This document provides an overview of racism including: definitions of racism and prejudice; examples of racism around the world; types of racism such as individual, institutional, cultural, and symbolic racism; causes of racism; effects of racism on mental health; anti-racism strategies; and quotes against racism. The document also discusses that racism is prohibited in Islam and quotes from the Quran and hadiths against discrimination.

1. Racism
Presented to
Ms. Shahnila Tariq
Presented By
Zunera Ahmed
Roll No. 20
M.Sc. IV

2. Racism
Content of the presentation
• Definition of racism
• Examples of racism
• Racism around the world
• Difference between racism and prejudice
• Type of Racism
• Causes of racism
• Effects of Racism in mental health
• Anti-racism
• Racism prohibition in Islam
• Some quotations about anti-racism
• Strategies to overcome racism

3. Racism
• The term racism is broader one than racial prejudice
and it is generally used to include not only prejudice,
but also hostility, discrimination, segregation, and other
negative action expressed toward an ethnic group
(Oskamp & Schultz, 2005).

4. Definition of racism
• Racism can be broadly defined as attitude, belief,
behavior, or institutional arrangement that favors
one racial group over another (Farely, 1995).
Conti...

5. • People who are racist and have power in society can act
against a whole group. An example of this happened in
South Africa until 1990. Up until then, a small number
of white people ruled over black people. The
government kept people of different races apart. White
people were provided with much better homes, schools,
and hospitals (Senker , 2009).

6. Examples of racism

7. Examples of racism

8. Racism around the world
• Racism exists in most societies. In the united States, for
instance, there is racism among white people among white
people against Hispanics, African-Americans, and Asians
(Senker, 2009).
• In India, extreme right-wing Hindus believed Hindus are
superior to Muslims (who make up about one-fifth of the
population). They say that India should be for the Hindu and
majority and are racist toward Muslims (senker, 2009).

9. Racism and Prejudice
Racism Prejudice
• Some people are prejudiced • Some people make judgments
against others who have a about people because of how they
different skin color or are from a look or behave, without even
different ethnic group or culture. getting to know them. This is
They feel superior to them. This is called prejudice (Senker 2009).
called racism (Senker, 2009). • For example, schoolchildren may
• For instance, in a classroom look at another child in a wheel
where most of the children are chair and think he is not very
white, they might bully the few clever or good at his schoolwork
black children. because he is disabled. However,
he might be a mathematics genius:
it just happens that he cannot walk
well.

10. Types of Racism
• Individual racism • Institutional Racism
It assumes the superiority Institutional racism is
of one’s own racial group, revealed by policies and
and rationalizes the practices within
dominance and power organizations and
generally whites over institutions that contribute
African Americans. This to discrimination for a
racism would be targeted at group of people. (Allison &
an individual’s beliefs Belgrave, 2009) .
(Allison & Belgrave,
2009).

11. Types of Racism
• Cultural racism Symbolic racism
It is seen in the assumed a Symbolic racism is
superiority of a language, reflected in beliefs among
values, beliefs, worldviews, whites that racial
and cultural artifacts discrimination is no longer
dominants in a society. a problem in this society
(Allison & Belgrave, and that African Americans
2009). have obtained success
because they have not
worked hard enough for it
(Allison & Belgrave,
2009).

12. Causes of racism
• Socioeconomic status
• Mentality of superiority
• lack of diversity in the area
• Unfamiliarity
• Stereotypes
• Selfishness
• Environmental Factors
• Ignorance and peer pressure
• False perception
• The desire to exploit other people

13. Effects of racism in mental health
• Racism leads to a decrease sense of self-esteem.
Positive relationship between racism and psychological
stress
• Positive relationship between racism and self-esteem
and life satisfaction.
• Racism also related to trauma-related symptoms
(Harrell & Hall, 2003), depression, (Comas-Diaz &
Greenes, 1994: Stevenson et al; 1997)
• It is also related to general psychological stress
(Constantine & Wing, 2006).

14. Anti- Racism

16. Racism in Islam
Racism is never being liked in Islam.
Understand that God Almighty created us in different colors,
creeds, races, tribes and nations, not to despise one another,
but understand our differences and love one another".
Conti….

17. Racism in Islam
• The Quran rehearses the words of the almighty Allah which
reasons against racial discrimination and puts an end to it in
Islam.
• "O Mankind, we created you from a single pair of a male and a
female, and made you in to tribes and nations so that you may
know each other (not that you despise each other). Verily, the
most honored of you in the sight of Allah is he who is most
righteous of you." (Al-Quran, Chapter 49, Verse 13)
Conti……

18. Some quotations regarding anti
racism
• According to Hadees:
"All men(includes women) are equal in Islam, the Arab
has no superiority
over the non-Arab, nor does the non-Arab have
superiority over the Arab,
save in the fear of God."
(Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him).

19. Some quotations regarding
anti-racism
• “I have a dream that one day little black boys and girls
will be holding hands with little white boys and girls.”
(Martin Luther King Jr., I Have A Dream)

20. Strategies to overcome racism
• Role of educators
• Cooperative learning groups
• Eliminate biases
• Behave more as decent human beings
• Establish support for mental health
• Change yourself before attempting others
• Understand the depth of the problem
• Determine short term and long term goals
• Learn about your community
• Speak up if you see racism in action

21. References
Allison, K.W., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2009). Aferican
American psychology: from Africa to America.
SAGE.
Bondio, A., Kaufman, S., & Reilly, K. (2003). Racism: a
global reader. M.E. Sharpe. New York.
Corlett, A. J. (2003). Race, Racism, and Reparations.
Cornell University Press. Wadswarth.
Halli, S. S., & Driedger, L. (2000). Race and racism:
Canada’s challenge. McGill-Queens. New York.

22. Schultz, W. P., & Oskamp, S. (2005). Attitudes and Opinions.
Routledge. Taylor & Francis group. Macgraw Hills. New
York.
Senker, C. (2009). Taking Action against Racism. The Rosen
Publishing group.
Wing, D., & Constantine, G. M. (2006). Addressing racism:
facilitating cultural competence in mental health. John
Wiley & sons. New York
Yang, Q. P. (2000). Ethnic studies: issues and approaches. Suny
Press. John Wiley & sons. New York