La communication entend présenter les principales approches contemporaines de la notion de frontière. La deuxième partie du document est consacrée à une approche alternative des processus frontièrisation en se concentrant davantage sur la relation entre la frontière et la mobilité plutôt qu’entre frontière et territoire relation rencontrée fréquemment dans la littérature. La frontière est définie comme frontière-réseau composé d’unités d’espace-temps (aéroport, port maritime, l’espace public par exemple) où des humains (bureaucrates dans les consulats, les gardes-frontières, les agents de liaison, des voyageurs, etc.) et de non-humains (bases de données, des lois, des procédures) interagissent pour objectif de produire des pratiques de souveraineté étatique. Une attention particulière est accordée à la relation entre l’Europe et les pays du sud de la Méditerranée dans une troisième partie. Basé sur le concept de frontière-réseau, il est possible d’analyser la politique européenne de la mobilité en ce qui concerne les pays du sud de la Méditerranée, en accordant une attention particulière aux dispositifs de sécurité qui tendent à accélérer la mobilité des voyageurs légitimes, d’une part, et à filtrer et à bloquer les indésirables, les personnes soupçonnées de contourner les lois de l’immigration, d’autre part. Toute personne en mobilité est soumise à la surveillance mais certains sont placés sont contrôle. La dernière partie de la communication est consacrée à l’analyse qui pourrait être faite du contrôle à l’aéroport à partir du concept de frontière-réseau.
Mariya Polner (WCO, Brussels) : "Border Control Technologies: general trends ...antiAtlas of Borders
La protection de la souveraineté a toujours été la principale tâche de l’Etat, depuis sa création, en lien avec une autre fonction importante, celle de différencier le «nous» du «eux». Ainsi, les frontières ne servent pas seulement comme de seuils vers un territoire particulier, mais aussi comme les manifestations de la souveraineté de l’Etat. Dans le même temps, dans un monde globalisé où l’interconnexion et l’intégration sont les dynamiques clés pour influer sur la croissance économique et le développement social, les décideurs ont de plus en plus conscience de la nécessité d’accélérer la réforme de la réglementation de la gestion des frontières pour réduire les obstacles inutiles et les charges qui present sur le commerce. Le dilemme qui consiste à mettre en balance la sécurité (et dans une certaine mesure, la souveraineté de l’Etat) et la facilitation du commerce a poussé les États et les organisations internationales à rechercher des solutions différentes, inscrites dans tout un ensemble de politiques et de normes nouvellement créées. Cette présentation abordera une petite partie de la «machine» de la gestion des frontières globale: celle des technologies de contrôle des frontières. Avec les progrès technologiques, en fonction des nouveaux outils utilisés dans les opérations quotidiennes, les agences de contrôle des frontières se réinventent et réinventent la façon dont elles opèrent. Par conséquent, le suivi du développement des technologies de frontières donne un aperçu intéressant sur le fonctionnement de l’État et de ses politiques.
Ruben Hernandez-Léon_The Migration industry : Charting the relations of facil...antiAtlas of Borders
The document discusses the migration industry (MI), which comprises entrepreneurs and services that facilitate international mobility for financial gain. It outlines different actors within the MI, including smugglers and document providers, as well as related industries like control and rescue. It adapts Zolberg's model of immigration politics to chart the relations between facilitators, control actors, and rescue organizations. The MI exists within a field including governments, migrants, and other stakeholders, with the potential for actors to move between roles and form unexpected alliances.
Stéphane Rosière (Université de Reims, France) : "Which (de)materialization f...antiAtlas of Borders
Les frontières internationales contemporaines sont caractérisées par un processus, en apparence contradictoire, de virtualisation ou d’effacement et de matérialisation. La virtualisation résulte de la porosité grandissante des frontières traversées par des flux de plus en plus importants. Les frontières s’effaceraient donc, ou se feraient «discrètes», elles seraient aussi marquées par une logique de délinéarisation et déterritorialisation (développement de frontières “punctiformes”, comme dans les aéroports). Cependant, dans le même temps, les frontières sont marquées par un processus de sur-matérialisation avec la construction de nombreuses “barrières” (Israël, États-Unis, Arabie saoudite, Ceuta et Melilla, etc.) souvent appelées “murs”. Cette présentation tentera de montrer comme ces dynamiques, loin d’être contradictoires, sont plutôt liées dans une logique de hiérarchisation des flux dans laquelle l’homme apparaît plus problématique que les marchandises.
Summer School “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, July 1-3, 2017
Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
The Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, in collaboration with the Jean Monnet Chair of the Democritus University of Thrace organize a summer school entitled “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, that will take place in July 1-3, at the Conference Room of the University of Macedonia.
Operation Streamline is a program that criminally prosecutes all immigrants apprehended illegally crossing the U.S.-Mexico border prior to deporting them, in an effort to deter illegal immigration. It instates a zero-tolerance policy towards illegal border crossings. Previous strategies to curb illegal immigration have included border blockades, constructing physical and virtual border fences using technology, deploying the National Guard to support Border Patrol efforts, and prosecuting those caught trying to cross the border illegally.
Understanding Diplomatic Privileges and ImmunitiesKai Bruns
Campus talk @Middlesex University in Dubai
An internal US inspection report released this summer criticized the US ambassador to the UAE, HE Michael Corbin, for misusing parts of his diplomatic privileges. Not only in the UAE the granting of diplomatic privileges and immunities is a controversially debated topic. In the public eye diplomats seem to enjoy traditional prerogatives enabling them to float above the law. In the light of abuses of diplomatic immunities such as parking, speeding or even more serious crimes such as drug and people trafficking the upcoming Monday night speaker lecture will raise the question why states grant diplomatic immunities.
In order to create a basic understanding the lecture will analyze the historical evolution of legal doctrines underlying the concession of diplomatic privileges and immunities. Diplomatic law governing the inviolability of permanent mission premises and immunities of their staff are regulated in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR). We will look at the codification history of the VCDR and discuss cases of abuses of diplomatic immunities in order to get a feel for the link between legal theory and diplomatic practice to deepen our understanding of the benefits of such long-standing diplomatic practice.
This document discusses diplomatic envoys and diplomatic immunity. It begins by defining a diplomat as a public officer who conducts official negotiations and maintains relations between governments. It then discusses the historical evolution of diplomatic immunity from ancient periods to modern diplomacy. Key points included are that diplomatic immunity first became established to allow for safe negotiations, and the Vienna Convention of 1961 codified current diplomatic law and classifications of envoys such as ambassadors, ministers, and charges d'affairs. The document concludes by outlining the immunities granted to diplomatic agents under the Vienna Convention, such as inviolability of person, premises, and communications.
Mariya Polner (WCO, Brussels) : "Border Control Technologies: general trends ...antiAtlas of Borders
La protection de la souveraineté a toujours été la principale tâche de l’Etat, depuis sa création, en lien avec une autre fonction importante, celle de différencier le «nous» du «eux». Ainsi, les frontières ne servent pas seulement comme de seuils vers un territoire particulier, mais aussi comme les manifestations de la souveraineté de l’Etat. Dans le même temps, dans un monde globalisé où l’interconnexion et l’intégration sont les dynamiques clés pour influer sur la croissance économique et le développement social, les décideurs ont de plus en plus conscience de la nécessité d’accélérer la réforme de la réglementation de la gestion des frontières pour réduire les obstacles inutiles et les charges qui present sur le commerce. Le dilemme qui consiste à mettre en balance la sécurité (et dans une certaine mesure, la souveraineté de l’Etat) et la facilitation du commerce a poussé les États et les organisations internationales à rechercher des solutions différentes, inscrites dans tout un ensemble de politiques et de normes nouvellement créées. Cette présentation abordera une petite partie de la «machine» de la gestion des frontières globale: celle des technologies de contrôle des frontières. Avec les progrès technologiques, en fonction des nouveaux outils utilisés dans les opérations quotidiennes, les agences de contrôle des frontières se réinventent et réinventent la façon dont elles opèrent. Par conséquent, le suivi du développement des technologies de frontières donne un aperçu intéressant sur le fonctionnement de l’État et de ses politiques.
Ruben Hernandez-Léon_The Migration industry : Charting the relations of facil...antiAtlas of Borders
The document discusses the migration industry (MI), which comprises entrepreneurs and services that facilitate international mobility for financial gain. It outlines different actors within the MI, including smugglers and document providers, as well as related industries like control and rescue. It adapts Zolberg's model of immigration politics to chart the relations between facilitators, control actors, and rescue organizations. The MI exists within a field including governments, migrants, and other stakeholders, with the potential for actors to move between roles and form unexpected alliances.
Stéphane Rosière (Université de Reims, France) : "Which (de)materialization f...antiAtlas of Borders
Les frontières internationales contemporaines sont caractérisées par un processus, en apparence contradictoire, de virtualisation ou d’effacement et de matérialisation. La virtualisation résulte de la porosité grandissante des frontières traversées par des flux de plus en plus importants. Les frontières s’effaceraient donc, ou se feraient «discrètes», elles seraient aussi marquées par une logique de délinéarisation et déterritorialisation (développement de frontières “punctiformes”, comme dans les aéroports). Cependant, dans le même temps, les frontières sont marquées par un processus de sur-matérialisation avec la construction de nombreuses “barrières” (Israël, États-Unis, Arabie saoudite, Ceuta et Melilla, etc.) souvent appelées “murs”. Cette présentation tentera de montrer comme ces dynamiques, loin d’être contradictoires, sont plutôt liées dans une logique de hiérarchisation des flux dans laquelle l’homme apparaît plus problématique que les marchandises.
Summer School “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, July 1-3, 2017
Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
The Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, in collaboration with the Jean Monnet Chair of the Democritus University of Thrace organize a summer school entitled “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, that will take place in July 1-3, at the Conference Room of the University of Macedonia.
Operation Streamline is a program that criminally prosecutes all immigrants apprehended illegally crossing the U.S.-Mexico border prior to deporting them, in an effort to deter illegal immigration. It instates a zero-tolerance policy towards illegal border crossings. Previous strategies to curb illegal immigration have included border blockades, constructing physical and virtual border fences using technology, deploying the National Guard to support Border Patrol efforts, and prosecuting those caught trying to cross the border illegally.
Understanding Diplomatic Privileges and ImmunitiesKai Bruns
Campus talk @Middlesex University in Dubai
An internal US inspection report released this summer criticized the US ambassador to the UAE, HE Michael Corbin, for misusing parts of his diplomatic privileges. Not only in the UAE the granting of diplomatic privileges and immunities is a controversially debated topic. In the public eye diplomats seem to enjoy traditional prerogatives enabling them to float above the law. In the light of abuses of diplomatic immunities such as parking, speeding or even more serious crimes such as drug and people trafficking the upcoming Monday night speaker lecture will raise the question why states grant diplomatic immunities.
In order to create a basic understanding the lecture will analyze the historical evolution of legal doctrines underlying the concession of diplomatic privileges and immunities. Diplomatic law governing the inviolability of permanent mission premises and immunities of their staff are regulated in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR). We will look at the codification history of the VCDR and discuss cases of abuses of diplomatic immunities in order to get a feel for the link between legal theory and diplomatic practice to deepen our understanding of the benefits of such long-standing diplomatic practice.
This document discusses diplomatic envoys and diplomatic immunity. It begins by defining a diplomat as a public officer who conducts official negotiations and maintains relations between governments. It then discusses the historical evolution of diplomatic immunity from ancient periods to modern diplomacy. Key points included are that diplomatic immunity first became established to allow for safe negotiations, and the Vienna Convention of 1961 codified current diplomatic law and classifications of envoys such as ambassadors, ministers, and charges d'affairs. The document concludes by outlining the immunities granted to diplomatic agents under the Vienna Convention, such as inviolability of person, premises, and communications.
This document provides an overview of diplomatic law and international relations. It begins with a forward noting the long history of diplomacy dating back to relationships between states in Roman times. It then discusses key concepts like jus legationis, the flexible nature of diplomatic law, and changes in diplomacy over time including the increasing role of multilateral organizations and use of new technologies. The document also summarizes major international agreements relevant to diplomatic law like the Vienna Conventions and the UN Charter. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to the major topics, historical development, and legal foundations of diplomatic law and relations between states.
This document discusses mixed migration and UNHCR's role. Mixed migration refers to groups of people traveling together irregularly but for different reasons, such as fleeing conflict or seeking better opportunities. These groups are complex and can include refugees, victims of trafficking, migrants, and others with varying needs. Unregulated migration poses challenges and risks refoulement. UNHCR works to ensure migration policies address protection needs, provide expertise to related issues like trafficking, and advocate for human rights regardless of legal status. It collects data, develops guidance and supports states and partners on mixed migration challenges.
Ricardo Baretzky is the president of the European Centre for Information Policy and Security (ECIPS) and CyberPOL organization. He is considered an expert in cyber security, humanitarian law, and combating terrorism. Baretzky propagated the approval of ECIPS and CyberPOL by international decree. He warns that cyber vulnerabilities will cause critical infrastructure around the world to halt as cyber crime and corruption increase. Baretzky has spoken before numerous government bodies on issues of cyber security, crime, and policy reform.
Diplomatic immunity refers to exemptions from a host country's laws granted to foreign diplomats and international organizations. The protection of diplomats has historical roots and was traditionally justified through religious and natural law concepts. Over time, diplomatic immunity evolved into formal laws and treaties as the number and types of exemptions expanded. In the 20th century, some restrictions were placed on diplomatic privileges in response to perceived abuses, though diplomats still face harassment and legal issues in some countries.
This document provides a comparative analysis of United States and Mexico border security strategies. It discusses the history of border policies since the 1920s and analyzes current challenges at the 1,290 mile border related to trade, crime, migration and terrorism. The research assesses recent US security initiatives involving fences, technology and personnel and examines Mexico's focus on organized crime and human rights. Interviews with scholars and officials revealed agreement that combating organized crime requires bilateral cooperation but differing views on physical barriers. The conclusion recommends a joint approach including immigration reform and initiatives like the Merida Initiative for a more efficient and secure border.
The document summarizes the case of the "Durban Six", six political leaders in South Africa who sought refuge at the British Consulate in Durban to escape arrest and persecution by the South African government for opposing its policies. While the consulate provided a temporary safe haven, their requests for asylum were denied by the US, France, Germany and the Netherlands due to diplomatic issues. The case raises questions around whether diplomatic asylum was justified given the illegality of apartheid in South Africa and obligations under international human rights law. It argues that codifying diplomatic asylum could help protect victims of human rights violations in the future.
The Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption is an international agreement between countries to establish best practices for intercountry adoptions. It aims to consider the best interests of children and prevent exploitation. Each country designates a Central Authority to facilitate accurate information sharing. The U.S. State Department is the Central Authority and making the U.S. compliant is a top priority. The Convention was completed in 1993 and the U.S. ratified it in 2007, requiring accredited adoption agencies for adoptions between the U.S. and other signatories starting in 2008.
EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINSST INSURGENCYApewalen Samuel MBA, PFSO
The document discusses protecting critical infrastructure from insurgency in West Africa. It outlines that critical infrastructure is vital to any economy and must be protected from threats. Insurgent activity in West Africa, such as bombings and kidnappings, pose a risk to critical infrastructure. Effective protection requires collaboration between government security forces and private infrastructure owners, as well as risk assessments to determine how to apply resources.
Can we put an end to human smuggling? OECD Policy BriefOECD Governance
Policy Brief analysing the factors that facilitate human trafficking, as well as the known smuggling routes to OECD countries. Synthesising the evidence and reviewing current policy tools for tackling such crime this policy brief emphasises the need to undermine the business model of smugglers, including by reducing the demand for smuggling, fighting against corruption and addressing the root causes for irregular migration. For more information on OECD work on human trafficking and migration see:
www.oecd.org/migration/migration-policy-debates.htm
www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/human-trafficking.htm
Migration refers to the movement of people between locations. It includes both international cross-border
movement as well as internal movement within a country. Migrants choose to move for a variety of reasons
including work, family reunification, or to escape poor living conditions. Immigration is the specific process
where non-nationals move to another country permanently or temporarily, while emigration is the process
of leaving one's country of origin. There are many different types of migrants that are defined based on
their reasons for moving and legal status.
UNIDROIT - International law on the protection of cultural property. The 1995...UNESCO Venice Office
FIGHTING AGAINST THE ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF CULTURAL PROPERTY
Cross-border training workshop for relevant authorities of
Montenegro and Serbia
Rome (Italy), 20-24 November 2017
Presentation for TechCamp Phnom Penh, September 25 - 26 Phnom Penh. A *very* basic refresher on Anti-Trafficking law, with illustrations by Prom Vannak and Kim Phally.
The document summarizes US-Mexico relations and agreements around curbing illegal immigration. It notes that while the US focuses on militarizing the border, this burdens Mexico more through environmental and crime impacts. Bilateral agreements in the 1990s and 2000s focused more on security than addressing migration root causes. NAFTA improved trade but hurt Mexican farmers and increased immigration. The US prioritizes control over ending undocumented entry. Suggestions include defining a long-term integration vision, reducing unilateralism, and addressing migration causes.
The document discusses EU policies on migration and mobility in a global context. It outlines the main approaches to analyzing migration policy, and distinguishes between migration and mobility. It then examines migration and mobility from an EU perspective, noting that internal EU mobility is framed as a freedom of movement. The document also outlines challenges the EU faces in external cooperation on migration, including having 27 sovereign states with differing interests and priorities.
This document defines diplomacy and discusses its functions, both bilateral and multilateral forms. Diplomacy is the application of intelligence and tact to conduct relations between independent states through official representatives. Its key functions include representing state interests, obtaining and reporting information, policymaking, and providing consular services. The document also outlines legal aspects of diplomacy like immunity, persona non grata status, and asylum. It notes the shift toward more multilateral diplomacy conducted through international organizations and conferences.
Joana Moll (Media Artist, Spain) : "Move and Get Shot. Surveillance through s...antiAtlas of Borders
“The Texas Border” and “AZ: move and get shot” sont deux œuvres d’art numérique qui explorent le phénomène de la surveillance sur Internet effectué par des civils à la frontière entre le Mexique et les États-Unis à partir de plateformes mises en place par les autorités américaines. Beaucoup de ces plateformes en ligne sont apparues lors du développement des réseaux sociaux dont la structure a été adoptée comme une alternative moins chère et plus efficace pour surveiller la frontière. Ainsi, l’activité de loisir est devenue un outil pour la militarisation de la société civile. Cette présentation exposera le processus de recherche derrière les deux œuvres d’art et analysera l’évolution de certaines de ces plateformes internet depuis leur création jusqu’à nos jours.
Federica Infantino (FNRS/Université Libre de Bruxelles (Cevipol), Sciences Po...antiAtlas of Borders
Cette contribution explore les réponses de l’État à l’immigration dans le cadre de mode de régulation qui impliqunt davantages d’acteurs non étatiques (Guiraudon & Lahav, 2000). Il se concentre sur le cas des États Schengen qui coopèrent avec des prestataires privés pour mettre en œuvre leur politique de visas. Cette présentation applique le cadre théorique de la bureaucratie de proximité à un champ d’étude inhabituel: la frontière politique plutôt que la politique sociale. Reposant sur une enquête de terrain approfondie de (12 mois) effectué dans les consulats de Belgique, de France, d’Italie et de leurs centres de demande de visa par rapport à Casablanca, elle étudie le processus d’externalisation des services de visa au Maroc. L’objectif est double: identifier les processus conduisant à la gouvernance publique/privé comme mode émergent de la gestion des frontières Schengen; évaluer comment cette coopération public/privé change les conditions de coopération dans lesquelles la politique des visas est mis en œuvre et modifier les politiques publiques.
This document discusses Islamophobia, including its definition, causes, manifestations, and effects. It defines Islamophobia as an irrational fear or dislike of Islam and Muslims that can lead to prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination and hatred. The document explores several causes of Islamophobia like ignorance of Islam, negative media portrayals, and actions by anti-Muslim groups. It describes how Islamophobia manifests through discrimination, hate speech, laws targeting Muslims, and general social exclusion. Finally, the document outlines some negative effects of Islamophobia like preventing Muslim participation, social unrest, and potential radicalization. It suggests interventions like anti-discrimination laws, education, awareness campaigns, and the work of NGOs to help
This document discusses the concept of human security. It provides background on how human security became part of international discourse in 1994. It then outlines three conceptions of human security and debates around defining and applying the concept. Key risks to human security are also examined, such as state failure, organized violence, relative poverty, and threats from pandemics, environmental degradation, and terrorism.
Nick Mai (LAMES, AMU/CNRS, France, London Metropolitan University, UK) “ ‘Ass...antiAtlas of Borders
La protection humanitaire des groupes de migrants vulnérables a imposé de nouvelles frontières biographiques. Les migrants cherchent à obtenir la bienveillance de l’Etat et un statut légal en réalisant et incorporant des discours humanitaires mettant l’accent sur la victimisation et de la souffrance. Seuls ceux dont les performances de souffrance en tant que sujets dignes de protection humanitaire sont jugés crédibles et bénéficient d’une telle protection. Genre et sexualité sont devenus des répertoires narratifs stratégiques à travers lequel les frontières humanitaires et biographiques sont inscrites sur les corps des migrants. Le projet “Emborders”, à la fois projet de realization cinématographique et de recherché scientifique, reproduit les différentes représentations et les récits des migrants ciblés par la protection humanitaire tels qu’ils ressortent des entretiens avec les autorités, avec des chercheurs en sciences sociales ainsi qu’avec les autres migrants et les familles. Il s’appuie sur des histoires vraies et des gens réels, qui sont jouées par des acteurs afin de protéger l’identité des personnes interrogées originaux et refléter la nature intrinsèquement fictive de toute narration de soi. En utilisant des acteurs pour reproduire de vraies personnes et des histoires de la vie réelle, le projet remet en cause ce qui constitue finalement une réalité crédible et acceptable en termes scientifiques, filmiques et humanitaires. Samira est une installation d’art-science à deux écrans, présentant l’histoire de Karim. Elle assemble différents moments et scripts ethnographiques tels qu’ils sont apparus à travers le travail de terrain à Marseille. Karim est un homme migrant algérien commerçant le sexe, tout comme SAMIRA, la nuit à Marseille. Il a quitté l’Algérie comme un jeune homme dont les seins commençaient à se développer à la suite de la prise d’hormones ce qui lui a permis d’obtenir l’asile en France, en tant que femme transgenre. Vingt ans plus tard, alors que son père se meurt et que Samira/Karim est en passe de devenir le chef de la famille, elle se fait chirurgicalement enlever les seins et se marie avec une femme afin d’obtenir un nouveau passeport lui permettant de retourner en Algérie pour assumer son nouveau rôle.
This document provides an overview of diplomatic law and international relations. It begins with a forward noting the long history of diplomacy dating back to relationships between states in Roman times. It then discusses key concepts like jus legationis, the flexible nature of diplomatic law, and changes in diplomacy over time including the increasing role of multilateral organizations and use of new technologies. The document also summarizes major international agreements relevant to diplomatic law like the Vienna Conventions and the UN Charter. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to the major topics, historical development, and legal foundations of diplomatic law and relations between states.
This document discusses mixed migration and UNHCR's role. Mixed migration refers to groups of people traveling together irregularly but for different reasons, such as fleeing conflict or seeking better opportunities. These groups are complex and can include refugees, victims of trafficking, migrants, and others with varying needs. Unregulated migration poses challenges and risks refoulement. UNHCR works to ensure migration policies address protection needs, provide expertise to related issues like trafficking, and advocate for human rights regardless of legal status. It collects data, develops guidance and supports states and partners on mixed migration challenges.
Ricardo Baretzky is the president of the European Centre for Information Policy and Security (ECIPS) and CyberPOL organization. He is considered an expert in cyber security, humanitarian law, and combating terrorism. Baretzky propagated the approval of ECIPS and CyberPOL by international decree. He warns that cyber vulnerabilities will cause critical infrastructure around the world to halt as cyber crime and corruption increase. Baretzky has spoken before numerous government bodies on issues of cyber security, crime, and policy reform.
Diplomatic immunity refers to exemptions from a host country's laws granted to foreign diplomats and international organizations. The protection of diplomats has historical roots and was traditionally justified through religious and natural law concepts. Over time, diplomatic immunity evolved into formal laws and treaties as the number and types of exemptions expanded. In the 20th century, some restrictions were placed on diplomatic privileges in response to perceived abuses, though diplomats still face harassment and legal issues in some countries.
This document provides a comparative analysis of United States and Mexico border security strategies. It discusses the history of border policies since the 1920s and analyzes current challenges at the 1,290 mile border related to trade, crime, migration and terrorism. The research assesses recent US security initiatives involving fences, technology and personnel and examines Mexico's focus on organized crime and human rights. Interviews with scholars and officials revealed agreement that combating organized crime requires bilateral cooperation but differing views on physical barriers. The conclusion recommends a joint approach including immigration reform and initiatives like the Merida Initiative for a more efficient and secure border.
The document summarizes the case of the "Durban Six", six political leaders in South Africa who sought refuge at the British Consulate in Durban to escape arrest and persecution by the South African government for opposing its policies. While the consulate provided a temporary safe haven, their requests for asylum were denied by the US, France, Germany and the Netherlands due to diplomatic issues. The case raises questions around whether diplomatic asylum was justified given the illegality of apartheid in South Africa and obligations under international human rights law. It argues that codifying diplomatic asylum could help protect victims of human rights violations in the future.
The Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption is an international agreement between countries to establish best practices for intercountry adoptions. It aims to consider the best interests of children and prevent exploitation. Each country designates a Central Authority to facilitate accurate information sharing. The U.S. State Department is the Central Authority and making the U.S. compliant is a top priority. The Convention was completed in 1993 and the U.S. ratified it in 2007, requiring accredited adoption agencies for adoptions between the U.S. and other signatories starting in 2008.
EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINSST INSURGENCYApewalen Samuel MBA, PFSO
The document discusses protecting critical infrastructure from insurgency in West Africa. It outlines that critical infrastructure is vital to any economy and must be protected from threats. Insurgent activity in West Africa, such as bombings and kidnappings, pose a risk to critical infrastructure. Effective protection requires collaboration between government security forces and private infrastructure owners, as well as risk assessments to determine how to apply resources.
Can we put an end to human smuggling? OECD Policy BriefOECD Governance
Policy Brief analysing the factors that facilitate human trafficking, as well as the known smuggling routes to OECD countries. Synthesising the evidence and reviewing current policy tools for tackling such crime this policy brief emphasises the need to undermine the business model of smugglers, including by reducing the demand for smuggling, fighting against corruption and addressing the root causes for irregular migration. For more information on OECD work on human trafficking and migration see:
www.oecd.org/migration/migration-policy-debates.htm
www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/human-trafficking.htm
Migration refers to the movement of people between locations. It includes both international cross-border
movement as well as internal movement within a country. Migrants choose to move for a variety of reasons
including work, family reunification, or to escape poor living conditions. Immigration is the specific process
where non-nationals move to another country permanently or temporarily, while emigration is the process
of leaving one's country of origin. There are many different types of migrants that are defined based on
their reasons for moving and legal status.
UNIDROIT - International law on the protection of cultural property. The 1995...UNESCO Venice Office
FIGHTING AGAINST THE ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF CULTURAL PROPERTY
Cross-border training workshop for relevant authorities of
Montenegro and Serbia
Rome (Italy), 20-24 November 2017
Presentation for TechCamp Phnom Penh, September 25 - 26 Phnom Penh. A *very* basic refresher on Anti-Trafficking law, with illustrations by Prom Vannak and Kim Phally.
The document summarizes US-Mexico relations and agreements around curbing illegal immigration. It notes that while the US focuses on militarizing the border, this burdens Mexico more through environmental and crime impacts. Bilateral agreements in the 1990s and 2000s focused more on security than addressing migration root causes. NAFTA improved trade but hurt Mexican farmers and increased immigration. The US prioritizes control over ending undocumented entry. Suggestions include defining a long-term integration vision, reducing unilateralism, and addressing migration causes.
The document discusses EU policies on migration and mobility in a global context. It outlines the main approaches to analyzing migration policy, and distinguishes between migration and mobility. It then examines migration and mobility from an EU perspective, noting that internal EU mobility is framed as a freedom of movement. The document also outlines challenges the EU faces in external cooperation on migration, including having 27 sovereign states with differing interests and priorities.
This document defines diplomacy and discusses its functions, both bilateral and multilateral forms. Diplomacy is the application of intelligence and tact to conduct relations between independent states through official representatives. Its key functions include representing state interests, obtaining and reporting information, policymaking, and providing consular services. The document also outlines legal aspects of diplomacy like immunity, persona non grata status, and asylum. It notes the shift toward more multilateral diplomacy conducted through international organizations and conferences.
Joana Moll (Media Artist, Spain) : "Move and Get Shot. Surveillance through s...antiAtlas of Borders
“The Texas Border” and “AZ: move and get shot” sont deux œuvres d’art numérique qui explorent le phénomène de la surveillance sur Internet effectué par des civils à la frontière entre le Mexique et les États-Unis à partir de plateformes mises en place par les autorités américaines. Beaucoup de ces plateformes en ligne sont apparues lors du développement des réseaux sociaux dont la structure a été adoptée comme une alternative moins chère et plus efficace pour surveiller la frontière. Ainsi, l’activité de loisir est devenue un outil pour la militarisation de la société civile. Cette présentation exposera le processus de recherche derrière les deux œuvres d’art et analysera l’évolution de certaines de ces plateformes internet depuis leur création jusqu’à nos jours.
Federica Infantino (FNRS/Université Libre de Bruxelles (Cevipol), Sciences Po...antiAtlas of Borders
Cette contribution explore les réponses de l’État à l’immigration dans le cadre de mode de régulation qui impliqunt davantages d’acteurs non étatiques (Guiraudon & Lahav, 2000). Il se concentre sur le cas des États Schengen qui coopèrent avec des prestataires privés pour mettre en œuvre leur politique de visas. Cette présentation applique le cadre théorique de la bureaucratie de proximité à un champ d’étude inhabituel: la frontière politique plutôt que la politique sociale. Reposant sur une enquête de terrain approfondie de (12 mois) effectué dans les consulats de Belgique, de France, d’Italie et de leurs centres de demande de visa par rapport à Casablanca, elle étudie le processus d’externalisation des services de visa au Maroc. L’objectif est double: identifier les processus conduisant à la gouvernance publique/privé comme mode émergent de la gestion des frontières Schengen; évaluer comment cette coopération public/privé change les conditions de coopération dans lesquelles la politique des visas est mis en œuvre et modifier les politiques publiques.
This document discusses Islamophobia, including its definition, causes, manifestations, and effects. It defines Islamophobia as an irrational fear or dislike of Islam and Muslims that can lead to prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination and hatred. The document explores several causes of Islamophobia like ignorance of Islam, negative media portrayals, and actions by anti-Muslim groups. It describes how Islamophobia manifests through discrimination, hate speech, laws targeting Muslims, and general social exclusion. Finally, the document outlines some negative effects of Islamophobia like preventing Muslim participation, social unrest, and potential radicalization. It suggests interventions like anti-discrimination laws, education, awareness campaigns, and the work of NGOs to help
This document discusses the concept of human security. It provides background on how human security became part of international discourse in 1994. It then outlines three conceptions of human security and debates around defining and applying the concept. Key risks to human security are also examined, such as state failure, organized violence, relative poverty, and threats from pandemics, environmental degradation, and terrorism.
Nick Mai (LAMES, AMU/CNRS, France, London Metropolitan University, UK) “ ‘Ass...antiAtlas of Borders
La protection humanitaire des groupes de migrants vulnérables a imposé de nouvelles frontières biographiques. Les migrants cherchent à obtenir la bienveillance de l’Etat et un statut légal en réalisant et incorporant des discours humanitaires mettant l’accent sur la victimisation et de la souffrance. Seuls ceux dont les performances de souffrance en tant que sujets dignes de protection humanitaire sont jugés crédibles et bénéficient d’une telle protection. Genre et sexualité sont devenus des répertoires narratifs stratégiques à travers lequel les frontières humanitaires et biographiques sont inscrites sur les corps des migrants. Le projet “Emborders”, à la fois projet de realization cinématographique et de recherché scientifique, reproduit les différentes représentations et les récits des migrants ciblés par la protection humanitaire tels qu’ils ressortent des entretiens avec les autorités, avec des chercheurs en sciences sociales ainsi qu’avec les autres migrants et les familles. Il s’appuie sur des histoires vraies et des gens réels, qui sont jouées par des acteurs afin de protéger l’identité des personnes interrogées originaux et refléter la nature intrinsèquement fictive de toute narration de soi. En utilisant des acteurs pour reproduire de vraies personnes et des histoires de la vie réelle, le projet remet en cause ce qui constitue finalement une réalité crédible et acceptable en termes scientifiques, filmiques et humanitaires. Samira est une installation d’art-science à deux écrans, présentant l’histoire de Karim. Elle assemble différents moments et scripts ethnographiques tels qu’ils sont apparus à travers le travail de terrain à Marseille. Karim est un homme migrant algérien commerçant le sexe, tout comme SAMIRA, la nuit à Marseille. Il a quitté l’Algérie comme un jeune homme dont les seins commençaient à se développer à la suite de la prise d’hormones ce qui lui a permis d’obtenir l’asile en France, en tant que femme transgenre. Vingt ans plus tard, alors que son père se meurt et que Samira/Karim est en passe de devenir le chef de la famille, elle se fait chirurgicalement enlever les seins et se marie avec une femme afin d’obtenir un nouveau passeport lui permettant de retourner en Algérie pour assumer son nouveau rôle.
Thomas Cantens (WCO, Brussels, EHESS, Marseille) : "Le temps et l'argent de l...antiAtlas of Borders
A partir d’une réflexion sur les projets d’aide publique au développement et les travaux de normalisation et de régulation du commerce menés dans les institutions internationales, la communication étudiera le passage des marchandises en frontière. Bien que souvent présentée dans le cadre contemporain de la globalisation et attachée aux paradigmes du développement, la flexibilité accordée au passage des marchandises est ancienne, liée à la circulation et l’accumulation de richesses et la représentation de l’abondance au-delà du territoire ou de la communauté. A partir de l’observation des pratiques commerçantes et administratives, la communication montrera comment les frontières sont des espaces de calculs suivant une topologie spécifique.
Fabien Fischer, Lauriane Houbey, Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary et Sarah Mekdjian (...antiAtlas of Borders
Cette communication rend compte du projet, mené conjointement par des chercheurs, des artistes et des migrants, de cartographier l’entre-deux migratoire de manière créative et critique. Cette expérience d’ateliers de cartographie participative, entre art et science, porte aussi sur l’entre-deux d’un point de vue méthodologique, c’est-à-dire sur les conditions de mises en relation des acteurs d’un projet de recherche et de création. Comment créer un cadre d’échanges entre les chercheurs, les artistes et les personnes invitées en raison de leurs parcours migratoires ? Sur de nombreuses cartes scientifiques, les espaces parcourus par les migrants pendant leurs voyages sont souvent survolés par des flèches, qui désignent des flux ou la direction de trajectoires. Les expériences de franchissements frontaliers sont pourtant des événements très significatifs dans les histoires migratoires individuelles. Pour les personnes qui n’ont pas de droit de séjour, la frontière parcourue s’étend jusque dans les espaces dits d’accueil. Ainsi, à Grenoble, mais cela pourrait être ailleurs dans de nombreuses villes européennes, des voyageurs voyagent encore… Quatre dispositifs cartographiques, entre art et science, ont été proposées à douze personnes en situation de demande d’asile ou ayant obtenu le statut de réfugié, avec pour objectif de présenter des frontières vécues « expansées ». Même produite à partir d’une méthodologie participative, la carte n’est jamais dégagée d’enjeux de pouvoir. L’interaction avec les artistes a permis de diversifier le pouvoir de cet outil de médiation dans les relations entre les différents acteurs des ateliers. Raconter des souvenirs de voyages par la cartographie a constitué un cadre original et créatif d’échanges, aujourd’hui transmissible dans le cadre d’une exposition. La réalisation de cartes, sur quatre supports différents, a permis de contourner le registre narratif dominant connu par les demandeurs d’asile, c’est-à-dire le récit de vie chronologique et linéaire exigé par les administrations. Au service d’une projet scientifique, artistique et politique, la carte a ainsi permis de produire des formes originales de constitution de savoirs « indisciplinaires ».
Noel Sharkey (Sheffield University, UK) “Les empêcher de passer et les empêch...antiAtlas of Borders
Cette présentation examinera les évolutions potentielles de la robotique applicable dans le futur à la protection des frontières. L’utilisation d’avions sans pilote est déjà utilisé pour identifier les incursions frontalières et suivre les «délinquants». Il y a également des projets d’utilisation de robots terrestres pour intercepter ces franchissement de frontières illégaux. Mais ce n’est que le début. La prochaine génération de robots militaires trouvera ses propres objectifs et attaquera sans contrôle humain. Malgré les protestations internationales, certains États n’ont pas hésité à explorer de telles pistes. S’ils continuent, il faudra peu de temps avant que les robots autonomes entrent en service dans le monde civil pour aider à controler les immigrés «illégaux». Par ailleurs, toute discussion sur les nouvelles technologies, doit tenir compte de leur éventuelle utilisation abusive pour confiner les populations à l’intérieur des frontières.
Jean Cristofol (ESAA, France) : "Distance et proximité dans un espace multidi...antiAtlas of Borders
L’espace concret dans lequel nous vivons est indissociable des formes dans lesquelles nous nous le représentons. Ces formes mobilisent des connaissances objectives, mais elles engagent aussi un imaginaire dans lequel nous nous projetons. De ce point de vue, l’espace concret n’est pas seulement la résultante de nos pratiques, il est aussi habité par des sujets qui y situent et y identifient des enjeux et il est traversé de fictions et de récits. Les récits et les fictions, dont nous sommes culturellement les héritiers, mettent en oeuvre un espace continu qui s’articule sur les oppositions du proche et du lointain, de la distance et de la proximité, de l’ici et de l’ailleurs. Les frontières y dessinent des lignes de discontinuité entre des entités homogènes. La figure du voyage, celle de l’utopie, le thème de l’ile ou du labyrinthe, celui de la limite et de son franchissement en sont des incarnations. Mais ces figures ne sont pas seulement de libres constructions de l’esprit, elles sont aussi en correspondance avec les médiums dans lesquels elles ont été articulées et elles sont concrètement produites par la relation aux modes d’existence technique et sociaux d’une époque. Quand les échanges et les déplacements sont déterminés par les flux informationnels et que des dispositifs autonomes ubiquitaires agissent sur nos modes de perception et nos capacités directes d’action, comment pouvons-nous les penser et les mettre en oeuvres ? Que devient notre relation à l’espace quand celui-ci se construit dans une complexité qui vient bouleverser les façons de comprendre le sens même de ce qu’on appelle la distance ou la proximité ? Si l’espace dans lequel nous vivons et communiquons est un espace complexe et multidimensionnel, comment pouvons nous en construire la représentation ?
Didier Danet (Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan, France) : "45.000$ le clandestin: une fro...antiAtlas of Borders
Brutalement ramenée à une donnée chiffrée, l’érection d’une « frontière intelligente » entre les Etats-Unis et le Mexique a coûté 18 milliards de dollars en 2012 et a permis l’arrestation de 357 000 personnes qui tentaient de la traverser illégalement, ce qui revient à dire que le coût d’interception d’un clandestin s’élève à plus de 50 000 dollars. Ce coût extrêmement élevé conduit à s’interroger sur la pertinence de la politique mise en œuvre et du type de solution qu’elle privilégie, solution dans laquelle le plus gros de l’effort est porté sur le déploiement de dispositifs technologiques sophistiqués confortés par des moyens humains substantiels. La pertinence de la solution retenue est d’autant plus importante à évaluer qu’elle exerce sur de nombreux décideurs publics un puissant effet d’attraction alors même que les ressources qu’ils pourraient mobiliser à cet effet seraient sans commune mesure avec les budgets affectés dans la durée par l’administration américaine à ce programme. S’agissant des questions de sécurité et de défense telles qu’elles se présentent à nous, deux des caractéristiques fondamentales du programme américain doivent retenir notre attention. La première tient aux conditions de mise en œuvre d’une solution dans laquelle la technologie est présentée comme l’axe central d’une politique visant à traiter une question globale à caractère politique, économique, sociale… Or, ce thème est récurrent dans l’analyse des questions de sécurité et de défense contemporaines. En second lieu, la politique de « frontière intelligente » est consubstantielle d’une montée en puissance des acteurs privés dans la mise en oeuvre, voire dans la conception, d’une mission manifestement régalienne. Sans condamner a priori l’intervention d’un certain type d’acteurs dans la conduite d’une politique étatique, il est toutefois permis de s’interroger sur la pertinence du dispositif ainsi retenu.
Olivier Clochard (MIGRINTER, CNRS, MIGEUROP, France) et Laurence Pillant (TEL...antiAtlas of Borders
Bien que les camps d’enfermement de migrants en Europe possèdent chacun leurs particularités et une histoire singulière, la justification de leur existence, de même que les appareils juridiques, politiques et économiques qui les sous-tendent se ressemblent et s’inscrivent dans des processus communs. L’approche par le réseau permet d’entrevoir ces lieux qui constituent aujourd’hui les frontières réticulaires de l’espace Schengen et de la politique européenne de voisinage (PEV), à savoir pour les autorités la recherche d’un bornage « exhaustif » dans et en dehors des territoires de l’Union Européenne. Il s’agira ici de définir les échelles et la mesure de ces liens entre les camps. Après analyse la représentation cartographique de ce réseau permet d’appréhender et de rendre visible ce phénomène d’enclosure régionale relative au contrôle migratoire européen.
Amaël Cattaruzza (CREC Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan, France): “Mur ou réseau : le con...antiAtlas of Borders
Cette communication part d’un constat : les dispositifs de sécurité aux frontières oscillent aujourd’hui entre deux architectures complémentaires : celle du « mur » et celle du « réseau ». Les murs, ce sont ces barrières plus ou moins épaisses, permettant de canaliser les flux matériels et humains, et de les filtrer par l’intermédiaire du checkpoint, du point de passage. Les réseaux, ce sont les interconnexions toujours plus fortes d’agences de renseignements, permettant par l’accumulation et le croisement de données d’anticiper, d’identifier et de tracer tous types de flux (modèle Frontex et Eurasur). Ces dispositifs de contrôle méritent l’un comme l’autre d’être interrogés et évalués. Le mur est coûteux et engendre toute une économie du contournement qui amène à se demander si le remède n’est pas pire que le mal. Le réseau déplace le contrôle frontalier du lieu physique aux bases de données virtuelles et centralisées. Mais l’émergence de ce contrôle virtuel, mis en place sans avoir donné lieu à aucun débat, nécessite de réfléchir à la validité des données collectées, à leur traitement, à leur stockage et à leur sécurisation.
This presentation is based on an observation: border security is oscillating between two complementary architectures: the “wall” and the “network”. Walls are physical barriers, which make possible to canalize material and human flows, and to check them at a checkpoint, or any passage-point. Networks are the interconnected intelligence agencies, which allow gathering and cross-checking data in order to anticipate, to identify and to trace out all kind of flows (Frontex and Eurasur model). Both control disposals have to be questioned and to be evaluated. Wall is expensive and creates an economy of smuggling, which leads to be suspicious on its real efficiency. Network makes the border control move from physical place to virtual and centralized databases. But the emergence of this virtual control, without any democratic debate, requires new thoughts about the validity, the processing, the storage, and the safeguarding of the collected data.
The document discusses several topics related to globalization and the global interstate system. It defines the interstate system as a theoretical system of contending and cooperating states that is the primary focus of international relations studies. It also discusses challenges to globalization like traditional difficulties, national identity movements, neoliberal economics, and global social movements. Additionally, it outlines key institutions that govern international relations such as the United Nations, International Court of Justice, NATO, and non-governmental organizations.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies through trade, investment, and financial flows. It involves the movement of goods, services, capital, technology and people across borders. Key aspects of globalization include free trade between countries, increased foreign investment, outsourcing of production to other countries, and growing cultural exchange. Globalization is driven by both private economic actors and public policy changes, and has effects in economic, social and political spheres.
The document discusses irregular migration and provides definitions and context. It makes the following key points:
- Irregular migration refers to international movement across borders in violation of transit or receiving state laws, though migration itself is a natural and legitimate phenomenon.
- Causes of irregular migration include tightening of entry/residence conditions and closure of borders, which increases demand for smugglers.
- Irregular migration and smuggling migrants are related but distinct - irregular migration is broader while smuggling involves assistance for border crossing in exchange for payment.
- Criminalizing irregular migration may be an extreme approach if it exceeds the goal of defending society or overrides other human values like dignity. For an act to be a crime
Global compact on migration why it matters for cities colleen thouezFeyrouz Lajili-Djalaï
Cities have had an impact on the Global Compact for Migration (GCM) in three key ways:
1. Cities advocated for non-discriminatory access to services for all migrants regardless of status. This influenced language in the GCM's objectives on access to public health and education.
2. Cities highlighted the importance of jointly implementing the GCM and Global Compact on Refugees to address vulnerabilities and leave no one behind.
3. Greater acknowledgement of cities in international agreements must translate to additional resources and funding for cities' migration-related activities and programs.
(I) Maintaining effective border security is challenging for most states as it allows illegal cross-border movement of people and goods undermining sovereignty. (II) Ineffective security results in porous borders that enable undocumented migration, drug and arms smuggling, and movement of terrorists. (III) The research aims to identify challenges to border security and their political, economic and social impacts, as well as how to strengthen security.
This document provides an introduction to the study of globalization. It defines globalization as the rise of global networks connecting economic systems and increased trade and cultural exchange. The objectives are to define globalization, discuss its aspects, explain effects, appreciate importance, and identify advantages and disadvantages. Globalization is described as intensifying worldwide social relations linking distant places. It has economic, sociocultural, political, and natural environment dimensions and involves movement of people, goods, ideas and policies across borders.
Globalization is defined as the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries through the opening of international borders and fast flow of goods, services, finance, people and ideas globally. It involves the free flow of goods, capital, technology, labor, and ideas across national borders. Key aspects of globalization include the economic integration and expansion of capital across borders, the spread of global culture and values, and the development of international political organizations to address global issues. Globalization has led to a more interconnected world with increased economic competition and the growth of multinational corporations operating on a global scale.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
The refugee crisis: why we need to speak about corruption?MYO AUNG Myanmar
http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/the_refugee_crisis_why_we_need_to_speak_about_corruption
The refugee crisis: why we need to speak about corruption
Instability, corruption and a lack of good governance is a major cause of why people choose to risk everything and travel to Europe in many countries across the world. Therefore, aid and development policies must address these issues in the long term. If we want to ensure that this crisis never happens again, tackling corruption must be counted among the policy solutions.
All these efforts require international cooperation. The international community should look into the best ways to limit the access of corrupt and criminal smuggling groups to vulnerable refugees. There are several ways that this cooperation can take place, such as information gathering and data sharing across borders.
This document discusses human trafficking and modern slavery. It provides definitions and statistics on human trafficking globally and within the EU. An estimated 27 million people are living in slavery today, with more slaves now than at any point in history. Human trafficking involves exploiting people through force, fraud or coercion for forced labor, sex work, slavery or removal of organs. It is a serious global problem and criminal enterprise, especially within parts of Asia and Africa. The EU and its member states aim to address trafficking through prevention, protection and prosecution efforts, but these efforts vary in their effectiveness between countries.
A Critical Analysis Of Cross-Border Human Trafficking An Opportunity For The...Amy Cernava
This document provides a critical analysis of cross-border human trafficking. It defines cross-border trafficking as the recruitment and movement of people across international borders against their will for exploitation, as outlined in the UN Protocol of 2000. An estimated 800,000 people are trafficked across borders annually. Most victims come from developing countries in regions like the Balkans, former Soviet Union, Brazil, Colombia, and Africa, while most are trafficked to developed regions like Western Europe, North America, and the Middle East. Economic factors, proximity, organized crime, and inequality between origin and destination countries all contribute to cross-border trafficking flows.
This document provides an overview and summary of a report on migration trends across the Mediterranean. It was prepared by Altai Consulting for the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and involved field research in countries along the western and central Mediterranean routes. The report examines profiles of migrants, push and pull factors driving migration, routes and conditions of travel, and key programs and actors. It aims to add nuanced context to political debates and humanize the experience of irregular migrants crossing the Mediterranean.
• Burma has the population of 60 millions mainly Buddhists. Burma shares border with China, India, Bangladesh, Laos and Thailand.
• Human beings live in the world but they have the different religions, faiths, perceptions, beliefs, traditions, customs and languages. We are part of the family of humans but all humans are not Burmese.
• Neither the U.N. nor any country's government has the right to impose laws or regulations on us. Our entire Constitution describes how to function as one nation.
• For example, private property has boundaries called property lines. The property owner is responsible for everything within those lines. No unauthorized persons have the right to cross over those lines. Likewise, no unauthorized persons have the right to enter our country. We have a responsibility to limit how many people may enter. We have the responsibility to determine whether or not they will be an asset to our nation.
• If I, as a property owner, protect animals on my property, I will prevent a hunter from trespassing and hunting them. It's the same situation with our country's immigration laws. If my personal property is so large that I can't protect it from unwanted people or animals from coming in, then I fence it off.
• Burma is facing illegal immigrants intruding from Bangladesh for decades. These illegal Bengalis from Bangladesh created fake ethnic name called (so-called Rohingya) unlawfully claiming part of Burma as theirs, committing crimes against humanity and massacring on local indigenous Arakanese of Burma because we can’t control the border securely in the past.
• Tackling corruption of immigration officials, proper and effective patrolling of borders and erecting a barrier along with Bangladesh is recommended. The defence of our citizens is the very first obligation of our government. It must be done at any cost. So, I personally support that there should be the borders between nations and I strongly believe in national sovereignty.
This document announces an international conference on "Migration Management" and international organizations in the 20th century. It will explore the emergence of concepts of migration management, the underlying policies and practices, and the role of international organizations in regulating economic and forced migration during the 20th century. Researchers are invited to submit proposals by September 15, 2014 on topics such as the development of migration management frameworks, the work of international bodies like the IOM, and the intersection of migration issues with politics, economics, and human rights.
Seminar on the Politics of Globalization and International.pptxEtana2
This document summarizes a seminar on globalization and international development presented by Dr. Gizachew Asrat. It begins by defining key terms related to globalization such as globalization, globalism, and actors in the process. It then discusses the causes and aspects of globalization including economic, political and socio-cultural dimensions. The document also outlines major theories of development including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory. It provides examples to illustrate concepts such as Rostow's stages of economic growth and the center-periphery model of dependency theory. In closing, the document discusses key concepts in development and compares economic growth and development.
This document discusses borders, their emergence and purpose throughout history, developments in border studies, and examples of contested borders in Asia. It begins by defining borders as lines that divide territories and function to create places and markers of identity. Borders can be permeable or closed. The study of borders emerged in the 1960s but was neglected until changes in sociopolitical order led to more focus on territories. This included a "territorial trap" view. New perspectives emphasized borders' relationships with security, identities, and economics. The document ends by providing examples of contested borders in Asia, such as disputes between China/India, Israel/Palestine, and India/Bangladesh.
Transnational organized crime(TOC) and the relationship to.docxturveycharlyn
Transnational organized crime
(TOC) and the relationship to
good governance in the Caribbean
Transnational organized crime
democracy (TOCD)
Miguel Goede
University of The Netherlands Antilles, Curacao, The Netherlands Antilles
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss transnational organized crime (TOC) and the
relationship to good governance in the Caribbean.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper is exploratory. It follows a path of inductive
reasoning, from observation of the eight global cases to a broader general analysis and the development
of a theoretical framework or ideal type.
Findings – The influence of TOC on governance in the Caribbean is worrying. Normative theories of
democracy, public administration and governance no longer apply. Economic growth diminishes,
unemployment rises, crime rises.
Originality/value – The paper contributes to the understanding of the impact of TOC on good
governance especially on Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean.
Keywords Caribbean, Good governance, Small Island Developing States, Transnational organized crime
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
This article is about transnational organized crime (TOC) in the Caribbean. It focuses
on the island of Curaçao. Geographically, Curaçao is in a unique position, less than
100 km from the Venezuelan coast and it is at the crossroads of routes from
South America and Europe and the USA. Historically and culturally the island has
strong links with Europe, which seems to make it an attractive route to Europe for TOC.
Politically, Curaçao is a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) with a tradition of
populism and relatively weak social institutions. And economically, Curaçao commands
few resources compared with those available to TOC. All of these characteristics, which
Curaçao shares with many other SIDS in the Caribbean, make the region vulnerable
to the influence of TOC. This article examines this complex network of influences to
show the interaction of TOC and political populism to make SIDS vulnerable to being
undermined in a process described as transnational organized crime democracy (TOCD)
or mafiacracy.
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1446-8956.htm
The author wants to thank for their contribution to this article: Prof. L. Huberts professor of
public administration at VU University of Amsterdam, Prof. R. in ‘t Veld of the University of
Tilburg in The Netherlands for their comments and Prof. D. Turner of the University
of Glamorgan in the UK.
International Journal of Development
Issues
Vol. 12 No. 3, 2013
pp. 253-270
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1446-8956
DOI 10.1108/IJDI-01-2013-0008
Transnational
organized crime
253
TOCD or mafiacracy
TOC is a global phenomenon. It is not an easy task to define TOC (Gilligan, 2007).
There is a large number of definitions[1]. This article adopts the UN definition:
The term organized crime ...
Human trafficking in its essence entails 3 main elements: the act- recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving a person, the means-such as coercion, deception or abuse of vulnerability, and the purpose- to exploit. On the other hand, migrant smuggling involves the facilitation of illegal travel across borders into a state of which the migrant is not a national, for financial or other material benefits. To distinguish between the two, it is important to remember that not all victims of trafficking are smuggled migrants, because they do not need to cross international borders to be considered trafficked. Domestic trafficking is also prevalent.
This document provides an overview of the economics of the human trafficking industry. It defines human trafficking according to the UN as involving the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons through force, coercion or deception for the purpose of exploitation. The key elements of the human trafficking market are described, including defining consumers as employers demanding trafficked labor and products as human beings. Supply and demand factors and how pricing works in the market are also summarized. The document outlines how globalization and economic forces have contributed to the growth of the human trafficking industry worldwide.
The document discusses border security technologies used in Europe, including the Schengen Information System (SIS) and Spain's SIVE border surveillance system. The SIS is a database containing information on persons banned from entering Europe or wanted for criminal offenses that is used at airports and for visa issuance. Spain uses the SIVE system of radar stations, control centers, and interceptor units to monitor its maritime borders and detect migrant vessels. The development of these technologies has made borders invisible and shifted surveillance to data collection and information sharing between countries.
Similar to Andrea Rea (ULB-GERME, Belgium): "Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network" (20)
Fiction de Frontières : Dispositifs Fictionnels et Virtuels/ Border Fictions:...antiAtlas of Borders
Atelier 8 - Bernard Guelton
Que deviennent la recréation et l’exploration de l’espace fictionnel lorsque celui-ci ne se conçoit plus du point de vue d’un sujet immobile, mais à travers ses déplacements et ses actions dans les jeux en réalités alternées ? Une part croissante d’artistes met en œuvre des situations en réalités alternées qui ménagent des confrontations entre univers réels, virtuels et fictionnels et simultanément celles du territoire et de ses frontières. Ici, l’espace physique devient le cadre pour déployer un engagement fictionnel où les actions, la mobilité du sujet et les interactions avec d’autres participants deviennent déterminantes. La cartographie dynamique peut constituer un élément essentiel pour structurer ces différents contextes sous le mode des interactions situées. Elle permet de coordonner la géolocalisation des participants, leurs interactions, et les contenus fictionnels associés à des emplacements réels dans un espace urbain avec les scénarios et les règles mises en jeu. Dans les jeux en réalités alternées, la mobilité des joueurs et les appareillages sollicités sont déterminants. Ils impliquent des situations d’immersion réelle, virtuelle et fictionnelle qui interrogent la construction et les limites des lieux qu’ils soient ludiques ou institutionnels. Ces questions seront exemplifiées à travers un ou deux dispositifs de jeux en réalités alternées.
Border Fictions: Virtual and Fictional Mechanisms
What do the reproduction and exploration of fictional space become if the latter is not seen as an immobile subject but through its displacements and actions in alternated realities? An increasing number of artists create situations in alternated reality negotiating simultaneously confrontations between real, virtual and fictional universes, territories and their borders. Here physical space becomes the context for the deployment of a fictional engagement where actions, mobility of the subject and interactions with others become determinant. Dynamic cartography can constitute an essential element to structure these different contexts according to situated interactions. It coordinates the geolocalisation of participants, their interactions and the fictional contents that are associated with real places in urban settings by following the scenarios and rules of games. Within games taking place in virtual worlds the mobility of players and the required equipment are determinant. They imply situations of real, virtual and fictional immersions that interrogate the construction and limits of leisurely or institutional places. These issues will be exemplified through one or two games in virtual reality.
Atelier 0 - Pierre Paliard
Les frontières existent. Elles sont l’expression des mouvements d’une communauté vivante dans ses aspects matériels et immatériels. Faisant suite à un temps de religion et d’utopies où le régime symbolique de l’art organisait un récit tournant autour de l’origine (religion) ou de la fin (idéologie) nous connaissons aujourd’hui le développement d’un art engagé dans les dimensions concrètes de l’expérience contemporaine. Limites et frontières, tant dans les champs du savoir que des pratiques sociales, sont ainsi interrogées dans des stratégies conscientes de débordements et d’appropriations visant des recompositions dépassant les dimensions identitaires fermées. Je tenterai de montrer, en particulier, qu’entre mondialisation et repli identitaire, il existe dans l’art contemporain des tentatives ouvertes et créatives qui proposent des formes nouvelles brassant des échelles différentes et des objets d’origines très diverses. Laissant de côté le concept d’influence j’insisterai sur la dynamique volontariste des emprunts faits à l’autre.
Atelier 1 - Lionel Pascal
Le passage en frontière est un franchissement « à la carte » ! Tout est fait pour obtenir des informations (renseignements) sur les personnes, les moyens de transport et les marchandises avant que ces éléments se présentent. Pour cela, les services utilisent leurs réseaux pour recueillir les données permettant de choisir la forme de contrôle adaptée aux risques présumés par une analyse informatique obligeant les agents à suivre les directives résultant de cette analyse. Les données recueillies arrivent de tous les autres services en charge de la sécurité et du croisement avec d’autres éléments archivés. Les inconnus et les suspects feront l’objet d’un contrôle approfondi.
The border crossing is a « à la carte » passing system ! Everything is set up to obtain informations (intelligence) about people, transport means and merchandises before they arrive. For this to happen, services use their networks so that they can collect data allowing them to choose an appropriate checking form to the supposed risks, using a computer analysis forcing agents to follow the instructions resulting from this analysis. The collected data come from in from every other services in charge of the safety and of the crossing with other archived elements. The unknown and doubful people will have to undergo a thorough check.
Du formel à l’informel : la continuité du système de contrôle migratoire à la...antiAtlas of Borders
Atelier 7 - Laurence Pillant
L’étude de l’économie frontalière s’est avérée être un outil méthodologique majeur dans l’approche et la compréhension du contrôle migratoire à la frontière gréco-turque. Mais au-delà de ce seul aspect, son analyse montre que les différentes activités formelles et informelles qui constituent le contrôle migratoire et gravitent autour, sont étroitement liées et participent ensemble de la mise à l’écart des migrants de la société locale.
From formal to informal : the continuity of the migration control system at the greco-turkish border
Studying the border economy has proven to be a major methodological tool to approach and understand migration controls at the Greek-Turkish border. However, beyond the methodological aspect, the border economy analysis shows how formal and informal activities constituting and surrounding migration controls are narrowly linked and contribute to isolate migrants from the local society.
New Perspectives on the Customs Supply Chain Security ParadigmantiAtlas of Borders
Atelier 7 - Robert Ireland
This presentation is a brief history of the emergence of the Customs Supply Chain Security Paradigm, which at its heart was the customs contribution to counter-terrorism following 9/11. The “new perspectives” in the title are some concluding thoughts on where we are now. In essence, the Customs Supply Chain Security Paradigm is fading as a prioritized customs policy issue, even for the United States. Following the 9/11 attacks, the paradigm emerged consisting of new national customs policies and World Customs Organization (WCO) standards intended to communicate that international cargo ships would be deterred from being used as a conduit for the delivery of terrorists or terrorist attacks. This presentation traces the paradigm’s emergence and its upward trajectory which began with the launch of the two key US Customs programmes (C-TPAT and CSI), continued with the adoption of the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, and reached a climax with the US 100% container scanning law. It will discuss the major policy themes pushed by the US Government, namely advance cargo information submission requirements, customs risk management, non-intrusive cargo scanning equipment, and security-oriented Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) programmes. It will then describe where we are now, namely a downward trajectory with the de facto abandonment of 100% scanning and the US budget crisis which foretells fewer resources for the paradigm.
Fiction de Frontières : Dispositifs Fictionnels et Virtuels/ Border Fictions:...antiAtlas of Borders
Atelier 8 - Bernard Guelton
Que deviennent la recréation et l’exploration de l’espace fictionnel lorsque celui-ci ne se conçoit plus du point de vue d’un sujet immobile, mais à travers ses déplacements et ses actions dans les jeux en réalités alternées ? Une part croissante d’artistes met en œuvre des situations en réalités alternées qui ménagent des confrontations entre univers réels, virtuels et fictionnels et simultanément celles du territoire et de ses frontières. Ici, l’espace physique devient le cadre pour déployer un engagement fictionnel où les actions, la mobilité du sujet et les interactions avec d’autres participants deviennent déterminantes. La cartographie dynamique peut constituer un élément essentiel pour structurer ces différents contextes sous le mode des interactions situées. Elle permet de coordonner la géolocalisation des participants, leurs interactions, et les contenus fictionnels associés à des emplacements réels dans un espace urbain avec les scénarios et les règles mises en jeu. Dans les jeux en réalités alternées, la mobilité des joueurs et les appareillages sollicités sont déterminants. Ils impliquent des situations d’immersion réelle, virtuelle et fictionnelle qui interrogent la construction et les limites des lieux qu’ils soient ludiques ou institutionnels. Ces questions seront exemplifiées à travers un ou deux dispositifs de jeux en réalités alternées.
Border Fictions: Virtual and Fictional Mechanisms
What do the reproduction and exploration of fictional space become if the latter is not seen as an immobile subject but through its displacements and actions in alternated realities? An increasing number of artists create situations in alternated reality negotiating simultaneously confrontations between real, virtual and fictional universes, territories and their borders. Here physical space becomes the context for the deployment of a fictional engagement where actions, mobility of the subject and interactions with others become determinant. Dynamic cartography can constitute an essential element to structure these different contexts according to situated interactions. It coordinates the geolocalisation of participants, their interactions and the fictional contents that are associated with real places in urban settings by following the scenarios and rules of games. Within games taking place in virtual worlds the mobility of players and the required equipment are determinant. They imply situations of real, virtual and fictional immersions that interrogate the construction and limits of leisurely or institutional places. These issues will be exemplified through one or two games in virtual reality.
The biopolitical normalization of the human: a fractal regulation beyond and ...antiAtlas of Borders
Atelier 6 - Klaus-Gerd Giesen
This presentation aims at analyzing the regulatory attempts introduced by human genetic technoscience at the world scale. Starting with the crisis of dominant humanism, it examines the transition towards a biologizing era in which "everything is genetical", as well its ideological justifications. Particularly, the presentation underlines the way in which instrumentalization of bioethics committees and technological assessment programs (at the national, supranational or international levels) favor of the normalization of the human in biological terms. In the process, borders are transformed into multiple public institutional networks arranged as polymorphic, discontinous and complementary configurations, which are created or deconstructed out of necessities and compelling needs for political legitimation.
La normalisation biopolitique de l'humain: une régulation fractale au-delà et en deçà des frontières
La communication tente d'appréhender les tentatives de régulation, à l'échelle mondiale, de la technoscience génétique appliquée à l'humain. Partant du constat de la crise de l'humanisme dominant, elle examine le basculement dans l'ère du "tout génétique" biologisant, et ses justifications idéologiques. On observe notamment l'instrumentalisation des nombreux comités de bioéthique et d'évaluation technologique (aux niveaux nationaux, supranationaux ou internationaux) au service d'une normalisation de l'humain qui joue précisément sur les frontières pour créer de multiples réseaux institutionnels publics, agencés sous forme de configurations polymorphes, discontinues et complémentaires, se constituant ou se défaisant au gré des nécessités et des besoins concrets de légitimation politique.
‘Transborderism’ and Social Imaginary in the U.S.-Mexican BorderantiAtlas of Borders
Atelier 4 - Norma Iglesias-Prieto
The starting point is the idea that the border—both in its geopolitical and symbolic dimension—marks the life and experience of subjects and that this condition, in turn, marks the way in which we represent the border. That is, the social imaginary is built from a series of varied social representations that respond to different border conditions. My work analyzes the levels of transborderism and their relationship to the levels of complexity of social representations in the U.S.-Mexican border, particularly that of Tijuana and San Diego. In my presentation, I will speak first of the theoretical statement that support the notions of border and transborderism; second, I will analyze diverse cultural expressions (visual arts, oral narratives, cinematographic animations) that show the different levels of complexity of social representations in this particular border.
Transfrontiérisme et imaginaire social à la frontière américano-mexicaine
Mon point de départ est que la frontière – à la fois dans sa dimension géopolitique et symbolique – marque la vie et l’expérience des sujets et que cette condition affecte, à son tour, la manière dont nous représentons la frontière. L’imaginaire social est construit à partir d’une série de représentations sociales qui répondent à différentes conditions de frontière. Mon travail analyse les degrés de transfrontiérisme (transborderism) et leur relation aux niveaux de complexité des représentations sociales à la frontière américano-mexicaine, en particulier dans la région de Tijuana-San Diego. Dans ma présentation, je parlerai tout d’abord de l’énoncé théorique qui fonde la notion de frontière et de transfrontiérisme ; ensuite, j’analyserai différentes expressions culturelles (art visuel, récits oraux, animations cinématographiques) qui montrent différent niveaux de complexité des représentations sociales sur cette frontière particulière.
Atelier 6 - G. POPESCU
Risk management strategies associated with the quest to securitize transnational mobility have triggered a technological race to embed borders into the human body. The belief is that mobile risks can be estimated from mobile bodies and efficiently eliminated along the way, so that traffic flows are not disrupted at the border. Accordingly, bodies are imagined as spaces to inscribe borders on. This logic of power has adopted a view predominant in natural sciences that sees the body as a material object that can be rendered digitally knowable with the help of technology. Biometric technologies, among others, are used to acquire comprehensive knowledge about every mobile body even before it crosses state borders. Then, these bodily data are used to classify people in terms of good versus bad mobility in order to produce categories that are amenable to risk contingency calculus. In this way, knowledge of the body results in power over the body. This is, at the same time, power over the most intimate and mobile of spaces. A closer examination reveals that such logic of spatial control tends to imagine border automation as panacea for reconciling unfettered mobility and territorial security. Biometric technology is understood as a tool that would allow predicting future threats and threatening behavior. Contrary to claims that digital border technologies simply aid human decision-making, the manner in which they are implemented suggests that border automation aims to assume self decision-making capabilities that diminish human involvement in the act of bordering. In this context, it is important to understand if biometric bordering can reduce uncertainty to make life more secure or if it is creating more uncertainty making life more precarious.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Andrea Rea (ULB-GERME, Belgium): "Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network"
1. Controlling the Undesirable
at the border-network
Andrea Rea
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB-GERME)
THE ANTI-ATLAS OF BORDERS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
30 Septembre – 2 Octobre 2013
1
2. Plan
1)
2)
3)
4)
From borders to bordering
Three main interpretations
The border-network
European policy of mobility and
bordering processes
5) Controlling the undesirable at the
airport
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
2
3. 1. From borders to bordering
• State borders, state sovereignty and territory
• In Westphalien state model, border is the container of the state
which allows control populations and protection against the exterior
• Military conception: Border as a continuous demarcation line
between homogenous entities
• From spaces of places to spaces of flows (Castells, 1996)
• Harvey ‘time-space compression’ (Harvey, 1990) or ‘time-space
distanciation’ (Giddens, 1990)
• Human mobility has increased and the classic notion of migration
has become insufficient
• Mobility of elites (entrepreneurs, scientists, advanced service
producers, transnational professionals, artists, etc.) and growing
consumption-led mobility (tourists)
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
3
4. 1. From borders to bordering
• Debordering-rebordering
• “The debordering processes in the world’s states might lead
to a “debordering of the world of states” (Albert & Brock
1996).
• The first process refers to the increasing permeability of
borders and the decreasing capacity of states to curb this
trend
• while the debordering (or rebordering) of the world of
states involves the response of states seeking to adapt to
globalisation.
• In the literature, at least three processes are distinguished
that contribute to debordering.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
4
5. 1. From borders to bordering
• Three main changes
– The first is the expansion of the world economy.
The large movement of financial capital and the global
strategies implemented by transnational companies
constitute the central elements of current economic
globalisation.
– The second process of debordering is indeed the
increase in international regulations, the growing
involvement of international organisations and
supranational entities (such as the European Union) and
the emergence of transnational networks or transnational
social movements acting on a global scale.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
5
6. 1. From borders to bordering
– The third debordering process is linked to the
dematerialisation of the border.
The most well-known example is the mobility of
information and knowledge as a result of the internet (for
the economy, especially since the digitalisation of stock
exchanges).
The dematerialisation of the border also affects the
mobility of people. The crossing of the physical border of a
state is disconnected from the control of the right to move.
Surveillance is no longer mainly localised at the physical
borders of states. It operates first through administrative
procedures and databases and only later, for some, upon the
physical passage of the border
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
6
7. 2. Three main interpretation
• Borderless World
– The expansion of the world economy gave birth to the
globalisation of economic activities, what Ohmae (1991) calls
The Borderless World, in which the state no longer occupies a
central position, giving way to the market and consumer.
– The world economy is also fragmented and the continuities
and fluidities of economic activities occur mainly between
transnationalized regions (Ohmae 1996) and global cities
(Sassen 1991).
– Other authors like Ohmae (1996) and Guéhenno (1995) claim
that we are witnessing not the end of territory but the end of
the nation-state and in a certain manner the end of
democracy.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
7
8. 2. Three main interpretation
• Transnational communities
– Creation of new dislocated and deterritorialised spaces:
transnational communities founded on a strong sense of
belonging linked to a common origin (national, ethnic,
religious, etc.). (Hannerz 1996, Appadurai, 1996).
– Transnational communities and diasporas have emerged as a
result of increased transport facilities and telecommunication
(Glick-Schiller 1994; Portes 1999; Faist, 2000).
– Borders have not dissolved, they are reconfigured. They are
no longer linked to geographical borders: their construction is
primarily based on boundaries, on ethnic and cultural borders
– The globalised upper classes (Sassen 2007) are also
transnational communities (transnational professionals).
These transnational communities could be perceived as
detached from territory and to offer an alternative to the nationstate as a social, economic and political organisation.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
8
9. 2. Three main interpretation
• Securitization
– New approaches in the field of International Relations
recognize that the border is an area of demarcation rather
than a barrier and that processes of bordering are
disconnected from territory.
– Since the ‘return of identity’, with reference to identity
building as the internal cohesion of states, the border
remains a front line to be defended (Huntington 1996).
– This conception leads to the development of narratives that
state that new threats (organized crime, terrorism, drug
trafficking, smuggling, human trafficking, irregular
migration) threaten the domestic social cohesion of nationstates and the identities of their people.
– “Loss of control" is the dominant border narrative (Sassen
1996; Andreas 1999). This approach is based on the idea that
one of the major risks of globalization is the dissolution of
borders which threatens the nation-state, its homogeneity
and internal cohesion.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
9
10. 3. The Border-Network
• This approach propose to no longer think in such rigid
terms as the separation between inside and outside
(Walker 1993).
• The border is not as a line which must be defended, a
conception still largely dominant in many policy
narratives, particularly European narratives on EU external
border security.
• The border is consider as a porous or broken line that
cannot form a closed circle, since it is the exchange with
the outside that permits survival. The border ensures
communication (Newman, 2003).
• Rather than a fixed identity, the border is therefore a
meeting place, a site of economic transaction, exchange,
construction and re-construction of belonging.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
10
11. 3. The Border-Network
• Border-network = network of space-time units (checkpoint,
square, consulate, airport,etc.) where human (street level
bureaucrats at the consulate, border guards, travellers,
lawyer, etc.) and non-human (laws, procedure, databases,
etc.) interact with the aim to produce pratices which enact
state sovereignity. (Rea; 2013)
• With this approach globalised world is a propagation of
crossing points that together form a border. The border must
be seen as fluid or liquid.
• Globalisation does not lead to the destruction of borders, quite
the opposite. States and supranational or international
institutions of order and security continue to play a central
role in controlling the border and the border-crossing.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
11
12. 3. The Border-Network
• At the heart of this outlook: the mobility and not the
territoriality : The aim of the border control aim to
improve freedom of movement of goods, knowledge, and
people.
• Security instruments are designed primarily to ensure
maximum freedom of movement for the majority, and
subsequently to filter and control the minority groups that
deviate from certain criteria, defined a priori as dangerous
or suspicious.
• Surveillance is used to accelerate the mobility of
legitimate travelers (Torpey, 2000) and control is used to
filter and block undesirable travelers trying to circumvent
migration laws (Bigo et al. 2011). There is a necessary
continuity which allows for monitoring everyone and
controlling some.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
12
13. 4. European policy of mobility and
bordering processes
• Dispositifs of security : are there to accelerate mobility for
certain people, while filtering and blocking others with
migratory risk and migratory profile.
• Irregular migration as a crime
• Migration and new penology (Feeley & Simon, 1992)
• New penology = passing from an individualised penalty to one
targeting and controlling populations at risk. This type of
policy is basically founded on both an economic and
managerial legitimacy. It is preferable to prevent rather than
punish, to minimise risk than to ensure punitive justice.
• The security dispositifs managing migration flows that are used
to ensure border control, for instance, between Europe and the
countries south of the Mediterranean, are composed of four
elements.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
13
14. 4. European policy of mobility and
bordering processes
A)From Travellers to Groups at risk
• The first surveillance tool defines legitimate travellers and the
groups at risk for security and migration reason (Bigo & Guild,
2005).
• Countries subjected to the obligation of obtaining Schengen Visa
(short stay) as a condition to enter into the territory is a way of
creating countries at risk where nationals are considered to be a risk
(Infantino, 2013, Infantino & Rea, 2012).
• As to asylum, the European institutions establish lists of safe
countries, which annihilate the right to asylum for their nationals.
• The beneficiaries of the right to family reunification are subject to
massive restrictions. The instrumental logic of immigration tends to
reduce the legitimacy of travellers who do not contribute to the
economic and financial activities and to privilege the social and
economic utility of foreigners considered worthy (entrepreneurs,
merchants, businessmen, political, cultural and artistic elites, etc.).
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
14
15. 4. European policy of mobility and
bordering processes
B) Technological apparatus of surveillance
• Preventive policies of remote control
• Migration control constitutes an excellent laboratory for the
technologisation of surveillance (smart borders)
• Three main surveillance tools
– Accumulation of information on individuals and of the
constant resort to biometry during the crossing of European
borders + Data bases
• For accelerating mobility (Parafes and Previum) or
sorting and blocking (SIS, VIS, EURODAC).
– Displacement of controls on people intending to cross
external borders of the EU from the physical spaces of the
border to the territories of departure of travellers. At the
border (airport): body + data double
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
15
16. 4. European policy of mobility and
bordering processes
– Technologies of control at the point of departure:
• SIVE (Sistema Integrado de Vigilancia Exterior), which is an electronic
surveillance system that polices the coasts using boats, infrared cameras,
satellites, etc. This system has limited the arrival of irregular migrants using
“pateras” in Andalusia.
• In 2011, EUROSUR (European Border Surveillance System) was launched
to reinforce the management of the southern and eastern maritime borders of
Europe using satellite images and sensors.
• The AMASS (autonomous maritime surveillance system) project uses buoys
equipped with infra-red cameras and hydrophones in order to detect
subaqueous sounds. When a suspicious vessel is detected, images are
directly transmitted to a control centre on the shore. Compared to SIVE,
AMASS seeks to improve the control of the European coasts through the
early warning of suspicious vessels.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
16
17. 4. European policy of mobility and
bordering processes
•
FRONTEX plays a crucial role in the preventive fight against irregular
immigration by trying to send back to the coasts whence the migration
candidates came. (Militarisation approach of the border)
C) Operating in the countries of departure and
focussing on a target public
•
•
•
•
Government at distance (Rose & Miller, 1992)
The cooperation agreements for police
The readmission of irregular migrants, deportation
The strengthening of intervention capacities at land and sea
borders
• Securing travel documents and training of officials
• Creation of “buffer zones” with the The Neighbourhood Policy
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
17
18. 4. European policy of mobility and
bordering processes
D) Ultima ratio = Detention
• Detention and expulsion of irregular migrants
• The extension of detention in detention centres, including
in the country of transit, the increase of expulsions and the
European coordination of readmissions by charter flights,
bear witness of the rationalisation of the removal
procedures.
• The adoption of the “return” directive in June 2008,
constitutes a sort of harmonisation based on minimum
standards, in casu long detention (up to 18 months), which
is a removal measure accompanied by the prohibition to
subsequently enter the territory and but a feeble protection
against removal and expulsion.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
18
19. 5. Control at the airport
• Central activities at the border (airport) are sorting,
categorizing and profiling (Lyon 2003) travelers
• Sorting is based on the use of surveillance tools:
– Traditional: passport, visa
– Biometric technologies (fingers prints, retina patterns,
etc.), various databases (SIS, VIS, EURODAC) (Adey,
2002)
• At the airport, the body is condensed in databases (smart
borders) (data double) moving separatly from the
physical one
• What happened at
– The first line check
– The second line check (confessional, Salter, 2007)
– Detention center
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
19
20. 5. Control at the airport
Questions on governance
• Bureaucratic governance based on bureaucratic rules
• Network governance based on trust (databases)
(Flemming & Rhodes, 2005)
Questions on implementation policy and street level
bureaucrats
• Degree of interpretation of European regulations
• Division of labor and organization of border guard
organization
• Border guard, as street level bureaucrats, can use
discretionary power (Lipsky, 1981)
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
20
21. Bibliography
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Albert, Mathia, and Lothar Brock. 1996. “Debordering the World of States: New Spaces in International Relations”. New
Political Science, 35 (Spring): 69-106.
Andreas, Peter. 1999. “Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide”. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. “Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization”. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Bigo, Didier, and Elspeth Guild. 2005. Controlling frontiers : free movement into and within Europe. Aldershot Hants England,
Burlington Vt: Ashgate.
Bigo, Didier, Julien Jeandesboz, Francesco Ragazzi, and Philippe Bonditti. 2011. “Borders and security: the different logics of
surveillance in Europe”. In The Others in Europe, edited by Saskia Bonjour, Andrea Rea, and Dirk Jacobs, 77-86. Brussels:
Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
Bigo, Didier, Sergio Carrera, Elspeth Guild, and Rob Walker. 2010. Europe's 21st Century Challenge: Delivering Liberty and
Security. London: Ashgate.
Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of Network Society. London: Blackwell.
Faist, Thomas. 2000. The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Feeley, Malcolm, and Jonathan Simon. 1992. « The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and its
Applications », Criminology 30: 449-474
Fleming, J. and. Rhodes R. (2005). “ Bureaucracy, contracts and networks: The unholy trinity and the police”. Australian and
New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 38: 192—205
Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
Guéhenno, Jean-Marie. 1995. End of the nation-state. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Hannerz, Ulf. 1996. Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London: Routledge.
Harvey, David. 1990. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA:
Blackwell.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
21
22. •
Infantino, Federica, and Andrea Rea. 2012. « La mobilisation d'un savoir pratique local: attribution des visas Shengen au Consulat
général de Belgique à Casablanca », Sociologies Pratiques 24: 67-78.
•
Infantino, Federica. 2013. “Bordering at the Window: the Allocation of Schengen visa at the Italian Embassy and Consulate in
Morocco.” In Foreigners, Refugees or Minorities? Rethinking People in the Context of Border Controls and Visas, edited by
Didier Bigo, Sergio Carrera and Elspeth Guild, 227-240. Aldershot: Ashgate.
•
Lipsky, Michael. 1980. Street-Level Bureaucracy. Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russel Sage
Foundation.
•
Lyon, David. (2003). Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination. London and New York: Routledge.
•
Newman, David. (2003). “On borders and power: A Theoretical Framework”, Journal of Borderland Studies, Vol 18 (1), 13-25.
•
Ohmae, Kenechi. 1996. The End of the Nation State: The rise of Regional Economies. New York: Free Press.
•
Ohmae, Kenichi. 1991. The Borderless World. New York: Harper & Row.
•
Portes, Alejandro. 1999. Transnational communities, vol. 22, 2. London: Routledge.
•
Rea A. (2014), “Processes of bordering in the Age of Mobility”, In Hassan Bousetta, Caroline Zickgraf & Laure-Anne Bernes
(Eds). Migration, Mobility and Borders in the Western Mediterranean: Enduring and emerging issues in the context of the Arab
Spring. London: Routledge, forthcoming
•
Rose, Nikolas, and Peter Miller. 1992. “Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government’. British Journal of
Sociology 43(2): 173-205.
•
Salter, Mark. 2007. “Governmentalities of an Airport: Heterotopia and Confession”. International Political Sociology 1: 49-66.
•
Sassen, Saskia. 1996. Losing control? Sovereignty in An Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press.
•
Sassen, Saskia. 2007. A Sociology of globalisation. W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
•
Torpey John. (2000), The Invention of the Passport. Surveillance, Citizenship and the State.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
•
Walker, Roger. 1993. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Andrea Rea : Controlling the Undesirable at the border-network
22