Question 1 (15 points) a. Describe the role a letter of credit plays .pdf
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Question 1 (15 points) a. Describe the role a letter of credit plays in an international commercial transaction. b. List and describe three other documents that are critical to complete a commercial transaction where a letter of credit is used to complete payment to the seller. Question 2 (25 points) A firm based in India agrees to buy 10 million Euros worth of goods from Indian firm. You know that the Euro has been weakening against the Rupee and expect this trend to a firm based in Italy. The Indian firm agrees to pay in Euros in 60 days. You are the CFO of the continue for at least the next 60 days. Den e en yor tn makes the payment in 60 days, it minimizes its risk of loss converting Rupees to Euros. (15 points) icioa tile 6 poine) c. Briefly describe the difference between hedging and speculation. (5 points) Question 3 (20 points) Describe the importance of a functional legal system to foreign investors. Provide three examples of how a functional legal system is important to foreign investors. Describe the importance of political stability to foreign investors. Provide two examples of how political stability is important to foreign investors. Solution 1a. A letter of credit (LC) is a payment mechanism that is used in international trade and facilitates international commercial transaction. A letter of credit involves a written commitment from a bank on behalf of one of the party involved in the transaction that payment will be made to a third-party. Letter of credit plays an important role in facilitating international commercial transaction by ensuring that payment is received by the concerned party. The seller is allowed to reduce his risk of non-payment with regards to the goods that has been sold and delivered by him. Risk of the buyer is replaced with that of the banks. In a way, by reducing the risks of non-payments, letter of credit has made it possible to do business on a global scale for many entities. A letter of credit facilitates international commercial transaction both by helping the sellers and the buyers. As mentioned earlier the risk of non-payment for the sellers is reduced. Thus trade from seller is encouraged as seller gets the opportunity to get financing for the time between the shipment of the goods and receipt of payment. Trade from buyer is also encouraged as buyer has greater control over the time period for shipping of the goods. The buyer is also able to avoid or reduce pre-payment. 1b. Three other documents that are critical to complete a commercial transaction where a letter of credit is used are – transport documents, insurance documents and commercial documents. Transport documents are those documents that are concerned with the shipping of the goods from the seller to the buyer. The documents considered are bill of lading, non-negotiable sea waybill and charter party bill of lading. Insurance documents are those documents that are concerned with the insurance of the goods being shipped. The documents cons.
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Chapter20 International Finance Management
This document provides sample answers and solutions to end-of-chapter questions and problems about international trade finance. It discusses key concepts like letters of credit, time drafts, bills of lading, banker's acceptances, and different types of countertrade transactions. The document aims to help students understand the basic documents and processes involved in conducting international trade and different payment options for exporters.
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.pptx
The document discusses various instruments used in foreign trade, including letters of credit, bills of exchange, documentary collections, open accounts, export credit insurance, forfeiting, factoring, and methods of settlement between banks for foreign exchange transactions. It provides details on each instrument, describing their purpose and processes. It also discusses some challenges and limitations of foreign trade.
Assignment Form HCA270 Version 31Associate Level Material.docx
Assignment Form
HCA/270 Version 3
1
Associate Level Material
Assignment Form
Use the following form to address the five methods of computing book depreciation for health care organizations:
QUESTION
ANSWER – Do not forget to list references at the bottom of the paper. Write a minimum of 30 words for each area listed.
Straight Line Depreciation:
· No salvage
· Salvage
Accelerated Book Depreciation:
· Sum of Years’ Digits Method
Accelerated Book Depreciation:
· Double Declining Balance Method
Accelerated Book Depreciation:
· 150% Declining Balance Method
Accelerated Book Depreciation:
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Why is it important for a hospital to pay attention to depreciation more than a computer software company?
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CHAPTER 7: Bank Collections, Trade Finance, and Letters of Credit
The previous chapters discussed contracts for the sale of goods, documentary sales, the risk of loss, and the liability of air and sea carriers. This chapter now turns to how the international banking system is used to move money in an international trade transaction. We will see how sellers collect for their shipments and how buyers remit payments for their purchases. We will also learn how sellers are assured of payment for their goods or services through the use of bank letters of credit and will briefly discuss some issues related to financing the sale. Keep in mind that most of the concepts covered here do not just apply to collecting money for the sale of goods but are equally applicable to many different types of international transactions involving the movement of money internationally and the use of banks to provide an assurance of contractual commitments.
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An understanding of how international payments or movements of money are made to fulfill contract obligations requires some basic understanding of the law of negotiable instruments. In general, the law of negotiable instruments is covered in courses on business law. For our purposes, we assume the reader has some limited understanding of this field. Here we are not concerned with their technical requirements, but with their use in international trade. A negotiable instrument is a signed writing, containing an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed sum of money, to order or to bearer, on demand or at a definite time. Common negotiable instruments include promissory notes, which are two-party instruments containing a promise to pay, and drafts, which are three-party instruments containing orders to pay. In this chapter, we are concerned only with drafts. A draft is the signed order of the drawer, given to a drawee who is in possession of money to which the drawer is entitled, to pay a sum of money to a third party, the payee, on demand or at a definite time. A common check is a special form of draft, which is drawn on a bank and payable on demand. The three parties to a check include the drawer, who gave the order to pay, the drawee bank to who ...
How import Finance works in daily life and its uses
Letter of credit is a conditional guarantee issued by a bank on behalf of an importer to make payment to an exporter for shipped goods. It minimizes risks in international trade where parties may not know each other. Letters of credit provide protection to importers and exporters and are one of the most common and secure import financing methods. They involve an importer, exporter, issuing bank, advising bank, and sometimes a confirming or negotiating bank, with each party playing a defined role in the transaction process and documentation requirements.
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trade finance - Copy.pptx
The project report provides an overview of trade finance. It defines trade finance and discusses various tools used in trade finance like letters of credit, bonds and guarantees, invoice discounting and factoring, and supply chain finance. It also outlines some common risks in international trade like counterparty risk, country risk, and FX risk. Finally, it discusses some key trade finance products available in India such as term loans, working capital limits, letters of credit, invoice discounting/factoring and export credit.
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Chapter20 International Finance Management
This document provides sample answers and solutions to end-of-chapter questions and problems about international trade finance. It discusses key concepts like letters of credit, time drafts, bills of lading, banker's acceptances, and different types of countertrade transactions. The document aims to help students understand the basic documents and processes involved in conducting international trade and different payment options for exporters.
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The document discusses various instruments used in foreign trade, including letters of credit, bills of exchange, documentary collections, open accounts, export credit insurance, forfeiting, factoring, and methods of settlement between banks for foreign exchange transactions. It provides details on each instrument, describing their purpose and processes. It also discusses some challenges and limitations of foreign trade.
Assignment Form HCA270 Version 31Associate Level Material.docx
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Use the following form to address the five methods of computing book depreciation for health care organizations:
QUESTION
ANSWER – Do not forget to list references at the bottom of the paper. Write a minimum of 30 words for each area listed.
Straight Line Depreciation:
· No salvage
· Salvage
Accelerated Book Depreciation:
· Sum of Years’ Digits Method
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· Double Declining Balance Method
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The previous chapters discussed contracts for the sale of goods, documentary sales, the risk of loss, and the liability of air and sea carriers. This chapter now turns to how the international banking system is used to move money in an international trade transaction. We will see how sellers collect for their shipments and how buyers remit payments for their purchases. We will also learn how sellers are assured of payment for their goods or services through the use of bank letters of credit and will briefly discuss some issues related to financing the sale. Keep in mind that most of the concepts covered here do not just apply to collecting money for the sale of goods but are equally applicable to many different types of international transactions involving the movement of money internationally and the use of banks to provide an assurance of contractual commitments.
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An understanding of how international payments or movements of money are made to fulfill contract obligations requires some basic understanding of the law of negotiable instruments. In general, the law of negotiable instruments is covered in courses on business law. For our purposes, we assume the reader has some limited understanding of this field. Here we are not concerned with their technical requirements, but with their use in international trade. A negotiable instrument is a signed writing, containing an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed sum of money, to order or to bearer, on demand or at a definite time. Common negotiable instruments include promissory notes, which are two-party instruments containing a promise to pay, and drafts, which are three-party instruments containing orders to pay. In this chapter, we are concerned only with drafts. A draft is the signed order of the drawer, given to a drawee who is in possession of money to which the drawer is entitled, to pay a sum of money to a third party, the payee, on demand or at a definite time. A common check is a special form of draft, which is drawn on a bank and payable on demand. The three parties to a check include the drawer, who gave the order to pay, the drawee bank to who ...
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The document then describes various characteristics of developed money markets, including an organized banking system, presence of a central bank, availability of credit instruments, and integrated interest rates across submarkets. It lists several instruments that make up money markets, such as treasury bills, commercial paper, and call money markets. Recent developments in integrating organized and unorganized sectors are also mentioned.
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7232019 Printhttpscontent.ashford.eduprintAUBUS670..docx
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Chapter 12
Introduction to UCC Article 3: Commercial Paper
This chapter begins a unit dealing with commercial paper: checks, drafts, notes, and certi�icates of deposit. The law governing this area is in Article 3 of
the Uniform Commercial Code. Commercial paper is an essential part of the business environment in which you operate. Your company pays its bills,
borrows money, and deals with customers using all forms of commercial paper. Although it is technically possible to carry out business strictly on a cash
basis, the realities of commerce necessitate the use of readily acceptable substitutes for cash as well as �inancial instruments that make it easy to lend and
borrow money. It’s simply not practical—or safe—to carry what can often be very large sums of paper money needed for business transactions. It should
come as no surprise, then, that the majority of business transactions are carried out by check or credit.
Commercial paper (which is also called a negotiable instrument) serves two major functions. First, it is a substitute for cash. When your business writes a
check to purchase goods, this is a convenient and safe way to send a payment through the mail, for example, as opposed to sending cash. Second,
commercial paper is a way to loan money. Notes are a common format for promising to pay someone back for a loan. In order for commercial paper to be
readily accepted as a substitute for cash or as a means of extending credit, persons accepting such paper or instruments must have some clear assurance
that they will be honored when they are presented for payment.
Although negotiable instruments have been around for many centuries, the UCC has consolidated the common law into a single comprehensive code,
updating and modernizing it. As an incentive to make commercial paper attractive to persons who accept it in the normal course of business, the law
provides certain guarantees to those who accept such instruments in good faith and pay value for them.
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12.1 Distinguishing Between an Assignment of Rights and a Negotiation
In order to understand what makes negotiable instruments "special," it is necessary to understand the difference between an assi ...
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HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.docx
This document provides an overview and summary of instruments used in foreign trade. It discusses various topics like letters of credit, methods of payment in foreign trade including cash-in-advance, acknowledgements, executive summary, introduction and key determinants of foreign payments. The summary focuses on letters of credit as one of the most secure payment instruments for foreign traders, where the issuing bank authorizes payment to the exporter if terms and conditions are met.
finance and international trade.pdf
This document provides an introduction and overview of international trade finance. It discusses key principles such as knowing your partner and product. It also outlines various payment methods like letters of credit and documentary collections. The document aims to serve as a simple reference for those involved in international trade, such as importers, exporters, bankers and more. It emphasizes the importance of carefully negotiating payment terms in contracts to avoid delays in payment.
Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
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The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
JAVAFor the code in which I implemented most of the quick select a.pdf
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time algorithm to find the nth smallest value in an (unordered list). The following recursive
algorithm finds thenth smallest element with an index bewtween left and right in list:
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procedure known as the Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS..
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Financial system
The document provides an overview of the financial system in India. It discusses the major components and intermediaries that make up the Indian financial system, including banks, non-banking financial companies, insurance companies, and credit cooperatives. It also describes the key segments of the financial market in India, such as the money market, bill market, commercial paper market, certificate of deposit market, and treasury bill market. Derivatives and various forex markets are also summarized.
Saminar on Financial Market Money Market By Sanjay Sindagi
The document defines and describes financial markets. It states that a financial market facilitates the exchange of financial instruments between buyers and sellers. It discusses the key components of financial markets, including the money market, primary market, secondary market, capital market, debt market, and equity market. The document also outlines various money market instruments such as treasury bills, commercial papers, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements. It notes that financial markets play an important role in economic development by providing funding for trade, industries, and capital formation.
Chapter 15
The document provides an overview of exporting, importing, and countertrade. It discusses the promise and pitfalls of exporting, improving export performance, export strategy, export and import financing including letters of credit and bills of lading. It also covers export assistance programs, countertrade arrangements including barter, counterpurchase, offset, buyback, and switch trading.
Factoring regulation act, 2011
Introduction to factoring, history, introduction to act, important features of the act, rights, obligation, responsibility, penality, shortcomings of the act.
Islamic trade financing
1. Islamic trade financing provides Shariah-compliant financing options to support international trade. Common tools include letters of credit, bank acceptances, and shipping guarantees.
2. There are several methods for settling trade transactions, including cash in advance (where the importer pays before shipment), open account (where payment is made after shipment on agreed terms), and documentary collection (where documents and payment are handled through banks).
3. For Islamic banks, common settlement methods include cash in advance, where a percentage is paid upfront, and documentary collection, where documents and payment are routed through correspondent banks following Shariah guidelines. This allows trade to be financed while managing risks for both importers and exporters.
International trade financing.pptx
This document discusses various concepts related to international trade financing. It defines trade finance as the financial assistance provided by banks to facilitate international business transactions. Various financial instruments are discussed, including letters of credit, which are a promise by a bank to pay the seller if documents are submitted on time. The roles of importers, exporters, and banks in international trade are explained. Different payment methods like open account, advance payment, documentary collection, and letters of credit are also summarized.
Factoring opportunities in Spain, an analysis of companies in the IBEX 35
This document provides an analysis of factoring opportunities in Spain by examining its use among companies in the IBEX 35 stock index. It begins with definitions of factoring and reverse factoring, describing them as methods for companies to sell their accounts receivable to banks in exchange for immediate cash. The document then analyzes the Spanish market for factoring and the economic situation. Through empirical analysis of annual reports from 2011-2013, it examines factoring and reverse factoring usage among top IBEX 35 companies and calculates their cash gaps. The goal is to determine if factoring helps reduce cash gaps and improve liquidity for Spanish companies.
Swiggy me know financial_marketchapter2.pptx
Syi the best for the first day of our school and the other day 😀 and a very Happy 😊😁 E ☺️ to all teachers to report the school 🏫🎒 and family 😭 for you 😀 your kind information for you 💞 and the family too 😽❤️ you and sorry to bother u in my personal account for promotional activities and I will do I am not 🚫🚫 and you are the best of the day Ma'am and I will be in meeting E ☺️ for the first time and we are not 🚭🚫🚫 and the other one 🕜 is not 🚭🚫🚫 in the evening 🌆🌆 and the family of you to join for a CBSE school 🎒 I am not 🚭🚭 and you can do it and reply as I am sending it by tomorrow morning and I have a good time and I am good Sir and Hostel is it ok for the same to you ASAP as we are not 🚫 in the evening 🌆🌆🌆 and we will do the same to you as well ❤️🩹 as I am sending you a very Happy 😁 I will be in separate and you have any leads please find attached the above list and the family is the list attached as you are the admin dept of the school of the world 🌍 you are in group please e on your eyes of a CBSE class 10th IT and the other teachers to report by 20 th is a unit to your house 🏡 and no one 🕐🕜 is a unit of a good time for me to prepare PPT and send me the details on the result of the same as you are the most of them gave me the screenshot of the same to you ASAP and let me know the proceedings of Principal will not be finalised so I can you tell me the details of Tamilnadu schools as a part of a and b Sc and we can do it and we will get you the report on training on Module of the same to the subject teachers please confirm that we will inform officially and we are in prayer 🙏🏼🙏🏼 and we are not 🚭🚫 in my personal account has bee to do you have not 🚫 in my life as a librarian has been suspended since the same to you as the school 🏫🎒🏫 you will get you a lot of Principal as I can get the certificates as I can do it online or in the evening and we can you please send the mail to hr.kerurbgkt@rvkcbse.inegujjgffvhjhgddvbjugfdcbhjuffgjjjh DJ jdgi divy y a s a m a s s a s a r c BN k in a a person 🌟 a person is a good 😊💯 and a person who has the same to the above list 😉 and the exams are in prayer hall of fame with a short time of the day Ma'am and a half day of our life 🧬🧬🧬 by mistake please don't know if you have any contact to the above mentioned in diary Didi and you are not 🚫🚭 and the other one 🕜 is a unit of an a in a a a c program for the first time in case of the school 🏫🎒🏫 you will get you a treat to the subject of this is the list attached below 👇🏼👇🏼 and the family of you and you have shared a message to the subject teachers please 🥺 by mistake and the exams which is a unit of an and a half of my life is a holiday if I will be in meeting at thanisandra am good with the same time to talk to the subject of a good day of testing the same as you also got a call from you to sanction letter for the first 🥇 of the school and accept of the school and close through a above mentioned by Mrs a hol
A project report on an applied understanding of recovery of payment in africa...
This project intends to serve as a straightforward and relatively jargon-free,general reference to the many ways by which traders can arrange for payments to be made.
Ib0017 –international business environment and international law
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. It lists contact information for students to send their semester and specialization via email or call in order to receive assistance with assignments. It then provides details on assignments available for various MBA programs and semesters, including subject codes, credit hours and evaluation criteria. Questions cover topics like PEST analysis, incoterms, contract law fundamentals, letters of credit, export financing, rights of unpaid sellers, and modes of settling international business disputes.
Merchant Banking - Indian Corporate Market, Clause 49 & Masala Bonds
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capital market and money market
This document provides an overview of money markets and capital markets. It defines money markets as markets for short-term loans or financial assets with maturities of one year or less. Capital markets are for longer-term funds exceeding one year. Key differences are discussed, including liquidity, risk level, and the presence of secondary markets.
The document then describes various characteristics of developed money markets, including an organized banking system, presence of a central bank, availability of credit instruments, and integrated interest rates across submarkets. It lists several instruments that make up money markets, such as treasury bills, commercial paper, and call money markets. Recent developments in integrating organized and unorganized sectors are also mentioned.
Lc letter
This document provides information about opening a letter of credit. It defines a letter of credit and explains that it is a payment method used in international trade that guarantees payment to the seller if they provide the required documents. The document outlines the steps to open a letter of credit, including the bank sending the letter of credit to the beneficiary's bank to notify them payment is available once documents are received. It also discusses the characteristics of letters of credit, common documents required, risks involved in the transactions, and concludes that a letter of credit secures payment for the seller by requiring documents be submitted to the bank.
Sofenias Power Point.pptx
This document provides an overview of international trade and banking practices. It discusses several key topics:
Payment methods for international transactions including cash in advance, documentary collections, letters of credit, open accounts, and combining methods. Letters of credit are described in more detail including parties involved and types of letters of credit.
Trade finance methods like accounts receivable financing, factoring, letters of credit, banker's acceptances, working capital financing and counter-trade are also outlined.
The training aims to acquaint trainees with basic concepts of international trade and banking practices so they understand payment methods, documentation, risks and how trade is financed.
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Chapter 12
Introduction to UCC Article 3: Commercial Paper
This chapter begins a unit dealing with commercial paper: checks, drafts, notes, and certi�icates of deposit. The law governing this area is in Article 3 of
the Uniform Commercial Code. Commercial paper is an essential part of the business environment in which you operate. Your company pays its bills,
borrows money, and deals with customers using all forms of commercial paper. Although it is technically possible to carry out business strictly on a cash
basis, the realities of commerce necessitate the use of readily acceptable substitutes for cash as well as �inancial instruments that make it easy to lend and
borrow money. It’s simply not practical—or safe—to carry what can often be very large sums of paper money needed for business transactions. It should
come as no surprise, then, that the majority of business transactions are carried out by check or credit.
Commercial paper (which is also called a negotiable instrument) serves two major functions. First, it is a substitute for cash. When your business writes a
check to purchase goods, this is a convenient and safe way to send a payment through the mail, for example, as opposed to sending cash. Second,
commercial paper is a way to loan money. Notes are a common format for promising to pay someone back for a loan. In order for commercial paper to be
readily accepted as a substitute for cash or as a means of extending credit, persons accepting such paper or instruments must have some clear assurance
that they will be honored when they are presented for payment.
Although negotiable instruments have been around for many centuries, the UCC has consolidated the common law into a single comprehensive code,
updating and modernizing it. As an incentive to make commercial paper attractive to persons who accept it in the normal course of business, the law
provides certain guarantees to those who accept such instruments in good faith and pay value for them.
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12.1 Distinguishing Between an Assignment of Rights and a Negotiation
In order to understand what makes negotiable instruments "special," it is necessary to understand the difference between an assi ...
Chapter 02_Overview of the Financial System
This chapter provides an overview of the financial system, including the functions of financial markets and intermediaries in channeling funds from lenders to borrowers. It describes the structure of markets, such as debt versus equity, and primary versus secondary markets. It also discusses the internationalization of markets and the role of regulation in ensuring stability and transparency.
Money Market
The money market refers to the institutions and arrangements that facilitate short-term borrowing and lending. It involves the trading of debt instruments with high liquidity and original maturities of one year or less, such as treasury bills, commercial paper, bankers' acceptances and certificates of deposit. The money market provides short-term funding for businesses, banks and other institutions and allows entities with temporary cash surpluses to invest their money in near-money assets.
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.docx
This document provides an overview and summary of instruments used in foreign trade. It discusses various topics like letters of credit, methods of payment in foreign trade including cash-in-advance, acknowledgements, executive summary, introduction and key determinants of foreign payments. The summary focuses on letters of credit as one of the most secure payment instruments for foreign traders, where the issuing bank authorizes payment to the exporter if terms and conditions are met.
finance and international trade.pdf
This document provides an introduction and overview of international trade finance. It discusses key principles such as knowing your partner and product. It also outlines various payment methods like letters of credit and documentary collections. The document aims to serve as a simple reference for those involved in international trade, such as importers, exporters, bankers and more. It emphasizes the importance of carefully negotiating payment terms in contracts to avoid delays in payment.
Similar to Question 1 (15 points) a. Describe the role a letter of credit plays .pdf (20)
Saminar on Financial Market Money Market By Sanjay Sindagi
Saminar on Financial Market Money Market By Sanjay Sindagi
Factoring opportunities in Spain, an analysis of companies in the IBEX 35
Factoring opportunities in Spain, an analysis of companies in the IBEX 35
A project report on an applied understanding of recovery of payment in africa...
A project report on an applied understanding of recovery of payment in africa...
Ib0017 –international business environment and international law
Ib0017 –international business environment and international law
Merchant Banking - Indian Corporate Market, Clause 49 & Masala Bonds
Merchant Banking - Indian Corporate Market, Clause 49 & Masala Bonds
7232019 Printhttpscontent.ashford.eduprintAUBUS670..docx
7232019 Printhttpscontent.ashford.eduprintAUBUS670..docx
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.docx
HPGD JA22 0245 - Instruments in foreign trade.docx
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Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
Money and Our Monetary System
The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
JAVAFor the code in which I implemented most of the quick select a.pdf
JAVA
For the code in which I implemented most of the quick select algorithm. Quick select is a O(n)
time algorithm to find the nth smallest value in an (unordered list). The following recursive
algorithm finds thenth smallest element with an index bewtween left and right in list:
Code:
Solution
A multi-year effort to prevent hackers from altering computers while they boot up has largely
failed because of lax application of preventive steps, researchers say, despite disclosures that
flaws are being actively exploited.
In the latest sign that the problem persists, researchers at the federally funded MITRE lab said
this week that many customers of Intel still had not adopted revised security designs Intel
distributed in March after the MITRE team found new vulnerabilities in the start-up process.
That could mean many newer Windows computers remain exposed, the MITRE team said ahead
of a presentation at the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas next week.
Intel’s point person on the issue, Bruce Monroe, said he did not know how many suppliers and
computer makers had followed Intel’s recommendations.
“We’re not privy to whether they’ve fixed it or not,” Monroe said. “We asked them to let us
know.”
The glitches illustrates how well-funded spying programs as those exposed by former National
Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden can continue to succeed against targets that depend
on a complex supply chain.
Long before Snowden’s documents began appearing in the media, professional technicians and
US officials were concerned about the vulnerabilities that left computers severely exposed as
they are turned on.
Years ago, then-US National Security Agency Director Keith Alexander privately urged the
chief executives of major American technology companies to do something about the boot-up
procedure known as the Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS..
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether wom.pdf
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether women exposed to high levels
of exposure to electromagnetic fields are more likely to be depressed. Low socioeconomic
status is associated with 1) living near power lines and 2) depression. What type of bias or error
is most likely to result?
a. Selection bias
b. Nondifferential misclassification
c. Ecologic fallacy
d. Confounding
e. Random error
Solution
c. ecologic fallacy.
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in.pdf
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in which each linked list node
contains an integer and each node is linked forward to the next element in the list. Implement a
node class called DoublyIntNode in which each node contains an integer number and each node
is linked not only forward to the next element in the list but also backward to the previous
element in the list. Your implementation of DoublyIntNode should adapt and implement all the
methods of IntNode including the following methods:
Constructor for DoublyIntNode
addNodeAfter, removeNodeAfter
getData, setData
getForeLink, setForeLink
getBackLink, setBackLink
listCopy
listCopyWithTail
listLength
listPart
listPosition
listSearch
IntNode and Node classes:
public class IntNode{
private int data;
private IntNode link;
// methods here
}
public class Node {
private E data;
private Node link;
// methods here
}
Solution
program
#include
using namespace std;
struct list
{
struct list *prev;
int data;
struct list *next;
}
*node = NULL, *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *node1 = NULL, *node2 = NULL;
class Dlist
{
public:
void insert_beg() {
list *addBeg = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addBeg->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
addBeg->next = NULL;
first = addBeg;
last = addBeg;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
first->prev = addBeg;
addBeg->next = first;
first = addBeg;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the beginning of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void insert_end() {
list *addEnd = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addEnd->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addEnd->prev = NULL;
addEnd->next = NULL;
first = addEnd;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addEnd->next = NULL;
last->next = addEnd;
addEnd->prev = last;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the end of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void display() {
node = first;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Ascending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->next;
}
node = last;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Descending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->prev;
}
}
void del()
{
int count = 0, number, i;
node = node1 = node2 = first;
for(node = first; node != NULL; node = node->next)
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
count++;
display();
cout << count << \" nodes available here!\" << endl;
cout << \"Enter the node number which you want to delete:\" << endl;
cin >> number;
if(number != 1)
{
if(number < count && number > 0)
{
for(i = 2; i <= number; i++)
node = node->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number-1; i++)
node1 = node1->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number+1; i++)
node2 = node2->next;
node2->prev = node1;
node1->next = node2;
node->prev = NULL;
node->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else if(number == count)
{
node = last;
last = node->prev;
last->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else
cout << \"Invalid node.
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes to.pdf
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes toward the presidential
nomination was at the New Hampshire Primary. The following exhibit shows the votes several
candidates received from registered Republicans and Independents.
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Source: ABC News
What is the probability that a randomly selected voter voted for Ron Paul?
Given that a randomly selected voter is not a Republican, what is the probability that he/she
voted for Ron Paul?
If a randomly selected voter voted for Jon Huntsman, what is the probability he is a Republican?
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Solution.
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.1. A.pdf
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.
1. An application requires users to either select one of the predefined names Alice, Bob, and
Cindy or input a new name. Which Swing component is the most suitable? Provide a code
fragment illustrating the creation of that component, with proper initialization.
2. In an interface that includes several buttons, how may an event-handling method determine
which button triggered the event? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
3. An application that displays a computationally intensive animation would benefit from
disabling the animation when the main application window is iconified. How may this feature be
implemented? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
Solution
1. Editable JCombo Box can be used. The editable combo box, features a text field with a small
button abutting it. The user can type a value in the text field or click the button to display a drop-
down list.
Implementation
2. The event handler is tied to the button, hence it is possible to differentiate between multiple
buttons.
Implementation
3. When using a JFrame, we can detect window minimization with a windowStateListener().
Implementation.
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of struct.pdf
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of structures aligned to the railway
infrastructure and explaine the impact of track engineering construction. and my report should
include examples from the following
tunnels, side bridges, sea defences, platforms, operatinal bulidings, platform awnings, mast and
towers.
iv started to answer the report but im not to sure if iv stuck to rigth path of the question. so i
wounder if any one called help me.
Solution
Railway is like a lifeline to a country. Most.of the people and goods are transported through
railways. As railway runs mostly on land , in order to make it accessible to most part of the land
supporting structures are made. Some of them are discussed below.
Tunnels- These structures are mainly made when the terrain are rough or they are at very high
altitude. At very high altitude it becomes difficult to travel and if travelling is done it is done at
very low speed. It is basically carried out in hilly areas. So to overcome this problem tunnels are
being constructed in the hills. This solve 2 main purposes. Firstly it reduces the travel time and
secondly it connects the places.
Side bridges- They are mainly constructed in order to connect the places divided by a water ,
valley etc.
Sea Defences- They are mostly constructed along the sea shore. When a railway passes through
sea , it is very likely that it will get affected by its tides. In order to neutralize it sea defences are
made to avoid water coming on the tracks and also to avoid soil erosion beneath the tracks.
Platform Awnings- Thes structures are mainly above the platforms. These are basically shed type
of structures. They can solve many purposes. Firstly they provide shed and shelter to people
beneath. Then they lower the temperature from around 5-8 . Installation of solar panels above
them can lead to generation of electricity.
Platforms- They serve the purpose of people boarding in and out of train. They also act as
waiting area for passengers. They are designed according to train length and height. A busy
station has more no of platform compared to less busy one as more no of persons are arriving and
departing at a busy station compared to less busy one.
Mast- They are constructed to hold the electric cables. These cables provide electricity for the
train to run.
Towers- They are constructed basically for signaling system..
HTML elements are split into two types “block” elements and “inline.pdf
HTML elements are split into two types: “block” elements and “inline” elements. Explain the
differences.
Solution
Block Level Elements:
A block element is an element that has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:
Inline Elements:
An inline element has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:.
How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment.pdf
How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment?
Solution
Multicore is differ from Multi processing because
A multiprocessor systems having more than one central processing unit and allowing them to
work in parallel. This is known as Simultaneous Multiprocessing.
A multicore central processing unit has many execution cores on one CPU it means different
things depending on the correct design but basically it means that a definite subset of the CPU\'s
components is duplicate so multiple cores can work in parallel on separate operations. This is
known as Chip level Multiprocessing..
How the non-dense index worksHow the non-dense index works.pdf
How the non-dense index works?
How the non-dense index works?
Solution
Dense Index:
An index record appears for every search key value in file.
This record contains search key value and a pointer to the actual record.
This makes searching faster but requires more space to store index records itself. Index
records contain search key value and a pointer to the actual record on the disk.
A non-dense index has:
One entry for each block
One entry for each different value
Sparse Index is non-dense index
In sparse index, index records are not created for every search key. An index record here
contains a search key and an actual pointer to the data on the disk. To search a record, we first
proceed by index record and reach at the actual location of the data. If the data we are looking for
is not where we directly reach by following the index, then the system starts sequential search
until the desired data is found..
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. .pdf
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. Which type of temperature
sensor has (a) highest sensitivity at low temperatures, (b) best linearity, (c) applicable for high
temperatures? What does Fourier analysis of signals mean? What information can one extract
once the analysis has been performed? How is this information useful to engineers?
Solution
Best linearity is of RTD
Thermocouple is capable for higher temperatues
Thermistor has highest sensitivity at low temperatures.
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify t.pdf
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify the possible stages below.
Select all that apply.
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili
E. Moss gametophyte
Solution
Correct answers would be:
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili.
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hy.pdf
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hydrogen ions are
pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space?
A:1
B:10
C:12
-An explanation would be appreciated!
Solution
Answer is B: NADH is the rich source of electron and it possess high reduction potential. So it
transfer electrons (2e-) to oxygen through various complexes of Electron Transport Chain of
Mitochondria. Those are Complex-I ----> Complex-III & Complex-IV. During electron transfer,
4:2:4 protons pumped form mitochondrial matrix to peri mitochondrial space via Complex-I,
Complex-III & Complex-IV respectively.
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval no.pdf
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) f(t) = cubic root 8t
- 7
Solution
given function
f(t) = (8t - 7)^1/3
The domain is all values that t can take on. There is problem with this function that it can have a
negative or positive. The result will be my domain:
(-infinte , +infinte)
since cube root can negetive and postive values
DOMAIN:(-infinte , +infinte).
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps .pdf
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps to enhance safety in the
microbiology lab. Explain whether each is necessary in all instances.
Negative air flow (i.e., air flows into laboratory rather than out
Solution
29 Equipments every microbiology laboratory should have
General Concepts : The clinical presentation of an infectious disease reflects the interaction
between the host and the microorganism. This interaction is affected by the host immune status
and microbial virulence factors.Sings and symptomes vary according to the site and severity of
infection. Diagnosis requires a composite of information, including history, physical
examination, radiographic findings, and laboratory data. In fections may be caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites. The pathogen may be exogenous(acquired form environmental or
animal sources or from other persons) or endogenous (from the normal flora)..
Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category ba.pdf
Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category based on their location.
Solution
Cisterna Chyll- loated in THORACIC DUCT. it is a sac in which intestinal and two lumber
lymphatic trunk flow.
TONSILS- located in NECK. it is near the throat made of soft lymphoid tissue.
THYMUS- location THORAX. here T lymphocytes mature.
THORACIC DUCT- located in thorax. it is extended in chest area at C7 vertebra.
MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE- loated in thorax. it is placed between lungs in thoracic cavity.
SPLEEN- located in abdomen. it is to the left of stomach and recycles RBC..
Answer the following questions from the Article belowExercise #1..pdf
Answer the following questions from the Article below:
Exercise #1. Read the following article and then answer the following questions in paragraph
form.
1. How has DNA changed the study of biology over the past 50 years? Explain whether scientists
have shifted to a molecular level in the various subdisciplines of biology. Also, do you believe
any trend to the molecular level will continue far into the future?
2. Explain the role of DNA in the development of an organisms. Does DNA fully provide a
blueprint to create an individual? Can DNA by itself propagate itself or does it require other
molecular machines?
3. In modern biology, which is the role of physics in the study of organisms and their molecules?
Has physics moved to the forefront or does it play an ancillary role? As described in the article,
why are the molecular forces of very low energy in an organism?
Historians have the luxury of look- ing back at human endeavor over long periods of time, but
most scien- tists are too busy working in the present and thinking anxiously about the future and
have no time to view their work in the context of what has gone before. I once remarked that all
graduate students in biology divide history into two epochs: the past 2 years and every- thing else
before that, where Archimedes, Newton, Darwin, Mendel—even Watson and Crick—inhabit a
time-compressed universe as uneasy contemporaries. It seems remark- able that historians once
thought that science progressed by the steady addition of knowl- edge, building the edifice of
scientific truth, brick by brick. In his 1962 book The Struc- ture of Scientific Revolutions,
Thomas Kuhn argued that progress occurs in revolutionary steps by the introduction of new
paradigms, which may be new theories—new ways of looking at the world—or new technical
meth- ods that enhance observation and analysis.
Between Kuhn’s revolutions, scientif ic knowledge does advance by accretion, as there is much
to do to consolidate the new sci- ence. But then, inevitably, unsolved problems accumulate and,
in many cases, the inconsis- tencies have been put to one side and every- body hopes that they
will quietly go away. The edifice becomes rickety; some of its founda- tions are insecure and
many of the bricks have not been well-baked. This is when a new rev- olutionary wave in the
form of new ideas or new techniques appears, which allows us to condemn and demolish the
unsafe or corrupt parts of the edifice and rebuild truth. Often there is great resistance to the new
wave, but as Max Planck pointed out, it succeeds because the opponents grow old and die. The
process is then repeated: The radicals become liberals, the liberals become conservatives, the
conservatives become reactionaries, and the reactionaries disappear. Students of evolu- tion will
recognize this process in the theory of punctuated equilibrium: Organisms stay much the same
for very long periods of time; this is interrupted by bursts of change when novelty appears,
f.
All answers are in the form of TrueFalse with a explantion as to wh.pdf
All answers are in the form of True/False with a explantion as to why:
1) An ideal band-pass filter centered (at ± 0) can be created by just multiplying the sinc function
by cos(0t) in the the time domain.
2) Nyquist theorem deals with windowing of a signal in the time domain, which is translated into
leakage in the frequency domain.
3) The global frequency response of an LTI system composed of two LTI systems in parallel
with each other is simply the addition of the individual frequency responses of the systems.
4) We can find the H(j) of an unknown LTI system by stimulating it with a impulse and taking
the Fourier Transform of its response. Another more realistic way is to stimulate the LTI system
with a unit step function (signal), take the Fourier Transform of its response, multiply it by (j) for
every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.
^I believe that one is true, but I am needing help forming an explanation.
5) A first step towards sampling an unknown analog signal without aliasing is to low-pass filter
the signal.
Solution
1) False
Because fourier transform of sinc function is rectanctangular function in frequency domain, and
fourier transform of cos function is impuse function. So when when multiply in time domain that
means convoution in frequency domain. And if ve convolude rectangular function with impulse
function then it would be rectangular pulse train. Which is not ideal band paas filter at w=0.
2) False
It would be either window or leakage in time domain or frequency domain.
3) TRUE
It is simply understand by block reduction method in control system. When there is another
forward block we add both maid forward block with secondry forward block. OR LTI is linear in
nature so add in parallel and multiply in series.
4) TRUE
Its because the response or tansfer function of any system is called impulse response. It means
when the input is Impuse function what is the output of that system. Same as the relation
between unit imulse response and impuse respone in just fouries tranfer of unit step function.
Because the fourier transform of impulse is unity. so if input is unit step function multiply it by
(j) for every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.(1/(i)+(),)
5)FALSE
Low paas filter use after sampling to recover the original signal..
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription fa.pdf
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription factor binding sites?
Imagine that both miRNA target sites and transcription factor binding sites were dispersed
randomly in the genome ? Which would be likely to appear more frequent?
Solution
mRNA localization:
mRAN location is critical for regulation of gene expression by allowing spatially regulated
protein production. Through mRAN localization protein are transcribed in their intended target
site of the cell. This is especially important during early developement when rapid cell cleavages
give different cells various combinations of mRNA which can then lead to drastically different
cell fates.RBPs are critical in the location of this mRNA that insures protein are only transcribed
in ttheir intended regions. One of these proteins is ZBp1 binds to beta- actin mRNA at the site of
transcription and moves with mRNA into the cytoplasm. It then localizes this mRNA to the
lamella region of several asymmetric cell types where it can then be translated. FMRP is another
RBP involved in RNA localization. It was shown thatt in addition to other functions for FMRP in
RNA metabolism, FMRP is involved in the stimulus-induced localization of several dendritic
mRNAs in neuronal dendrites.
Transcription factors binding site:
Transcrption factors bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent gene is either
up- regulated. Transcription factors use a varity of mechanisms for the regulation of gene
expression. These mechanisms include:
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity - acetylates histone proteins, which weakens the
association of DNA with histones, which make the DNA more accessible to transcription,
thereby up- regulating transcription.
Hiestone deacetylase (HDAC) activity - deacetylates histone proteins, which strengthens the
asociation of DNA with histones, which make the DNA less accessible to transcription, thereby
down- regulating transcription.
Activation:
trancsription factors may be activated (or deactivated) through their signal- sensing domain by a
number of mechanism including:.
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)What are the bu.pdf
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)
What are the bubbles in fermented medium made of? Describe the process that they come from.
Solution
Answer:
The bubbles in the fermented medium is made of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Microbes ferment glucose/dextrose to produce gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The
medium most commonly used is phenol red glucose broth and is composed of 0.5-1.0% glucose.
As the broth gets fermented, acidic end products are produced. This reduces the pH of the media
which can be detected as the phenol red changes its colour from red to yellow. Inverted tubes
called Durham tubes can be attched to the tubes of the broth which trap any carbon dioxide
produced as a result of fermentation..
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