This study ascertained the effect of the size of the firm and age in moderating the relationship between racial heterogeneity and corporate social responsibility disclosure of listed industrial goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Ex post facto research design was employed. Secondary data were sourced and computed for the 38 sampled quoted manufacturing companies for the period 2010 2019. Pearsons correlation coefficient and ordinary least square statistics were used to test the hypothesis by means of Microsoft software STATA 13.0 version. The result revealed that there is no significant effect of racial heterogeneity on corporate social responsibility of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Based on this, there is the need to encourage more nationals in the boardroom as racial heterogeneity does not matter for corporate social responsibility, as a way, there should be more of local than foreign boardroom members in the board. Okerekeoti, Chinedu C | Okoye, Emma I "Racial Heterogeneity and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: Evidence from Industrial Goods Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/strategic-management/43703/racial-heterogeneity-and-corporate-social-responsibility-disclosure-evidence-from-industrial-goods-manufacturing-firms-in-nigeria/okerekeoti-chinedu-c
Beyond Diversity to Inclusion Through Innovation - AWS Summit SydneyAmazon Web Services
There is increasing awareness amongst organisations that diversity and inclusion are important considerations for business in driving innovation. “A diverse and inclusive workforce is critical for success, to drive innovation, foster creativity and guide business strategies” [Forbes Report: “Fostering Innovation through a Diverse Workforce”]. For a company like Amazon, innovation is crucial to our success and having a diverse workforce gives us a better understanding of customers’ needs and is key to unlocking ideas. This session will feature speakers from Qantas, WORK180, and Women@Amazon to explore how both large corporates and start-ups are embracing a diverse workforce to foster a culture of innovation and drive business outcomes.
How Collaboration Can Change the World: Inclusion and DiversityAyelet Baron
This document discusses how inclusion and diversity can change the world and be a business enabler. It proposes a plan to move an organization from independent processes around inclusion and diversity to a transformational collaboration. The plan involves driving awareness, ensuring management understands the business importance, providing tools for integration into daily activities, securing a shift in behaviors, and integrating inclusion and diversity as the organization expands into emerging markets.
The Measureable Value of Diversity and InclusionLaunchpad
Diversity and inclusivity (D&I) in the workplace is one of the most pressing and controversial topics in the business world today. This subject receives extensive coverage nationally and internationally – but are we simply paying it lip service? It could be that we have our sights set much farther than where our feet lie. At the very least, conversations surrounding D&I have blossomed encouraging coherent strategies for a more inclusive future.
Diversity and inclusion in the workplace—The future for CGIARILRI
This document discusses diversity and inclusion in the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research). It argues that diversity and inclusion are important for three reasons: research has shown companies with diverse workforces have higher financial returns; CGIAR is increasingly operating like a business and can benefit from diverse perspectives; and achieving global impacts requires understanding different partners and cultures. The document examines current diversity trends in CGIAR in terms of gender and nationality. It acknowledges there is limited data and calls for more measurement to help manage diversity. It suggests solutions for CGIAR's future like affirmative action, improving recruitment, retention, and training, and developing an "diversity ecosystem" with holistic change management. The key message is CGIAR's success requires recognizing,
This document discusses organizational communication and diversity. It addresses how women and minorities are entering the workforce in increasing numbers and facing challenges such as the glass ceiling and lack of access to informal networks. It also discusses ensuring inclusion and fair treatment for other diverse groups such as those with disabilities and LGBT employees. The document outlines approaches an organization can take to diversity, including opportunities that diversity brings in terms of creativity and problem solving, as well challenges like potential backlash and issues around affirmative action. It also discusses the importance of both formal and informal communication channels within an organization.
MN6001 Business Without Borders, Assignment 3 (i)James Doherty
This document reflects on the author's university experience and international business management theories. It discusses several key points:
1. The importance of reflection in international business to learn from past experiences and mistakes. Managers should critically analyze projects to develop knowledge databases.
2. Globalization has reshaped business and theories through blurred boundaries and increased interconnections. Firms like P&G have adapted well through geocentric practices, while others like American Airlines struggled without change.
3. In group work, strong communication is vital for success, and language/cultural barriers can cause issues in multicultural groups if not addressed. Effective collaboration across differences is an important skill.
Managing diversity in the canadian workplaceSyed Jaffery
Canada’s workplace is very diverse; Internationally Educated Professionals (IEPs) contribute to Canada’s diversity and as newcomers have to learn how to manage diversity in the workplace. IEPs should have an insight on how to harness the performance potential of an increasingly diverse workforce to improve business performance.
Facts indicative of the magnitude of Canadian workforce diversity:
1.Canada brings in 250,000 immigrants every year. Skilled immigrants constitute the largest group of immigrants to Canada.
2.Two thirds of Canada’s population growth from 31.2 million in 2006 to 33.5 million in 2011 came from immigration. By 2030, immigration is expected to contribute to 80% of Canada’s population growth.
3.The imminent retirement of baby boomers, currently representing 43% of the workforce will create a shortage in the workforce, which has to be bridged by immigration. The Conference Board of Canada estimates that Canada needs 375,000 immigrants a year to stabilize the workforce and ensure economic growth.
Thus, it is important for IEPs to learn how to successfully manage diversity in the Canadian workplace and be able to contribute to improve business performance.
What our presentation will involve
The group’s presentation will discuss diversity management in the workplace, by defining it and providing examples and personal experiences on how diversity enables innovation and turns it to competitive advantage for the organization.
The presentation will also cover benefits of diversity in the workplace, the requirements to instill diversity in the work culture, and the challenges associated with the process. Overview of the federal laws is included as well. Our report will also talk about government organizations that oversee the implementation of federal legislative tools.
The presentation will endeavor to highlight the inclusion and diversity practices adopted by Canadian corporations and the problems faced by newcomers in gaining acceptance of their education and credentials besides the challenges faced in communicating with a diverse workforce and harnessing its potential to increase business performance.
Actions
The recommendations are aimed at increasing the awareness of IEPs to face challenges and better manage diversity in the Canadian workplace, by
•Providing better information about important aspects of diversity
•making them aware of their rights and privileges
•Instilling pride and confidence, that despite the challenges the IEPs will face, they represent a talent pool that has made significant contribution to Canadian economy and society
•Help identify companies and inclusion practices that encourage and embrace diversity
•Provide them with suggestions given by industry experts on how they can integrate faster into the workplace and start managing themselves and others better to increase business performance
Beyond Diversity to Inclusion Through Innovation - AWS Summit SydneyAmazon Web Services
There is increasing awareness amongst organisations that diversity and inclusion are important considerations for business in driving innovation. “A diverse and inclusive workforce is critical for success, to drive innovation, foster creativity and guide business strategies” [Forbes Report: “Fostering Innovation through a Diverse Workforce”]. For a company like Amazon, innovation is crucial to our success and having a diverse workforce gives us a better understanding of customers’ needs and is key to unlocking ideas. This session will feature speakers from Qantas, WORK180, and Women@Amazon to explore how both large corporates and start-ups are embracing a diverse workforce to foster a culture of innovation and drive business outcomes.
How Collaboration Can Change the World: Inclusion and DiversityAyelet Baron
This document discusses how inclusion and diversity can change the world and be a business enabler. It proposes a plan to move an organization from independent processes around inclusion and diversity to a transformational collaboration. The plan involves driving awareness, ensuring management understands the business importance, providing tools for integration into daily activities, securing a shift in behaviors, and integrating inclusion and diversity as the organization expands into emerging markets.
The Measureable Value of Diversity and InclusionLaunchpad
Diversity and inclusivity (D&I) in the workplace is one of the most pressing and controversial topics in the business world today. This subject receives extensive coverage nationally and internationally – but are we simply paying it lip service? It could be that we have our sights set much farther than where our feet lie. At the very least, conversations surrounding D&I have blossomed encouraging coherent strategies for a more inclusive future.
Diversity and inclusion in the workplace—The future for CGIARILRI
This document discusses diversity and inclusion in the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research). It argues that diversity and inclusion are important for three reasons: research has shown companies with diverse workforces have higher financial returns; CGIAR is increasingly operating like a business and can benefit from diverse perspectives; and achieving global impacts requires understanding different partners and cultures. The document examines current diversity trends in CGIAR in terms of gender and nationality. It acknowledges there is limited data and calls for more measurement to help manage diversity. It suggests solutions for CGIAR's future like affirmative action, improving recruitment, retention, and training, and developing an "diversity ecosystem" with holistic change management. The key message is CGIAR's success requires recognizing,
This document discusses organizational communication and diversity. It addresses how women and minorities are entering the workforce in increasing numbers and facing challenges such as the glass ceiling and lack of access to informal networks. It also discusses ensuring inclusion and fair treatment for other diverse groups such as those with disabilities and LGBT employees. The document outlines approaches an organization can take to diversity, including opportunities that diversity brings in terms of creativity and problem solving, as well challenges like potential backlash and issues around affirmative action. It also discusses the importance of both formal and informal communication channels within an organization.
MN6001 Business Without Borders, Assignment 3 (i)James Doherty
This document reflects on the author's university experience and international business management theories. It discusses several key points:
1. The importance of reflection in international business to learn from past experiences and mistakes. Managers should critically analyze projects to develop knowledge databases.
2. Globalization has reshaped business and theories through blurred boundaries and increased interconnections. Firms like P&G have adapted well through geocentric practices, while others like American Airlines struggled without change.
3. In group work, strong communication is vital for success, and language/cultural barriers can cause issues in multicultural groups if not addressed. Effective collaboration across differences is an important skill.
Managing diversity in the canadian workplaceSyed Jaffery
Canada’s workplace is very diverse; Internationally Educated Professionals (IEPs) contribute to Canada’s diversity and as newcomers have to learn how to manage diversity in the workplace. IEPs should have an insight on how to harness the performance potential of an increasingly diverse workforce to improve business performance.
Facts indicative of the magnitude of Canadian workforce diversity:
1.Canada brings in 250,000 immigrants every year. Skilled immigrants constitute the largest group of immigrants to Canada.
2.Two thirds of Canada’s population growth from 31.2 million in 2006 to 33.5 million in 2011 came from immigration. By 2030, immigration is expected to contribute to 80% of Canada’s population growth.
3.The imminent retirement of baby boomers, currently representing 43% of the workforce will create a shortage in the workforce, which has to be bridged by immigration. The Conference Board of Canada estimates that Canada needs 375,000 immigrants a year to stabilize the workforce and ensure economic growth.
Thus, it is important for IEPs to learn how to successfully manage diversity in the Canadian workplace and be able to contribute to improve business performance.
What our presentation will involve
The group’s presentation will discuss diversity management in the workplace, by defining it and providing examples and personal experiences on how diversity enables innovation and turns it to competitive advantage for the organization.
The presentation will also cover benefits of diversity in the workplace, the requirements to instill diversity in the work culture, and the challenges associated with the process. Overview of the federal laws is included as well. Our report will also talk about government organizations that oversee the implementation of federal legislative tools.
The presentation will endeavor to highlight the inclusion and diversity practices adopted by Canadian corporations and the problems faced by newcomers in gaining acceptance of their education and credentials besides the challenges faced in communicating with a diverse workforce and harnessing its potential to increase business performance.
Actions
The recommendations are aimed at increasing the awareness of IEPs to face challenges and better manage diversity in the Canadian workplace, by
•Providing better information about important aspects of diversity
•making them aware of their rights and privileges
•Instilling pride and confidence, that despite the challenges the IEPs will face, they represent a talent pool that has made significant contribution to Canadian economy and society
•Help identify companies and inclusion practices that encourage and embrace diversity
•Provide them with suggestions given by industry experts on how they can integrate faster into the workplace and start managing themselves and others better to increase business performance
Evidence of gender inequality and bias is all around us. Workplace prejudice has been found to affect workers’ salaries and career progression. Fighting gender stereotypes and prejudice by employers makes good business sense and in many countries, it's a legal obligation. This study aimed at investigating three factors believed to influence gender equality at the workplace. These included culture, distribution of resources and interpersonal relations. Five select medium sized public and private sector organizations based in Meru County were investigated. Each select organization employed over 100 workers .A total of 102 ordinary workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used as the main data collection tools. The study observed that women are more discriminated at the workplace. Culture plays a key role in perpetuating gender imbalance at the workplace due to men being dominant while women have been subordinate in the society. Further, outdated beliefs and separate gender roles have been responsible for holding women back. On distribution of resources, women were found to be under-represented in major decision making organs in the organization and suffered unequal access to economic resources .However cases of pay based on gender were negligible. Regarding interpersonal relations, the study observed that cases of sexual harassment play a key role in advancing gender inequality. The study noted that gender inequality at the workplace was responsible for cases of hostile working atmosphere, worker conflicts, harassment of subordinates by superiors, low productivity and slow growth of the organization. Various solutions to gender discrimination were recommended by the study. These include enforcing affirmative action in areas where there exists high discrimination against one gender. Individual organizations should invest in education, sensitization and mentorship programs to champion gender equality. Further, the government should enact more laws to prohibit gender discrimination practices. Organizations need to develop internal policies that punish offenders of gender discrimination and enforce a policy of equal-pay-for –equal work.
The document discusses the governance structure of Scott Bader Commonwealth (SBC), an employee-owned company founded in 1951. It analyzes SBC in terms of dialectical tensions and conflicts of interest. SBC addresses potential conflicts through its governance bodies, including the Members' Assembly, Commonwealth Board, and local committee councils. The Commonwealth Board oversees strategy and ensures adherence to founding principles, while local councils represent employees in different regions. However, the document notes SBC could improve transparency and prioritize employee feedback to further reduce tensions. It also recommends increasing gender diversity on the board.
This document discusses managing diversity in the workplace. It acknowledges that workforces are becoming more diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, abilities, and other attributes. Managing diversity effectively can increase creativity, innovation, and decision-making by bringing in different perspectives. However, it also presents challenges like balancing individual and group fairness, overcoming resistance to change from established corporate cultures, avoiding resentment, and preventing interpersonal conflicts between diverse groups. Managing diversity well requires creating an inclusive culture and supportive policies.
Ethnocentric Behaviour and Business Performance of Multinational Enterprises ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that examined how ethnocentric behavior of multinational enterprises (MNEs) impacts business performance in Nigeria. The study assessed how foreign culture, use of expatriates, and standardized marketing strategies affected operating costs, employee acceptance, and customer loyalty. It found that an MNE's foreign culture negatively impacted acceptance of management techniques by local employees. It also found that using expatriates in strategic positions increased operating costs, while standardized marketing strategies encouraged customer loyalty in Nigeria. The study recommends incorporating local employees in decisions and guiding MNEs to avoid culture shock to improve effectiveness in host countries.
Cultural Intelligence: Bridging the Cultural Differences in the Emerging MarketsJIANGUANGLUNG DANGMEI
In the emerging markets, cross border management has become a big challenge among the organizations. Researchers
have suggested that a high IQ and emotional intelligence may not be sufficient to successfully handle the global situations,
interaction and complexity tasks for an organization due to diversity in cultures. As organizations rely on the emerging
markets for revenue growth and expansion, they need to familiarize with different cultures and need to communicate
well with other cultures. If these cultural differences are not well managed, misunderstanding and conflict may rise in
the business across the world and organizations could be at risk if management fails to deal with the cultural difference.
Fortunately, researchers have recognized that cultural intelligence is a critical factor to overcome the challenges of cultural
differences. The realities of contemporary organizations demonstrated that cultural intelligence has vital implications for
individuals and organizations in the globalization as cultural diversities require organizations to interact with people from
a variety of backgrounds. When the cultural diversity is handled properly by incorporating cultural intelligence in the
organizations, it will be a competitive advantage for the organizations. Organizations operating in the cross border business now need to incorporate cultural intelligence to overcome the challenges of cultural differences in the emerging markets.
This document summarizes an article that explores ethnic diversity among staff at public universities in Kenya. It finds that most public universities in Kenya do not embrace ethnic diversity and have more than one-third of employees from just one ethnic group, violating Kenyan laws on diversity. The document reviews several theories on how social categorization and similarity attraction can negatively impact performance when ethnic diversity is lacking. It concludes that embracing ethnic diversity is important to improve inclusiveness and performance at public universities in Kenya.
GCNI Deloitte best case studies compendiumGlobalCompact
The document provides information about UN Global Compact Network India (UN GCNI) and Deloitte. UN GCNI was formed in 2000 as the Indian Local Network of the UN Global Compact to align stakeholders' practices with UN principles on human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption. It has over 350 business and non-business members. Deloitte is a global professional services firm with over 244,000 professionals worldwide providing advisory, tax, consulting and risk management services. The document introduces a best practices compendium on gender equality developed by UN GCNI and Deloitte featuring case studies of initiatives by various organizations to address gender issues in India.
This chapter discusses valuing diversity in the workplace. It defines diversity as differences in age, gender, race, abilities and other primary and secondary dimensions. Prejudice and discrimination can form barriers, but organizations can overcome this by valuing all employees' talents and perspectives. The document recommends diversity training, equal opportunity practices, and addressing subtle forms of discrimination to create an inclusive culture and gain competitive advantages from a diverse workforce.
The Value of Women is our report on the financial case for investing in companies with women in senior management and Board positions. It also examines the importance of philanthropy focused on providing opportunity for women to impact their communities.
Investment in women is highly impactful. It is a key indicator for higher investment performance for investors.
This document discusses maintaining and fostering diversity in the workplace. It begins by outlining the business benefits of diversity, such as financial gains and improved creativity. However, only 53% of CEOs believe diversity is important. The document then discusses the challenges of managing a diverse workforce and balancing different backgrounds. It emphasizes that HR managers must understand diversity in order to create an inclusive environment and foster innovation. Specific types of diversity discussed include age/generational, gender, and racial diversity. The document concludes that embracing diversity correlates with positive organizational outcomes like greater returns on equity and sales revenue.
Corporative Governance in an International ContextAI Publications
The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of corporative governance on international context in private business in Erbil. A random sampling technique was used, where all employees had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The study was carried out at private business in Erbil. The researchers distributed 170 questionnaires, only 156 questionnaires were received and from 156 questionnaires only 144 questionnaires were completed properly. Corporative governance can be an effective tool that many countries across the world can use to reduce such disparities evident in most firms. The findings revealed that the correlation between corporative governance factor as independent factor and International Context as dependent factor. The value of R for the Corporative governance = .386** which indicates that turnover is significantly but has weak correlation with International Context. Moreover, it was found that the value Beta for turnover = .386> 0.01, this indicates that turnover factor was positively and weak correlation with corporative governance.
Board Multiplicity and Cash Flow Performance of Listed Health Care Firms in N...ijtsrd
This study examines the relationship between board multiplicity and cash flow performance of listed health care firms in Nigeria from 2016-2020. Board multiplicity is measured using board gender multiplicity, board nationality multiplicity, and board ethnicity multiplicity. Cash flow performance is measured using operating cash flow to total assets. The study finds a significant positive relationship between all three measures of board multiplicity and operating cash flow performance at the 1-5% significance level. It concludes that board multiplicity ensures cash flow performance for health care firms in Nigeria. The study recommends increasing female representation on boards and considering ethnic diversity to integrate into corporate governance practices.
1. The document discusses incorporating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies into diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts for leadership roles in higher education.
2. ESG refers to environmental, social, and governance factors that investors increasingly examine when evaluating organizational performance. Diversity, equity, and inclusion fall under the social aspect of ESG.
3. Adopting policies that embrace ESG and DEI principles can help higher education institutions create a more inclusive learning environment and better reflect the diversity of their communities. Tracking inclusion metrics can also help organizations evaluate progress on DEI goals.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Organization citizenship behaviour as a determining Factor in Business outcomeAI Publications
The aim of this research was to look at an organization's citizenship behavior as a deciding factor in business success. The aim of the study was to assess private businesses in Kurdistan, especially in Erbil. To allow the study to measure business outcomes, the researchers used five different dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. The current study used a quantitative analysis approach in which a questionnaire was adapted from academic sources. Both workers had an equal chance of being chosen for the survey using a random sampling technique. The research was conducted in Erbil's private sector. The researchers distributed 85 questionnaires, but only 75 were returned, and only 67 of the 75 questionnaires were completed correctly. The researcher used multiple regression analysis to measure the established research hypotheses, and the results revealed that all five hypotheses are supported, with the highest value being for fairness perception, as organization citizenship behavior element has a significant influence on business outcome, and the lowest value being for job satisfaction, as organization citizenship behavior element has a significant influence on business outcome. This instrument will be used in future research to further our understanding of organizational learning.
Human Resource Management Practices and Productivity- A Case of Selected Mult...inventionjournals
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are greatly expanding and growing beyond their geographical borders and into many countries of the world. This expansion of MNCs, the alarming upsurge in widely publicized and notable corporate issues in emerging markets have begun to draw both academic and managerial attention, they now look beyond traditional home market practices to the pressing concern of host markets practices and policies. The study examined the impact of human resource management practices and productivity of selected MNCs in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted. The population of the study was 13,856 targeted staff of eight Manufacturing Multinational Corporation listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Stratified sampling technique was employed to select the respondents from each stratum (lower, middle and top level management). The sample of 400 was arrived at using Yamane’s formula. The sample size was expanded by 30% to make room for non-response rate. A validated questionnaire which was adopted and titled ―Human resources management practices and productivity of selected MNC’s operating in Nigeria‖ was used as the research instrument. The reliability test yielded the following Cronbach’s alpha co-efficients for the constructs: Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices = 0.72 and Productivity = 0.83. A total of 520 copies of the questionnaire were administered with a response rate of 92.3%. Simple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that human resource management practices had a significant relationship with productivity of the selected MNCs in Nigeria (r = .043, R2 = .162, p < 0.05). This study concluded that human resource management practices had a significant impact on productivity of selected Multinational Corporations in Nigeria. It therefore recommended that MNCsshould adopt an integrated approach toward formulation and implementation of human resource management practices in their firms.
A CASE STUDY ON DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION OF IT SECTOR A ROAD MAP FOR ORGANIZA...Erin Taylor
This document discusses diversity and inclusion practices in the IT sector. It begins with an abstract discussing how globalization requires more engagement between diverse cultures and how organizations must become more diverse to stay competitive. It then discusses how diversity provides both challenges and opportunities for organizations. Several studies on workforce diversity and inclusion are summarized. The objectives of the study are outlined as understanding diversity practices in IT firms, the benefits and challenges of diversity and inclusion, workforce diversity management, and analyzing diversity and inclusion using a SWOC framework. An overview of India's IT sector is provided. Finally, diversity and inclusion practices adopted by some major IT organizations are discussed.
1CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONS9CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONSEttaBenton28
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CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONS
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CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Discussion Board 4: Changes of Organizations
John Ireland
Author Note
John Ireland
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Changes of Organizations
Introduction
Organizational changes and reengineering are as old as organizations' existence and even referenced in the bible. The story of Moses and his father-in-law (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Exodus 18:13-27) discussing the people's judgment is an example of how delegation of authority can be implemented and handed down to others to complete the same judgment that Moses was employed and responsible for. It is equivalent to organizational leadership delegating authority to make decisions and effect changes with the limited risk involved. It is one of the first examples of a loosely coupled system. A loosely coupled system reduces the risk that a change made within one element will create unanticipated changes within other elements (Tech Target, 2011). Today, organizational changes have several factors of consideration by an organization to reduce the risk associated with decisions to implement changes. Those factors include the organizational structure, the current strategy, and the environmental impact on the market and industry.
The Covid-19 pandemic that hit the world stage in early 2020 is a prime example of recent changes that affect the changes that impact organizational operations today. The changes included a teleworking environment where employees considered non-essential to the traditional in-person approach could work using technology platforms to communicate and remain productive at a safe distance, not infecting or becoming infected by a deadly virus. Like anything encountered in life that is not ideal, knowing that God has a plan already in place for us and digging deep to persevere for a better day is essential to come out victorious on the other side. Merida, Platt, and Akin (2015) say “we should be reminded of the grace of God, who brings refreshing fall-like seasons in our life (Merida, Platt, & Akin, 2015, p.277).”
Remote Workforce
An emerging switch in how organizations had to adapt and rapidly respond to a change to the working environment that affected millions around the globe was a remote working environment to continue operations. Something considered impossible became a welcomed necessity to continue operations and maintain the same level of service and production as before the pandemic hit. The rise in how many organizations embraced and executed a telework posture almost quadrupled.
Early estimates suggested that, due to the pandemic, approximately 50% of the European workforce worked remotely compared with 12% prior to the pandemic (Ahrendt, Cabrita, Clerici, Hurley, & Leončikas, 2020). Private sector organizations were moving toward telework as an option to continue operations, and the public sectors were as well. The Department of Defense (DoD) identified non-essential or non-cr ...
For this week’s discussion, you are asked to research a bioterroriShainaBoling829
For this week’s discussion, you are asked to research a bioterrorist incident. Begin by reviewing the Media Focus video on bioterrorism in Week 3 of the Content and Activties, then explore the Internet.
Give an example and details from national/international news of a bioterrorist attack.
Address all of the following in your post:
· What was the classification of biological agent used in the attack?
· Discuss the implications of the biological agent.
· Discuss the therapy for the biological agent.
· What are the decontamination procedures for the biological agent used in the attack?
· Define the appropriate level of PPE required for this type of biological agent?
In your post, provide the name of the incident you have chosen, and support your answers with evidence/examples. Please provide a working link and a citation for your source(s).
In your replies to peers, compare the different biological agents, their implications and therapies. Discuss the different types of decontamination procedures and levels of PPE that would be required.
Support your answer with evidence from scholarly sources.
Discussion Board: Managing Dynamic Organizational Processes
Chapter 10: Do you think it is possible for an outsider to accurately discern about the underlying cultural values of an organization by analyzing symbols, ceremonies, dress, or other observable aspects of culture in comparison to an insider with several years of work experience? Select a percentage (e.g., 10%, 70%, etc.) and explain your reasoning.
Daft (2021) notes that culture is, “the set of values, norms, guiding beliefs, and understandings that is shared by members of an organization and taught to new members as the correct way to think, feel, and behave” (p. 445). Culture allows employees to integrate into a common environment and aids in adjusting to the external environment (Daft, 2021). An outside observer would be able to analyze symbols, ceremonies, dress, and other aspects of an organization and could accurately discern about 30% of an organization's cultural values. Symbols, ceremonies, dress, and other visually identifiable aspects of culture do not make up a large amount of organizational culture. The internal integration of coworkers guides employees' working relationships, interactions, communication, behaviors, and power structure (Daft, 2021). These are not easily identifiable from an outsider.
An insider with several years of experience could more accurately gauge an organization’s cultural beliefs. About 90% of an organization’s culture could be projected by an employee after working at the same company for several years. This employee would be able to see day-to-day relationships, how goals are met with outsiders, professional development, and even what nonconforming behaviors are accepted (Daft, 2021). This knowledge is developed with hands-on experience that an outsider may not see from the outside over a short period. Sahoo (2022) notes that or ...
Evidence of gender inequality and bias is all around us. Workplace prejudice has been found to affect workers’ salaries and career progression. Fighting gender stereotypes and prejudice by employers makes good business sense and in many countries, it's a legal obligation. This study aimed at investigating three factors believed to influence gender equality at the workplace. These included culture, distribution of resources and interpersonal relations. Five select medium sized public and private sector organizations based in Meru County were investigated. Each select organization employed over 100 workers .A total of 102 ordinary workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used as the main data collection tools. The study observed that women are more discriminated at the workplace. Culture plays a key role in perpetuating gender imbalance at the workplace due to men being dominant while women have been subordinate in the society. Further, outdated beliefs and separate gender roles have been responsible for holding women back. On distribution of resources, women were found to be under-represented in major decision making organs in the organization and suffered unequal access to economic resources .However cases of pay based on gender were negligible. Regarding interpersonal relations, the study observed that cases of sexual harassment play a key role in advancing gender inequality. The study noted that gender inequality at the workplace was responsible for cases of hostile working atmosphere, worker conflicts, harassment of subordinates by superiors, low productivity and slow growth of the organization. Various solutions to gender discrimination were recommended by the study. These include enforcing affirmative action in areas where there exists high discrimination against one gender. Individual organizations should invest in education, sensitization and mentorship programs to champion gender equality. Further, the government should enact more laws to prohibit gender discrimination practices. Organizations need to develop internal policies that punish offenders of gender discrimination and enforce a policy of equal-pay-for –equal work.
The document discusses the governance structure of Scott Bader Commonwealth (SBC), an employee-owned company founded in 1951. It analyzes SBC in terms of dialectical tensions and conflicts of interest. SBC addresses potential conflicts through its governance bodies, including the Members' Assembly, Commonwealth Board, and local committee councils. The Commonwealth Board oversees strategy and ensures adherence to founding principles, while local councils represent employees in different regions. However, the document notes SBC could improve transparency and prioritize employee feedback to further reduce tensions. It also recommends increasing gender diversity on the board.
This document discusses managing diversity in the workplace. It acknowledges that workforces are becoming more diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, abilities, and other attributes. Managing diversity effectively can increase creativity, innovation, and decision-making by bringing in different perspectives. However, it also presents challenges like balancing individual and group fairness, overcoming resistance to change from established corporate cultures, avoiding resentment, and preventing interpersonal conflicts between diverse groups. Managing diversity well requires creating an inclusive culture and supportive policies.
Ethnocentric Behaviour and Business Performance of Multinational Enterprises ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that examined how ethnocentric behavior of multinational enterprises (MNEs) impacts business performance in Nigeria. The study assessed how foreign culture, use of expatriates, and standardized marketing strategies affected operating costs, employee acceptance, and customer loyalty. It found that an MNE's foreign culture negatively impacted acceptance of management techniques by local employees. It also found that using expatriates in strategic positions increased operating costs, while standardized marketing strategies encouraged customer loyalty in Nigeria. The study recommends incorporating local employees in decisions and guiding MNEs to avoid culture shock to improve effectiveness in host countries.
Cultural Intelligence: Bridging the Cultural Differences in the Emerging MarketsJIANGUANGLUNG DANGMEI
In the emerging markets, cross border management has become a big challenge among the organizations. Researchers
have suggested that a high IQ and emotional intelligence may not be sufficient to successfully handle the global situations,
interaction and complexity tasks for an organization due to diversity in cultures. As organizations rely on the emerging
markets for revenue growth and expansion, they need to familiarize with different cultures and need to communicate
well with other cultures. If these cultural differences are not well managed, misunderstanding and conflict may rise in
the business across the world and organizations could be at risk if management fails to deal with the cultural difference.
Fortunately, researchers have recognized that cultural intelligence is a critical factor to overcome the challenges of cultural
differences. The realities of contemporary organizations demonstrated that cultural intelligence has vital implications for
individuals and organizations in the globalization as cultural diversities require organizations to interact with people from
a variety of backgrounds. When the cultural diversity is handled properly by incorporating cultural intelligence in the
organizations, it will be a competitive advantage for the organizations. Organizations operating in the cross border business now need to incorporate cultural intelligence to overcome the challenges of cultural differences in the emerging markets.
This document summarizes an article that explores ethnic diversity among staff at public universities in Kenya. It finds that most public universities in Kenya do not embrace ethnic diversity and have more than one-third of employees from just one ethnic group, violating Kenyan laws on diversity. The document reviews several theories on how social categorization and similarity attraction can negatively impact performance when ethnic diversity is lacking. It concludes that embracing ethnic diversity is important to improve inclusiveness and performance at public universities in Kenya.
GCNI Deloitte best case studies compendiumGlobalCompact
The document provides information about UN Global Compact Network India (UN GCNI) and Deloitte. UN GCNI was formed in 2000 as the Indian Local Network of the UN Global Compact to align stakeholders' practices with UN principles on human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption. It has over 350 business and non-business members. Deloitte is a global professional services firm with over 244,000 professionals worldwide providing advisory, tax, consulting and risk management services. The document introduces a best practices compendium on gender equality developed by UN GCNI and Deloitte featuring case studies of initiatives by various organizations to address gender issues in India.
This chapter discusses valuing diversity in the workplace. It defines diversity as differences in age, gender, race, abilities and other primary and secondary dimensions. Prejudice and discrimination can form barriers, but organizations can overcome this by valuing all employees' talents and perspectives. The document recommends diversity training, equal opportunity practices, and addressing subtle forms of discrimination to create an inclusive culture and gain competitive advantages from a diverse workforce.
The Value of Women is our report on the financial case for investing in companies with women in senior management and Board positions. It also examines the importance of philanthropy focused on providing opportunity for women to impact their communities.
Investment in women is highly impactful. It is a key indicator for higher investment performance for investors.
This document discusses maintaining and fostering diversity in the workplace. It begins by outlining the business benefits of diversity, such as financial gains and improved creativity. However, only 53% of CEOs believe diversity is important. The document then discusses the challenges of managing a diverse workforce and balancing different backgrounds. It emphasizes that HR managers must understand diversity in order to create an inclusive environment and foster innovation. Specific types of diversity discussed include age/generational, gender, and racial diversity. The document concludes that embracing diversity correlates with positive organizational outcomes like greater returns on equity and sales revenue.
Corporative Governance in an International ContextAI Publications
The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of corporative governance on international context in private business in Erbil. A random sampling technique was used, where all employees had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The study was carried out at private business in Erbil. The researchers distributed 170 questionnaires, only 156 questionnaires were received and from 156 questionnaires only 144 questionnaires were completed properly. Corporative governance can be an effective tool that many countries across the world can use to reduce such disparities evident in most firms. The findings revealed that the correlation between corporative governance factor as independent factor and International Context as dependent factor. The value of R for the Corporative governance = .386** which indicates that turnover is significantly but has weak correlation with International Context. Moreover, it was found that the value Beta for turnover = .386> 0.01, this indicates that turnover factor was positively and weak correlation with corporative governance.
Board Multiplicity and Cash Flow Performance of Listed Health Care Firms in N...ijtsrd
This study examines the relationship between board multiplicity and cash flow performance of listed health care firms in Nigeria from 2016-2020. Board multiplicity is measured using board gender multiplicity, board nationality multiplicity, and board ethnicity multiplicity. Cash flow performance is measured using operating cash flow to total assets. The study finds a significant positive relationship between all three measures of board multiplicity and operating cash flow performance at the 1-5% significance level. It concludes that board multiplicity ensures cash flow performance for health care firms in Nigeria. The study recommends increasing female representation on boards and considering ethnic diversity to integrate into corporate governance practices.
1. The document discusses incorporating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies into diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts for leadership roles in higher education.
2. ESG refers to environmental, social, and governance factors that investors increasingly examine when evaluating organizational performance. Diversity, equity, and inclusion fall under the social aspect of ESG.
3. Adopting policies that embrace ESG and DEI principles can help higher education institutions create a more inclusive learning environment and better reflect the diversity of their communities. Tracking inclusion metrics can also help organizations evaluate progress on DEI goals.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Organization citizenship behaviour as a determining Factor in Business outcomeAI Publications
The aim of this research was to look at an organization's citizenship behavior as a deciding factor in business success. The aim of the study was to assess private businesses in Kurdistan, especially in Erbil. To allow the study to measure business outcomes, the researchers used five different dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. The current study used a quantitative analysis approach in which a questionnaire was adapted from academic sources. Both workers had an equal chance of being chosen for the survey using a random sampling technique. The research was conducted in Erbil's private sector. The researchers distributed 85 questionnaires, but only 75 were returned, and only 67 of the 75 questionnaires were completed correctly. The researcher used multiple regression analysis to measure the established research hypotheses, and the results revealed that all five hypotheses are supported, with the highest value being for fairness perception, as organization citizenship behavior element has a significant influence on business outcome, and the lowest value being for job satisfaction, as organization citizenship behavior element has a significant influence on business outcome. This instrument will be used in future research to further our understanding of organizational learning.
Human Resource Management Practices and Productivity- A Case of Selected Mult...inventionjournals
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are greatly expanding and growing beyond their geographical borders and into many countries of the world. This expansion of MNCs, the alarming upsurge in widely publicized and notable corporate issues in emerging markets have begun to draw both academic and managerial attention, they now look beyond traditional home market practices to the pressing concern of host markets practices and policies. The study examined the impact of human resource management practices and productivity of selected MNCs in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted. The population of the study was 13,856 targeted staff of eight Manufacturing Multinational Corporation listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Stratified sampling technique was employed to select the respondents from each stratum (lower, middle and top level management). The sample of 400 was arrived at using Yamane’s formula. The sample size was expanded by 30% to make room for non-response rate. A validated questionnaire which was adopted and titled ―Human resources management practices and productivity of selected MNC’s operating in Nigeria‖ was used as the research instrument. The reliability test yielded the following Cronbach’s alpha co-efficients for the constructs: Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices = 0.72 and Productivity = 0.83. A total of 520 copies of the questionnaire were administered with a response rate of 92.3%. Simple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that human resource management practices had a significant relationship with productivity of the selected MNCs in Nigeria (r = .043, R2 = .162, p < 0.05). This study concluded that human resource management practices had a significant impact on productivity of selected Multinational Corporations in Nigeria. It therefore recommended that MNCsshould adopt an integrated approach toward formulation and implementation of human resource management practices in their firms.
A CASE STUDY ON DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION OF IT SECTOR A ROAD MAP FOR ORGANIZA...Erin Taylor
This document discusses diversity and inclusion practices in the IT sector. It begins with an abstract discussing how globalization requires more engagement between diverse cultures and how organizations must become more diverse to stay competitive. It then discusses how diversity provides both challenges and opportunities for organizations. Several studies on workforce diversity and inclusion are summarized. The objectives of the study are outlined as understanding diversity practices in IT firms, the benefits and challenges of diversity and inclusion, workforce diversity management, and analyzing diversity and inclusion using a SWOC framework. An overview of India's IT sector is provided. Finally, diversity and inclusion practices adopted by some major IT organizations are discussed.
1CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONS9CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONSEttaBenton28
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CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONS
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CHANGES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Discussion Board 4: Changes of Organizations
John Ireland
Author Note
John Ireland
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Changes of Organizations
Introduction
Organizational changes and reengineering are as old as organizations' existence and even referenced in the bible. The story of Moses and his father-in-law (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Exodus 18:13-27) discussing the people's judgment is an example of how delegation of authority can be implemented and handed down to others to complete the same judgment that Moses was employed and responsible for. It is equivalent to organizational leadership delegating authority to make decisions and effect changes with the limited risk involved. It is one of the first examples of a loosely coupled system. A loosely coupled system reduces the risk that a change made within one element will create unanticipated changes within other elements (Tech Target, 2011). Today, organizational changes have several factors of consideration by an organization to reduce the risk associated with decisions to implement changes. Those factors include the organizational structure, the current strategy, and the environmental impact on the market and industry.
The Covid-19 pandemic that hit the world stage in early 2020 is a prime example of recent changes that affect the changes that impact organizational operations today. The changes included a teleworking environment where employees considered non-essential to the traditional in-person approach could work using technology platforms to communicate and remain productive at a safe distance, not infecting or becoming infected by a deadly virus. Like anything encountered in life that is not ideal, knowing that God has a plan already in place for us and digging deep to persevere for a better day is essential to come out victorious on the other side. Merida, Platt, and Akin (2015) say “we should be reminded of the grace of God, who brings refreshing fall-like seasons in our life (Merida, Platt, & Akin, 2015, p.277).”
Remote Workforce
An emerging switch in how organizations had to adapt and rapidly respond to a change to the working environment that affected millions around the globe was a remote working environment to continue operations. Something considered impossible became a welcomed necessity to continue operations and maintain the same level of service and production as before the pandemic hit. The rise in how many organizations embraced and executed a telework posture almost quadrupled.
Early estimates suggested that, due to the pandemic, approximately 50% of the European workforce worked remotely compared with 12% prior to the pandemic (Ahrendt, Cabrita, Clerici, Hurley, & Leončikas, 2020). Private sector organizations were moving toward telework as an option to continue operations, and the public sectors were as well. The Department of Defense (DoD) identified non-essential or non-cr ...
For this week’s discussion, you are asked to research a bioterroriShainaBoling829
For this week’s discussion, you are asked to research a bioterrorist incident. Begin by reviewing the Media Focus video on bioterrorism in Week 3 of the Content and Activties, then explore the Internet.
Give an example and details from national/international news of a bioterrorist attack.
Address all of the following in your post:
· What was the classification of biological agent used in the attack?
· Discuss the implications of the biological agent.
· Discuss the therapy for the biological agent.
· What are the decontamination procedures for the biological agent used in the attack?
· Define the appropriate level of PPE required for this type of biological agent?
In your post, provide the name of the incident you have chosen, and support your answers with evidence/examples. Please provide a working link and a citation for your source(s).
In your replies to peers, compare the different biological agents, their implications and therapies. Discuss the different types of decontamination procedures and levels of PPE that would be required.
Support your answer with evidence from scholarly sources.
Discussion Board: Managing Dynamic Organizational Processes
Chapter 10: Do you think it is possible for an outsider to accurately discern about the underlying cultural values of an organization by analyzing symbols, ceremonies, dress, or other observable aspects of culture in comparison to an insider with several years of work experience? Select a percentage (e.g., 10%, 70%, etc.) and explain your reasoning.
Daft (2021) notes that culture is, “the set of values, norms, guiding beliefs, and understandings that is shared by members of an organization and taught to new members as the correct way to think, feel, and behave” (p. 445). Culture allows employees to integrate into a common environment and aids in adjusting to the external environment (Daft, 2021). An outside observer would be able to analyze symbols, ceremonies, dress, and other aspects of an organization and could accurately discern about 30% of an organization's cultural values. Symbols, ceremonies, dress, and other visually identifiable aspects of culture do not make up a large amount of organizational culture. The internal integration of coworkers guides employees' working relationships, interactions, communication, behaviors, and power structure (Daft, 2021). These are not easily identifiable from an outsider.
An insider with several years of experience could more accurately gauge an organization’s cultural beliefs. About 90% of an organization’s culture could be projected by an employee after working at the same company for several years. This employee would be able to see day-to-day relationships, how goals are met with outsiders, professional development, and even what nonconforming behaviors are accepted (Daft, 2021). This knowledge is developed with hands-on experience that an outsider may not see from the outside over a short period. Sahoo (2022) notes that or ...
Corporate Governance Mechanism and Sustainability of Health Care Firms in Nig...ijtsrd
This study was carried out to examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanism and sustainability of health care firms in Nigeria. The study is vital as it portrays the extent to which corporate governance mechanism ensures organizational sustainability. In order to determine the relationship between corporate governance mechanism CGM and sustainability, CGMs key proxy variables were used in the study, namely board independence BI and board diligence BD while sustainability on the other hand was measured by social environmental performance. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation and the statistical test of parameter estimates was conducted using ordinary least square model. The study anchored on the Stewardship Theory adopted an Ex Post Facto Approach. Hence, data were collected from the annual reports and accounts of listed health care firms in Nigeria for the period 2016 2020. The empirical analysis of the research indicates that there is a significant and positive relationship between board independence, board diligence and sustainability of listed health care firms in Nigeria at 1 significant level. Thus, the study concludes that corporate governance mechanism ensures sustainability of quoted health care firms in Nigeria. In lieu of this, the study recommended that companies should re examine the frequency of meetings of the Board. Attention should be focused on the efficiency and not the frequency of meetings of the Board. Also in the composition of corporate board, there shall be independent directors and female directorship presence as thus ensures organizational sustainability. Onuora, J. K. J. | Obiora Fabian. | Iloghalu Chika. R "Corporate Governance Mechanism and Sustainability of Health Care Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49500.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/49500/corporate-governance-mechanism-and-sustainability-of-health-care-firms-in-nigeria/onuora-j-k-j
This document analyzes the impact of virtual teams on competitive advantage through a case study of research and development departments at Samsung, LG, Nissan, Toyota, and IBM. It finds that virtual teams increase innovation by facilitating knowledge sharing across geographic and organizational boundaries. Through parallel work and faster response times, virtual teams help reduce product development cycles and costs, improving competitiveness. However, virtual teams also face challenges like cultural differences, lack of face-to-face interaction, and difficulty monitoring performance. Overall, the document concludes that virtual teams have become essential for businesses seeking flexibility and responsiveness in a global environment.
Corporate culture and organizational effectivenessAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of corporate culture on organizational effectiveness in the Nigerian banking industry. The study surveyed 388 managers from 24 Nigerian banks. It found that adaptability positively influences profitability and market share, but not productivity. Shared mission, employee involvement, and shared values were positively related to profitability, productivity, and market share. The study concluded that corporate culture significantly influences organizational effectiveness. It recommends that in addition to adaptability, organizations should minimize costs and waste and share their mission and values with employees to promote effectiveness.
DEMYSTIFYING KNOWLEDGE SOCIALIZATION AND SERVICE DIFFERENTIATION OF SELECTED ...IAEME Publication
Acquiring knowledge and skills is important facet for growth and development. Organisations have seen the necessity of create emerging ideas through socialization so as to meet up with the standards of the evolving world. The technology industry remains one which has huge potential and has made considerable progress in the last few years. A good number of IT firms are slowly beginning to carve a niche for themselves and deliver impressive products and services. IT firms have become highly competitive and despite their efforts in creating new knowledge, they are still faced with challenges of diverse socialization of ideas, innovative technologies, cultural syndrome and competencies for service differentiation. This array of challenges facing many IT firms in Nigeria forces one to question their levels of innovation. This study was specifically, descriptive and managers of three hierarchical levels (strategic, tactical and operational) in the four selected IT firms were selected as subjects of study.
DEMYSTIFYING KNOWLEDGE SOCIALIZATION AND SERVICE DIFFERENTIATION OF SELECTED ...IAEME Publication
Acquiring knowledge and skills is important facet for growth and development.
Organisations have seen the necessity of create emerging ideas through socialization
so as to meet up with the standards of the evolving world. The technology industry
remains one which has huge potential and has made considerable progress in the last
few years. A good number of IT firms are slowly beginning to carve a niche for
themselves and deliver impressive products and services. IT firms have become highly
competitive and despite their efforts in creating new knowledge, they are still faced
with challenges of diverse socialization of ideas, innovative technologies, cultural
syndrome and competencies for service differentiation. This array of challenges
facing many IT firms in Nigeria forces one to question their levels of innovation. This
study was specifically, descriptive and managers of three hierarchical levels
(strategic, tactical and operational) in the four selected IT firms were selected as
subjects of study. The target population of this study comprised IT firms that were
listed on JarusHub Nigeria (2017), Nigerian Yellow Pages (2011) and Nigeria Search
Engine (2011) which are the commonly used business directories in Nigeria. The
multi stage sampling technique was adopted which comprised purposive, stratified
and; convenience (availability) sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of workforce diversity on employee performance in Egyptian pharmaceutical organizations. The study surveyed 300 middle-level managers across five major pharmaceutical companies in Egypt. The results showed that gender and education background were significant factors in explaining differences in employee performance, while age diversity was not a significant factor. The document provides context on how workforce diversity can impact employee performance both positively and negatively, and outlines the study's methodology involving questionnaires distributed to managers across various pharmaceutical companies in Egypt.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
How changing organizational culture can enhance innovation Development of the...NachisaleWakuNtcheu
This document discusses the development of a framework called the Innovative Culture Enhancement Framework (ICEF) to enhance innovation in organizations by changing their culture. The framework involves assessing an organization's culture using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument and assessing innovation levels using the Community Innovation Survey. Multiple regression analysis is then used to determine how each culture type contributes to innovation types. The framework is then validated by implementing it in three companies and through expert interviews. The framework was found to reliably enhance innovation by adjusting organizational culture.
Corporate social innovation How firms learn to innovate for the greater good...Pam Chan
This document discusses how companies learn to engage in successful social innovation through acquiring tacit knowledge from external partners. It explores knowledge transfer between companies and external parties in corporate social innovation (CSI) projects. The study is based on observations of over 70 companies over five years. It finds that much of the knowledge exchanged in CSI is tacit knowledge developed through shared interactions and experiences. Companies partner with external organizations in different configurations that vary in their distance from the company's core business operations and level of investment/interaction. Through case studies, it illustrates how companies acquire different types of tacit knowledge from partners to enhance their value chains or address social issues.
Similar to Racial Heterogeneity and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Evidence from Industrial Goods Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43703 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1591
The literature is scanty with regards to the issue of age
heterogeneity and CSR disclosure; hence, there is a limited
study of this nature in Nigerian context. Besides, the prior
studies investigations into the relationship between
boardroomheterogeneityandcorporatesocial responsibility
are uncertain and contradictory; ranging from positive, to
negative statistical insignificant. The issue of nationality or
racial background has equally not been lookedatinin-depth
the corporate governance literature by academic scholars
(Akram, ul Haq, Natarajan, & Chellakan,2020).Thiscreatesa
gap in the literature as majority of related studies were
carried out in western countries (Harjoto, Laksmana, and
Lee (2015) and Hafsi and Turgut (2013) in U.S.A. Based on
the above research problem, the main objective of thisstudy
is to ascertain the effect of racial heterogeneity on corporate
social responsibility disclosure of listed industrial goods
manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
Review of Related Literature
Boardroom heterogeneity promotes more discussion of
ideas (Chandler, 2005; van Knippenberg, DeDreu,&Homan,
2004) and implies that members are more representativeof
the different stakeholders (CIMA, 2011). This results from
representation of wider stakeholders, such as female
employees, ethnic and national diversities, age groupings,
among others in the decision-making process (Wolfman,
2007; Kanner, 2004; Carter, Simkins, & Simpson, 2003).
Boardroom heterogeneity is of two forms, these are:
observable and less observable heterogeneity. Observable
heterogeneity includes race or nationality, ethnic
background, gender and age. On the other hand, less
observable heterogeneity include industry experience,
education, functional and occupational backgrounds,
organizational membership, life experience, and personal
attitudes (ACCA, 2015; Kang, Cheng, & Gray, 2007).
Homogeneous boards are usually less effective in
governance, which negatively impacts firm performance
(Bear, Rahman, & Post, 2010; Kuhnen, 2009).
The latest National Code of Corporate Governance, for the
Private sector, Public sector and Non for profit Organization
released in November 2016, identified the importance of
diversity in (Part B, 5.1:8) by stating:
The board shall be of a sufficient size relativetothescaleand
complexity of the company's operations andbecomposed in
such a way as to ensure best practices and diversity of
experience and gender without compromising competence,
independence, integrity, and availability of members to
attend and participate effectively in meetings.
Meanwhile, Weyzig (2009) identified three major
perspectives of CSR: the stakeholder perspective, broad
objectives and the neo-liberal perspective. The first
perspective observes that corporations have certain
responsibilitiestowardtheirstakeholdersandCSR isdefined
in negative terms; thus, what the organizationshouldnotdo.
The second perspective shows that CSR requires a proactive
approach in order to promotesustainabledevelopment.This
could be achieved through initiatives in areas where the
company can make valuable contributions. The neo-liberal
perspective claims that the company will create greater
social welfare through the pursuit of its own objectives of
private profit, than by assuming other responsibilities.
Racial Heterogeneity and Corporate Social
Responsibility
Racial heterogeneity pertains to having a mix of individuals
from various racial backgrounds.Zaid,Wang,Adib,Sahyouni,
and Abuhijleh (2020) explain that it refers to the presence
and existence offoreigndirectorsfromdifferentnationalities
on the boardroom. Racial diversity is presently being
considered an integral part of every business (Sharma,
Moses, Borah, & Adhikary, 2020). The Deloitte (2017) study
states that ethnic composition of the boardshouldbesuchto
ideally represent the focal areas of operation.
Racial heterogeneity is crucial for two reasons: first, with
foreigners on the board, a large stock of qualified candidates
would be available for the board (with broader industry
experience). With the presence of foreign independent
directors on a board, their international experience and
background, brings with it value add to the firm (Masulis,
Wand, & Xie, 2012). Second, because of their different
backgrounds, foreign members canaddvaluableanddiverse
expertise which domestic members do not possess (Lee &
Farh, 2004). The Alliance for Board Diversity (2005)
reported that 14.9 per cent of directors in the Fortune 100
companies are from minority racial groups. In addition,
while there were no African-American directors on Fortune
500 boards in 1960, there were over 150 African-American
directors by 1995, and 260 directors by 2005 (Executive
Leadership Council, 2006).
The number of Hispanic directors also increased to 3.1 per
cent of Fortune 500 board seats in 2006, a 26 per cent
increase since 2003 (Hispanic Association on Corporate
Responsibility, 2007). The inclusion of foreigners to the
board increases board independence (Randøy, Thomsen, &
Oxelheim, 2006); which, from an agency perspective,
Oxelheim and Randoy (2001) help assure foreign minority
investors that there interests are safeguarded.
According to Brickley and Zimmerman (2010) “foreign
independent directorscanenhancetheadvisorycapabilityof
boards” and thereby strengthen CSR practice. This is
supported by the study of Khan (2010) which reported that
foreign nationals on board support corporate social
responsibility reporting. Zhang (2012) on a sample of
publicly traded firms in Fortune 500 showed that racial
diversity of the board is positively related to institutional
strength rating. In Malaysia, Haniffa and Cooke (2005)
revealed evidence of positive association between
proportion of Malay directors and extent of voluntary
disclosure. However, Branco and Rodrigues(2008)inKenya
found no association between the ratio of foreign directors
on the board and CSR reporting initiatives.
Empirical Studies
Hartmann and Carmenate (2020) analysed the effect of
board diversityoncorporate social responsibilityreputation.
The sample comprised of 146 observations from the year
2013 to 2017. The study utilised secondary data from
financial statements and the CSR reputation scores from the
RepTrak Database. The results showed a significant positive
effect of ethnic diversity on CSR reputation scores. Jouber
(2020) analysed the effect of board diversity on different
components of CSR diverse. The study sample comprised of
2,544 nonfinancial listed firms from 42 countries from2013
to 2017. The study relied on secondary data which was
analysed using a panel generalised method of moments
estimator. The results showed supportfora positiveeffect of
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board diversity on CSR. Specifically, the study reported that
nationality diversity drive CSR performance in two-tier
board scenarios. Beji, Yousfi, Loukil, and Omri (2020)
examined the influence of board diversity on corporate
social responsibility in France. The sample comprised of all
listed firms in the French SBF from 2003 to 2016. The study
relied on secondary data analysed using multiple regression
technique. The results showed that presence of foreign
directors is positively linked with environmental
performance and community involvement.
Sharma, Moses, Borah, and Adhikary(2020)investigated the
impact of workforce racial diversity on corporate social
responsibility performance. The sample comprised of 204
firms from 9 industries across 21 countries for a period of
six years. The study relied on secondary data which was
analysed using the seemingly unrelated regression
technique. The results showed that racial diversity has an
inverted u-shaped relationship with firm financial andsocial
performance; and, a u-shaped with environmental
performance. Akram, ul Haq, Natarajan, and Chellakan
(2020) investigatedtheimpactofoccupational (educational)
and social heterogeneity (gender and national) on firm
performance. The sample comprised of 375 non-financial
firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange for the years 2010-
2016. The study relied on secondary data obtained from
annual reports of the firms. The data were analysed using
the ordinary least square method. The results showed that
nationality diversity had a significant positive effect on firm
performance. Yarram and Adapa (2020) examinedtheeffect
of gender diversity on corporate social responsibility of
firms in Australia. The sample comprised of 214 companies
drawn from the S&P/ASX300 index for the period 2011 to
2016. The study is based on secondarydata fromtheASSET4
module of the Thompson Reuters Datastream and
Worldscope databases. The data are analysed usingthetwo-
step systems generalized method of moments (GMM)
technique. The results showed that percentage and number
of female directors had a positive significant effect on total
CSR; however, this turned to a negativeeffectonthenegative
CSR dimension utilised in the study. More so, firms with a
threshold of one female director also showed support for
this relationship which was not significant. However, firms
with a threshold of two and three female directors showeda
significant support for this relationship. Rahman, Zahid,and
Jehangir (2020) evaluated the effect of age difference on
corporate performance in Malaysia. The sample comprised
of 360 non-financial firms listed on Bursa Malaysia. The
study utilised secondary data obtained from annual reports
and Thomson Reuters DataStream for the years 2010 to
2014. The data were analysed using multiple regression
technique. The results showed that ethnic diversity had a
significant positive relationship with ROA and share price.
Zaid, Wang, Adib, Sahyouni, and Abuhijleh (2020)
investigated the impact of nationality diversity oncorporate
sustainability performance in Palestine. The sample
comprised of 33 firms, which gave rise to 198 firm-year
observations. The study relied on secondary data obtained
from annual reports for 2013-2018. The employed the two-
step generalized method of moments (GMM) model in
analysing the data. The results showed that number of
foreign directors and proportion of foreign directors had
positive insignificant effect on corporate sustainability
disclosure. The Blau index measure showed a positive
insignificant effect of nationality diversity. Colakoglu,
Eryilmaz, and Martínez-Ferrero (2020) investigated the
effect of board diversity on corporate social responsibilityof
firms in Turkey. The sample comprisedof117firmslistedon
the ‘500 biggest Turkish companies’ report of ‘Istanbul
Chamber of Industry (ISO)’. The study relied on secondary
data from annual reports in 2015. The data were analysed
using hierarchical regression analysis. The results showed
that foreign directors had a positive insignificant effect on
corporate social responsibilityperformance.Musa,Gold,and
Aifuwa (2020) examined the effect of board diversity on
extent of sustainability reporting among listed industrial
goods firms in Nigeria. The sample comprised of 13
industrial goods manufacturing firms listed on the Nigerian
Stock Exchange. The study reliesonsecondarydata obtained
from annual reports from 2014 to 2018. The data are
analysed using panel leastsquaresregressiontechnique.The
results showed that boardmembernationalityhada positive
insignificant effect on sustainability reporting. Anazonwu,
Egbunike, and Gunardi (2018) investigated the influence of
corporate board diversity on sustainability reporting in
Nigeria. They sample comprised of firms in the
Conglomerates,ConsumergoodsandIndustrial goodssector,
and used secondary data, extracted from annual financial
reports. They used a fixed effects panel regressiontotestthe
hypotheses. The results showed that a non-significant
negative effect ofboardmembernationalityonsustainability
reporting. Nwakoby, Ezejiofor and Ajike (2018) examined
the effect of board characteristics on directors tunneling of
conglomerates firms in Nigeria. The study adopted Ex post
facto research design. Multiple regression analysis and
Pearson Coefficient Correlation were employed to test
hypotheses with aid of SPSS Version 20.0. The study found
that board size has negative significant relationship on
related party transaction of conglomerates firms in Nigeria.
Also that board independent has positive significant
relationship on related party transaction of conglomerates
firms in Nigeria. Opusunju and Ajayi (2016) investigatedthe
impact of corporate governance on corporate social
responsibility in Nigeria. They used a case study of Dangote
group of companies. They used ordinary least squares to
analyze the data. The study finds that a corporate
governance proxy as foreign directors significantly
contributes to corporate social responsibility in terms of
basic social amenities. Majeed, Aziz, and Saleem (2015)
investigated the effect of corporate governance variables on
corporate social responsibility in Pakistan. They used a
sample of 100 Pakistani companies listed on the Karachi
Stock Exchange (KSE), for the period 2007–2011. The
correlation results showed that foreign directors had both
positive and negative relationship with corporate social
responsibility in different time periods. The regression
analysis showed that foreign directors had no significant
effect on corporate social responsibility. Harjoto, Laksmana,
and Lee (2015) examined the impact of board diversity on
corporate social responsibility (CSR) of U.S. firms. They
sample comprised 1,489 U.S. firms from 1999 to 2011. They
used seven different measures of board diversity (gender,
race, age, director experience, tenure, director power, and
director expertise). The study finds that racial diversity is
positively associated withCSR performance.Muttakin,Khan,
and Subramaniam (2015) investigated the relationship
between firm size, profitability, board diversity (genderand
nationality) and extent of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) disclosure in Bangladesh. The sample comprised of
116 listed Bangladeshi non- financial companies for the
period of 2005-2009. The study is based on secondary data
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via content analysis and was analysed using multiple
regression technique. The results showed that foreign
directorship had a positive impact on CSR disclosures.
Alhazaimeh, Palaniappan, and Almsafir (2014) investigated
the relationship between corporate governance and
voluntary disclosure in Jordan. They used a sample of 72
firms listed in the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE), for the
period 2002-2011. They used dynamic panel system GMM
estimation. The result showed a greater corporate
governance awareness and implementation in Jordan and
finds no significant influence of foreign ownership on
voluntary disclosure. Hafsi and Turgut (2013) investigated
the effect of boardroom diversity on CSP of S&P500 firms.
The study adopts a quantitative approach and the data
analysed using the regression technique. The results
revealed that director ethnicity had a non-significant effect
on CSR. Soliman, El-Din, and Sakr (2012) examined the
relationship between ownership structure and corporate
social responsibility in Egypt. The sample comprised 42
Egyptian firms from 2007-2009. Thestudyfindsthatthere is
a significant positive correlationbetweenforeignownership
and corporate social responsibility disclosure. Oh, Chang,
and Martynov (2011) examined the relationship between
ownership structure and corporate social responsibility in
Korea. The sample comprised 118Koreanfirmsin2006. The
study finds a significant positivecorrelationbetweenforeign
ownership and corporate social responsibility disclosure.
The study conducted by Hung (2011) in Hong Kong
investigated the role of directors’ in implementing CSR. The
study relied on primary data from 120 corporate directors
and descriptive analytical procedures. The study found
support for an improved concern by directors for
stakeholders to play a role in enhancing CSR. Kemp (2011)
evaluated the nexus of corporate governance and corporate
social responsibility in Australia. The study relied on
qualitative (interview) data from board members and non-
executive directors from 5 companies listed in the Business
Review Weekly (BRW) top-25 companies and other
secondary sources. The results found support for improved
transparency of corporate activities and a need to balance
the profit goal with CSR hence emphasizing that Board is a
major player in CSR. Darmadi (2010) examined the
association between diversity of board members and
financial performance of firms listed in Indonesian Stock
Exchange (IDX). Three demographic characteristicsofboard
members-gender, nationality, and age-are used as the
proxies for diversity. Using a sample of 169 listed firms, this
study finds that nationality diversity have no influence on
firm performance.
Racial heterogeneity of directors is also not usually
accounted for in prior studies; measuring racial diversity as
the proportion of foreign director’s studies present mixed
findings on the subject. Beji, Yousfi, Loukil, and Omri (2020)
in France reported a positive effect;usingcross-countrydata
Sharma, Moses, Borah, and Adhikary (2020) finds an
inverted u-shaped relationship; Akram, ul Haq, Natarajan,
and Chellakan (2020) in Pakistan showed a positive effect;
and, in Nigeria Opusunju and Ajayi (2016) found a positive
effect. Other studies report a negative or no relationship (cf
Majeed, Aziz, & Saleem, 2015). Differing results could be
attributed to measurement bias from approach used. This
explains why the study by Harjoto, Laksmana, and Lee
(2015) in the U.S. used the diversity index and reported a
positive effect.
Methodology
This study adopted the ex-post facto research design. Thus,
the researcher have no control over these factors or
variables as the events already exist and can neither be
manipulated nor changed.
The target population of the study is all publicly quoted
manufacturing companies in Nigeria; however, as at 31st
December, 2019, there are forty-eight (48) quoted
manufacturing companies on the NSE.
Given the nature and aggregate characteristics of
manufacturing companiespubliclyquotedontheNSE,a non-
probabilistic sampling technique (purposive sampling) was
employed in selecting a sample of thirty-eight (38)
manufacturing companies out of the forty-eight (48)
companies, representing 79 per cent of the entire
population.
Method of Data Collection
The study used secondary data which were obtained from
the financial statements of manufacturing companies
publicly quoted on the floor of the NSE for the year ended 31
December 2019. Audited financial statements were used in
the study since they are a credible source of financial and
non-financial information and are also freely available.
Method of Data Analysis
The data of the study analyzed in diverse phases and in
order of precedence – (correlation matrix).
Pearson's correlation coefficient assesses the relationship
between two variables. Correlation co-efficient is a measure
of the strength of linear association between two variables.
The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation technique and
fixed effect (FE) and random effect (RE)regressionwasused
in validating the study hypotheses, given that the study
employed panel data.
The statistical analysis was carried out by means of
Microsoft software - STATA 13.0 version.
This study builds on existing models of Katmon, Mohamad,
Norwani and Al Farooque (2017); Cucari, Esposito De Falco
and Orlando (2017); Ding and Kong, (2017); Harjoto,
Laksmana and Lee (2015). In view of the above, the
following regression models were formulated as follows:
CSDI =F(racialhet).............................. ………………………………….1
CSDI=F(racialhet, fsize, fage)
......................................................................2
Table 1: Measurement of Variables
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S/N Variables Measurement
1
Corporate social
responsibility (CSR)
The average value of all social disclosure index (local community, social
donations and gifting, employee training, health/safety, customer
complaints disclosures)
2 Racial heterogeneity
The ratio of board member from various racial or foreign backgrounds;
(dummy 1,0) is computed as "1" for companies that have foreign directors
and "0" if otherwise.
3 Firm Size The natural logarithm of year-end total assets
4 Firm Age
The listing age of firm. Computed as the difference between current years
minus year of listing in the stock exchange + 1.
Source: Compiled by the Researcher, 2021
Decision Rule
Reject Ho if the P-value of the test is less than α-value (level of significance) at 5%, otherwise accept HI.
Table 2: Correlation Matrix of the Variables
Statistics csrdi rachet fsize fage
Csrdi 1.000
Rachet 0.017 1.000
Fsize 0.517 0.279 1.000
Fage 0.356 0.319 0.045 1.000
Source: Computed by Researcher, via STATA 13.0 software
Table 2 shows the correlation matrix for corporate social responsibility (csrdi), boardroomheterogeneity(rachet)andcontrol
variables (fsize, and fage); result suggests that correlations between corporate social responsibility, racial heterogeneity
(rachet), firm size (fsize) and firm age (fage) are positive.
Table 3: OLS Result showing the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (csrdi) and Racial
Heterogeneity (rachet)
Source SS df MS Number of Obs. = 377
Model .004836348 1 .004836348 F( 1, 375) = 0.11
Residual 15.8383461 375 .04223559 Prob > F = 0.7353
Total 15.8431825 376 .042136124 R-squared = 0.0003
Adj R-squared =-0.0024
csrdi Coef. Std. Err. t p>/t/ 95% Conf. Interval
rachet .0075219 .0222283 0.34 0.735 -.0361859 .0512297
_cons .7268293 .013103 55.47 0.000 .7010647 .7525939
Source: Computed by Researcher, via STATA 13.0 software
In Table 3, the OLS result was presented; it was found that the values of R-squared and adjusted R-squared were (0.0003%)
and (-0.0024%) respectively. This implies that the independent variable (rachet) explained about 0.3% of the systematic
variation in the dependent variable (csrdi). The low R-squared revealed that there are more excludedvariablesthatdetermine
the dependent variable.
More so, the F-statistics (df=1, 375, f-ratio=0.11) with a p-value of 0.7353 revealed thattheresultisstatisticallyinsignificantat
5percent level which means that racial heterogeneityinsignificantlyaffectscorporatesocial responsibility.Besides, anincrease
in racial heterogeneity will lead to 0.7% increase in corporate social responsibility as shown in coefficient for rachet.
Furthermore, racial heterogeneity (t-value = 0.34) appears to have a positive effect on corporate social responsibilityandwas
statistically insignificant at 5%.
Test of Hypothesis
Adapting the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) statistical tool, hypothesis two was tested to examine the effect of racial
heterogeneity on corporate social responsibility of quoted manufacturing firms.
Ho1: There is no significant effect of racial heterogeneity on corporate social responsibility of quoted manufacturing
firms.
Table 4: Results of Model 2 Showing Racial Heterogeneity and Corporate Social Responsibility of Quoted Nigerian
Manufacturing Companies
Dependent Variable: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSRDI)
Estimator OLS (Obs.=377) FE (Obs.=377) RE (Obs. =377)
Variable Coef. Prob. Coef. Prob. Coef. Prob.
rachet .0075 (0.34) 0.735 .0218 (1.01) 0.313 .0186 (0.86) 0.390
R-Squared 0.0003
R-Squared Adj. 0.0024
Prob. F. 0.7353
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R-Squared (within) 0.0028 0.0028
R-Squared (between) 0.2098 0.2098
R-Squared (overall) 0.0003 0.0003
Wald Ch2 0.74
Prob. Ch2 0.3901
Hausman Test Chi2(2) = 3.78 Prob>Chi2= 0.0518
Source: Computed by Researcher, via STATA 13.0 software * significant at 1% level ** at 5% level Items in parentheses are t-
ratios; rachet = racial heterogeneity;csrdi = corporate social responsibility
Table 4 presents the results of Ordinary Least Square (OLS),
Fixed Effect (FE) and Random Effect (RE) for racial
heterogeneity (rachet) and corporate social responsibility
(csrdi) of the entire panel data. In model 2, we found that
rachet is insignificant at 1% level in explaining csrdi. The
output of FE indicates that rachet has a larger beta
coefficient in absolute terms thanOLSandRE.UsingOLSand
RE, the coefficient of rachet is .0075 and .0186 respectively,
indicating that when publicly quoted manufacturing
companies’ boardroom race is heterogeneous, it will lead to
approximately 7.5% change in their level of csrdi.
Furthermore, beta coefficient for FE is .0218butbothFEand
RE are insignificant at 5% levels. In the caseofthecoefficient
of FE (.0218), it implies that when publicly quoted
manufacturingcompaniesboardroomraceisheterogeneous,
it will lead to approximately 21.8% change in their level of
csrdi. The t-tests of rachet are 0.34, 1.01 and 0.86 for OLS, FE
and RE respectively. the t-test further confirmsthatrachet is
significant in explaining csrdi. However, the R2 is 0.0003 for
OLS and his higher than both FE and RE. F-statistics is 0.11
with a probability value (p-value) of 0.7353 which is
insignificant; this provides support for the hypothesis that
there is a positive relationship between racial heterogeneity
and corporate social responsibility among selected publicly
quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria.
The results of Hausman specification testsare:Chi2 (2)=3.78
and p-value= 0.0518; thisimpliesthatRandomEffectismore
efficient than Fixed Effect (FE). The result of FE showed that
the subjects from which measurements are drawn from are
random, and that the differences between publicly quoted
manufacturing companies in Nigeria are therefore not of
interest, thus the subjects and their variances are not
identical.
Decision: Reject Ho if the P-value of the test is less than α-
value (level of significance) at 5%, otherwise accept HI.Since
Wald Ch2-statistics is 3.78 with a probability value (p-value)
of 0.0518 showing that it is insignificant, we reject of the
alternate hypothesis and accept of the null hypothesis. This
shows that there is no significant effect of racial
heterogeneity on corporate social responsibility of quoted
manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
Conclusion and Recommendation
The result shows that racial heterogeneity has no significant
effect on our dependent variable, corporate social
responsibility. A-priori expectations are that boardroom
heterogeneity measures (racial) and control variables (firm
size and age) was positively related with CSR; the result of
our study conform to a-priori expectation. Besides, the
Pearson coefficient did not exceed the maximum threshold
of 0.8, as recommended by Gujarati (2003), suggesting the
absence of multi-collinearity among pairs of independent
variables of the study. This finding was therefore supported
by the finding ofHartmannandCarmenate(2020);Opusunju
and Ajayi (2015), but negates our aprori expectationand the
view of Musa, Gold and Aifuwa (2020); Hafsi and Turgut
(2013); Majeed, Azizi and Saleem (2015). Based on this,
there is the need to encourage more nationals in the
boardroom as racial heterogeneity does not matter for
corporate social responsibility. As a way, there should be
more of local than foreign boardroommembersinthe board.
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