Water, sanitation and health are closely interlinked. Lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation leads to water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera and typhoid. These diseases cause severe health impacts like death, school absences, and economic losses. To reduce health risks, a multi-barrier approach along the sanitation system should be used to limit exposure and transmission of pathogens at different points from excreta to human contact. Critical questions about who is exposed, frequency and dose of exposure can identify where health risks occur and need mitigation through appropriate technologies and hygiene practices.
Epidemiological data and operational information about outbreaks is.pdfakashapparels
Â
Epidemiological data and operational information about outbreaks is dynamic and changes
rapidly. You must develop a comprehensive Event Management System to manage critical
information about an outbreak (of your choice) within the Excel program that you have just
learned. This is one method to ensure accurate and timely communications between key public
health professionals and the community.
Choose from any one of the fields below.
Features of the data management system you create should include:
Solution
Case Management-
Businesses and agencies in long-term relationships with their customers, citizens or subscribers
will be judged by the accuracy of the records they hold, the consistency of the communications
that take place, and the speed, efficiency and fairness with which each case, claim or contract is
processed.
Delivery of customer service against these priorities has never been more challenging.
Customers are more mobile in their addresses, jobs and family relationships. Communications
channels seem to multiply overnight, with customers switching between them at will. Corporate
messaging demands multi-channel distribution with increasing amounts of personalization.
Mergers and acquisitions create multiple silos of customer-related data to be seamlessly joined.
And products, business rules and government regulations change with alarming frequency.
Against this backdrop, the demands on the IT systems to support smooth, efficient and integrated
delivery are considerable, particularly where case-orientated transactions are involved.
Emergency Response-
Environmental emergencies are incidents or events that threaten public safety, health, and
welfare and include hurricanes, floods, wildfires, industrial plant explosions, chemical spills, acts
of terrorism, and others. While these events range in size, location, cause, and effect, most have
an environmental component. Emergency response is the organizing, coordinating, and directing
of available resources in order to respond to the event and bring the emergency under control.
The goal of this coordinated response is to protect public health by minimizing the impact of the
event on the community and the environment.
An emergency response plan must provide the resources and information needed to evaluate the
human and environmental health impacts of the event, assess and reduce human exposures to
contaminants, and develop science-based strategies for remediation and rebuilding. One example
is the immediate response of NIEHS and other government agencies to the devastation and
hardship caused by Hurricane Katrina. This included the establishment of a field hospital in
Mississippi to meet the immediate health needs of the hurricane victims, as well as the
development of a Geographic Information System to plot the locations of chemical plants,
refineries, Superfund clean-up sites, and other potential hot spots of contamination where
flooding occurred.
Safe Drinking Water-
There are many types o.
This paper deals with environmental health and sanitation. It outlines the concept of sanitation and environmental health. This paper makes a special note on concept and principles of environmental health in community health promotion and environmental intervention models. This paper examines the human interaction with the environment and its associated factors. This paper concludes with some interesting findings. Lukkumanul Hakkim. S ""Environmental Health and Sanitation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23107.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/23107/environmental-health-and-sanitation/lukkumanul-hakkim-s
Hygiene Management requirements for women.pptstockslearnings
Â
this presentation covers a vast aspects of female health hygiene including with emphasis to all the related taboos around the world related to feminine hygiene
Epidemiological data and operational information about outbreaks is.pdfakashapparels
Â
Epidemiological data and operational information about outbreaks is dynamic and changes
rapidly. You must develop a comprehensive Event Management System to manage critical
information about an outbreak (of your choice) within the Excel program that you have just
learned. This is one method to ensure accurate and timely communications between key public
health professionals and the community.
Choose from any one of the fields below.
Features of the data management system you create should include:
Solution
Case Management-
Businesses and agencies in long-term relationships with their customers, citizens or subscribers
will be judged by the accuracy of the records they hold, the consistency of the communications
that take place, and the speed, efficiency and fairness with which each case, claim or contract is
processed.
Delivery of customer service against these priorities has never been more challenging.
Customers are more mobile in their addresses, jobs and family relationships. Communications
channels seem to multiply overnight, with customers switching between them at will. Corporate
messaging demands multi-channel distribution with increasing amounts of personalization.
Mergers and acquisitions create multiple silos of customer-related data to be seamlessly joined.
And products, business rules and government regulations change with alarming frequency.
Against this backdrop, the demands on the IT systems to support smooth, efficient and integrated
delivery are considerable, particularly where case-orientated transactions are involved.
Emergency Response-
Environmental emergencies are incidents or events that threaten public safety, health, and
welfare and include hurricanes, floods, wildfires, industrial plant explosions, chemical spills, acts
of terrorism, and others. While these events range in size, location, cause, and effect, most have
an environmental component. Emergency response is the organizing, coordinating, and directing
of available resources in order to respond to the event and bring the emergency under control.
The goal of this coordinated response is to protect public health by minimizing the impact of the
event on the community and the environment.
An emergency response plan must provide the resources and information needed to evaluate the
human and environmental health impacts of the event, assess and reduce human exposures to
contaminants, and develop science-based strategies for remediation and rebuilding. One example
is the immediate response of NIEHS and other government agencies to the devastation and
hardship caused by Hurricane Katrina. This included the establishment of a field hospital in
Mississippi to meet the immediate health needs of the hurricane victims, as well as the
development of a Geographic Information System to plot the locations of chemical plants,
refineries, Superfund clean-up sites, and other potential hot spots of contamination where
flooding occurred.
Safe Drinking Water-
There are many types o.
This paper deals with environmental health and sanitation. It outlines the concept of sanitation and environmental health. This paper makes a special note on concept and principles of environmental health in community health promotion and environmental intervention models. This paper examines the human interaction with the environment and its associated factors. This paper concludes with some interesting findings. Lukkumanul Hakkim. S ""Environmental Health and Sanitation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23107.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/23107/environmental-health-and-sanitation/lukkumanul-hakkim-s
Hygiene Management requirements for women.pptstockslearnings
Â
this presentation covers a vast aspects of female health hygiene including with emphasis to all the related taboos around the world related to feminine hygiene
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Laypersonâs Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Â
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
Clean Water & Sanitation for All: UNSDG # 6 by Nicholas Boutin, Maya McAndrews, Matthew Mosher, and Emily Price, Bristol County Agricultural High School
Week 4 Public Health Threats, Emergencies, and DisastersPublic he.docxjane3dyson92312
Â
Week 4: Public Health Threats, Emergencies, and Disasters
Public health threats, emergencies, and disasters are as diverse as they are devastating to a population. Infections such as pandemic influenza outbreaks cause severe illness and often death in susceptible populations like the very young or old. Disasters such as these require rapid response to vaccinate susceptible populations and educate the public on how to protect themselves from contracting the disease.
Natural disasters like tsunamis, hurricanes, sudden heavy snowstorms or blizzards, and flooding also jeopardize health. These types of disasters create environmental health concerns through the spread of toxic waste, increased water-borne infections and insect-borne disease, as well as loss of power or the inability to navigate roadways during floods or blizzards. In addition, natural disasters create environmental concerns such as low food supply, destruction of crops and livestock, and lack of clean water. Natural catastrophes like these are predicted to increase in frequency and severity as long as climate change with increasing global temperatures continues unchecked through slow reaction or frank inaction by governments.
Organizations across the globe are developing strategies for decreasing their carbon footprint in order to reduce pollution that contributes to climate change. Because no one is immune from this hazard, nurses must have a grasp of the growing concern for the impact of climate change and its associated implications for public health worldwide. It is important for nurses to learn how to increase their leadership capabilities to affect local, state, and national outcomes.
This week, you will consider the role of the nurse in preventing illnesses due to environmental issues. Additionally, you will discuss the role of nurses in developing health promotion and health protection strategies to address global climate change health concerns.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Analyze the role of the nurse in preventing illnesses due to environmental issues
Analyze the implications of global climate change on health*
*The Assignment related to this Learning Objective is introduced this week and submitted in Week 5.
Photo Credit: Photograph by Michael Rieger taken on 09/01/2005 in Louisiana - 15091. FEMA.
Learning Resources
Note:
To access this weekâs required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the
Course Materials
section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Holtz, C. (2013).
Global health care: Issues and policies
(2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 14, âGlobal Perspectives on Nutritionâ (pp. 355â384)
Chapter 16, âGlobal Perspectives on Environmental Healthâ (pp. 409â427)
Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2016).
Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community
(9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Chapter 10, âEnvironmental Healthâ (pp. 217â241)
Public Health Nursing: Population-Cen.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...ijtsrd
Â
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed âËtâ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
In July 2014, experts from public, private and research sectors met at the Rockefeller Foundation's "Planetary Health" summit to explore ways to better value ecosystems today to ensure their healthy existence tomorrow.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
Â
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francisâs respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Waterâs rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
Â
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
More Related Content
Similar to RADKE%202013%20Water%20Sanitation%20and%20Health_Health%20Risk%20Management_130827.pptx
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Laypersonâs Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Â
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
Clean Water & Sanitation for All: UNSDG # 6 by Nicholas Boutin, Maya McAndrews, Matthew Mosher, and Emily Price, Bristol County Agricultural High School
Week 4 Public Health Threats, Emergencies, and DisastersPublic he.docxjane3dyson92312
Â
Week 4: Public Health Threats, Emergencies, and Disasters
Public health threats, emergencies, and disasters are as diverse as they are devastating to a population. Infections such as pandemic influenza outbreaks cause severe illness and often death in susceptible populations like the very young or old. Disasters such as these require rapid response to vaccinate susceptible populations and educate the public on how to protect themselves from contracting the disease.
Natural disasters like tsunamis, hurricanes, sudden heavy snowstorms or blizzards, and flooding also jeopardize health. These types of disasters create environmental health concerns through the spread of toxic waste, increased water-borne infections and insect-borne disease, as well as loss of power or the inability to navigate roadways during floods or blizzards. In addition, natural disasters create environmental concerns such as low food supply, destruction of crops and livestock, and lack of clean water. Natural catastrophes like these are predicted to increase in frequency and severity as long as climate change with increasing global temperatures continues unchecked through slow reaction or frank inaction by governments.
Organizations across the globe are developing strategies for decreasing their carbon footprint in order to reduce pollution that contributes to climate change. Because no one is immune from this hazard, nurses must have a grasp of the growing concern for the impact of climate change and its associated implications for public health worldwide. It is important for nurses to learn how to increase their leadership capabilities to affect local, state, and national outcomes.
This week, you will consider the role of the nurse in preventing illnesses due to environmental issues. Additionally, you will discuss the role of nurses in developing health promotion and health protection strategies to address global climate change health concerns.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Analyze the role of the nurse in preventing illnesses due to environmental issues
Analyze the implications of global climate change on health*
*The Assignment related to this Learning Objective is introduced this week and submitted in Week 5.
Photo Credit: Photograph by Michael Rieger taken on 09/01/2005 in Louisiana - 15091. FEMA.
Learning Resources
Note:
To access this weekâs required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the
Course Materials
section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Holtz, C. (2013).
Global health care: Issues and policies
(2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 14, âGlobal Perspectives on Nutritionâ (pp. 355â384)
Chapter 16, âGlobal Perspectives on Environmental Healthâ (pp. 409â427)
Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2016).
Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community
(9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Chapter 10, âEnvironmental Healthâ (pp. 217â241)
Public Health Nursing: Population-Cen.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...ijtsrd
Â
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed âËtâ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
In July 2014, experts from public, private and research sectors met at the Rockefeller Foundation's "Planetary Health" summit to explore ways to better value ecosystems today to ensure their healthy existence tomorrow.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
Â
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francisâs respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Waterâs rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
Similar to RADKE%202013%20Water%20Sanitation%20and%20Health_Health%20Risk%20Management_130827.pptx (20)
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
Â
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
Â
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Â
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Â
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
Â
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
1. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Water, Sanitation and Health
&
Health Risk Management
1
Naomi Radke, seecon international GmbH
2. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Copy it, adapt it, use it â but acknowledge the source!
Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open-
source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source
is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in
the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing
organisations.
To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that:
You are free to:
⢠Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document
⢠Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this
document.
Under the following conditions:
⢠Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using.
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and
the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with
respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Copyright & Disclaimer
3. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Contents
Water, Sanitation and Health
1. Water-Borne Diseases
2. Effects of Water-Borne Diseases
3. Conclusion
Health Risk Management
1. A Multi-Barrier Approach
2. Transmission Routes
3. Critical Questions
4. Mitigating Health Risks
References
3
5. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Sources of Diseases
⢠Pathogenic microorganisms in contaminated water
⢠Lack of access to adequate (safe) water sources or
water point-of-use water treatments
⢠But also lack of sanitation and poor hygiene are
responsible for the transmission of diseases
⢠Water often contaminated due to inadequate
sanitation and waste water treatment: faeces of an
infected person enters the water untreated
⢠Some estimated 884 million people worldwide lack
access to improved water supply and 2.6 billion
people lack access to improved sanitation
(WHO/UNICEF 2010)
5
1. Water-Borne Diseases
Poor sanitation leads
to discharge of
sewage directly into
the environment.
Source: WaterAid (2013)
6. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Diseases
6
1. Water-Borne Diseases
Dirty water causes more deaths per
year than armed conflicts.
Source: WSSCC (2007)
Diarrhoea (multiple liquid bowl movements
per day; this loss of fluid can lead to death)
Cholera (infection in the small intestine
leading to diarrhoea and vomiting and thus
to dehydration)
Typhoid (fever, headache, pain and
diarrhoea)
And several other parasitic infections
(e.g. schistosomiasis, guinea worm, ...)
Most significant is the persistence and wide
distribution of diarrhoea throughout the
developing world â an effect of inadequate
water supply and sanitation.
7. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
School Absence
Absence of 443 Mio school days each year (BORKOWSKY 2006) due to
water-borne diseases
⢠Strong negative impact on nutrition, health and learning capacities
especially of children
⢠Hurts prospects for future earnings and makes continuing poverty
more likely
7
2. Effects of Water-Borne Diseases
Adequate sanitation can reduce
water-borne diseases of children.
Source: WHO (2012)
8. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Severe Sickness and Death
⢠Parasitic helminthes infections: severe consequences e.g. cognitive
impairment, massive dysentery, anaemia and death of around 9400
people every year
⢠In Sub-Saharan Africa, schistosomiasis kills more than 200,000 people
every year
⢠Acute diarrhoea, as occurs in cholera, if left untreated can cause
death within a day or less
8
2. Effects of Water-Borne Diseases
9. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Breaking Economic Development
⢠Large-scale death and poor health also act as a brake on economic
development
⢠Unsafe water and inadequate sanitation especially impacts the poor
(About 2/3 of people without access to a protected water source live
on less than US$2 a day )
⢠Adequate water supplies and sanitation are often key step out of
poverty
9
2. Effects of Water-Borne Diseases
10. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Clean Water and Sanitation are intertwined with more than health!
Due to the interconnectedness between water, sanitation,
health and poverty, lack of safe water supply and proper
sanitation has not only an impact on health, but
consequently on education, ability to work and thus
economic development.
Thus both adequate drinking water and sanitation are
crucial for the health of human and thus their physical and
economical development (school visits and escaping the
poverty trap).
An approach to reduce health risk due to water/sanitation-
borne diseases can be found in the following section:
Health Risk Management
10
3. Conclusion
11. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Health Risk Management
12. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
What is a barrier?
12
⌠A part of the treatment or handling chain of a sanitation
system that substantially reduces the number
of pathogens present in excreta and thus the risk of infection.
Example of barrier: proper management of excreta acts as the
primary barrier to the prevention of pathogen-spread.
1. A Multi-Barrier Approach
13. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
What is a multi-barrier approach? (1/2)
13
⌠Pathogen reduction by various measures as opposed to only one
measure (e.g. proper excreta management) along the
treatment/handling chain.
1. A Multi-Barrier Approach
14. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
What is a multi-barrier approach? (2/2)
14
1. A Multi-Barrier Approach
Source: STENSTROEM ET AL. (2011)
15. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Exposure Points
15
The origin of diarrhoea is faeces!
Transmission of faeces-related pathogens can take place at various
points. These have to be controlled.
2. Transmission Routes
Source: STENSTROEM ET AL. (2011)
16. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Transmission Routes (1/2)
16
Primary: direct exposure
⢠Person-to-person contact
⢠Short-distance airborne transmission
Secondary: exposure through external route
⢠Vehicle-borne: contamination of food, water, etc.
⢠Vector-borne: created breeding sites of vectors
2. Transmission Routes
17. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Transmission Routes (2/2)
17
2. Transmission Routes
Spread of pathogens from
excreta of an infected
individual to a healthy
individual.
Source: STENSTROEM ET AL. (2011)
18. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Questions to identify severity of health risk
18
3. Critical Questions
WHO is exposed to pathogens from contaminated water and
excreta?
HOW MANY people (individuals) are likely to be exposed
directly or indirectly?
WHERE does the exposure occur within the sanitation system?
WHICH routes should we consider?
HOW frequently does exposure occur?
WHAT dose of exposure occurs?
19. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
WHO is exposed?
19
3. Critical Questions
Groups affected can be:
⢠User â uses the technology (e.g. poor hygiene when using toilet,
drinking contaminated water)
⢠Worker â maintains/cleans/operates/empties the sanitation
technologies
⢠Farmer â uses generated sanitation products (wastewater,
sewage sludge etc.)
⢠Community â passively affected by living near
sanitation technologies or contaminated farming sites
Worker â a toilet emptier.
Source: SuSanA on Flickr (2010)
20. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Technical components
20
4. Mitigating Health Risks
The selected technology within each of the functional groups of a
sanitation system will govern the overall reduction efficiency and
the likelihood of disease transmission.
Each is linked to critical points where pathogens may be
transmitted or controlled.
Functional groups of a
sanitation system.
Source:
http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_Portal
21. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Non-technical components (1/2)
21
4. Mitigating Health Risks
Extent of human health protection by the sanitation
system relates to socio-cultural aspects linked to specific features
of the system:
taboos
traditions
believes predominant
hygiene
practices
22. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Non-technical components (2/2)
22
4. Mitigating Health Risks
These taboos/believes/traditions/practices may reduce or elevate
pathogen exposure
Example: Reduction
Koranic edict: excreta are
regarded as impure (najassa)
and its use only permitted when
the najassa is removed.
Example: Elevation
In some cultures child faeces is
regarded as harmless.
23. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Hygiene promotion
23
4. Mitigating Health Risks
In order to mitigate health risks from inadequate sanitation and
unclean water it is important to:
⢠Promote good practices around the home (for sanitation,
cooking, drinking, etc.)
⢠Teach about risks and consequences of lack of hygiene
⢠Find out what practices are common in your target area and
adapt your promotion to it
24. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
Hygiene promotion â Most important practices to reduce risk
24
4. Mitigating Health Risks
⢠Safe disposal of faeces (the primary source of diarrhoea) â use
toilets/latrines and if not possible bury faeces and cover with soil
⢠Hand washing â most importantly after touching faeces, before
eating, preparing food and feeding children
⢠Keep water clean â faecal material should not get into water
supplies. Additionally boil and filter water and cover water jars
⢠Fly control (transmitter of faeces-related diseases)â e.G. Cover
latrines or use fly traps
Source: UNICEF (1999)
25. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management
Find this presentation and more on www.sswm.info
ROMA, E.; PUGH, I, (2012): Toilets for health. London: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. URL:
http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/features/2012/toilets_for_health:_flushed_with_success_.html [Accessed: 06.08.2013]
WSSCC (Editor) (2007): Hurry up! 2.6 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation. Geneva: Water Supply and Sanitation
Collaborative Council (WSSCC). URL: not available.
WHO (2012): UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS). The Challenge of Extending and
Sustaining Services. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). URL: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/
[Accessed: 06.08.2013]
WATERAID (2013): Sanitationâs Impact on Health. New York: Water Aid America. URL:
http://www.wateraidamerica.org/what_we_do/the_need/sanitation.aspx [Accessed: 06.08.2013]
STENSTROEM, A.; SEIDU, R.; EKANE, M.; ZURBRUEGG, C. (2011): Microbial Exposure and Health Assessments in Sanitation
Technologies and Systems. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). URL: http://www.susana.org/lang-
en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=1236 [Accessed: 06.08.2013]
BORKOWSKI, L. (2006): UNDP on the World's Water Challenge. Brooklyn, New York: ScienceBlogs, LLC. URL:
http://scienceblogs.com/thepumphandle/2006/11/18/undp-on-the-worlds-water-challenge/ [Accessed: 06.08.2013]
UNICEF (1999): A Manual on Hygiene Promotion. New York, London: United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). URL: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/library/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=424
[Accessed: 20.08.2013]
25
References
26. Water, Sanitation and Health & Health Risk Management 26
âLinking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agricultureâ
SSWM is an
initiative
supported by:
Created
by: