Read the transcript below. In 150 words what is the video about? What was interesting about video? Did you learn anything knew? Was anything that thought was wrong? Do have example show you understand what Probale cause is? Explain. Do not need title page. I need cite and reference to support your answer  All rise. For many of us, our knowledge of the criminal justice system comes from watching television or a movie. But real life issues may be treated quite differently. When a society and its government decide that certain conduct is dangerous to its citizens, such conduct is called a crime. Punishment comes through a sanction such as fines, imprisonment, probation, community service, or a combination of those. Most crimes are identified in laws that have been enacted by federal, state, and local governments in response to issues that affect that jurisdiction. Some actions have been unlawful for thousands of years. Others were outlawed, but are now legal. And then there are things people do that are legal in some places, but not in others. And while states differ somewhat in their judicial systems, there are norms and similarities. And just as citizens are bound by certain laws, those who enforce the law are bound by common procedures and rules, guaranteeing every citizen the rights and protections known as due process. This is the story of the American criminal justice system. To fully understand the problem of crime in the United States, it is important to have some knowledge of the criminal justice process. He had a TV in his arms-- What happens when someone reports a crime to police? The path from the reporting to the final settlement is long and complex. The US Constitution is the primary source of law in the United States. It guarantees certain rights to individuals. For instance, we are entitled to a trial by jury. Sheriff's Office. The Fourth Amendment ensures that citizens have the right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. The Fifth Amendment prevents us from being charged with the same crime twice. I think that you were trying to pin this case on your brother-- And the Eighth Amendment protects the accused from unreasonable bail and finds. Beyond federal laws, each state and local jurisdiction has its own separate statutes. We often find ourselves in need of legislation to address some of the ills of a modern day society. All criminal law now in every state and federal government is statutory, made by either Congress or state legislatures. And the states are free any time, the state legislatures are free to change the statutes at any point, repeal them, add new ones. And then, of course, ...

1. Read the transcript below. In 150 words what is the video
about? What was interesting about video? Did you learn
anything knew? Was anything that thought was wrong? Do have
example show you understand what Probale cause is? Explain.
Do not need title page. I need cite and reference to support your
answer
All
rise.
For
many
of
us,
our
knowledge
of
the
criminal
justice
system
comes

2. from
watching
television
or
a movie.
But
real
life
issues
may
be
treated
quite
differently.
When
a
society
and
its

3. government
decide
that
certain
conduct
is
dangerous
to
its
citizens,
such
conduct
is
called
a
crime.
Punishment
comes
through
a sanction

4. such
as
fines,
imprisonment,
probation,
community
service,
or
a
combination
of
those.
Most
crimes
are
identified
in laws
that
have

5. been
enacted
by
federal,
state,
and
local
governments
in
response
to
issues
that
affect
that
jurisdiction.
Some
actions
have
been

6. unlawful
for
thousands
of
years.
Others
were
outlawed,
but
are
now
legal.
And
then
there
are
things
people
do

7. that
are
legal
in
some
places,
but
not
in
others.
And
while
states
differ
somewhat
in
their
judicial
systems,

8. there
are
norms
and
similarities.
And
just
as
citizens
are
bound
by
certain
laws,
those
who
enforce
the
law

9. are
bound
by
common
procedures
and
rules,
guaranteeing
every
citizen
the
rights
and
protections
known
as
due
process.
This

10. is
the
story
of
the
American
criminal
justice
system.
To
fully
understand
the
problem
of
crime
in
the
United
States,

11. it
is
important
to
have
some
knowledge
of
the
criminal
justice
process.
He had
a TV in his arms--
What
happens
when
someone
reports

12. a
crime
to
police?
The
path
from
the
reporting
to
the
final
settlement
is
long
and
complex.
The
US
Constitution

13. is
the
primary
source
of
law
in
the
United
States.
It
guarantees
certain
rights
to
individuals.
For
instance,
we

14. are
entitled
to
a
trial
by
jury.
Sheriff's
Office.
The
Fourth
Amendment
ensures
that
citizens
have
the
right
to
be

15. secure
against
unreasonable
searches
and
seizures.
The
Fifth
Amendment
prevents
us
from
being
charged
with
the
same
crime
twice.
I

16. think that
you were trying
to pin
this
case
on
your
brother--
And
the
Eighth
Amendment
protects
the
accused
from
unreasonable
bail and
finds.

17. Beyond
federal
laws,
each
state
and
local
jurisdiction
has
its
own
separate
statutes.
We
often
find
ourselves
in
need
of

18. legislation
to
address
some
of
the
ills
of
a
modern
day
society.
All
criminal law now
in
every
state
and
federal

19. government
is
statutory,
made
by
either
Congress
or
state
legislatures.
And
the
states
are
free
any
time,
the
state

20. legislatures
are
free
to
change
the
statutes
at
any
point,
repeal
them,
add
new
ones.
And
then,
of
course,

21. judges
interpret
and
construe
statutory
enactments,
which
is
the
function
of
the
Judiciary.
So
laws
really
get
shaped
in

22. those
two
ways.
There
was
a
van
come
up
and we noticed
it--
Criminal
justice
policy
is
a
means
for
society
to

23. provide
an
objective
set
of
rules
for
governing
conduct
and
maintaining
order,
as
well
as
raising
public
confidence
that

24. the
system
is
fair
and
will
protect
the
law
abiding
citizen.
Crimes
are
often
divided
into
three
types--
infractions,
misdemeanors,

25. and
felonies.
Infractions
are
the
least
serious.
They
are
punishable
by
fines
only,
and
the
fines
are
usually
less

26. than
$1,000.
For
instance,
traffic
tickets
or
citations
for
disturbing
the
peace
are
considered
infractions.
Misdemeanors
can
involve
jail

27. time
as
well
as
fines,
however
jail
time
is
generally
less
than
a
year.
Common
misdemeanors
including
driving
under
the

28. influence
and
simple
assault.
Felonies
are
the
most
serious
category
of
crimes
and
are
punishable
by
a
minimum
of

29. a
year
in
jail,
and
can
include
higher
fines.
Examples
include
murder
or
robbery.
Generally
speaking
in
the
law,

30. all
states
are
different
on
how
you
describe
crimes
and
their
criminal
codes.
Generally
speaking,
a
first
degree
felony
is

31. more
severe
than
a
second
degree
or
a
third
degree.
And
normally,
those
crimes
usually
have
longer
potential
sentences

32. in
a
state
correctional
facility.
Another
way
crimes
are
categorized
is
by
the
nature
of
the
crime--
who
or

33. what
was
targeted,
and
what
kind
of
harm
resulted.
Crimes
maybe
against
a
person,
against
a
property,
or
against
society.

34. Crimes
against
a
person
are
traditionally
crimes
of
violence--
some
violent
physical
contact,
whether
it's
a
shooting,
and
stabbing,

35. a
sexual
assault.
We
think
about
crimes
against
persons
as
crimes
against
violence.
And
usually
they're
considered
a
lot
more

36. serious.
Crimes
against
property,
we
think
in
terms
of
someone
committing
a
larceny,
that
is
the
taking
of
some

37. sort
of
property.
It
can
also
be
way
trespassing
on
property.
Embezzlement
is
a
form
of
the
taking
of

38. property,
embezzling
moneys.
In
today's
world
is
getting
a
lot
more
complicated
with
technology
and
the
internet.
We
see

39. more
and
more
electronic
crimes
of
stealing
your
identity
and
racking
up
your
American
Express
card,
or
taking
your
money

40. out
the
bank,
or
creating
a
false
identity
and
getting
a
lot
of
credit
in
your
name.
So
the

41. crimes
against
property
are
changing
and
becoming
more
complex.
I
mean
crimes
against
society
in
general,
we
think
of

42. maybe
persons
who
are
committing
gaming
crimes,
election
fraud,
things
of
that
nature
where
society,
itself
may
suffer
the

43. ills
of
that
crime.
Most
states
separate
the
crime
of
murder
into
two
categories--
First
degree,
and
second
degree.
What

44. distinguishes
one
from
the
other
is
whether
it
is
willful,
deliberate,
and
premeditated.
Willful,
deliberate,
and
premeditated,
murder
is

45. distinguished
from--
that's
first
degree
distinguished
from
second
degree--
which
is
defined
as
coming
with
malice
of
forethought.
In
order

46. to
deliberate
and
premeditate
you
have
to
think
about
the
act in
advance.
There
has
to be
reflection,
some
kind
of

47. deliberate
process,
where
you
are
aware
of
what
you're
about
to
do.
Murder
without
malice
or
anger
is
manslaughter.

48. And
it
can
be
either
voluntary
or
involuntary.
If
it's
voluntary
manslaughter
it
is
required
that
there
be
an

49. actual
intent
to
kill.
In
other
words,
it's
voluntary.
It's
an
act
where
you
actually
intended
the
harm
to

50. occur.
If
it's
an
involuntary
manslaughter,
it
is
an
act
that
occurs
while
you're
committing
another
crime,
but
you

51. did
not
intend
for
someone
to
die.
So
for
example,
if
you're
driving
a
car
at
a
high
rate

52. of
speed
that's
unlawful,
and
in the
commission
of
that
act
you
drive
into
another
car
and cause
the
death
of

53. an
individual,
then
that
is
something
that
would
seem
to
be
an
involuntary
manslaughter,
or
very
well
could
be.
Because

54. there
really
wasn't
an
intention
to
go
out
and
harm
someone,
but
that's
a
consequence
of
the
other
illegal act.

55. It
isn't
just
the
act
that
matters.
The
intent
behind
the
act
is
also
considered.
It
is
important
to

56. know
the
mental
state
of
the
suspect
when
the
act
is
committed.
Well,
there
are
two
elements to
every
crime.

57. One
is
what
the
Latin
refers
to
as
the
actus
reus.
And
the
other
is
the
mens
rea.
The

58. actus
reus
is
the
act.
You
have
to
do
something
that
the
legislature
has
defined
as
harmful
and
asocial,

59. which
would
be
killing
a
human
being
in
the
context
of
homicide.
And
then
the
mental
state
that
goes
along

60. with
that
is
the
mens
rea,
which
is
what
really
makes
the
act
culpable.
And
so
from
property
crimes

61. to
crimes
against
a
person,
from
the
elements
of
a
crime
to
the
thousands
of
laws
that
define
them,

62. the
criminal
justice
system
is
set
in
motion
by
the
discovery
or
report
of
a
possible
crime.
The
police

63. are
the
first
line
of
the
criminal
justice
system.
They
may
learn
that
a
crime
has
been
committed
through

64. a
9/11
call,
a
security
alarm,
officers
on
patrol,
or
any
number
of
other
ways.
Once
they
arrive
at

65. the
scene
the
responding
officers
will
secure
the
area
to
prevent
anyone
from
disturbing
anything.
The
investigation
usually
includes
determining

66. whether
a
crime
was
actually
committed,
gathering
evidence,
and
taking
statements
from
victims
and
eyewitness.
Initially
everybody's
going
to

67. be
questioned
in
a
crime
scene.
Investigators
want
to
find
out
how
the
witnesses
knew
the
victims,
or
the

68. suspects,
or
anybody
else
involved.
They
want to know
how
well
they
knew them,
what
the
relationship
is,
want
to
know
what
they

69. saw,
as
it
relates
to
the incident that
occurred.
They
also
will
then
find
out
if
a
person
was
very

70. intimately
aware
of
what
was
going
on,
or
has
information
that
will
help
solve
the
crime.
They're
probably
going

71. to
question
that
person
more
intensely.
We've
seen
crime
shows
on
TV
where
police
officers
intimidate
a
suspect
until
it

72. breaks
down
and
confesses.
However,
if
there's
adequate
proof
of
police
abuse
during
interrogation,
the
confession
will
be
ruled

73. inadmissible
in
court.
The
police
are
not
allowed
to
rough
up
a
suspect.
We're
not
allowed
to
intimidate
someone

74. with
physical
violence,
or
the
threat
of
physical
violence.
That's
a
coerced
confession,
or
a
coerced
statement,
is
not
going

75. to
allowable
by
the
court.
So
it
does us
no
good
to
try
if
it
doesn't
actually
get us
closer
to catching

76. the
bad
guy.
While
the
use
of
physical
abuse
is
strictly
prohibited,
police
do
have
some
leeway
when
conducting

77. an
interview.
A
lot
of
times
a
police
also
will
use
deception
in
an
interview
with
someone
they
believe

78. is
being
dishonest.
An
honest
person
being
interviewed
has
nothing
to
fear.
The police
are
going
to
be
honest
generally
with

79. an
honest
person.
Once
we
know
that
person's
being
truthful
with
us,
we
would
like
to
be
able
to

80. help
them
as
much
as
they're
able
to
help
us.
But
for
those
who
are
lying
about
what
they've

81. done
or
what
they've
seen
others
do,
we
can
use
to
deception.
It's
often
useful
when
someone,
especially
a

82. suspect,
begins
to
fear
that
they
have
left
evidence
behind
the
scene,
or that
there
were
more
witnesses
than
they

83. and
they
knew
existed,
that
there
was
some
other
clue
that
would
point
us
toward
them.
When
they
begin

84. to
fear
that
there's
some
way
that
they're
going
to
be
caught
outside
of
their
confession
it
begins
to

85. force
them
into
lying
to
cover
their
tracks.
And
those
lies
often
are
what
gets
tangled
around
their
feet.

86. And we're able
to use that
against them.
The
police
may
ask
questions
to
gain
information,
leads
on
other
suspects,
or
even
a
confession.

87. But
the
suspect
doesn't
have
to
answer
any
questions.
Everyone
has
a
constitutional
right
to
silence.
The
Fifth
Amendment
to

88. the
United
States
Constitution
was
written
by
our
Founding
Fathers
back
in
the
1700's
at a
time
when
either
law
enforcement

89. officers,
or
the
British
military,
were
interrogating
suspects
abusively.
Various
means
of
pressuring
or
coercing
confessions,
sometimes
with
torture.

90. So
what
the
Founding
Fathers
did
is
they
wrote
in
to
the
Fifth
Amendment
to
the
Constitution
a
protection

91. against
self
incrimination,
the
right
to
remain
silent.
So
when
should
a
person
being
question
talk?
And
when
should
they

92. remain
silent?
Most
lawyers
say
to
never
talked
to
the
police
without
an
attorney
present,
even
when
innocent.
Most

93. people
have
never
been
questioned
by
the
police
and
are
unfamiliar
with
the
techniques
and
methods
used.
Meanwhile,
police

94. detectives
receive
extensive
training
on
how
to
get
confessions
from
suspects.
Police
are
taught
to
use
various
techniques
when
questioning

95. a
suspect
to
elicit
admissions
and
condemning
information.
[POLICE SIREN]
Hey!
What are you
doing?
Now
if
the
police
have
a
reasonable
suspicion

96. that
a
person
is
involved
in
a
crime,
whether
they
match
the
suspect's
description,
or
their
behavior
a
suspicious,
or it

97. looks
like
they're
carrying
a
concealed
weapon,
they
could
pass
the
person
down
for
their
own
protection.
And
sometimes,

98. that
may
lead
to
an
arrest.
We
have
members
of
law
enforcement
who
are
on
the
street
that
investigate

99. crimes
and
have
to
make
decisions
every
day
about
who's
going
to
get
arrested,
or
who
they're
going
to

100. investigate.
And
then
the
next
level
is
prosecutors,
state
and
local
prosecutors,
who
have
again
a
separate
and
independent
role

101. in
deciding
what's
the
right
thing
to
do.
And
at
times
we
may
disagree
with
law
enforcement.
There's
case

102. law
out
there
that
says
a
prosecutor's
role
is
primarily
the
fair
administration
of
justice.
The
courts
have
ruled

103. that
evidence
found
during
a
routine
frisk
may
be
admissible
against
the
suspect
if
the
officer
had
probable
cause

104. to
believe
the
suspect
might
be
carrying
a
weapon.
The
police
investigation
often
includes
examination
of
physical
evidence
at
the

105. scene
of
the
crime.
However,
if
they
want
to
look
inside
a
house,
they
will
need
a
search
warrant,

106. thanks
to
the
Fourth
Amendment
to
the
Constitution,
which
prohibits
unreasonable
searches
and
seizures.
That
includes
a
car
or

107. a
business.
A
police
officer,
for
example,
will
come
to
a
judicial
officer
and
ask
that
you
authorize
them

108. to
search
someone's
house
or
someone's
business.
And
whenever
a judicial
officer
looks
at
that
request
it
is
very
important
to

109. look
at--
usually
it's
under
the
oath of
the
officer
who
is
seeking
it--
to
look
and
make
sure
that

110. they
described
a
location.
And
that
they
provided
enough
information
in
there
so
that
you
believe
that
there's
actually

111. criminal
activity
that
is
going
on,
such
that
law
enforcement
should
be
allowed
to
go
in
and
abate
or

112. explore
that
possibility.
Now,
a
juveniles
right
to
be
free
of
unreasonable
searches
and
seizures
varies
from
an
adults.

113. At
school
the
student's
locker
may
be
searched
any
time
without
consent.
And
a
parent
can
give
consent
to
search

114. a
juveniles
room
at
home.
There
are
differences
in
the
laws
regarding
adults
and
juveniles
in
criminal
cases.
Juveniles,

115. except
for
the
most
serious
offenses,
are
entitled
to
proceedings
in
juvenile
court,
which
is
supposed
to
be
more

116. rehabilitative,
and
less
punitive,
so
more
focused
towards
treatment
and
counseling,
as
opposed
to
long
sentences
in
custody.
But,
even

117. armed
with
a
search
warrant,
the
police
can't
just
break
down
a
door.
The
knock
and
announce
rule
requires

118. officers
to
make
their
presence
known,
and
state
the
purpose
of
their
arrival.
An
exception
to
the
knock
and

119. announce
rule
is
what's
known
as
the
exigent
circumstances,
circumstances
that
demand
immediate
action,
like
for
a
hot
pursuit.

120. If
a
criminal
flees
the
scene
of
a
crime
and
the
police
officer
follows
him,
the
officer
has
the

121. right
to
enter
a
property
in
which
the
criminal
has
sought
shelter.
And
because
time
may
also
be
a

122. factor,
that
applies
to
vehicle
searches.
So
if
a
person
has
been
validly
but
they
stopped
and
the
police

123. have
probable
cause
to
believe
the
car
contains
contraband
or
evidence,
they can
search
it.
And
if
the
police
have
probable

124. cause
to
search
the
car,
all
compartments
and
packages
that
may
contain
the
evidence,
or
contraband,
are
fair
game.

125. Many
officers
will
stop
a
car
for
various
traffic
reasons.
And
then
they'll
ask
to
search
every
vehicle
that

126. they
stop.
And
some
people
will
allow
the
officers
to
search.
And
occasionally
it turns
up
evidence
of
a
crime.

127. But
an
officer
has
the
right
to
search
in
a
vehicle
he has
stopped
when
he
sees,
or
smells
drugs,

128. or
other
evidence
of
a
crime
in
that
vehicle.
And
he's
allowed
to
search
that
vehicle,
right
then,
on

129. scene,
without
a
search
warrant,
or
detain the
vehicle
long
enough
to
seek
a
search
warrant
if
there
is
a

130. perhaps
problem
cause
that
he
believes
he'd
like
to
search
warrant to
search
more
compartments.
While
the
police
officer
can't

131. search
a
car
simply
because
the
car
was
stopped
for
traffic
infraction,
the
police
can
order
the
driver
and

132. any
passengers
out
of
the
car
for
safety
considerations,
even
though
there
was
no
suspicion
of
criminal
wrong doing,
other
than

133. the
traffic
infraction.
The
police
can
also
frisk
the
occupants
for
weapons
if
the
officers
have
a
reasonable
suspicion

134. that
the
occupants
are
involved
in
criminal
activity,
and
are
reasonably
concerned
for
their
safety.
And
what
about
your
trash?

135. According
to
the
US
Supreme
Court,
your
garbage
is
fair
game.
Once
papers,
or
contraband
have
been
thrown
into

136. a
trash
receptacle
it
is
considered
abandoned.
And
anyone,
including
police,
can
look
through
it
and
claim
ownership.
In

137. our
country,
in
our
criminal
justice
system,
we
have
rules
that
the
government
has
to
follow
to
make
sure

138. that
people
are
not
abused
and
their
innocence
protected,
while
at
the
same
time
making
sure
that
we
keep

139. law
and
order
in
our
society
and
people
are safe
in their homes
and
property.
So
we
have
rules.
And
as
a

140. prosecutor,
we
understand
the
reality
the
situation
is--
when
we're
doing
a
criminal
investigation,
law
enforcement
is--
if
certain
rules

141. are
violated,
there's
penalties
to pay.
And
if
law
enforcement
doesn't
follow
the
rules,
or
we
don't
follow
the
rules,

142. we
could
lose
valuable
evidence
that,
quite
frankly,
can
prevent
us
from
achieving
a
conviction
of
someone
that
we

143. have
a
good
faith
base
has
committed
a
crime.
So
the
rules
are
important
to
follow.
And
the
rules

144. are
there
to
make
sure
that
we
uphold
the
Constitution
and
treat people
fairly.
When
the
facts
and
circumstances
give
police

145. a
reasonable
belief
that
a
person
has
committed
a
crime,
that
person
is
usually
taken
into
custody
and
arrested.

146. Probable
cause is
what
a
police
officer
needs
to
arrest
someone.
And
it
may
arise
from
any
number
of
different

147. facts
and
circumstances.
If I
saw
a
man
climbing
out
of
a
business
window,
a
shattered
window,
see
somebody
crawling
out,

148. and he's
carrying
television
with
him,
I
think
that
I've
got
reasonable
suspicion
to
stop
that
person
and
investigate.
And

149. if
they're
not
the
business
owner,
or an employee
cleaning
up
from
a
mess,
if
I
can't
determine
they
had
a

150. legitimate
reason
to
be
there,
I
have probably
cause to
arrest them
for
breaking
into
the
store
and
the
stealing
items.
Without
probable

151. cause
police
need
an
arrest
warrant,
a
legal
document
issued
by
a
judge
or
magistrate.
The
warrant
typically
identifies

152. the
crime
committed,
identifies
the
individual
suspected
of
committing
a
crime,
specifies
the
location
where
the
individual
may
be

153. found,
and
gives
a
police
officer
permission
to
arrest
the
person
identified
in
the
warrant.
That
officer
would
go
and

154. get
a
criminal
complaint
and
if
the
judge
looks
at
it
says,
OK,
I
believe
there's
enough
evidence
here

155. to
support
this,
the
judge
would
sign
off
of it,
issue
a
warrant,
and
then
the
officer
could
go
out

156. and
arrest
an
individual.
And
deprive
them
of
their
liberty,
put
them
in cuffs,
take them
to
jail
for
a
period

157. of
time
until they
have
a hearing.
A
warrant-less
arrest
is
one
of
those
more
special
circumstances
that
if
an
officer

158. is
responding
to
a
call,
and
actually
sees
a crime
being
committed,
and
it's
one
of
those
fluid
situations--
it

159. could be a
serious
violent
crime,
like
if
an
officer
goes
to
convenience
store and there's a
robbery,
and the
person's
running out--
it's
not
practical
for

160. that
officer
to
go
call
a
judge
and
get
a
complaint.
That
person
needs
to
be
taken
into
custody

161. immediately
because
it
could
be
a
public
threat,
the
threat
of
a
flight
running.
So
that's
when
they
can

162. justify
warrant-less
arrest.
And
they
can
arrest
you.
And
then
they
take
you
quickly
to
a
judge.
And
then

163. they
have
to
do
the
complaint.
And
it's a pretty quick
process.
At
every
stage
of
the
criminal
process,
including
arrest,
police

164. must
protect
the
citizens
constitutional
rights.
What
we
do
really
is
the
American
Constitution
in
action.
It's
every
day,
whether

165. I'm
taking
a
plea
of
guilty
from
someone
who's
negotiated
this
through
their
attorney
with
the
state,
or
whether

166. I
am
presiding
over a trial,
it's
my
job
to
make
certain
that
the
rights
that are
guaranteed
to
them
have been
followed.

167. And
that
they
understand,
especially
when
their
waiving
those
rights,
what
those rights
are.
If
these
rights
are
violated
a
court

168. may
deem
arrest
unlawful
and
order
the
case
dismissed.
Or
certain
evidence
maybe
thrown
out
of
the
case.
When

169. the
police
arrest
someone,
a
specific
series
of
events
follows.
The
police
must
follow
legal
procedures
during
the
actual

170. arrest
process,
and
all
through
the
process
of
actually
placing
a
suspect
in
jail.
One
of
the
most
well-known
constitutional

171. protections
is
the
right
to
receive
the
Miranda
Warning,
a
protection
that
comes
from
the fifth
Amendment,
and
applies
to

172. both
adults
and
juveniles.
To
be
given
the
Miranda
Warning
is
to
be
told
that
you
have
the
right

173. to
remain
silent,
that
anything
you
say
can
be
used
as
evidence,
that
you
have
the
right
to
an

174. attorney,
and
that
if
you
can't
afford
an
attorney,
one
will
be
appointed
for
you.
Police
are
required
by
our

175. courts
to
give
a
Miranda
Warning.
And a
Miranda
Warning
is
basically
educating
a
person
under
arrest
as
to
what

176. their
rights
are.
Because
the
courts
want
us
to
make
sure
that
people
know
what
the
rights
are
before

177. they
wave them,
like
the
right
to
remain
silent.
And
if
they
wave
them
and
talk
to
us,
then
we

178. can
use
what
they
say
against
them
in court.
So you
live at
Renaissance
Circle?
The
same
rules
apply
when
the
situation

179. involves
the
questioning
of
a
minor.
However
the
Supreme
Court
has
ruled
the
police
must
take
a
person's
age
into

180. account
when
determining
whether
the
circumstances
of
the
case
merit
a Miranda
notification.
In
many
states,
when
police
take
a

181. juvenile,
that
as
a
person
under
the
age
of
18,
into
custody
for
interrogation
there
are
sometimes
additional
safeguards.

182. Some
states
will
require,
at
least
for
very
young
children,
that
a parent
be
present,
or
a
lawyer
be
present.

183. So
there
are
additional
safeguards
in
most
states,
in
most
jurisdictions,
when
juveniles
are
involved.
You
understand
that you
are
under

184. arrest
right
now
for
breaking
and entering,
you understand
that?
Yes sir.
The
Miranda
Warning
must
be
given
when
the
suspect
is
in

185. custody.
In
other
words,
when
he
or
she
is
a
arrested,
in
handcuffs,
or
otherwise
not
free
to
leave.

186. To
decide
whether
police
have
placed
a
person
in
custody
courts
will
examine
the
facts
to
determine
if
a

187. reasonable
person
would
have
felt
they
could
leave
this
situation
or
interrogation.
When
the
questioning
is
for
background
and
information

188. only,
without
factors
indicating
the
person
is
under
arrest,
such
questioning
can
take
place
without
the
prior
advisement
of

189. Miranda.
Someone
is
detained
or
in
custody
if
they
are
being
stopped
by
the
police,
and
maybe
just
for
investigative

190. purposes,
or
like
a
traffic
violation,
something
to that
effect.
But
they're
only
under
arrest
once
the officer
has
developed
probable

191. cause
that
the
person
has
committed
a
crime
for
which
they
are
going
to
be
immediately
charged.
Or
if

192. a
person
is stopped,
pursuant
to
an
arrest
warrant,
where
they've
already
been
charged
and
the
officer's
stopping
to take them
before

193. a
judge,
or
take them
to
jail.
Detention
occurs
very
often.
It
could
just
be
for
someone's
suspicious
behavior,
while the
officer

194. determines
whether
or
not
there's
a
criminal
act
occurring.
Or if
they
matched
the
description
of
a suspect
who
has
fled

195. from
the scene
of
the
crime,
they
may
be
detained
long
enough
to
determine
whether
or
not
they
were
truly

196. involved
in that
incident,
or
if
they
are
the
suspect
for
which
we were
looking.
But
they're
not
under
arrest
at

197. that
time.
During
the
booking
process
the
police
will
last
for
basic
information,
such
as
address
and
birth date.
Fingerprints
and

198. photographs
are
also
taken.
Police
may
ask
for a
blood
sample,
or
even
strands
of
hair,
both
for
DNA
testing.

199. This
evidence
is
then
used
to
match
evidence
left
at
the
crime
scene.
DNA
is,
of
course,
present
in

200. most
all
of
our
cells.
There
are
certain
cells
that
as
they
mature,
they
lose
certain
types
of
DNA.

201. But
for
the
most
part,
every
cell
within
our
body,
we
have
the
same
DNA
that
we
inherited
from

202. our
mom
and
from
our
dad.
So
we
can
use
that
DNA
to
identify
an
individual.
And
so
what

203. we
would
like
to
do
is
obtain
the
sample
from
the
crime
scene,
again
maintain
a
chain
of
custody

204. with
that
sample,
And
then
when
we
get
it
to
the
laboratory,
we
remove
the
DNA
from
the
host

205. cell
in
which
it
resides.
Then
we
take
and
purify
the
DNA
and
analyze
it.
We
use
very
sophisticated

206. equipment
to
do
this
analysis.
But
at
the
end
of
the
process
we
determine
a
DNA
profile.
The
DNA

207. a
profile
borders
on
being
unique.
We
use
statistics
that
the
chance
of
a
random
individual
having
that
very
same

208. DNA
a
profile
is
one
in
quadrillions,
or
one
in
trillions.
So
it's
a
very
unique
identifier
for
this

209. type
evidence.
The
suspect
may
also
be
asked
to
participate
in
a
police
lineup.
Misidentification
is
a
real
problem.

210. And
so
we
developed
some
rules
to
deal
with
that.
The
one
that's
most
effective,
is
that
if
the

211. criminal
process
has
begun--
that
means that
the
suspect,
the
arrestee
has
been
taken
before
a
judge
or
magistrate
to
be

212. arraigned,
or
what
we
call
the
initial
appearance--
and
then
the
identification
process
comes
after
that.
Then they
are
entitled

213. to
a
lawyer.
For
evidence
from
a
line
up
to
be
admissible
in
court
the
lineup,
itself,
must
be

214. conducted
fairly.
The
police
may
not
say
or
do
anything
that
persuades
the
witness
to
identify
the
suspect
that
they

215. prefer.
This
includes
loading
the
lineup
with
people
who
look
very
dissimilar
to
the
suspect.
Once
the
arrest
is

216. made,
the
prosecutor
has
only
a
short
time
to
decide
what
formal
charges
to
bring
against
the
suspect.
An

217. arraignment
is
then
held,
which
is
the
first
phase
of
a
criminal
case
after
arrest.
That
is
where
a

218. suspect
sees
a
judge,
and
is
read
the
charges.
Legal
injunctions,
like
restraining
orders,
are
issued
at
that
time.

219. And
other
applications
to
the
court are
made.
After
a
person
is
charged
with
a
crime
then
it
is
very

220. important
that
they
are
taken
before
a
judicial
officer.
It
should
be
without
any
unreasonable
delay.
And
that's
very

221. important.
Because
oftentimes
judicial
judges,
such
as
myself,
are
asked
to
consider
not
allowing
a
confession
to
be
heard
by

222. a
jury.
Because
law
enforcement
has
had
someone
in
custody,
after
an
arrest
and
have
not
taken
them
before

223. a
judicial
officer,
who
will then
read
them
their
writes,
advise
them
of
their
right
to
counsel,
explain
the
charges

224. to
them,
and
explain
how
the
procedures
will
go
forward.
After
the
arraignment,
the
suspect
may
be
released
on
a

225. promise
to
appear
in
court,
or
the
suspect
may
be
sent
to
jail.
If
released,
the
judge
may
set

226. bail,
which
is
money
you
pay
to
the
court
in
order
to
ensure
that
you
will
appear
in

227. court
when
told
to
do
so.
The
personal
recognizance
bond
is
simply
a
promised
to
appear
and
the
threat
of

228. a
penalty
be
imposed,
or
a
steep
fine
being
imposed,
or
bond
being
imposed,
after
the
fact,
if
the

229. person
fails
to
appear.
So
it
often
hinges
on
the
seriousness
of
the
offense,
the
likelihood
that
the
person

230. will
comply
with
the
conditions
of
bond.
That
is,
obey
law
and
appear
in
court,
as
required.
If
you

231. do
appear,
as
required,
the
bail
will
be
refunded
to
you.
If
you
do
not
show
up,
the
court

232. keeps
the
money,
and
can
issue
a
warrant
for
your
arrest.
Understanding
all
the
ways
in
which
the
criminal
justice

233. system
operates
is
sometimes
difficult.
It
is
a
large
and
far
reaching
segment
of
American
life.
However,
laws,
investigations,

234. evidence,
warrants,
Miranda
warnings,
they
are
all
part
of
a
process
to
ensure
that
the
criminal
justice
system
is

235. fair
and
balanced.
The
quality
of
life
of
our
community
is
not
only
prosecuting
crime
and
keeping
crime
down.

236. But
it's
also
making
sure
that
we
have
a
community
where
people
are
treated
fairly.
And
people,
if
they
are

237. being
investigated,
or
if
they're
being
accused
of
doing
something
wrong,
they
would
have
the
confidence
of
knowing
that

238. they'll
be
treated
fairly.
And
there will
be
a
professional
process
reviewing
it.
From
constitutional
laws
to
state
and
local
statutes,

239. from
search
warrants
to
arrest
warrants,
the
system
carefully
balances
the
rights
of
the
accused
with
the
rights
of

240. the
victims,
as
well
as
the
safety
of
individual
citizens.
In
an
ideal
world,
legal
authority
would
never
have

241. to
be
exercised.
However,
the
threat
of
its
use
is
a
foundation
of
any
law
abiding
society.