The document summarizes how interest rate increases can lead to higher government debt. Specifically: - When interest rates rise, bondholders earn higher returns which increases their wealth and spending. This boosts demand in markets like stocks, forex, commodities, and bonds. - Higher bond demand pushes up bond prices. Many traders on stock exchanges are also bondholders, so stock prices rise too. - Countries must pay higher yields on existing bonds due to increased rates. This makes the overall interest paid on outstanding government debt increase as well. - As a result, national debt levels rise because governments are paying more in interest costs despite no new borrowing.