During the Reconstruction period after the Civil War, freed African Americans faced many challenges. Most were illiterate and unfamiliar with the world beyond where they were born. They also faced hostility from the white population, who blamed black people for the hardships of Reconstruction. A new president, Andrew Johnson, took office after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Johnson played a key role in Reconstruction policies as president. Two major causes of difficulties during this period were the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves against the wishes of many white southerners, and the 14th Amendment, which granted citizenship to freed slaves and forbade states from denying them rights, causing further tensions.