off) and chart. TURN OFF X-ray.
7. Locate all peaks on the chart and corresponding 2theta values and write
their values into the data chart below. Perform the necessary calculations
in the table a
Data Table of X-ray Diffraction Peaks
lattice spacing
2theta theta sin(theta) n d=n x wavelength/sin(theta)
=nxd
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Wavelength = 1.5418 Å for Cu Ka
8. nd calculate the repeat distance in your unit cell.
X-Ray Diffraction Experiment
INTRODUCTION
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of wavelength about 1 Å (10-10 m), which
is about the same size as an atom. They occur in that portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum between gamma-rays and the ultraviolet. The
discovery of X-rays in 1895 enabled scientists to probe crystalline structure at
7. the atomic level. X-ray diffraction has been in use in two main areas, for the
fingerprint characterization of crystalline materials and the determination of
their structure. Each crystalline solid has its unique characteristic X-ray powder
pattern which may be used as a "fingerprint" for its identification. Once the
material has been identified, X-ray crystallography may be used to determine
its structure, i.e. how the atoms pack together in the crystalline state and what
the interatomic distance and angle are etc. X-ray diffraction is one of the most
important characterization tools used in solid state chemistry amd materials
science.
We can determine the size and the shape of the unit cell for any compound
most easily using the diffraction of x-rays.
Fig. 1 Reflection of x-rays from two planes of atoms in a solid.
The path difference between two waves:
2 x wavelength= 2dsin(theta)
For constructive interference between these waves, the path difference must be
an integral number of wavelengths:
n x wavelength= 2x
8. This leads to the Bragg equation:
n x wavelength = 2dsin(theta)
Figure 2 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern from a single crystal of a layered
clay. Strong intensities can be seen for a number of values of n; from each of
these lines we can calculate the value of d, the interplanar spacing between the
atoms in the crystal.
Fig. 2 X-ray diffraction pattern from a layered structure vermiculite clay.
EXAMPLE 1 Unit Cell Size from Diffraction Data
The diffraction pattern of copper metal was measured with x-ray radiation of
wavelength of 1.315Å. The first order Bragg diffraction peak was found at an
angle 2theta of 50.5 degrees. Calculate the spacing between the diffracting
planes in the copper metal.
The Bragg equation is
n x wavelength = 2dsin(theta)
We can rearrange this equation for the unknown spacing d:
d = n x wavelength/2sin(theta).
theta is 25.25 degrees, n =1, and wavelength = 1.315Å, and therefore
d= 1 x 1.315/(2 x 0.4266) = 1.541 Å
In this lab you will measure the x-ray powder diffraction pattern from a single
crystal. Your TA will give you the sample to be measured and show you how to
set up the Miniflex x-ray diffractometer.
9. You should measure all the values of 2theta from the chart, and after converting
them into d values calculate the repeat distance in your unit cell. In your lab
note book list all the 2theta values with their corresponding values of n and d.
Then calculate the mean and median values of the unit cell.
INSTRUMENTATION
The X-ray diffraction experiment requires an X-ray source, the sample under
investigation and a detector to pick up the diffracted X-rays. Fig 3 is a
schematic diagram of a powder X-ray diffractometer.
Fig. 3. Schematic of an X-ray powder diffractometer
The X-ray radiation most commonly used is that emitted by copper, whose
characteristic wavelength for the K radiation is =1.5418Å. When the incident
beam strikes a powder sample, diffraction occurs in every possible orientation
of 2theta. The diffracted beam may be detected by using a moveable detector
such as a Geiger counter, which is connected to a chart recorder. In normal use,
the counter is set to scan over a range of 2theta values at a constant angular
velocity. Routinely, a 2theta range of 5 to 70 degrees is sufficient to cover the
most useful part of the powder pattern. The scanning speed of the counter is
usually 2theta of 2degrees min-1 and therefore, about 30 minutes are needed to
obtain a trace.