R is a statistical programming language developed in 1976 at Bell Labs for statistical analysis and graphics. It is widely used in academia and industry for data science tasks like statistics, machine learning, and visualization. R is open source and has a large user community that contributes additional packages. It allows calculation, data manipulation, and visualization through its programming language and interactive console.

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4. Environment for statistical computing and graphics
Praveen Nair
ninethsense.com

5. Data Science

6. Statistics
Collection
Organization
Analysis
Interpretation
Presentation

7. S
•1976 - 1998
•Created by John Chambers
•Developed by statisticians
•At Bell Laboratories

8. R
• Industry: Finance, Bio science, supply chain,
Sports, Marketing, manufacturing, Health Care…
• Used by: orion, bing, facebook, ford, google,
twitter, firefox
• 1993

9. Developers
• Robert Gentleman
• Ross Ihaka

10. R project
•http://r-project.org, CRAN
•Collaboration of researchers in statistical computing
•Open Source, Free Software
•Interpreter
•Over 3500 extension packages
•Supported by large user network

11. R console – RGui & Rterm

12. Calculator
> 1+2
[1] 3
> 1+2*3
[1] 7
> (1+2)*3
[1] 9
> pi
[1] 3.141593
> sin(0)
[1] 0
> sin(1)
[1] 0.841471

13. Variables
> a = 100
> a + 5
[1] 105

14. Vector
> a = c(1,2,3,4)
[1] 1 2 3 4
> b = c(2,3,4,5)
> a+b
[1] 3 5 7 9
>

15. Sequences
> 1:10
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> a = 1:10
> a
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> a*2
[1] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

16. min, max, range
> a
[1] 1 9 3 4
> min(a)
[1] 1
> max(a)
[1] 9
> range(a)
[1] 1 9

17. sum, prod
> a = c(1,2,3,4)
> sum(a)
[1] 10
> prod(a)
[1] 24

18. Strings
> a = "ORION"
> a
[1] "ORION"
> substring(a,2,4)
[1] "RIO“
> nchar(a)
[1] 5

19. if-then/else
>if (a==50) date()
[1] "Wed Jun 11 01:03:14 2014"
> a = 110
> if (a > 100) "Greater than 100" else " Not greater than 100 "
[1] "Greater than 100"
> a = 50
> if (a > 100) "Greater than 100" else “Not greater than 100"
[1] "Not greater than 100"

20. for loop
> a
[1] 1 2 3 4
> s = 0
> for(i in a)
+ s = s + i
> s
[1] 10

21. switch
> i = 2
> switch(i,"I","II","III")
[1] "II"

22. User functions
> f1 = function(r) 2 * pi * r
> f1(10)
[1] 62.83185

23. Graphics
• Pie, Bar & Histograms
• Box-and-Whisker
• Scatter plot
• Time Series plots
• Surface plots

24. plot
> x = 1:5
> y = c(1.5, 2, 1, 3.2, 4.5)
> plot(x,y)

25. plot, lines, polygon, hist,…
> lines(x,y)
> polygon(x,y)

26. Demo time