RADIATION.pdf

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GUIDELINES OF
RADIATION
SAFETY IN
DENTISTRY

Radiation Dosage
0
10
20
30
40
0.1uSv 0.2uSv 10uSv 40uSv
Banana IOPA Daily radiation Flight

DENTAL
PERSONNEL
.
PATIENTS
.
PUBLIC
.
Reduce exposure to:
AIM

Responsibilities of the dental practitioner
EQUIPMENT
Ensuring safe working
area & procedures.
Ensuring that operators
are properly trained to
operate the
equipment.
Ensuring that equipment
comply with regulatory
requirements
Ensuring the
equipment functions
properly and is
maintained regularly

Equipment requirements
Panoramic/
Cephalometric
radiograph
Dimension of room :
2.5 m x 3.5 m
Thickness of
shielding at doors
and walls is: 1.5 mm
Pb eq.
Intraoral radiograph
Dimensions of room are: 2.0 x 3.0 m
Thickness of shielding at doors and walls
is: 1.0 mm Pb eq

Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304) The Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984
(Act 304) is an Act to provide for the regulation and control of atomic energy
Under Section 12(1) (b) of Act 304 no person shall deal in, possess or dispose of any
radioactive material, nuclear material, prescribed substance or irradiating
apparatus, unless he is under Section 16(5), the holder of a valid license issued by
the appropriate authority for such purpose and as specified in the license.
Regulations to Act 304
• The Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations 19864
• The Atomic Energy Licensing (Basic Safety Radiation Protection) Regulations 2010
• The Radiation Protection (Transport) Regulations 1989.
Ensuring the Dental Radiation Equipment
Comply with Regulatory Requirements

Signs and Warning Lights

Protection for the Operator

If a personnel is likely to be exposed to a
radiation dose exceeding 1 mSv in any one
year, or the equivalent of a weekly workload
that exceeds 100 intra-oral/ 50 panoramic
films, it is he/she should be provided with
personal radiation monitoring devices.
Personal Radiation-Monitoring
Devices for Personnel
Film Badge Dosimeter
Thermo-luminescent
Detector Badge

Lead apron >0.25 mm of lead equivalence
for reproductive organ protection.
Thyroid collars should be provided in
where the thyroid may be in the
primary beam. The use of a thyroid
shield for children is important,
especially during occlusal radiographic
examination.
Protection for the Patient

Patient Positioning:
The patient’s head and the
primary beam should be aligned
such that the primary beam is
not directed at patient’s
reproductive organs and body.
Female Patient of Child-bearing Age:
Always enquire into the pregnancy status.

Techniques using film holders
incorporating beam-aiming devices
should be used for bitewings and
periapical radiography.
Procedures Specific to Intra-Oral
Radiography

Where automatic processing
is used, the processor should
be properly cleaned. In the
case of manual processing,
maintenance should be done
regularly.
Image Receptor, Processor &Viewer
Intra-oral films of ISO
speed group E, or faster,
are preferred.
A specially designed light-box
should be used, in order to
extract full diagnostic
information from the films.

Ensuring Proper Function and
Maintenance of Equipment
Maintenance and associated checks for intra-oral,
panoramic and cephalometric x-ray apparatus
shall be done once every two years.
An accredited Class H consultant shall possess
Class H license issued by the Director General of
Health Malaysia.
.
Performance Test and safety of the apparatus
must be undertaken by an accredited Class H
Consultant.

• ALARA principle-
Adequate diagnostic information, while radiation doses are controlled to
be As Low As Reasonably Achievable
• Observe the basic principles of radiation protection that is,
Quality assurance

Quality assurance
Quality control of equipment operation and baseline performance of
radiographic equipment should be done.
Professional education on
use of x-ray equipment,
hazard of ionising radiation
and radiation safety.
Image quality – monitoring
and analysis of film reject
rate - corrective action
should be taken if the reject
rate is more than 10%

Establishing Equipment Performance
Following the
manufacturer’s
preventive
maintenance
schedule
Calibration of
equipment
Proper radiation
beam alignment
Inspection and
replacement of
worn or broken
components
Mechanical
and electrical
performance
Technical evaluation of Dental X-Ray Equipment should include the following:

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Establishing Equipment Performance
Unexposed film
Unexposed x-ray
films should be
stored in a
container that is
adequately
shielded against
radiation and away
from excessive
heat, or chemical
contamination.
Films
Processing
Equipment
Inspection of
storage tanks,
condition of
processing
equipment and
maintenance
schedule.
Protective Devices
Inspection of protective
devices, including lead
shields, aprons and
thyroid shield.

Establishing Administrative Procedures
Name of
manufacturer
.
.
2 4
1 3 5
Model number
Year of
manufacture&
installation
Maintenance
records
Serial
number
An up-to-date inventory of each item of x-ray equipment
is important should contain the following details:

Procedures to minimise radiation
exposure to personnel
1
2
3
4
Dental radiographic equipment must only
be operated by trained personnel
trained personnel
.
The controlled area must not be
used for more than one radiological
investigation at the same time.
Operators must keep as far away
from the primary radiation beam as
possible must use protective
devices.
5
6
7
8
The operation of the x-ray equipment
should be controlled from outside or
behind a protective screen.
.
All persons, except for the patient and those
whose presence are required must leave the
room when a radiographic examination is in
progress.
The dental personnel must not hold the film
in place for the patient during the
procedure.
If parents or personnel are called to assist,
they must be provided with protective
aprons.
All x-ray tube housing must not be held by
hand during operation

Procedures to minimise radiation
exposure to patients
• Every effort must be made to
avoid unnecessary radiological
examination.
• It should only be for the purpose
of obtaining diagnostic
information about the patient’s
condition.
• Determine whether there have
been previous radiographic
examinations.

THANK
YOU

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