The California LegislatureDifferences from the U.S. Congress.docxmamanda2
The California Legislature
Differences from the U.S. Congress
Equal Bicameral
• Lower house is the Assembly
• 80 members elected every 2 years
• Each district has about 450,000 constituents (700,000 for the U.S. House of
Representatives)
• Upper house is the Senate
• 40 members serve for 4 years
• Half run each 2 years
• Each district has about 900,000 constituent
• Term limits
• Legislators are limited to a total of 12 years in the legislature
• May serve in one or both houses
• Only about 1/3 of bills become laws
Leadership
• Speaker of the Assembly is much more powerful than the Speaker of
the House:
• Controls committee appointments
• Present Speaker is John Perez (new Speaker will be Toni Atkins)
• President Pro tem in the Senate not as powerful
• Shares power with rules committee
• Became more influential under old term limits rules because Senators could
serve for 8 years (as opposed to the 6 for Assembly)
Other features
• Governor may use the line item veto for an appropriations bill
• State legislature is less visible to voters than Congress (media rarely
covers it)
• State legislature is not involved in judicial appointments
• No filibuster
• Initiative process means that legislature doesn’t have a monopoly on
legislation (for good or ill)
• Seniority plays a much smaller role
Problems
• Term limits
• Never develop sufficient expertise
• Especially a problem for leadership
• Less willing to compromise because they don’t have a long working
relationship with other legislators
• Cedes power to bureaucrats & lobbyists
• Has contributed to a rise in minority representation
• E.g., Latino legislators increased from 6% in 1990 to 23% today
• Gridlock over taxation
• 2/3 vote required for increasing taxes by state legislature (Prop. 13)
• Staff slashed by 40% in 1990 (first term limits initiative)
The bright side
• Term limits have contributed to a rise in minority representation
• E.g., Latino legislators increased from 6% in 1990 to 23% today
• (see NCSL web site for more demographic information)
• No filibuster
• 2/3 requirement for passing state budget removed in 2010
• Districts now drawn by a citizen commission rather than by the
legislature
• Open primary encourages less extremism
gcc
Federalism
gcc
Confederal Government
States act together through a central
government for limited purposes, but
retain ultimate authority and can veto
actions of the central government (53)
gcc
Confederal Government
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
gcc
Unitary Government
The central government has ultimate
authority and may create (and
eliminate) state governments for its
own purposes (53)
gcc
Unitary Government
CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
gcc
Federal Government
Ultimate authority is divided between a
central government an.
The California LegislatureDifferences from the U.S. Congress.docxmamanda2
The California Legislature
Differences from the U.S. Congress
Equal Bicameral
• Lower house is the Assembly
• 80 members elected every 2 years
• Each district has about 450,000 constituents (700,000 for the U.S. House of
Representatives)
• Upper house is the Senate
• 40 members serve for 4 years
• Half run each 2 years
• Each district has about 900,000 constituent
• Term limits
• Legislators are limited to a total of 12 years in the legislature
• May serve in one or both houses
• Only about 1/3 of bills become laws
Leadership
• Speaker of the Assembly is much more powerful than the Speaker of
the House:
• Controls committee appointments
• Present Speaker is John Perez (new Speaker will be Toni Atkins)
• President Pro tem in the Senate not as powerful
• Shares power with rules committee
• Became more influential under old term limits rules because Senators could
serve for 8 years (as opposed to the 6 for Assembly)
Other features
• Governor may use the line item veto for an appropriations bill
• State legislature is less visible to voters than Congress (media rarely
covers it)
• State legislature is not involved in judicial appointments
• No filibuster
• Initiative process means that legislature doesn’t have a monopoly on
legislation (for good or ill)
• Seniority plays a much smaller role
Problems
• Term limits
• Never develop sufficient expertise
• Especially a problem for leadership
• Less willing to compromise because they don’t have a long working
relationship with other legislators
• Cedes power to bureaucrats & lobbyists
• Has contributed to a rise in minority representation
• E.g., Latino legislators increased from 6% in 1990 to 23% today
• Gridlock over taxation
• 2/3 vote required for increasing taxes by state legislature (Prop. 13)
• Staff slashed by 40% in 1990 (first term limits initiative)
The bright side
• Term limits have contributed to a rise in minority representation
• E.g., Latino legislators increased from 6% in 1990 to 23% today
• (see NCSL web site for more demographic information)
• No filibuster
• 2/3 requirement for passing state budget removed in 2010
• Districts now drawn by a citizen commission rather than by the
legislature
• Open primary encourages less extremism
gcc
Federalism
gcc
Confederal Government
States act together through a central
government for limited purposes, but
retain ultimate authority and can veto
actions of the central government (53)
gcc
Confederal Government
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
gcc
Unitary Government
The central government has ultimate
authority and may create (and
eliminate) state governments for its
own purposes (53)
gcc
Unitary Government
CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
STATE
GOVERNMENT
gcc
Federal Government
Ultimate authority is divided between a
central government an.
Fixing A Broken Congress PanelPicker ProposalMichaelSteel23
The vast majority of Americans are frustrated with the constant partisan gridlock in Congress. Fewer and fewer laws are being passed and the threat of a government shutdown is always present. What needs to be reformed on Capitol Hill so our legislators can start legislating again? This panel will propose cultural and procedural ideas from four former Hill staffers from both sides of the aisle for how we can help Congress get back to work for the American people.
This proposal is for SXSW PanelPicker 2019
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
1. The Effects of Term Limits
Karl Kurtz
National Conference of State Legislatures
2. Term Limit Provisions
Limit in Years Consecutive Limit Lifetime Limit
6 House/8 Senate AR, MI
8 Total NE
8 House/8 Senate AZ, CO, FL, ME, MT,
OH, SD
MO
12 Total CA, OK
12 House/12 Senate LA NV
3. Turnover and Term Limits:
Membership Change in Houses
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1968 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 2 4 6 8 10
percent
House Turnover in Term-Limited and Non-Term-Limited States
TL States
NTL States
Source: Gary Moncrief, Richard G. Niemi and Lynda W. Powell, "Turnover in State Legislatures: An Update,"
Western Political Science Association, March 22-25, 2008
Term limit
enactment
period
4. The Experience Gap
Percent of Members in Each Chamber With at Least Five
Years Experience at Start of Next Session
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
6-yr TL 8-yr TL No TL
Source: Gary Moncrief, Richard G. Niemi and Lynda W. Powell, "Turnover in State Legislatures: An Update,"
Western Political Science Association, March 22-25, 2008
5. The “Burkean Shift”
0 1 2 3 4
Talk to constituents
Solve constituent problems
Seek district projects
Send mailings
NTL States
TL States
“Legislators today compared to a decade ago…
Scale: 1 (Much less time) to 5 (Much more time)
6. Legislators’ Knowledge
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Statewide issues
Process
Committee issues
NTL States
TL States
“Legislators today compared to a decade ago…
Scale: 1 (Much less knowledgeable) to 5 (Much more knowledgeable)
7. House to Senate Movement
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
6-8 yr. TL
12-yr. TL
NTL
8. Experience of House Speakers in TL
Legislatures
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AZ AR CA CO ME OH Avg.
Averageyearsofservice
3 Pre-TL Spkrs
Post-TL Spkrs
Source: Joint Project on Term Limits
9. Power Shifts over 10 Yrs.
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
AZ AR CA CO ME OH IL IN KS
Governor Agencies
TL States Control States
Score of Zero Indicates “about the same.”
ExecutiveGainsLegislativeGains
Source: JPTL Knowledgeable Observer Survey, 2003
10. Summary: Effects of Term Limits
• Vary depending on type of legislature
• Loss of experienced legislators
– Less knowledge of substantive issues
– Less institutional knowledge
– More chaotic legislatures
• No effect on who is elected
• Less attention to constituents
• Senates have more experience
• Governors gained power
11. Limits on Leaders’ Terms
Years By Custom By Rule By Statute
2 Florida House
Florida Senate
North Dakota House
South Dakota House
Wyoming House
Arkansas Senate
Wyoming Senate
4 Kansas House
Kansas Senate
Oklahoma House
6 Connecticut House Maine House
Maine Senate
8 Massachusetts House
Massachusetts Senate