Reasons For Confederation
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The document outlines six reasons for Canadian Confederation in 1867: 1) political deadlock between parties in Canada West and Canada East, 2) the need for a railway linking the colonies, 3) the cancellation of the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States, 4) the threat of American expansion, 5) Britain's desire for the colonies to be more self-sufficient, and 6) the desire to expand settlement into Rupert's Land. It also discusses the political parties and coalitions that formed in Canada West and Canada East prior to Confederation.
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- The Stamp Act of 1765, Quartering Acts, and Townshend Acts imposed new taxes on the colonies without colonial consent.
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Here are the answers:
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C - 2, 3, 5, 6, 10
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As the Allies advanced on Germany in 1945, the full scope of Nazi atrocities became apparent. Millions of people, especially Jews, had been systematically murdered through policies of removal of rights, ghettoization, mass shootings, and extermination in concentration camps using starvation, overwork, and gas chambers. The Nazi goal, declared in 1941, was the extermination of Jews and other "undesirables" in their quest to create a racially pure society under Hitler's dictatorship.
Cold War 4 Vietnam
Canada remained neutral during the conflicts in Vietnam in the post-war period. After World War 2, the Viet Minh seized control of Vietnam from the French and declared independence. France tried to reestablish colonial rule which led to full scale war breaking out in 1947 between the Viet Minh and French forces. By 1954, France admitted defeat and granted independence to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, though Vietnam was partitioned pending national elections. The United States supported South Vietnam which refused to hold elections out of fear the communists would win, and adopted the Domino Theory that communism must not be allowed to further spread in the region.
Cold War 3 Suez, Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cold War Gets Hot
The document discusses three major international crises during the Cold War era that increased tensions between East and West: the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, where North Korea invaded South Korea with support from the USSR and China against US backing of South Korea; the 1956 Suez Crisis over the nationalization and control of the Suez Canal by Egypt; and the 1959 Cuban Missile Crisis involving the Soviet Union secretly placing nuclear missiles in Cuba.
Cold War 2 Norad, UN
Canada made a serious military commitment to NATO by keeping a full army brigade and air squadrons in Europe, with Canadian ships and aircraft tracking Soviet submarines and participating in military exercises. By joining NATO, Canada had to adapt its defense policy to its allies. As long-range bombers capable of carrying warheads over long distances were developed, North America became vulnerable to attack, so the US built three lines of radar stations across Canada to detect any surprise attacks and allow time for a counterattack.
Cold War 1 Intro
The document discusses the beginning of the Cold War between the US and USSR after WWII. Even as allies during WWII, tensions rose between the two superpowers as they had opposing ideologies. They engaged in an arms race to build up nuclear weapons and delivery systems. Instead of direct war, they competed for political influence globally during the 40-year Cold War period. Canada aligned itself with the US in the emerging politics of the post-war world dominated by the US-USSR rivalry.
WWII D-Day
The Allies advance through Italy was difficult but they took Rome on June 4, 1944. Fighting continued in Italy until 1945. On June 6, 1944, known as D-Day, the Allies launched Operation Overlord, the largest Allied invasion of Europe during WWII, with landings along five beaches in Normandy, France, preceded by air attacks and paratroopers.
WWII Total War
The document discusses Canada's entry into World War 2, noting that Prime Minister Mackenzie King did not want to get involved in another war but knew conscription would divide the country. He had hoped appeasement would work but by March 1939 it was clear appeasement failed as Hitler took Czechoslovakia, making war seem inevitable. In September 1939, after Germany invaded Poland, Canada declared war on Germany, joining Britain and its allies in World War 2.
WWII The War Spreads
Hitler launched "Operation Barbarossa" in June 1941, invading the Soviet Union despite having a non-aggression pact with Stalin. The Germans initially pushed deep into Soviet territory due to surprise, but Hitler miscalculated by invading as the Soviets were able to resist and the Germans were unable to take Moscow or Leningrad. While the invasion went better initially than expected, Germany's decision to break the non-aggression pact and invade the Soviet Union ultimately proved a major strategic mistake as the Soviets resisted strongly.
Confederation Achieved
Before 1867, the British North American colonies were largely separate entities, with citizens owing allegiance to Britain. As Confederation was proposed, the colonies would only agree to join if the terms benefited them individually, prioritizing local interests over an ideal national union. A series of conferences were held in the 1860s to negotiate the terms of Confederation after the colonies faced threats from the United States, ultimately resulting in the British North America Act that united most of the colonies as the Dominion of Canada in 1867.
Fort Langley and the Oregon Territory
The document discusses the fur trade between Britain, Spain, Russia, and the United States in the 16th-18th centuries, when demand for fur products like beaver hats was high in Europe. While the countries competed for control over territory in North America, they negotiated agreements and avoided war. By the early 1800s, Spain gained control over California and Russia over Alaska, leaving the British Hudson's Bay Company and American fur traders competing for trade on the West Coast. In 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company merged and focused on the territories of New Caledonia and Columbia as key areas for fur trading.
The BNA Act
The British North America Act established Canada as a self-governing nation in 1867, defining it as a federation with a national parliament and provincial governments each having different responsibilities. Most of the BNA Act was written by Canadians based on the Seventy-Two Resolutions from the Quebec Conference of 1864, establishing Canada's constitution through compromise between British and Canadian partners.
WWII Total War
The document discusses Canada's entry into World War 2, noting that Prime Minister Mackenzie King did not want to get involved in another war but knew conscription would divide the country. He had hoped appeasement would work but after Hitler took Czechoslovakia in March 1939, showing appeasement had failed, war seemed inevitable. During a May 1939 visit, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth rallied support for Britain. On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland, leading Canada to declare war on Germany on September 10, 1939.
WWII Canada Declares War
During World War 1, Japan joined the Allies and was able to expand its territorial holdings in Asia. After the war, Japan was recognized as one of the major powers and received a mandate over Pacific islands formerly controlled by Germany. However, tensions grew as Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 despite the League of Nations condemning its actions, and withdrew from the League after failed negotiations. The document also mentions Italy seeking to create an Italian Empire in 1935 under Mussolini.
Central Powers Collapse
Two key events in 1917 changed the course of World War I: Tsar Nicholas of Russia was forced to abdicate in March and a provisional Russian government was formed, and the United States declared war on Germany in April. In October, Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional Russian government and signed a separate peace treaty with Germany, freeing German troops for the Western Front. Germany then launched a massive last offensive in the West in an attempt to win before large numbers of American troops arrived, though they were ultimately unsuccessful.
WWI Conscription Crisis
By 1917, thousands of Canadian men had been killed or wounded in World War I, straining the country's resources. Despite initially promising no conscription, Prime Minister Borden introduced the Military Service Act after learning from British PM Lloyd George about the mounting casualties and troop needs to win battles like Vimy Ridge. The Act made military service compulsory but granted exemptions, sparking national division and the Conscription Crisis of 1917.
Canada And The Twenties
The document discusses the challenges facing Canada in the 1920s, including regionalism as different regions focused on their own issues, and western farmers feeling alienated by economic policies that benefited central Canadian manufacturers. It also notes the 1921 federal election saw two new party leaders and the rise of the new Progressive party, which elected 64 members mostly from western Canada.
Continuity And Change
This document discusses key concepts about continuity and change in history. It explains that change and continuity exist simultaneously, change can occur at different rates, and change is not always positive while continuity is not always stagnation. Comparisons can be drawn between different points and periods in history as well as between the past and present. Periodization in history represents markers of continuity and change between historical eras.
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