This study investigated the effects of adding polypropylene fibers to an eco-friendly concrete made with coconut shell aggregate and fly ash as a partial cement replacement. Two mixes were tested, one with only coconut shell aggregate and one with a combination of coconut shell and conventional aggregates. The cement was replaced with 10% class F fly ash by weight. Polypropylene fibers between 0.25-1.0% by volume were added. Results showed that fiber addition up to 0.5% volume increased compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the coconut shell concrete. Split tensile and flexural strengths also improved with fibers. However, higher fiber volumes of 0.75-1.0% saw a slight reduction in
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Materials in Reinforced Concrete Structures...Girish Singh
Around the world we are having several upcoming projects near the coast line so the study is needed to understand the effect on cost when we use FRP in the structure because FRP is a costly material compare to steel which may or may not increase the structure overall cost.
It will may or may not increase the structure cost because if we use FRP in a structure then we can avoid the problem that we face in a structure caused due to corrosion which reduce strength of the structure, foundation loosing plaster from the surface of the reinforced section due to expansion caused due to rusting as well as in building envelopes.
The objectives of this seminar report are to study about FRP Manufacturing and its properties, study about the various applications of FRP, design and analyze a FRP member, Finite element analysis of a simple beam using FRP as a reinforcement, role of FRP in the sustainable world, to find out the cost benefit of the elements used in a corrosive environment structure which can be replaced by the FRP.
This study will cover all the forms of FRP that can be used in a building and give a brief about FRP rebars its properties, design, analysis, uses and the effect on cost of a build during construction as well as the cost analysis of the structure.
This study will give an idea on the advantage of FRP over steel when we are using FRP in a corrosive environment like coast line and it will give an initial idea to the designer about the advantage and disadvantage of FRP over steel.
In the final part of this seminar report analysis results are used to give a base that FRP can sustain in structure as FRP reinforced bar and an example of a LCC is also used to give a satisfactory conclusion and on the final page the summery of the seminar is present.
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Materials in Reinforced Concrete Structures...Girish Singh
Around the world we are having several upcoming projects near the coast line so the study is needed to understand the effect on cost when we use FRP in the structure because FRP is a costly material compare to steel which may or may not increase the structure overall cost.
It will may or may not increase the structure cost because if we use FRP in a structure then we can avoid the problem that we face in a structure caused due to corrosion which reduce strength of the structure, foundation loosing plaster from the surface of the reinforced section due to expansion caused due to rusting as well as in building envelopes.
The objectives of this seminar report are to study about FRP Manufacturing and its properties, study about the various applications of FRP, design and analyze a FRP member, Finite element analysis of a simple beam using FRP as a reinforcement, role of FRP in the sustainable world, to find out the cost benefit of the elements used in a corrosive environment structure which can be replaced by the FRP.
This study will cover all the forms of FRP that can be used in a building and give a brief about FRP rebars its properties, design, analysis, uses and the effect on cost of a build during construction as well as the cost analysis of the structure.
This study will give an idea on the advantage of FRP over steel when we are using FRP in a corrosive environment like coast line and it will give an initial idea to the designer about the advantage and disadvantage of FRP over steel.
In the final part of this seminar report analysis results are used to give a base that FRP can sustain in structure as FRP reinforced bar and an example of a LCC is also used to give a satisfactory conclusion and on the final page the summery of the seminar is present.
Comparative study of polymer fibre reinforced concrete with conventional conc...eSAT Journals
Abstract Road transportation is undoubtedly the lifeline of the nation and its development is a crucial concern. The traditional bituminous pavements and their needs for continuous maintenance and rehabilitation operations points towards the scope for cement concrete pavements. There are several advantages of cement concrete pavements over bituminous pavements. This paper emphasizes on POLYMER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, which is a recent advancement in the field of reinforced concrete pavement design. A comparative study of these pavements with the conventional concrete pavements has been made using Polypropylene fiber waste as fiber reinforcement. Keywords: Polymer fibre concrete pavement, Polypropylene fiber waste as fiber reinforcement
Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a recently developed construction material using steel fibres and cement matrix. The matrix consists of cement slurry and infiltration is usually accomplished by gravity flow. SIFCON is the combination of cement, fibre and water with some admixtures. SIFCON has both high strength as well as large ductility. The properties of SIFCON are achieved through an optimized combination of matrix properties, fibre content and interface characteristics between fibre and matrix. This experiment is carried out to study the compressive strength, flexural strength of SIFCON. The results are then compared with that of Conventional Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Concrete.
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
Comparatives study of M20 grade conventional concrete pavement with M20 grade...IJSRD
This project work involves an experimental and laboratory study of the Polypropylene fibers with two types of admixtures those are Quarry dust and Fly ash on the mechanical properties of the concrete used in the rigid pavement. In this experimental study involves two types of concrete mixes were prepared individually. Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 3% with Quarry dust of 0.1% to 0.3% and Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 4% with Fly ash of 0.1% to 0.4% by weight of cement were added to the mixes. After that a comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the fiber reinforced in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural properties. By the experimental work the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths are proportionally increased both Polypropylene + Quarry dust and Polypropylene +Fly ash usage. It is observed that the optimum dosages of Polypropylene + Quarry dust is 3% + 0.3% Polypropylene +Fly ash is 4%+ 0.4% by weight of cement. In this project cost analysis is also determined for conventional concrete and fiber reinforced with admixtures individually using experimental test reports. By analyzing the cost it was found that Polypropylene reinforced concrete with quarry dust pavement is economical than Polypropylene reinforced concrete with Fly ash pavement.
Experimental Analysis of the Use of Coconut Shell as Coarse AggregateIOSR Journals
The high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting housing delivery in the
world. This has necessitated research into alternative materials of construction. In this study, coconut shell is
used as light weight aggregate in concrete. The properties of coconut shell and coconut shell aggregate
concrete is examined and the use of coconut shell aggregate in construction is tested. The project paper aims at
analyzing flexural and compressive strength characteristics of with partial replacement using M30 grade
concrete. The project also aims to show that Coconut shell aggregate is a potential construction material and
simultaneously reduces the environment problem of solid..Beams are casted, tested and their physical and
mechanical properties are determined. The main objective is to encourage the use of these „seemingly‟ waste
products as construction materials in low-cost housing.
Variation of Compressive strength and water absorption of concrete made by Tw...ijsrd.com
Nowadays construction materials are increasingly evaluated by their ecological characteristics. Concrete recycling gains importance because it protects natural resources and eliminates the need for disposal by using the readily available concrete as an aggregate source for new concrete or other applications. The concrete in this paper is produced by utilizing alternative and recycled waste materials such as fly ash and recycled concrete aggregates to reduce energy consumption, environmental impact, and usage of natural resources. The inferior quality of recycled aggregate (RA) has restricted its use to low-grade applications such as roadwork sub-base and pavements, while its adoption for higher-grade concrete is rare because of the lower compressive strength and higher variability in mechanical performance of RA. A new concrete mixing method, two-stage mixing approach (TSMA), was advocated to improve the quality of RA concrete (RAC) by splitting the mixing process into two parts. In the current paper we will discuss two parameters on which the concrete made by TSMA has been tested for strength characteristics viz. compressive strength and flexural strength. These parametric properties are compared with the conventional concrete with the variation of percentage of recycled coarse aggregates(RCA) and fly ash.
Comparative study of polymer fibre reinforced concrete with conventional conc...eSAT Journals
Abstract Road transportation is undoubtedly the lifeline of the nation and its development is a crucial concern. The traditional bituminous pavements and their needs for continuous maintenance and rehabilitation operations points towards the scope for cement concrete pavements. There are several advantages of cement concrete pavements over bituminous pavements. This paper emphasizes on POLYMER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, which is a recent advancement in the field of reinforced concrete pavement design. A comparative study of these pavements with the conventional concrete pavements has been made using Polypropylene fiber waste as fiber reinforcement. Keywords: Polymer fibre concrete pavement, Polypropylene fiber waste as fiber reinforcement
Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a recently developed construction material using steel fibres and cement matrix. The matrix consists of cement slurry and infiltration is usually accomplished by gravity flow. SIFCON is the combination of cement, fibre and water with some admixtures. SIFCON has both high strength as well as large ductility. The properties of SIFCON are achieved through an optimized combination of matrix properties, fibre content and interface characteristics between fibre and matrix. This experiment is carried out to study the compressive strength, flexural strength of SIFCON. The results are then compared with that of Conventional Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Concrete.
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
Comparatives study of M20 grade conventional concrete pavement with M20 grade...IJSRD
This project work involves an experimental and laboratory study of the Polypropylene fibers with two types of admixtures those are Quarry dust and Fly ash on the mechanical properties of the concrete used in the rigid pavement. In this experimental study involves two types of concrete mixes were prepared individually. Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 3% with Quarry dust of 0.1% to 0.3% and Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 4% with Fly ash of 0.1% to 0.4% by weight of cement were added to the mixes. After that a comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the fiber reinforced in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural properties. By the experimental work the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths are proportionally increased both Polypropylene + Quarry dust and Polypropylene +Fly ash usage. It is observed that the optimum dosages of Polypropylene + Quarry dust is 3% + 0.3% Polypropylene +Fly ash is 4%+ 0.4% by weight of cement. In this project cost analysis is also determined for conventional concrete and fiber reinforced with admixtures individually using experimental test reports. By analyzing the cost it was found that Polypropylene reinforced concrete with quarry dust pavement is economical than Polypropylene reinforced concrete with Fly ash pavement.
Experimental Analysis of the Use of Coconut Shell as Coarse AggregateIOSR Journals
The high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting housing delivery in the
world. This has necessitated research into alternative materials of construction. In this study, coconut shell is
used as light weight aggregate in concrete. The properties of coconut shell and coconut shell aggregate
concrete is examined and the use of coconut shell aggregate in construction is tested. The project paper aims at
analyzing flexural and compressive strength characteristics of with partial replacement using M30 grade
concrete. The project also aims to show that Coconut shell aggregate is a potential construction material and
simultaneously reduces the environment problem of solid..Beams are casted, tested and their physical and
mechanical properties are determined. The main objective is to encourage the use of these „seemingly‟ waste
products as construction materials in low-cost housing.
Variation of Compressive strength and water absorption of concrete made by Tw...ijsrd.com
Nowadays construction materials are increasingly evaluated by their ecological characteristics. Concrete recycling gains importance because it protects natural resources and eliminates the need for disposal by using the readily available concrete as an aggregate source for new concrete or other applications. The concrete in this paper is produced by utilizing alternative and recycled waste materials such as fly ash and recycled concrete aggregates to reduce energy consumption, environmental impact, and usage of natural resources. The inferior quality of recycled aggregate (RA) has restricted its use to low-grade applications such as roadwork sub-base and pavements, while its adoption for higher-grade concrete is rare because of the lower compressive strength and higher variability in mechanical performance of RA. A new concrete mixing method, two-stage mixing approach (TSMA), was advocated to improve the quality of RA concrete (RAC) by splitting the mixing process into two parts. In the current paper we will discuss two parameters on which the concrete made by TSMA has been tested for strength characteristics viz. compressive strength and flexural strength. These parametric properties are compared with the conventional concrete with the variation of percentage of recycled coarse aggregates(RCA) and fly ash.
The high cost of materials for anyconventional
building is a major factor that affects the housing delivery
worldwide. This has necessitated research for alternative cost
effective materials in construction. The paper aims at analyzing
characteristic compressive and tensile strength of coconut shells
of concrete produced. By partial replacement using crushed,
granular coconut shells as a substitute for conventional coarse
aggregate in M20 grade concrete. The cube and cylinder are
casted, tested then physical and mechanical properties are
determined. In this studies, three different concrete mixes with
different the combination of natural material content namely
0%, 25%, 50%. Three samples specimen will be prepare for each
concrete mixes. The parameters will be tested are compressive
strength, tensile strength.
This paper analyzed an investigation on the behavior of
concrete specimens produce from coconut shell aggregate. A total
of 36 specimens with varying percentage of replacement were
casted and tested. The attempt is made to prove in all respect the
serviceability and durability, experimental study is satisfying and
can be implemented in rural areas by considering all technical
aspect
● Properties of Sawdust Concrete
● Effect Of Quartz Particle Size and Cement Replacement on Portland Limestone Cement properties
● Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Design for Commercial Complex Buildings: Theory and Method Based on Inverse Problem
● Thermal Analysis of Concrete Mixtures with Recycled EPS Aggregates
● Impact of Polymer Coating on the Flexural Strength and Deflection Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams
In persuit of alternative ingredients to cement concrete constructioneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to rapid demand and growth in infrastructure, the natural resources are fast depleting. The production of cement and aggregates consume energy which are responsible for increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. On the other hand huge amount of wastes are generated in various fields which are not being utilized other than for landfilling, incineration and a very few reused having a recycle value. Some wastes are biodegradable while others are toxic or harmful to environment. Hence there appears to be an urgent need to search for alternative materials, which can replace existing ingredients partially or fully, thereby reducing energy consumption and reduced CO2 emission. This paper discusses some options which appear to be promising in this direction. Index Terms: Eco-Friendly Concrete, Sustainability, Substitutes for Binders, Substitutes for Aggregates
Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro silica (Silica ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The Now a day, we need to look at a way to reduce the cost of building materials, particularly
cement is currently so high that only rich people and governments can afford meaningful construction. Studies
have been carried out to investigate the possibility of utilizing a broad range of materials as partial replacement
materials for cement in the production of concrete. This study investigated the strength properties of Silica fume
and fly ash concrete. This work primarily deals with the strength characteristics such as compressive, Split
tensile and flexural strength. High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture were cast and
tested with different cement replacement levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and15%) of Fly ash (FA) with
silica fume (SF) as addition ( 0%,5%,10 % ,15% ,25and 30%) by wt of Cement and/or each trial super
plasticizer has been added at constant values to achieve a constant range of slump for desired work ability with
a constant water-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.30.Specimens were produced and cured in a curing tank for 3, 7, 14
and 28 days. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength tests after density determination at 3,7,14 and
28 days respectively. The chemical composition and physical composition of micro silica, FlyAsh and cement
were determined. The density of the concrete decreased with increased in percentage of micro silica and Fly ash
replacement up to 15%. Increase in the level of micro silica fume and Fly ash replacement between 30% to 45%
led to a reduction in the compressive strength of hardened concrete. This study has shown that between 15 to
22.5% replacement levels, concrete will develop strength sufficient for construction purposes. Its use will lead
to a reduction in cement quantity required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the
construction industry as well as aid economic construction.
Keywords: Durability, Fly Ash, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume/Micro Silica, Density, water
absorption
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No.94, pp. 33-42, Jan-Mar 2020
Fibre reinforced concrete containing waste
coconut shell aggregate, fly ash and
polypropylene fibre
Hormigón reforzado con fibra que contiene residuos de cáscara de coco, cenizas volantes y
fibra de polipropileno
R. Prakash 1
, R. Thenmozhi 2
, Sudharshan N. Raman 3*
, C. Subramanian 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology. Near Kendriya Vidhyalaya,
College Road, Karaikudi. C. P. 630004. Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology. Thadagam Road Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. C. P. 641013. India.
3
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. C. P. 43600 UKM Bangi. Selangor, Malaysia.
CITE THIS ARTICLE AS:
R. Prakash, R. Thenmozhi,
S. N. Raman, C.
Subramanian. ”Fibre
reinforced concrete
containing waste coconut
shell aggregate, fly ash and
polypropylene fibre”,
Revista Facultad de
Ingeniería Universidad de
Antioquia, no. 94, pp. 33-42,
Jan-Mar 2020. [Online].
Available:
https://www.doi.org/
10.17533/10.17533/
udea.redin.20190403
ARTICLE INFO:
Received: January 21, 2019
Accepted: April 10, 2019
Available online: April 26,
2019
KEYWORDS:
Building materials;
concrete; fibre; agricultural
wastes; sustainable
development
Materiales de construcción;
hormigón; fibra;
desperdicio agrícola;
desarrollo sostenible
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of polypropylene fibre addition into
eco-concrete made with fly ash, an industrial by product, as partial cement replacement
material, and coconut shell, an agricultural waste, as coarse aggregates, on the mechanical
properties of the concrete. Two different mixes were developed, one with coconut shell only
as coarse aggregates, and the other with the combination of both conventional aggregates
and coconut shell as coarse aggregates. The cement content was replaced with class F fly
ash at 10% by weight in the concrete mixes. The volume fractions of polypropylene fibres
used in this study were 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%. The addition of polypropylene fibres
slightly reduces the slump and density of coconut shell concrete. As the volume fraction
of fibres increases, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of coconut shell
concrete also increases by up to 0.5% of fibre volume fraction. The split tensile strength
and flexural strength of coconut shell concrete were also enhanced with fibre addition.
The addition of 0.75% and 1.0% volume fractions of polypropylene fibres slightly reduces
compressive strength. Results of this study show that polypropylene fibres may be used in
coconut shell concrete to improve the mechanical properties of the composite.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el efecto de la adición de fibra de
polipropileno en eco-hormigón fabricado con cenizas volantes, un producto industrial como
material de reemplazo parcial de cemento, y cáscara de coco, un residuo agrícola, como
agregados gruesos, sobre las propiedades mecánicas. del hormigón. Se desarrollaron dos
mezclas diferentes, una con cáscara de coco solo como agregados gruesos y la otra con la
combinación de agregados convencionales y cáscara de coco como agregados gruesos. El
contenido de cemento se reemplazó con cenizas volantes de clase F al 10% en peso en las
mezclas de concreto. Las fracciones en volumen de las fibras de polipropileno utilizadas
en este estudio fueron 0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% y 1,0%. La adición de fibras de polipropileno
reduce ligeramente la caída y la densidad del concreto de cáscara de coco. A medida que
aumenta la fracción de volumen de las fibras, la resistencia a la compresión y el módulo
de elasticidad del hormigón de cáscara de coco también aumenta hasta en un 0,5% de la
fracción de volumen de fibra. La resistencia a la tracción dividida y la resistencia a la flexión
del hormigón de cáscara de coco también se mejoraron con la adición de fibra. La adición
de 0,75% y 1,0% en volumen de fibras de polipropileno reduce ligeramente la resistencia
a la compresión. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las fibras de polipropileno
pueden usarse en concreto de cáscara de coco para mejorar las propiedades mecánicas del
compuesto.
1. Introduction
Environmental sustainability may be interpreted as
the ability to indefinitely retain the rates of renewable
33
* Corresponding author: Sudharshan N. Raman
E-mail: snraman@gmail.com
ISSN 0120-6230
e-ISSN 2422-2844
DOI: 10.17533/10.17533/udea.redin.20190403
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2. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
resource use and non-renewable resource depletion.
‘Sustainability’ is one of the most discussed but
least understood words in the world. For most
nations, organisations and people who consider its
importance, sustainability means the conservation of
the Earth and basic issues related to improvement,
such as the productive utilisation of resources, stable
economic growth, consistent social advance and poverty
elimination. Sustainable construction aims to meet
current requirements for housing, working environment
and infrastructure without compromising the capacity
of future generations to meet their own needs. Authors
in literature [1] reported that the current stage of the
construction sector is unsustainable. Environmental
sustainability can be achieved in this sector by replacing
conventional aggregates in concrete with solid waste
aggregates. Coarse and fine aggregates account
approximately 60%–80% of concrete volume [2]. But,
the main problem that undermines the use of natural
coarse aggregates is sustainability, as it leads to other
ecological problems [3]. According to the Ministry of
Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare of India, more than
23900 million coconut nuts have been produced in India
in 2016–2017 [4] and this will simultaneously increase the
agriculture solid waste accumulation.
Hence, the effective utilisation of agro-wastes, as
replacement for traditional aggregates, contributes to the
conservation of non-renewable resources, reduces energy
consumption and lowers the costs of building materials.
Researchers have already used several waste materials
in concrete, including recycled concrete, silica fume,
ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, fly ash, waste
tyre rubber, post-consumer glass and waste plastics
[5, 6]. Similarly, coconut shell (CS), palm kernel shell,
oil palm shell (OPS), rice husk, corn cob, pistachio shell,
spent mushroom substrate and tobacco wastes are waste
materials used to produce lightweight aggregate concrete
(LWAC). Hence, environmental protection can be achieved
through the proper disposal of such solid agro-wastes [1].
LWAC exhibits certain advantages over other types of
concrete, such as lower dead weight, reduced seismic
forces, lighter formwork, smaller size foundation,
increased fire resistance, thermal insulation, better
sound absorption, increased frost resistance, improved
hydration and ease of transport. Structural lightweight
concrete can be produced by replacing conventional
aggregates with alternative lightweight aggregates, such
as pumice, blast-furnace slag, vermiculite, expanded clay,
clinker, foamed slag and OPS [7]. In the same manner,
the replacement of conventional coarse aggregates
with CS has enabled the establishment of structural
lightweight concrete [8, 9]. According to Basri et al.
[10], the organic origin of wood-based material will not
contaminate or leach to produce toxic substances once if
they are incorporated into concrete matrix. The durability
properties of CS concrete, such as sorptivity, volume of
permeable voids, absorption, rapid chloride penetrability,
chloride concentration profile, colour changes, resistance
at elevated temperatures and residual strength, are
comparable with those of other lightweight concretes
[11]. Gunasekaran et al. [12] proved that CS concrete
beams behave similar to conventional concrete beams
when subjected to torsion. The mechanical properties and
fracture toughness of CS concrete are comparable with
those of other lightweight concretes [13].
The potential for using fly ash as a supplementary
cementitious material in concrete has been known since
the beginning of the last century. Cement manufacturing
is widely regarded as one of the most carbon intensive
productions. The replacement of a cement portion with fly
ash will effectively reduce the carbon emission produced
by the cement and concrete industries. Evolving research
has indicated that concrete with a high volume of class
F fly ash exhibit excellent mechanical and durability
properties, such as low permeability to chloride ions and
other aggressive agents [14]. The porous nature of LWA
results a weak interfacial transition zone of LWC which
affects its strength and durability. However, this can be
enhanced by adding fly ash due to its filling ability. This
filling ability permits the penetration of mortar into the
pores of LWA, improving the strength of the aggregate
paste interface [15].
The addition of fibrous materials increases the structural
integrity of concrete. Recent research shows that the
shear and tensile stresses that arise at critical sections of
OPS lightweight concrete can be mitigated by reinforcing
concrete with polypropylene, nylon and steel fibres [16–19].
The addition of polypropylene twisted bundles to OPS
concrete enhances its mechanical characteristics without
increasing its density [19]. Furthermore, the addition
of nylon and polypropylene fibres slightly increased the
engineering properties of OPS concrete, particularly its
split tensile strength [17]. Similarly, the flexural strength
of CS concrete can be considerably improved by adding
fibres [20]. Authors in literature [21] included quarry dust
and coconut fibres in CS concrete and produced workable
concrete with satisfactory strength.
Two different mixes are developed in this study, one
with coconut shell as coarse aggregate (CSF), and the
other with coconut shell and conventional aggregate
and as coarse aggregates (CSP). The work investigates
the benefits of polypropylene fibre addition at 0.25%,
0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0% by volume of concrete on the
engineering properties of both the mixes. The mechanical
properties and flexural performance of CS concrete with
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3. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
Table 1 Chemical composition of Fly ash and OPC
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O SO3 LOI
Fly Ash 53.68 23.07 10.03 2.98 2.16 0.12 0.48 2.1 2.98
Cement 20.90 4.70 3.4 65.4 1.2 0.2 0.3 2.7 0.9
polypropylene fibres have been studied and reported.
2. Experimental programme
2.1 Materials
Cement & supplementary cementitious material
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with grade 53 and that
conformed to IS 12269 was used in this study [22]. The
specific gravity and Blaine’s specific surface area of the
cement were 3.15 and 3510 cm2
/g, respectively. Class F fly
ash with specific surface area 7290 cm2
/g and density 2130
kg/m3
was replaced by weight of cement in all the mixes at
10% of the cement weight. Cement and fly ash contents
of 459 kg/m3
and 51 kg/m3
, respectively, were used for the
mixes. The chemical compositions of OPC and fly ash are
provided in Table 1.
Coarse aggregate
CS aggregates with a bulk density of 640 kg/m3
were
used as coarse aggregates for the CSF mix. Meanwhile,
crushed stone aggregates with a bulk density of 1680
kg/m3
were also used in addition to the CS aggregates
in the CSP mix. The particle size distributions of the
crushed granite stone aggregates are presented in Figure
1. The difference in density between the CS aggregates and
crushed stone aggregates was approximately 1040 kg/m3
,
which significantly reduced the self-weight of structural
members. The physical properties of the CS and crushed
stone aggregates are listed in Table 2. CS were collected
from the drying yard of a local copra producer. Then,
the collected CS were air-dried, washed, crushed in a
Los Angeles abrasion testing machine and sieved using
an IS 12.5 mm sieve. CS aggregates that did not pass
through the sieve were crushed and sieved again to obtain
the size range of 12.5 mm to 4.75 mm. Well-graded
aggregates were prepared, and flaky and elongated CS
aggregates were removed before the aggregates were used
in concrete. Figure 2 shows the discarded CS from yard and
the broken CS aggregate to the required size. The water
absorption of CS aggregates was significant. Thus, the
aggregates were soaked in potable water for 24 h and then
air-dried to dry their surface before being used in concrete.
This process resulted in the saturated surface dry (SSD)
state of CS aggregates.
Figure 1 Particle size distribution of CS and crushed granite
stone aggregate
Table 2 Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregates
Properties CS CA
Maximum size (mm) 12.5 12.5
Minimum size (mm) 4.75 4.75
Water absorption (%) 24 0.6
Fineness modulus 6.26 6.89
Specific gravity 1.10 2.85
Shell thickness (mm) 3-8 -
Void ratio 0.65 0.75
Bulk density (g/cc) 0.64 1.679
Moisture content (%) 4.2 0.1
Abrasion value (%) 1.8 10.5
Crushing value (%) 2.67 20.2
Impact value (%) 8.3 18.5
CS: Coconut shell; CA: crushed stone coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
River sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve was used as fine
aggregates. The silt content was removed from the sand
by washing the sand before using it in concrete. A river
sand content of 749.7 kg/m3
was used in all the mixes. The
fineness modulus and specific gravity of river sand were
2.25 and 2.58, respectively. The particle size distribution of
fine aggregates is presented in Figure 3.
Water and admixture
A water/binder ratio of 0.33 was used in all the mixes.
Water with a pH value of 6.3, which was available in the
college campus, was used for mixing. Conplast SP430, a on
naphthalene polymer based superplasticising admixture of
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4. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
(a) Coconut shell
(b) CS Aggregate
Figure 2 (a) coconut shell and (b) coconut shell aggregate
Figure 3 Particle size distribution of fine aggregate
1.2% by weight of cement, was used to make the
fibre-reinforced CS concrete workable.
Fibres
Fibrillated multidimensional polypropylene fibres were
used in this study. The properties of these fibres are listed
in Table 3.
Mix proportioning
Two mixes were selected in this investigation. The first
mix was prepared using lightweight CS aggregates as
coarse aggregates. In the second mix, 50% of the CS
aggregates were replaced with conventional crushed stone
aggregates. The former was designated as CSF, whereas
the latter was denoted as CSP. A CS aggregate content
of 331.5 kg/m3
was used for all the CSF mixes, and a
CS aggregate content of 165 kg/m3
and a crushed stone
aggregate content of 427.5 kg/m3
were used for all the CSP
mixes. The mix proportions of all the mixes are listed in
Table 4. Polypropylene fibres with volume fractions of 0%,
0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% were used in the mixes, and
mixes without fibres were also prepared for comparison.
The water/cement ratio and superplasticiser content were
kept constant for all the mixes.
2.2 Testing of specimens
Slump test was performed according to ASTM
C143/C143M-12 standards. Cubes that measured
100 mm were cast and water-cured to determine the
compressive strength (IS 456-2000) at 7, 28 and 56 days.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) was also measured at 28
days. Tests for flexural strength, split tensile strength and
modulus of elasticity were performed at 28 days according
to ASTMC78-10, ASTM C496/C496M-11 and ASTMC469-10,
respectively.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Slump
The concrete slump test ascertains the consistency of
fresh concrete before it sets. It is conducted to examine
the workability of fresh concrete, and consequently, the
relative ease with which concrete can be mixed, conveyed,
cast and consolidated. This test may also indicate an
incorrectly blended concrete. The use of fibres is known to
intrinsically affect the workability and flowability of plain
concrete [23]. The workability of concrete is significantly
affected by the addition of polypropylene fibres [24]. A
number of studies have attempted to improve the fresh
properties of concrete for several years. A remarkable
improvement of fresh properties, such as workability and
flowability, can be achieved by adding a superplasticiser to
concrete [25, 26]. Authors in literature [19] obtained better
workability by adding 1.0% superplasticiser by cement
weight to palm shell LWC reinforced with polypropylene
fibres. A number of fibre physical properties, such as type,
configuration, quantity and length, will affect slump and
workability. In particular, the amount of fibres in a mix will
definitely affect slump and consistency. Another important
factor that should be considered is the surface area of
fibres. In addition to the coarse aggregates, the mortar
should also wrap around the fibres. When the mortar
portion is inadequate, impact on slump and workability
will likely be increased. Therefore, the volume of fibres
should be considered whilst achieving the mix proportions
of the ingredients in fibre-reinforced concrete. When
the amount of fibres is high, a high amount of mortar is
necessary.
A constant percentage of superplasticiser was added
throughout the study. The fresh polypropylene
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5. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
Table 3 Properties of polypropylene fibres
Fibre type
Length
(mm)
Dia
(µm)
Sp.gr.
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Fibrillated Multidimensional
polypropylene fibre
20 40 0.91 550
Table 4 Mix proportions
Mix ID
Fly ash
(kg/m3
)
Cement
(kg/m3
)
Sand
(kg/m3
)
Coconut
shell
aggregate
(kg/m3
)
Crushed
stone
aggregate
(kg/m3
)
w/b
Super
plasticizer
(%)
Polypro-
pylene
fibre
(%)
CSF0 51 459 749.7 331.5 0 0.33 1.2 0
CSF25 51 459 749.7 331.5 0 0.33 1.2 0.25
CSF50 51 459 749.7 331.5 0 0.33 1.2 0.5
CSF75 51 459 749.7 331.5 0 0.33 1.2 0.75
CSF100 51 459 749.7 331.5 0 0.33 1.2 1.0
CSP0 51 459 749.7 165 427.5 0.33 1.2 0
CSP25 51 459 749.7 165 427.5 0.33 1.2 0.25
CSP50 51 459 749.7 165 427.5 0.33 1.2 0.5
CSP75 51 459 749.7 165 427.5 0.33 1.2 0.75
CSP100 51 459 749.7 165 427.5 0.33 1.2 1.0
fibre-reinforced concrete had lower slump than the
control. As shown in Table 5, increasing polypropylene
fibre content in the mix decreases slump. The inclusion of
fibres at volume fractions of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%
reduced slump by 13%, 33%, 46% and 60%, respectively,
in the CSF series. Similarly, reduction in slump of 12%,
25%, 44% and 56% was observed for 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%
and 1.0% fibre addition in CSP series. When CS is used
under surface dry condition (i.e. SSD), it will not absorb
water further whilst mixing, and thus, the workability of
the CSF mix will be very similar to that of the CSP mix. The
addition of fibres to fresh concrete improves interfacial
fibre–matrix bond [17]. Consequently, low slump is
observed at high fibre percentages. Authors in literature
[27] reported that a 50–70 mm slump of LWC is equivalent
to a 100–125 mm slump of conventional concrete. Authors
in literature [28] achieved good workability by determining
the optimal quantity of fine aggregates and incorporating
a superplasticiser.
Table 5 Slump of fibre reinforced CS concrete
Mix ID Slump(mm) Mix ID Slump(mm)
CSF0 75 CSP0 80
CSF25 65 CSP25 70
CSF50 50 CSP50 60
CSF75 40 CSP75 45
CSF100 30 CSP100 35
Although the addition of fibres reduces the workability
of concrete, fibre-reinforced concrete is easy to apply by
pumping to the required level. Fibre-reinforced concrete
mixes have been reported to have a lower pump pressure
than their corresponding mixes without fibres because
moving the mortar portion of the mix through the pipe is
extremely easy but moving the coarse aggregates is not so.
Thus, mortar moves through the centre of the pipe whilst
the coarse aggregates are pushed towards the periphery
of the pipe. Frictional resistance is generated between the
coarse aggregates and the pipe wall, which slows down
the movement of concrete. When fibres are added to the
mix, the coarse aggregates remain suspended in the mix,
which minimises the friction of the pipe. Hence, pumping
fibre-reinforced concrete is considerably easier than
pumping normal concrete with the same slump value.
3.2 Hardened density
Concrete with a density of 2000 kg/m3
and below is
called structural lightweight concrete [29]. The density of
concrete is reduced significantly by adding polypropylene
fibres to structural lightweight concrete [17, 19]. In
the current study, demoulded density (DD) and oven-dry
density (ODD) were obtained for the CSF and CSP series,
as shown in Table 6. The ODD of all the mixes in the CFS
series satisfied the requirement of structural lightweight
concrete as ODD ranged from 1875 kg/m3
to 1770 kg/m3
.
The maximum density reduction was achieved in the
CSF100 mix and was 6% lesser than the corresponding
mix without fibres. In the CSP series, the requirement of
lightweight concrete was satisfied only when fibre addition
exceeded 0.75%. The reduction in density due to the
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6. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
increasing addition of polypropylene fibres to concrete is
attributed to the low specific gravity of fibres. Density
reduction lowers the dead weight of concrete, and thus, the
cost of the foundation of a structure becomes economical
by providing polypropylene fibre-reinforced CS concrete. A
very good correlation was obtained between each density
type (DD and ODD) and the amount of fibres in CSF and CSP
concrete, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Relationship polypropylene fibre percentage and
density
Table 6 Demoulded and Oven Dry Density of fibre reinforced CS
concrete
Mix ID
Demoulded density
(DD)
Oven dry density
(OD)
CSF0 1925 1875
CSF25 1900 1855
CSF50 1880 1820
CSF75 1855 1800
CSF100 1825 1770
CSP0 2105 2070
CSP25 2075 2035
CSP50 2050 2010
CSP75 2025 1995
CSP100 2010 1960
3.3 Compressive strength
The strength of CS plays a vital role in the development
of the compressive strength of CS concrete [9]. At earlier
ages, the compression failure of CS concrete was mainly
caused by the failure in the bond between cement paste and
CS aggregates; at later ages, compression failure is due
to the strength of the CS aggregates [30]. Generally, the
strength development of conventional concrete is governed
by the inter-particle bond, porosity of the cement paste,
strength of the cement paste and strength of the coarse
aggregate. However, in CS concrete, the inter particle bond
has a less vital role in the development of strength due
to the comparatively smooth surface of the CS aggregate.
Therefore, for CS concrete, the low strength, low stiffness,
and light weight of the CS aggregate, are the controlling
factors for the strength development.
Figure 5 Compressive strength of polypropylene fibre
reinforced CS concrete
In the current experiment, adding polypropylene fibres
generally increases the compressive strength of CS
concrete. An increase in compressive loading will initiate
the development of a crack. Once the crack reaches
the fibres, the bond on the fibre–mortar interface will
start to loosen due to stress development in the normal
direction of the expected path of the developing crack.
This phenomenon is known as the bridging effect of
fibres in concrete [31]. The compressive strength at
7, 28 days and 56 days of all the mixes are presented
in Figure 5. In general, the addition of polypropylene
fibre increased the compressive strength up to 0.5% and
decreased afterwards in both the mixes. The compressive
strength of CS concrete increases at 28 days and 56 days
with the addition of 0.25% and 0.5% polypropylene fibres
to the CSF and CSP series. The compressive strength at
28 days was increased by 1.1% and 3.4% for 0.25% and
0.5% fibre addition, respectively, in the CSF series. A
similar trend was observed in the CSP series, and the
increasing percentage of compressive strength was 1%
and 4.1% for 0.25% and 0.5% polypropylene fibre addition,
respectively. This result may be attributed to the high
tensile strength of polypropylene fibres (600 MPa). By
contrast, the addition of 0.75% and 1.0% polypropylene
fibres reduced compressive strength in the CSF and CSP
series, and the values were significant in the CSF100 and
CSP100 mixes. The compressive strengths development
at 7 and 56 days over 28 days for CSF and CSP concretes
with various fractions of fibres are shown in Figure 6. A
significant increase in compressive strength at 56 days
was observed in all the mixes, which might be due to the
pozzolanic reaction of fly ash even after 28 days. The
difference between the compressive strengths at 28 days
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7. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
and 56 days of all the mixes with fibres is higher than that
of the control mixes CSF0 and CSP0. These findings concur
with the literature [19], who worked on OPS concrete.
Figure 6 Percentage of 7 days and 56 days compressive
strength over 28 days
3.4 Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)
A UPV test on concrete is a non-destructive test for
assessing the homogeneity and integrity of concrete.
The qualitative assessment of concrete strength and the
gradation of concrete in different locations of the structural
members can be achieved by using this method. Any
discontinuity in the cross section (e.g. cracks), cover
concrete delamination and the depth of surface cracks can
also be assessed. The UPV of all the mixes were measured,
and the correlation between the UPV and compressive
strength of CS concrete was found at the age of 28 days.
A concrete is considered in ‘good’ condition when its UPV
value is between 3.66 km/s and 4.58 km/s [32]. All the
cubes were subjected to UPV test before the compressive
strength test. In general, the UPV values of all the mixes
increased with increasing compressive strength. The UPV
values of all the mixes were in the order of 3.82 km/s to 4.16
km/s. As shown in the experiment, the CS concrete with
polypropylene fibres has evidently higher UPV values. UPV
values are correlated with their associated compressive
strength with R2
= 0.97, as shown in Figure 7. Equation
1 is proposed to evaluate the compressive strength of both
CSF and CSP mixes, based on UPV values.
fck = 0.13v4.0481
(1)
where fck is the compressive strength (MPa), while v is the
ultrasonic pulse velocity (km/s).
3.5 Split tensile strength and flexural
strength
The addition of fibres to concrete considerably improves
the tensile and flexural characteristics of concrete, such
as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength,
ductility and flexural toughness, during the hardened stage
[33]. Previous studies have shown that the inclusion of
Figure 7 Relationship between compressive strength and UPV
fibres significantly improves the splitting tensile strength
of LWAC [34, 35]. In the current study, the addition of
polypropylene fibres to CS lightweight concrete exerts a
beneficial effect on flexural and splitting tensile strengths.
The split tensile strength and flexural strength of all
the mixes are provided in Table 7. The addition of
polypropylene fibres (0.25%–1.0%) improved split tensile
strength by up to 11%–22% and 11%–26% in the CSF and
CSP series, respectively, compared with the control mix.
The flexural strength results show that the 28-day flexural
strength resulted in a positive impact on all the mixes
with fibres compared with the control mix. The 28-day
flexural strength corresponds to a range of 6%–29 % and
4%–22% of the 28-day compressive strength of the CSF and
CSP mixes, respectively. The increasing rate of flexural
strength is 25%, 29%, 23% and 6% for the CSF25, CSF50,
CSF74 and CSF100 mixes and 16%, 22%, 15% and 4% for
the CSP25, CSP50, CSP75 and CSP100 mixes, respectively.
The effect of polypropylene fibres on the flexural strength
of the CSF mix was more positive than that on the CSP
mix. Maximum flexural strength was reported in CSF75
and CSP50 mixes. Although polypropylene fibres have
low tensile strength, they can strengthen cementitious
materials that are brittle in nature by bearing part of the
applied loads and exhibiting the bridging effect [17]. The
bridging effect of CSP50 is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 Polypropylene fibres bridging across flexural crack
Authors in literature [17] proposed Equation 2 (with 10%
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8. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
error), which relates the compressive strength and split
tensile strength of polypropylene fibre-reinforced OPS
concrete. Authors in literature [19] predicted split tensile
strength based on compressive strength using Equation 3
with 8% error.
ft = 0.52 2
√
fck (2)
ft = 0.55 2
√
fck (3)
In the current study, an equation is proposed to correlate
the split tensile strength and compressive strength of
fibre-reinforced CSF and CSP mixes in Equations 4 and 5
with 8% and 12% errors, respectively.
ft = 0.56 2
√
fck (4)
ft = 0.66 2
√
fcl (5)
For flexural strength, authors in literature [17] proposed
Equation 6 to relate the flexural strength of OPS concrete
to its compressive strength with 10% error. Authors in
literature [19] suggested Equation 7 to relate the flexural
strength of FROPS concrete to its compressive strength
with 12% error. A new equation is proposed to correlate
the flexural strength and compressive strength of the
fibre-reinforced CSF and CSP mixes in Equations 8 and 9
with 6% and 14% errors, respectively.
fr = 0.385
3
√
fck
2 (6)
fr = 0.53
3
√
fck
2 (7)
fr = 0.563
3
√
fck
2 (8)
fr = 0.525
3
√
fck
2 (9)
Table 7 Mechanical properties of control concrete and fibre
reinforced CS concrete at 28 days
Mix ID
Split tensile
strength
Flexural
strength
Modulus of
elasticity
CSF0 2.80 4.60 14.32
CSF25 3.25 5.68 16.11
CSF50 3.38 5.98 15.45
CSF75 3.41 5.75 14.90
CSF100 3.12 4.78 14.10
CSP0 3.50 5.20 20.25
CSP25 4.03 5.92 21.12
CSP50 4.32 6.34 21.80
CSP75 4.28 5.99 21.35
CSP100 3.65 5.46 20.10
3.6 Modulus of elasticity
Modulus of elasticity is one of the most important
mechanical properties of hardened concrete. It reflects
the capability of concrete to deflect elastically. In general,
lightweight concrete exhibits less modulus of elasticity
than normal weight concrete at the same compressive
strength [36]. The current findings show that the addition
of polypropylene fibres enhances the modulus of elasticity
of CS lightweight concrete. The combined effects of fly
ash and polypropylene fibres reduce the strain induced
under compressive loadings through cohesiveness and
crack bridging, and consequently, improve the modulus
of elasticity of CS fibre-reinforced concrete. The obtained
static modulus of elasticity is shown in Table 7. Modulus of
elasticity increases with an increase in fibre content of up
to 0.5% volume but decreases when fibre volume reaches
0.75% and 1.0% in the CSF series. The highest modulus
of elasticity was observed in the CSF50 mix; which was
approximately 8% higher than that of the control mix. The
modulus of elasticity of all the mixes in the CSP series
is higher than that of the CSF mixes due to the inclusion
of conventional aggregates in CS concrete. A maximum
increase of 8% was observed in the modulus of elasticity
value of the CSP50 mix. The addition of 1% polypropylene
fibres slightly reduces modulus of elasticity in the CSF and
CSP mixes.
3.7 Sustainability performance
The use of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete
not only conserves granite, fastest depleting natural
resources but also provide the solution for the disposal
of coconut shell waste in India. When fly ash is used
in concrete, the exhaustion of limestone, a raw material
required for cement production is reduced and hence the
sustainability aspect in concrete production is enhanced.
This will significantly help the conservations of limestone,
and effectively reduce the emission of CO2, NOx and other
greenhouse gases into the environment. It can be observed
that the fibre addition improved the mechanical behaviour
of concrete produced with the combined utilisation of
coconut shell and fly ash and it can be used for structural
applications. Hence, sustainable development in concrete
production can be achieved by the use of coconut shell and
fly ash in concrete.
4. Conclusion
The effects of adding polypropylene fibres at a volume
fraction of up to 1.0% on the mechanical properties
of coconut shell concrete have been examined. The
following conclusions are derived from the experimental
investigation.
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9. R. Prakash et al., Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, No. 94, pp. 33-42, 2020
1. Polypropylene fibres decrease the slump value of CS
concrete. The decrease in slump value is within the
range of 13%–60% for different volume fractions of
polypropylene fibres.
2. The incorporation of polypropylene fibres results in
marginal reduction in the density of CS concrete, and
subsequently, overall dead weight reduction. Hence,
the costs of foundation, erection and installation can
be decreased.
3. The compressive strength of CS concrete at 28 days
is slightly increased when polypropylene fibres are
added. The maximum compressive strengths of 36.8
MPa and 40.4 MPa are obtained for a fibre addition of
0.5% to the CSF and CSP series, respectively.
4. The addition of 0.75% polypropylene fibres to
the CSF mix increases split tensile strength to a
maximum value of 22%, whereas the addition of 0.5%
polypropylene fibres to the CSP mix increases split
tensile strength to a maximum value of 24%.
5. The flexural strength of CS concrete is increased
to maximum values of 30% and 22% for 0.5%
polypropylene fibre addition to the CSF and CSP
mixes, respectively.
6. A significant increase in modulus of elasticity value is
also observed after polypropylene fibre addition. The
maximum modulus of elasticity was achieved for the
addition of 0.5% polypropylene fibres to the CSF and
CSP mixes.
7. Fibre reinforced coconut shell concrete with fly ash
is suitable to be utilised as a sustainable eco-friendly
construction material in the production of structural
concrete.
5. Acknowledgements
Author R. Prakash would like to acknowledge the financial
support Program TEQIP-II, implemented by the National
Project Implementation Unit (NPIU) of the Ministry of
Human Resource Development, Government of India.
Author Sudharshan N. Raman would like to acknowledge
the GUP Research University Fund (GUP-2018-101) of
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for their support in this
publication.
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