The document outlines key concepts in environmental engineering related to water collection, conveyance, and treatment for civil engineering students. It covers various types of water intakes, pumps, conduits, pipes, and water treatment processes such as sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Understanding these components and their interactions is crucial for effective water resource management and ensuring safe drinking water.

1. Environmental Engineering (P23CET05)
2024-25
II B Tech I Semester
Civil Engineering
Unit-2: Collection and Conveyance of Water & Water
treatment
Topics:
 Intakes.
 Types of Intakes.
 Factors governing location of intakes.
 Pumps.
 Types of conduits.
 Types of pipes and pipe appurtenances.
 Working principles of water treatment units.
 Screening.
 Plain sedimentation & sedimentation aided with
coagulation.
 Filtration.
 Disinfection.
 Water softening.

2. Introduction to Intakes
 Intakes are critical structures in water resource
management.
 They facilitate the withdrawal of water from natural sources
for various applications.
 An understanding of intakes is essential for designing
efficient water supply systems.

3. Importance of Intakes
 Intakes help ensure a reliable
supply of water for municipal,
agricultural, and industrial use.
 They play a vital role in
maintaining water quality by
controlling sediment and
contaminants.
 Properly designed intakes can
minimize ecological impact on
surrounding environments.

4. Types of Intakes
 There are various types of
intakes, including river
intakes, lake intakes, and
groundwater intakes.
 Each type of intake is suited to
specific environmental
conditions and water needs.
 The design of an intake
affects both efficiency and
environmental
considerations.

5. River Intakes
 River intakes are typically
constructed to withdraw
water directly from river
systems.
 They often utilize screen
systems to filter out debris
and aquatic life.
 Seasonal variations in river
flow must be considered in
their design.

6. Lake Intakes
 Lake intakes are designed to
extract water from larger
bodies of standing water.
 They may be constructed at
various depths to access
water of different qualities.
 Environmental impact
assessments are critical prior
to their installation.

7. Groundwater Intakes
 Groundwater intakes involve
extracting water from
underground aquifers.
 Wells and boreholes are
common methods used to
access groundwater
resources.
 Sustainable management
practices are crucial to
prevent aquifer depletion.

8. Factors Governing Location of Intakes
 The selection of intake locations is influenced by hydrological
conditions and water quality.
 Environmental considerations, such as habitat protection and
sediment transport, are critical.
 Accessibility for maintenance and operational efficiency also
guides location decisions.

9. Water Quality Considerations
 Water quality is paramount in
determining the location of
intakes.
 Intakes must be sited away
from sources of pollution and
sedimentation.
 Regular monitoring of water
quality helps inform
operational adjustments.

10. Environmental Impact
 Environmental impact
assessments are essential for
intake location decisions.
 Potential effects on local
ecosystems and wildlife must
be evaluated.
 Mitigation strategies can help
minimize negative impacts
during construction and
operation.

11. Pumps in Water Systems
 Pumps are critical
components in water supply
systems, moving water from
intakes to treatment facilities.
 They can be classified into
positive displacement and
centrifugal types based on
their operation.
 The selection of pumps is
based on factors like flow
rate, head, and energy
efficiency.

12. Positive Displacement Pumps
 Positive displacement pumps
work by trapping a fixed
amount of water and forcing
it into the discharge pipe.
 These pumps are suitable for
high-viscosity fluids and
applications requiring precise
flow rates.
 Common types include gear
pumps, diaphragm pumps,
and piston pumps.

13. Centrifugal Pumps
 Centrifugal pumps utilize
rotational energy to move
water through a system.
 They are favored for their
high efficiency and ability to
handle large volumes of
water.
 Proper sizing and selection
are critical for optimal
performance and reliability.

14. Types of Conduits
 Conduits are pipes or
channels that transport water
from intakes to various
destinations.
 Common types include
gravity conduits, pressurized
conduits, and open channels.
 The choice of conduit type
depends on factors like flow
characteristics and terrain.

15. Gravity Conduits
 Gravity conduits rely on gravitational force to transport water
downhill.
 They are often used in gravity-fed systems, minimizing energy
costs.
 Proper slope and material selection are critical to prevent
blockages and ensure flow.

16. Pressurized Conduits
 Pressurized conduits are designed to carry water under
pressure, allowing for vertical lifts.
 They are commonly used in urban water distribution
systems and irrigation.
 Material strength and leak prevention are important design
considerations for these conduits.
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17. Types Of Pipes, Pipe Appurtenances

18. Introduction to Pipes and Appurtenances
 Pipes are essential
components in various
systems including water
distribution, gas supply, and
sewage management.
 Understanding the types of
pipes and their
appurtenances is crucial for
efficient system design and
maintenance.
 This presentation will cover
the different types of pipes
and their associated
appurtenances.

19. Types of Pipes - Overview
 Pipes can be categorized
based on material, usage,
and pressure ratings.
 Common materials include
PVC, copper, steel, and ductile
iron.
 Each type of pipe has specific
applications and advantages
depending on the
environment.

20. PVC Pipes
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes are widely used for their
durability and resistance to corrosion.
 They are lightweight, making them easy to transport and
install.
 PVC pipes are commonly utilized in residential plumbing and
irrigation systems.

21. Copper Pipes
 Copper pipes are known for
their excellent thermal
conductivity and resistance to
corrosion.
 They are often used in water
supply lines and heating
applications.
 Copper pipes can be more
expensive than other
materials but offer longevity
and reliability.

22. Steel Pipes
 Steel pipes are strong and
can withstand high pressure,
making them ideal for
industrial applications.
 They are often used in oil and
gas pipelines, as well as in
construction.
 However, steel pipes are
susceptible to rust and
require protective coatings.

23. Ductile Iron Pipes
 Ductile iron pipes are known
for their strength and
flexibility, suitable for water
and sewage systems.
 They provide excellent
resistance to impact and are
often used in municipal
applications.
 The corrosion resistance can
be enhanced with protective
linings.

24. Pipe Appurtenances - Overview
 Appurtenances are additional
components that enhance the
functionality of piping
systems.
 Common appurtenances
include valves, fittings, and
hydrants.
 Understanding these
components is essential for
effective system operation
and maintenance.

25. Valves
 Valves control the flow of
fluids within a piping system,
allowing for safe operation.
 Types of valves include gate
valves, ball valves, and check
valves, each with its specific
function.
 Proper installation and
maintenance of valves are
critical to prevent leaks and
ensure system integrity.

26. Fittings and Hydrants
 Fittings connect different sections of piping and can change
the direction or size of the flow.
 Common types of fittings include elbows, tees, and
couplings, each serving unique purposes.
 Fire hydrants serve as critical appurtenances for firefighting,
providing quick access to water supply.
 This presentation provides an overview of various pipe types
and their appurtenances, ensuring a comprehensive
understanding of the subject.

27. Water Treatment :-
 Working Principles Of Water Treatment Units
 Screening
 Slain Sedimentation
 Sedimentation Aided With Coagulation
 Filtration
 Disinfection
 Water Softening
 Miscellaneous Treatments

28. Introduction to Water Treatment Units
 Water treatment units are
essential for ensuring safe
drinking water.
 They utilize various processes
to remove impurities and
contaminants.
 Understanding these
processes is crucial for
effective water management.

29. Importance of Water Treatment
 Water treatment is vital for public health and
environmental protection.
 Contaminated water can lead to serious health issues and
waterborne diseases.
 Proper treatment ensures compliance with health
regulations and standards.

30. Overview of Water Treatment Processes
 Water treatment consists of
multiple stages, including
screening and sedimentation.
 Each stage targets specific
types of contaminants for
effective treatment.
 The overall goal is to produce
clean and safe drinking water.

31. What is Screening?
 Screening is the first step in
the water treatment process.
 It involves removing large
debris and particulate matter
from raw water.
 This step protects
downstream equipment and
processes from damage.

32. Types of Screening Methods
 There are various screening
methods, including coarse
and fine screens.
 Coarse screens capture large
objects like leaves and
branches.
 Fine screens are designed to
filter out smaller particles,
enhancing water quality..

33. Working Principle of Coarse Screens
 Coarse screens typically
consist of bars or mesh
placed in the water flow.
 As water passes through,
larger items are trapped and
removed.
 This process helps prevent
clogging in subsequent
treatment units.

34. Working Principle of Fine Screens
 Fine screens use smaller
mesh openings to capture
finer debris.
 They often employ
mechanical systems to clean
the screen surface.
 Efficient fine screening leads
to higher quality water
entering the next treatment
stage.

35. Introduction to Plain Sedimentation
 Plain sedimentation is a
gravity-based process used in
water treatment.
 It allows suspended particles
to settle at the bottom of a
sedimentation tank.
 This process effectively
reduces turbidity and
improves water clarity.

36. Factors Influencing Sedimentation
 Several factors affect the
efficiency of sedimentation,
including particle size.
 The density of particles and
the flow rate also play
significant roles.
 Understanding these factors
helps optimize sedimentation
performance.

37. Sedimentation Tank Design
 Sedimentation tanks can vary
in design, with rectangular or
circular shapes.
 They are designed to provide
adequate retention time for
settling.
 Proper design ensures
maximum removal of
suspended solids from water.

38. The Sedimentation Process
 The sedimentation process
begins with the introduction
of water into the tank.
 As water flows slowly,
particles settle due to gravity.
 The clearer water can then be
collected from the top for
further treatment.

39. Advantages of Plain Sedimentation
 Plain sedimentation is a cost-
effective method for
removing sediments.
 It requires minimal energy
compared to other treatment
processes.
 This method is simple and
can be easily integrated into
existing systems.

40. Limitations of Plain Sedimentation
 Plain sedimentation may not
effectively remove very small
particles.
 It can be influenced by
variations in water
temperature and flow.
 Additional treatment
processes may be necessary
for complete purification.

41. Filtration, Disinfection, Water Softening,
Miscellaneous Treatments.filtration,
Disinfection, Water

42. Introduction to Water Treatment
 Water treatment processes
are essential for ensuring
safe and clean drinking water.
 The primary methods of
water treatment include
filtration, disinfection, and
water softening.
 Understanding these
processes helps in
maintaining public health and
safeguarding water
resources.

43. Filtration Overview
 Filtration is the process of
removing solid particles from
water using various media.
 Common filtration methods
include sand filters, cartridge
filters, and membrane filters.
 Effective filtration can
improve water clarity and
reduce contaminants such as
bacteria and sediment.

44. Types of Filtration
 There are several types of
filtration techniques,
including mechanical,
biological, and chemical
filtration.
 Mechanical filtration
physically removes particles,
while biological filtration
utilizes living organisms to
break down contaminants.
 Chemical filtration involves
the use of substances like
activated carbon to adsorb
impurities from water.

45. Disinfection Overview
 Disinfection is the process of
eliminating harmful
pathogens from water to
make it safe for consumption.
 Common disinfection
methods include chlorination,
ultraviolet (UV) light
treatment, and ozonation.
 Proper disinfection is crucial
to prevent waterborne
diseases and ensure public
health safety.

46. Disinfection Methods
 Chlorination is the most widely
used method for disinfecting
drinking water due to its
effectiveness and cost-efficiency.
 UV disinfection is a chemical-free
method that uses ultraviolet
light to kill or inactivate
pathogens.
 Ozone disinfection is another
powerful method that effectively
oxidizes contaminants and
disinfects water without residual
chemicals.

47. Water Softening Overview
 Water softening is the process of
removing calcium and magnesium
ions that cause hardness in water.
 Hard water can lead to scale
buildup in plumbing and
appliances, reducing their efficiency.
 Common methods for water
softening include ion exchange,
reverse osmosis, and lime
softening.

48. Ion Exchange Process
 The ion exchange process
involves replacing hardness
ions with sodium ions using a
resin.
 This method is effective for
reducing water hardness and
improving the effectiveness
of soaps and detergents.
 Regular maintenance of the
resin is essential to ensure
optimal performance of the
water softening system.

49. Miscellaneous Treatments
 Miscellaneous treatments may include pH adjustment,
corrosion control, and removal of specific contaminants.
 pH adjustment can help optimize water quality and
prevent corrosion in distribution systems.
 Advanced treatments, such as advanced oxidation
processes (AOPs), are used to address specific
contaminants like pharmaceuticals and endocrine
disruptors.

50. Conclusion and Importance of Water Treatment
 Effective water treatment is vital for protecting public
health and maintaining environmental sustainability.
 Understanding the various methods of filtration,
disinfection, and softening can help consumers make
informed choices.
 Continuous advancements in water treatment
technologies will enhance the safety and quality of our
water supply.