Read it carefully!!!
1. 3-5 typed pages double-spaced.
2. citing this textbook (no online research)
3. Make sure to have a thesis statement and use examples from images that i attached.
4. Make sure you include examples from the majority of chapters covered.
5. no plagiarism.
6. Here are the topics
Describe the development of depicting the human form from Paleolithic art through the arts of Ancient near-East, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and Greek cultures.
Think about how humans are represented and what functions representation of humans have served. Is there in fact a clear “development”?
7.
Here is examples for citation. (use only this contents what i wrote on this question and should see and use the picture what i uploaded)
1. PALEOLITHIC and NEOLITHIC
-PALEOLISTHIC (OLD STONE AGE) ART, ca. 30,000–9000 BCE
VENUS OF WILLENDORF The composite feline-human from Germany is exceptional for the Stone Age. The vast majority of prehistoric sculptures depict either animals or humans. In the earliest art, humankind consists almost exclusively of women as opposed to men, and the painters and sculptors almost invariably showed them nude, although scholars generally assume that during the Ice Age both women and men wore garments covering parts of their bodies. When archaeologists first discovered Paleolithic statuettes of women, they dubbed them “Venuses,” after the Greco-Roman goddess of beauty and love, whom artists usually depicted nude (FIG. 5-62). The nickname is inappropriate and misleading. It is doubtful that the Old Stone Age figurines represented deities of any kind. One of the oldest and the most famous of the prehistoric female figures is the tiny limestone figurine of a woman that long has been known as the Venus of Willendorf (FIG. 1-5) after its findspot in Austria. Its cluster of almost ball-like shapes is unusual, the result in part of the sculptor’s response to the natural shape of the stone selected for carving. The anatomical exaggeration has suggested to many that this and similar statuettes served as fertility images. But other Paleolithic stone women of far more slender proportions exist, and the meaning of these images is as elusive as everything else about Paleolithic Paleolithic Art 3 1-4 Human with feline head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany, ca. 30,000–28,000 BCE. Mammoth ivory, 11 5 – 8 high. Ulmer Museum, Ulm. One of the oldest known sculptures is this large ivory figure of a human with a feline head. It is uncertain whether the work depicts a composite creature or a human wearing an animal mask. 1-5 Nude woman (Venus of Willendorf ), from Willendorf, Austria, ca. 28,000–25,000 BCE. Limestone, 4 1 – 4 high. Naturhistorisches Museum,Vienna. The anatomical exaggerations in this tiny figurine from Willendorf are typical of Paleolithic representations of women, whose child-bearing capabilities ensured the survival of the species. 1 in. 1 in. 73558_02_Ch01_p001-015.qxd 10/20/08 8:10 AM Page 3 art. Yet the prepondera.
Art and SocietyThe Neolithic Temple at Göbekli TepeOne of the .docxfestockton
Art and Society
The Neolithic Temple at Göbekli Tepe
One of the most important archaeological discoveries of the past few decades is the Anatolian Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey near Sanliurfa. Excavated since 1995 by the German Archaeological Institute in cooperation with the Sanliurfa Museum, the hilltop site appears to have been a religious, or at least a ceremonial, center rather than a habitation site.The excavated area consists of about 20 circular structures with monolithic T-shaped stone pillars ( FIG. 1-12 ) set at right angles into the walls. At the center of the rooms are two additional similarly shaped pillars. The pillars served as roof supports. There are no doorways, and visitors to the site probably entered the circular rooms through the roof.Many of the pillars are covered with shallow reliefs depicting a wide array of animals, birds, and insects. Some of the reliefs include human arms and hands. The interpretation of the representations is uncertain, but the animals and other forms must be connected to the rituals that took place at the site.If the German archaeologists’ dating and interpretation are correct, Göbekli Tepe overturns one of the most basic assumptions about prehistoric societies. It now appears possible, even likely, that hunter-gatherers erected stone temples long before farmers established permanent village communities. The history of art and architecture—and of civilization—must now be rewritten. end sidebar.
Jericho
By 7000 bce, agriculture was well established from Anatolia to ancient Palestine and Iran. Its advanced state by this date presupposes a long development. Indeed, the very existence of a major settlement such as Jericho gives strong support to this assumption. Jericho, situated on a plateau in the Jordan River Valley with an unfailing spring, was the site of a small village as early as the ninth millennium bce. This village underwent spectacular development around 8000 bce, when the inhabitants established a new Neolithic settlement ( FIG. 1-13 ) covering about 10 acres. Its mud-brick houses sat on round or oval stone foundations and had roofs of branches covered with earth.As Jericho’s wealth grew, the need for protection against marauding nomads resulted in the first known permanent stone fortifications. By 7500 bce, a wide rock-cut ditch and a 5-foot-thick wall surrounded the town, which probably had a population exceeding 2,000. Set into the circuit wall, which has been preserved to a height of almost 13 feet, was a 30-foot-tall circular tower ( FIG. 1-13 , bottom center) constructed of roughly shaped stones laid without mortar ( dry masonry ). Almost 33 feet in diameter at the base, the tower has an inner stairway leading to its summit. Not enough of the site has been excavated to determine whether this tower was solitary or one of several similar towers forming a complete defense system. In either case, a stone structure as large as the Jericho tower was a tremendou ...
Art and SocietyThe Neolithic Temple at Göbekli TepeOne of the .docxfestockton
Art and Society
The Neolithic Temple at Göbekli Tepe
One of the most important archaeological discoveries of the past few decades is the Anatolian Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey near Sanliurfa. Excavated since 1995 by the German Archaeological Institute in cooperation with the Sanliurfa Museum, the hilltop site appears to have been a religious, or at least a ceremonial, center rather than a habitation site.The excavated area consists of about 20 circular structures with monolithic T-shaped stone pillars ( FIG. 1-12 ) set at right angles into the walls. At the center of the rooms are two additional similarly shaped pillars. The pillars served as roof supports. There are no doorways, and visitors to the site probably entered the circular rooms through the roof.Many of the pillars are covered with shallow reliefs depicting a wide array of animals, birds, and insects. Some of the reliefs include human arms and hands. The interpretation of the representations is uncertain, but the animals and other forms must be connected to the rituals that took place at the site.If the German archaeologists’ dating and interpretation are correct, Göbekli Tepe overturns one of the most basic assumptions about prehistoric societies. It now appears possible, even likely, that hunter-gatherers erected stone temples long before farmers established permanent village communities. The history of art and architecture—and of civilization—must now be rewritten. end sidebar.
Jericho
By 7000 bce, agriculture was well established from Anatolia to ancient Palestine and Iran. Its advanced state by this date presupposes a long development. Indeed, the very existence of a major settlement such as Jericho gives strong support to this assumption. Jericho, situated on a plateau in the Jordan River Valley with an unfailing spring, was the site of a small village as early as the ninth millennium bce. This village underwent spectacular development around 8000 bce, when the inhabitants established a new Neolithic settlement ( FIG. 1-13 ) covering about 10 acres. Its mud-brick houses sat on round or oval stone foundations and had roofs of branches covered with earth.As Jericho’s wealth grew, the need for protection against marauding nomads resulted in the first known permanent stone fortifications. By 7500 bce, a wide rock-cut ditch and a 5-foot-thick wall surrounded the town, which probably had a population exceeding 2,000. Set into the circuit wall, which has been preserved to a height of almost 13 feet, was a 30-foot-tall circular tower ( FIG. 1-13 , bottom center) constructed of roughly shaped stones laid without mortar ( dry masonry ). Almost 33 feet in diameter at the base, the tower has an inner stairway leading to its summit. Not enough of the site has been excavated to determine whether this tower was solitary or one of several similar towers forming a complete defense system. In either case, a stone structure as large as the Jericho tower was a tremendou ...
Read The Death Disk and retell the story in 8 to 12 unreal conditi.docxrudybinks
Read "The Death Disk" and retell the story in 8 to 12 unreal conditional sentences. Becuase the story is in the past, conditions and results will be in unreal conditional past form. 1) Tell the whole story, focusing on the most important info. Additonal Info: 1) USE past unreal conditional form (condition: had(n't) + V3/ Result: would(n't) +have+V3) 2) USE at least 5 AFFIRMATIVE VERBS and 5 NEGATIVE VERBS.
.
Read the articles Double Duty Schools as Community Centers an.docxrudybinks
Read the articles
Double Duty: Schools as Community Centers
and
Community Collaboration to Improve Schools: Introducing a New Model from Ohio
. Select one of the following position statements:
Statement 1:
Schools are local institutions, central to the life of the community.
Statement 2:
Schools are government agencies, controlled and directed by political interests and power.
Evaluate and discuss the selected position statement in relation to
The issues and trends driving policy and reform
The significance of activism
Public confidence in education
Accountability within the school and community
Support your writing with information from a minimum of two credible resources. One resource should provide information from a related current event or recent legislation. (250 words)
Read the article
School Boards
. Identify and describe the role of governing or advisory board in effective implementation and operation of a federally mandated education policy (or program), including:
Resource management (including personnel)
Allocation of federally appropriated funds
Communication with the community
Support your description with information from a minimum of one credible resource. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. (250 words)
.
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Attachment********************
40 Developmental Assets
How Many Have You Experienced?
Asset Name & Definition
Support
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Refer to the resource, "Preparing Annotated Bibliographies," located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.
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Provide an annotated bibliography (750-1,000 words total) of the articles listed above. Including the following for each article:
1.
The article citation and persistent link. These are provided above for you to paste into the assignment and are not included in the total word count.
2.
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Title: The Death Penalty Is Dying Out
Date: Dec 17, 2011
Duration: 00:02:29
Do you agree with Beccaria's assessment of the death penalty? Explain.
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Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the 19th Century
Background: Many Americans like to imagine the history of their nation as one of continual progress. While acknowledging that not all persons and groups enjoyed equal rights at all times, Americans often take it for granted that American history moves in only one direction: toward greater rights, greater freedom, and greater equality. However, from roughly 1867 to 1875, African Americans enjoyed far more political influence and equal rights than they ever had before, or ever would again, until the end of the modern Civil Rights Movement almost a century later. In addition to the disturbance in the social hierarchy created by the end of slavery, the nation experienced the influx of huge numbers of immigrants during the last half of the 1800s, many of whom were viewed by the American population as different and inferior to earlier waves of immigrants. Adding to concerns about social order was the push for women’s suffrage that arose after Civil War. These factors came together to create a threat to White male supremacy and combined to create a period characterized by conflict over race, ethnicity, and gender.
Review the following sources about the differences between primary and secondary sources:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sources
Transcript
How to Research Primary Sources
How to Research Secondary Sources
Required sources:
What is Freedom?—Freedom: A History of US
in the Films on Demand database in the Ashford University Library
Alien Menace
Recommended sources:
Entertaining Citizenship: Masculinity and Minstrelsy in Post-Emancipation San Francisco
Identity, Marriage, and Schools: Life along the Color Line/s in the Era of Plessy v. Ferguson
Whiteness, Freedom, and Technology: The Racial Struggle Over Philadelphia’s Streetcars, 1859-1867
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Alien Menace
exhibit thoroughly, viewing all of the links. You are not required to answer the questions on the website, but consider them. Watch
What is Freedom?—Freedom: A History of US
from the Films on Demand database. Based on Chapter 1 in your textbook, the required exhibit, and the film, explain
Why the last half of the 1800s was a time of conflict over the meanings of citizenship, race, and gender.
How African Americans, White Americans, and immigrants worked to secure their places in the social and political hierarchy.
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Quiz
Question 1
(1 point)
The actual change in the money supply equals
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Question 2
(1 point)
The required reserve ratio equals 10 percent and all banks initially have zero excess reserves. The Fed buys $1 million in U.S. government securities. The most the money supply can increase is
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Question 3
(1 point)
The more people decide to hold currency, the
Save
Question 4
(1 point)
The discount rate is the
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Question 5
(1 point)
The most precise way the Fed has to control the money is
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Question 6
(1 point)
According to the above figure, a shortage is shown between which two points?
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Question 7
(1 point)
A decrease in demand and a decrease in supply will lead to a
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Question 8
(1 point)
If the current price of a market basket of goods is $850 and the base year price for the same market basket is $500, what is the value of the price index?
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Question 9
(1 point)
The only way that a society can produce outside the production possibilities curve is
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Question 10
(1 point)
Suppose the tax rate on the first $10,000 income is 0; 10 percent on the next $20,000; 20 percent on the next $20,000; 30 percent on the next $30,000; and 40 percent on any income over $80,000. Family A has income of $40,000 and Family B has income of $100,000. What is the marginal and average tax rate for each family?
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Question 11
(1 point)
The marginal tax rate is equal to
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Question 12
(1 point)
One solution to the Social Security problem cited in the text is to
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Question 13
(1 point)
Social Security taxes are regressive because
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Question 14
(4 points)
Assume an open, mixed economy (C + I + G + X = real GDP) and an MPS of .2 What is the multiplier?
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Question 15
(1 point)
The U.S. fiduciary monetary system
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Question 16
(1 point)
Refer to the above table. The value of M1 is
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Question 17
(1 point)
Possession of information by one party in a financial transaction but not by the other party is
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Question 18
(1 point)
The Federal Reserve bank is managed by
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Question 19
(1 point)
As a "lender of last resort" the Fed
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Question 20
(1 point)
Required reserves are
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Question 21
(1 point)
A bank with deposits of $500 million has $75 million in cash on hand, $50 million in deposits with the Fed, and $80 million in government securities. If the reserve requirement is 15 percent, the bank has excess reserves of
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Question 22
(1 point)
A bank with $100 million in deposits has $6 million in vault cash, $6 million on deposit with the Fed, and $6 million in government securities. The reserve requirement is 20 percent. A person deposits a check for $10 million drawn on another bank. The maximum loan this bank can make once the check clears is
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Question 23
(1 point)
Assuming a reserve ratio of 10 percent, if a bank sells $100,000 in securities how much can the bank loan.
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What can be done to encourage Rachel's family to send her to school with healthier foods?
Share two activities will help children and their families understand different cultures.
submit a 200–300 word essay answering the Seminar questions listed. Your assignment should be composed in complete sentences and paragraphs. Be sure to answer all questions
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Unit 7 in the Online Review discusses one of the most important developments over the past two decades in the field of alcohol and drug studies: the “brain disease” model of addiction. Researchers and top administrators at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) have taken the lead in defining virtually all forms of addictive behavior—including alcohol dependence—as
chronic, relapsing diseases of the brain
. These advocates have used dramatic, high-tech images of the “addicted brain” and massive media campaigns, such as the HBO documentary,
Addiction
, to promote this individualistic viewpoint and to stress the need for research on pharmacological and biomedical interventions. At the same time, a number of critics have argued that the brain disease model ignores social and psychological factors involved in the etiology and treatment of addiction. They contend that drinking and drug use are unlike most diseases and involve choices and voluntary behavior. Finally, critics claim that the most effective treatments of addiction rely upon group relationships and personal decisions to change behavior.
Take a look at the material in Unit 7 of the Online Review. Use the “Resources” link to view two or three episodes of the HBO documentary,
Addiction
, and become familiar with the work and ideas of Dr. Nora Volkow, one of the foremost advocates of the brain disease model. Next, follow the links near the bottom of the “Lectures” page and read two brief essays by Sally Satel, a psychiatrist and critic of this biomedical approach to addiction. Then, post your 200-word (minimum) response to this controversial issue. What do you think of the “brain disease” model of alcohol and drug dependence? Is it a valid way of describing addiction? Is it helpful or harmful to the treatment process?
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Race-Based Interaction PatternsResourcesDiscussion and Partici.docxrudybinks
Race-Based Interaction Patterns
Resources
Discussion and Participation Scoring Guide
.
Consider how the issues discussed in this unit are related to the overall impact of race-based interaction patterns in our society.
For this discussion, answer the following:
Massey makes the point that spatial mobility is a barrier to social mobility—what is your interpretation of this concept?
In greater detail, consider how immigration settlement and spatial assimilation contribute to these patterns.
Do patterns of segregation differ for different minority groups?
With this in mind, do you think that forced integration, such as bussing students to increase diversity in public schools, is a viable solution?
What should be done, if anything to decrease this spatial barrier of neighborhood in a way that is beneficial to society overall?
Response Guidelines
Respond to at least two learners. Address whether you agree or disagree with your peer's response. Support your opinion with information from this week's readings.
.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Read it carefully!!!1. 3-5 typed pages double-spaced. 2. ci.docx
1. Read it carefully!!!
1. 3-5 typed pages double-spaced.
2. citing this textbook (no online research)
3. Make sure to have a thesis statement and use examples from
images that i attached.
4. Make sure you include examples from the majority of
chapters covered.
5. no plagiarism.
6. Here are the topics
Describe the development of depicting the human form from
Paleolithic art through the arts of Ancient near-East, Ancient
Egypt, the Aegean and Greek cultures.
Think about how humans are represented and what functions
representation of humans have served. Is there in fact a clear
“development”?
7.
Here is examples for citation. (use only this contents what i
wrote on this question and should see and use the picture what i
uploaded)
1. PALEOLITHIC and NEOLITHIC
-PALEOLISTHIC (OLD STONE AGE) ART, ca. 30,000–9000
BCE
VENUS OF WILLENDORF The composite feline-human from
Germany is exceptional for the Stone Age. The vast majority of
prehistoric sculptures depict either animals or humans. In the
earliest art, humankind consists almost exclusively of women as
opposed to men, and the painters and sculptors almost
invariably showed them nude, although scholars generally
2. assume that during the Ice Age both women and men wore
garments covering parts of their bodies. When archaeologists
first discovered Paleolithic statuettes of women, they dubbed
them “Venuses,” after the Greco-Roman goddess of beauty and
love, whom artists usually depicted nude (FIG. 5-62). The
nickname is inappropriate and misleading. It is doubtful that the
Old Stone Age figurines represented deities of any kind. One of
the oldest and the most famous of the prehistoric female figures
is the tiny limestone figurine of a woman that long has been
known as the Venus of Willendorf (FIG. 1-5) after its findspot
in Austria. Its cluster of almost ball-like shapes is unusual, the
result in part of the sculptor’s response to the natural shape of
the stone selected for carving. The anatomical exaggeration has
suggested to many that this and similar statuettes served as
fertility images. But other Paleolithic stone women of far more
slender proportions exist, and the meaning of these images is as
elusive as everything else about Paleolithic Paleolithic Art 3 1-
4 Human with feline head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany,
ca. 30,000–28,000 BCE. Mammoth ivory, 11 5 – 8 high. Ulmer
Museum, Ulm. One of the oldest known sculptures is this large
ivory figure of a human with a feline head. It is uncertain
whether the work depicts a composite creature or a human
wearing an animal mask. 1-5 Nude woman (Venus of Willendorf
), from Willendorf, Austria, ca. 28,000–25,000 BCE. Limestone,
4 1 – 4 high. Naturhistorisches Museum,Vienna. The anatomical
exaggerations in this tiny figurine from Willendorf are typical
of Paleolithic representations of women, whose child-bearing
capabilities ensured the survival of the species. 1 in. 1 in.
73558_02_Ch01_p001-015.qxd 10/20/08 8:10 AM Page 3 art.
Yet the preponderance of female over male figures in the Old
Stone Age seems to indicate a preoccupation with women,
whose child-bearing capabilities ensured the survival of the
species. One thing at least is clear. The Venus of Willendorf
sculptor did not aim for naturalism in shape and proportion. As
with most Paleolithic figures, the sculptor did not carve any
facial features. Here the carver suggested only a mass of curly
3. hair or, as some researchers have recently argued, a hat woven
from plant fibers—evidence for the art of textile manufacture at
a very early date. In either case, the emphasis is on female
anatomy. The breasts of the Willendorf woman are enormous,
far larger than the tiny forearms and hands that rest upon them.
The carver also took pains to scratch into the stone the outline
of the pubic triangle. Sculptors often omitted this detail in other
early figurines, leading some scholars to question the nature of
these figures as fertility images. Whatever the purpose of these
statuettes, the makers’ intent seems to have been to represent
not a specific woman but the female form.
-NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE AGE) ART, ca. 8000–2300 BCE
AIN GHAZAL Near Amman, Jordan, the construction of a
highway in 1974 revealed another important Neolithic
settlement in ancient Palestine at the site of Ain Ghazal,
occupied from ca. 7200 to ca. 5000 BCE. The inhabitants built
houses of irregularly shaped stones, but carefully plastered and
then painted their floors and walls red. The most striking finds
at Ain Ghazal, however, are two caches containing three dozen
plaster statuettes (FIG. 1-15) and busts, some with two heads,
datable to ca. 6500 BCE. The sculptures appear to have been
ritually buried. The figures were fashioned of white plaster,
which was built up over a core of reeds and twine. The sculptors
used black bitumen, a tarlike substance, to delineate the pupils
of the eyes. On some of the later figures painters added
clothing. Only rarely did the artists indicate the gender of the
figures. Whatever their purpose, by their size (as much as three
feet tall) and sophisticated technique, the Ain Ghazal statuettes
and busts are distinguished from Paleolithic figurines such as
the tiny Venus of Willendorf (FIG. 1-5) and even the foot-tall
Hohlenstein-Stadel ivory statuette (FIG. 1-4). They mark the
beginning of monumental sculpture in the ancient Near East.
4. 2. THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
-SUMERIAN ART, ca. 3500–2332 BCE
STANDARD OF UR Agriculture and trade brought considerable
wealth to some of the city-states of ancient Sumer. Nowhere is
this clearer than in the so-called Royal Cemetery at Ur, the city
that was home to the biblical Abraham. In the third millennium
BCE, the leading families of Ur buried their dead in chambers
beneath the earth. Scholars still debate whether these deceased
were true kings and queens or simply aristocrats and priests, but
the Sumerians laid them to rest in regal fashion. Archaeologists
exploring the Ur cemetery uncovered gold helmets and daggers
with handles of lapis lazuli (a rich azure-blue stone imported
from Afghanistan), golden beakers and bowls, jewelry of gold
and lapis, musical instruments, chariots, and other luxurious
items. Dozens of bodies were also found in the richest tombs. A
retinue of musicians, servants, charioteers, and soldiers was
sacrificed in order to accompany the “kings and queens” into
the afterlife. (Comparable rituals are documented in other
societies, for example, in ancient America.) Not the costliest
object found in the “royal” graves, but probably the most
significant from the viewpoint of the history of art, is the
socalled Standard of Ur (FIGS. 2-8 and 2-9). This rectangular
box of uncertain function has sloping sides inlaid with shell,
lapis lazuli, and red limestone. The excavator, Leonard
Woolley, thought the object was originally mounted on a pole,
and he considered it a kind of military standard—hence its
nickname. Art historians usually refer to the two long sides of
the box as the “war side”and “peace side,”but the two sides may
represent the first and second parts of a single narrative. The
artist divided each into three horizontal bands. The narrative
reads from left to right and bottom to top. On the war side (FIG.
2-8), four ass-drawn four-wheeled war chariots mow down
enemies, whose bodies appear on the ground in front of and
beneath the animals. The gait of the asses accelerates along the
band from left to right. Above, foot soldiers gather up and lead
away captured foes. In the uppermost register, soldiers present
5. bound captives (who have been stripped naked to degrade them)
to a kinglike figure, who has stepped out of his chariot. His
central place in the composition and his greater stature (his
head breaks through the border at the top) set him apart from all
the other figures.In the lowest band on the peace side (FIG. 2-
9), men carry provisions, possibly war booty, on their backs.
Above, attendants bring animals, perhaps also spoils of war, and
fish for the great banquet depicted in the uppermost register.
There, seated dignitaries and a larger-than-life “king” (third
from the left) feast, while a lyre player and singer entertain the
group. Art historians have interpreted the scene both as a
victory celebration and as a banquet in connection with cult
ritual. The two are not necessarily incompatible. The absence of
an inscription prevents connecting the scenes with a specific
event or person, but the Standard of Ur undoubtedly is another
early example of historical narrative.
-AKKADIAN PORTRAITURE
A magnificent copper head of an Akkadian king (FIG. 2-12)
found at Nineveh embodies this new concept of absolute
monarchy. The head is all that survives of a statue that was
knocked over in antiquity, perhaps when the Medes, a people
that occupied the land south of the Caspian Sea (MAP 2-1),
sacked Nineveh in 612 BCE. But the damage to the portrait was
not due solely to the statue’s toppling. There are also signs of
deliberate mutilation. To make a political statement, the enemy
gouged out the eyes (once inlaid with precious or semiprecious
stones), broke off the lower part of the beard, and slashed the
ears of the royal portrait. Nonetheless, the king’s majestic
serenity, dignity, and authority are evident. So, too, is the
masterful way the sculptor balanced naturalism and abstract
patterning. The artist carefully observed and recorded the man’s
distinctive features—the profile of the nose and the long, curly
beard—and brilliantly communicated the differing textures of
flesh and hair, even the contrasting textures of the mustache,
6. beard, and braided hair on the top of the head. The coiffure’s
triangles, lozenges, and overlapping disks of hair and the great
arching eyebrows that give so much character to the portrait
reveal that the sculptor was also sensitive to formal pattern. No
less remarkable is the fact this is a life-size, hollow-cast metal
sculpture (see “Hollow-Casting Life-Size Bronze Statues,”
Chapter 5, page 108), one of the earliest known. The head
demonstrates the artisan’s sophisticated skill in casting and
polishing copper and in engraving the details. The portrait is the
earliest known great monumental work of hollow-cast sculpture
3. Egypt
-TOMB OF TUTANKHAMEN The principal item that Carter
found in Tutankhamen’s tomb is the enshrined body of the
pharaoh himself. The royal mummy reposed in the innermost of
three coffins, nested one within the other. The innermost coffin
(FIG. 3-34) was the most luxurious of the three. Made of beaten
gold (about a quarter ton of it) and inlaid with semiprecious
stones such as lapis lazuli, turquoise, and carnelian, it is a
supreme monument to the sculptor’s and goldsmith’s crafts. The
portrait mask (FIG. 3-1), which covered the king’s face, is also
made of gold with inlaid semiprecious stones. It is a sensitive
portrayal of the serene adolescent king dressed in his official
regalia, including the nemes headdress and false beard. The
general effects of the mask and of the tomb treasures as a whole
are of grandeur and richness expressive of Egyptian power,
pride, and affluence. Although Tutankhamen probably was
considered too young to fight, his position as king required that
he be represented as a conqueror. He is shown as such in the
panels of a painted chest (FIG. 3-35) deposited in his tomb. The
lid panel shows the king as a successful hunter pursuing droves
of fleeing animals in the desert, and the side panel shows him as
a great warrior. From a war chariot pulled by spirited, plumed
horses, the pharaoh, shown larger than all other figures on the
chest, draws his bow against a cluster of bearded Asian
enemies, who fall in confusion before him. (The absence of a
7. ground line in an Egyptian painting or relief implies chaos and
death.) Tutankhamen slays the enemy, like game, in great
numbers. Behind him are three tiers of undersized war chariots,
which serve to magnify the king’s figure and to increase the
count of his warriors. The themes are traditional, but the fluid,
curvilinear forms are features reminiscent of the Amarna style.
4. Aegean cultures.
-SNAKE GODDESS One of the most striking finds at the palace
at Knossos was the faience (low-fired opaque glasslike silicate)
statuette popularly known as the Snake Goddess (FIG. 4-12).
Reconstructed from many pieces, it is one of several similar
figurines that some scholars believe may represent mortal
attendants rather than a deity, although the prominently exposed
breasts suggest that these figurines stand in the long line of
prehistoric fertility images usually considered divinities. The
Knossos woman holds snakes in her hands and also supports a
leopardlike feline on her head. This implied power over the
animal world also seems appropriate for a deity. The frontality
of the figure is reminiscent of Egyptian and Near Eastern
statuary, but the costume, with its open bodice and flounced
skirt, is distinctly Minoan. If the statuette represents a goddess,
as seems likely, then it is yet another example of how human
beings fashion their gods in their own image.
5. GREECE CULTURES
-VENUS DE MILO In the Hellenistic period, sculptors regularly
followed Praxiteles’ lead in undressing Aphrodite, but they also
openly explored the eroticism of the nude female form. The
famous Venus de Milo (FIG. 5-83) is a larger-than-life-size
marble statue of Aphrodite found on Melos together with its
inscribed base (now lost) signed by the sculptor, Alexandros of
Antioch-on-the-Meander. In this statue, the goddess of love is
more modestly draped than the Aphrodite of Knidos (FIG. 5-62)
but is more overtly sexual. Her left hand (separately preserved)
holds the apple Paris awarded her when he judged her the most
8. beautiful goddess of all. Her right hand may have lightly
grasped the edge of her drapery near the left hip in a halfhearted
attempt to keep it from slipping farther down her body.
The sculptor intentionally designed the work to tease the
spectator, imbuing his partially draped Aphrodite with a
sexuality absent from Praxiteles’ entirely nude image of the
goddess.
- ANAVYSOS KOUROS Sometime around 530 BCE a young
man named Kroisos died a hero’s death in battle, and his family
erected a kouros statue (FIG. 5-10) over his grave at Anavysos,
not far from Athens. Fortunately, some of the paint is preserved,
giving a better sense of the statue’s original appearance. The
inscribed base invites visitors to “stay and mourn at the tomb of
dead Kroisos, whom raging Ares destroyed one day as he fought
in the foremost ranks.” The statue, with its distinctive Archaic
smile, is no more a portrait of a specific youth than is the New
York kouros. But two generations later, without rejecting the
Egyptian stance, the Greek sculptor rendered the human body in
a far more naturalistic manner. The head is no longer too large
for the body, and the face is more rounded, with swelling
cheeks replacing the flat planes of the earlier work. The long
hair does not form a stiff backdrop to the head but falls
naturally over the back. Rounded hips replace the V-shaped
ridges of the New York kouros.