International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
UNI-QM has developed a methodology for the lifelong learning quality management system called UNI-QM Framework for Quality Management which embeds a learning process into a self-improving approach. UNI-QM has developed a unique pathway to excellence lifelong learning centres as well as a full overview of a set of resources that accompanies people on their journey and to provide a better understanding of the framework. These resources are:
Case studies to give the user a direct approach to the topic, contributing to concrete experience and observation and reflection.
Processes and indicators: that will help the users to form abstracts concepts and to directly test those processes in new situations.
Benchmarking tools: to promote observation and reflection among users.
Running head QUALITY TRAINING MANUAL .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: QUALITY TRAINING MANUAL 1
Quality Training Manual 13
Quality Training Manual
Felicia Jones
12/06/2016
Table of Contents
Evolution of quality management 3
Introduction 3
i. History of the quality management evolution 3
ii. Why QM is needed 4
Week 2: The Role of Leadership 5
Senior management's role in successful quality improvement programs 5
Senior management’s role in the large-scale strategic quality programs 5
Why firms should adopt the roles 5
How management should derive the metrics 6
Week 3: General Quality Strategies and Tools 7
i. Establishing customer expectations 7
ii. Designing quality in 7
iii. Defining metrics 7
iv. Mistake-proofing 7
v. Kaizen 7
vi. Six Sigma 7
Week 4: Quality Tactics and the Logistics and Supply Chain Functions 8
i. What tools are applicable internally 8
ii. What tools are applicable externally with vendors 8
Part 2: Week 5: Roll-Out 9
i. A communication plan 9
ii. Recommended sequence of steps to get personnel trained 9
iii. Stakeholders on board (e.g., the vendor base, trucking companies, warehouse personnel) 9
References 10
Evolution of quality managementIntroduction
i. History of the quality management evolution
Total quality management was started by Naval Air Systems Command in an attempt to describe the Japanese-style management approach to improving quality. Before TQM, japan would produce products that were imitations of other products but after the inception of the same, they set new standards to the production process (Nederpelt, 2012). The rest of the world soon followed the steps of japan in their processes, product and organizational production factors. The quality management as we know it today was pioneered by some of the industrial developers such as Deming, Dodge and Romin. It is definition and application occurs in the analysis of quantitative and qualitative processes, processes and economic theories. When it started back in the mid age, the focus was all about the end product but nowadays, it has evolved to include the services offered (Littlefield & Roberts, 2012).
Quality management process basically involves four main components that need to be adhered to in order to make the process successful. They include the quality planning which is the first step and includes preparing the measuring standards and desired output quality. The other steps are the quality assurance and quality control which involves measuring the actual product and comparing it with the standards put in place. Quality improvement is the last stage and involves the reconciliation of the deviations in order to make the products and services to the desired level and in most cases, it involves rectifying the process to ensure that future items conform to the standards (Nederpelt, 2012).
ii. Why QM is needed
Custome ...
Duties & Responsibilities of Quality Assurance Managerssagarusms14
Quality assurance managers play an important role in business by ensuring that products meet certain thresholds of acceptableness. They plan direct or coordinate quality assurance programs and formulate quality control policies. They also work to enhance an organization's efficiency and profitableness by reducing waste. If you're conscientious, inquisitive and committed to excellence, you'll realize it gratifying to work in this quality compliance occupation.
DHL Quality Control Manual Quality Management (BADM370).docxmariona83
DHL Quality Control Manual
Quality Management (BADM370)
Unit III: Individual Project
Student name
5 September 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
History of Quality Management 1
Founders of Quality Management 1
Total Quality Management Systems 1
The Role of Leadership 2
Strategic Issues 2
Management as a Role Model 2
Modern Metrics 2
General Quality Strategies and Tools 3
Customer Expectations 3
Designing Quality in 3
Defining Metrics 3
Mistake-proofing 3
Kaizen 3
Six Sigma 3
Quality Tactics and the Logistics and Supply Chain Functions 4
Internal and External Tools 4
Roll-Out 5
Introduction to Quality Management
Quality classification varies in numerous organizations. Organizational expectations of quality requirements are directly correlated to what customers expect in a product or service. Prior to the early 1900’s the concept of quality management was simplistic in nature. Basic forms of quality management can be traced back to the medieval times when master craftsmen would assess the quality of products and services. Modern day quality management was initially studied and formally introduced to manufacturing organizations by a mechanical engineer named Fredrick W. Taylor. For years, Taylor conducted research on manufacturing processes and how quality can be improved to increase efficiency in production. Based on his studies, Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management in which he presented statistical findings on how to effectively implement quality management practices.
In conjunction to Taylor’s time study, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth focused on motion and efficiency study to improve the quality management processes that later paves way for the modern-day quality management systems of ISO. Another highly qualified mechanical engineer, Henry Gantt, created charts to help managers plan and monitor project tasks. Gantt also determined that employees needed to be paid based on performance evaluations. The scientific studies have improved standards and increased profitability for many businesses. This was even more evident following the work of engineer and scientist, W. Edwards Deming. Deming utilized Walter Shewhart’s Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle for total quality management (TQM) to assist the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) in rebuilding economic strength following the aftermath of World War II.
The emphasis on total quality management (TQM) is imperative today. Businesses, like Deutsche Post DHL Group, have adopted specific methods for implementing TQM within the organization. The ISO 9000 quality management system presents standardized requirements for achieving TQM. The Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle has also attributed to successful management assessments as well. Another frequently used system is Deming’s 14 Points. The benefits of these systems outweigh the cons. The systems have saved businesses countles.
The Checklist contains explanations and recommendations that:
- Facilitate the audit;
- May serve as a guide in the transition to the new version of ISO 9001: 2015 using 'fill the gap' methodology;
- Allow for QMS self-assessment for compliance with ISO 9001: 2015;
- Facilitate learning and understanding of the new version of ISO 9001:2015 requirements
- User-friendly format and professional layout - reviewed and approved by experienced ISO 9001 quality auditors.
- 72 pages
Certified Quality Professional Specialization in Healthcare QualityVin Williams
Certified Quality Professional with specialization in Healthcare (CQPH)course is an excellent professional program on 'Quality Management' brought out by ‘Quality Professionals Group (QPG)’ through distance learning mode. It provides you with a flexibility to study at your own place, at your own pace and still be able to learn about the subject and acquire additional qualifications.
The successful completion of this program shall result into a certificate issued by QPG under approval and accreditation from The CPD Standards Office, UK as a 'Certified Quality Professional'
UNI-QM has developed a methodology for the lifelong learning quality management system called UNI-QM Framework for Quality Management which embeds a learning process into a self-improving approach. UNI-QM has developed a unique pathway to excellence lifelong learning centres as well as a full overview of a set of resources that accompanies people on their journey and to provide a better understanding of the framework. These resources are:
Case studies to give the user a direct approach to the topic, contributing to concrete experience and observation and reflection.
Processes and indicators: that will help the users to form abstracts concepts and to directly test those processes in new situations.
Benchmarking tools: to promote observation and reflection among users.
Running head QUALITY TRAINING MANUAL .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: QUALITY TRAINING MANUAL 1
Quality Training Manual 13
Quality Training Manual
Felicia Jones
12/06/2016
Table of Contents
Evolution of quality management 3
Introduction 3
i. History of the quality management evolution 3
ii. Why QM is needed 4
Week 2: The Role of Leadership 5
Senior management's role in successful quality improvement programs 5
Senior management’s role in the large-scale strategic quality programs 5
Why firms should adopt the roles 5
How management should derive the metrics 6
Week 3: General Quality Strategies and Tools 7
i. Establishing customer expectations 7
ii. Designing quality in 7
iii. Defining metrics 7
iv. Mistake-proofing 7
v. Kaizen 7
vi. Six Sigma 7
Week 4: Quality Tactics and the Logistics and Supply Chain Functions 8
i. What tools are applicable internally 8
ii. What tools are applicable externally with vendors 8
Part 2: Week 5: Roll-Out 9
i. A communication plan 9
ii. Recommended sequence of steps to get personnel trained 9
iii. Stakeholders on board (e.g., the vendor base, trucking companies, warehouse personnel) 9
References 10
Evolution of quality managementIntroduction
i. History of the quality management evolution
Total quality management was started by Naval Air Systems Command in an attempt to describe the Japanese-style management approach to improving quality. Before TQM, japan would produce products that were imitations of other products but after the inception of the same, they set new standards to the production process (Nederpelt, 2012). The rest of the world soon followed the steps of japan in their processes, product and organizational production factors. The quality management as we know it today was pioneered by some of the industrial developers such as Deming, Dodge and Romin. It is definition and application occurs in the analysis of quantitative and qualitative processes, processes and economic theories. When it started back in the mid age, the focus was all about the end product but nowadays, it has evolved to include the services offered (Littlefield & Roberts, 2012).
Quality management process basically involves four main components that need to be adhered to in order to make the process successful. They include the quality planning which is the first step and includes preparing the measuring standards and desired output quality. The other steps are the quality assurance and quality control which involves measuring the actual product and comparing it with the standards put in place. Quality improvement is the last stage and involves the reconciliation of the deviations in order to make the products and services to the desired level and in most cases, it involves rectifying the process to ensure that future items conform to the standards (Nederpelt, 2012).
ii. Why QM is needed
Custome ...
Duties & Responsibilities of Quality Assurance Managerssagarusms14
Quality assurance managers play an important role in business by ensuring that products meet certain thresholds of acceptableness. They plan direct or coordinate quality assurance programs and formulate quality control policies. They also work to enhance an organization's efficiency and profitableness by reducing waste. If you're conscientious, inquisitive and committed to excellence, you'll realize it gratifying to work in this quality compliance occupation.
DHL Quality Control Manual Quality Management (BADM370).docxmariona83
DHL Quality Control Manual
Quality Management (BADM370)
Unit III: Individual Project
Student name
5 September 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
History of Quality Management 1
Founders of Quality Management 1
Total Quality Management Systems 1
The Role of Leadership 2
Strategic Issues 2
Management as a Role Model 2
Modern Metrics 2
General Quality Strategies and Tools 3
Customer Expectations 3
Designing Quality in 3
Defining Metrics 3
Mistake-proofing 3
Kaizen 3
Six Sigma 3
Quality Tactics and the Logistics and Supply Chain Functions 4
Internal and External Tools 4
Roll-Out 5
Introduction to Quality Management
Quality classification varies in numerous organizations. Organizational expectations of quality requirements are directly correlated to what customers expect in a product or service. Prior to the early 1900’s the concept of quality management was simplistic in nature. Basic forms of quality management can be traced back to the medieval times when master craftsmen would assess the quality of products and services. Modern day quality management was initially studied and formally introduced to manufacturing organizations by a mechanical engineer named Fredrick W. Taylor. For years, Taylor conducted research on manufacturing processes and how quality can be improved to increase efficiency in production. Based on his studies, Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management in which he presented statistical findings on how to effectively implement quality management practices.
In conjunction to Taylor’s time study, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth focused on motion and efficiency study to improve the quality management processes that later paves way for the modern-day quality management systems of ISO. Another highly qualified mechanical engineer, Henry Gantt, created charts to help managers plan and monitor project tasks. Gantt also determined that employees needed to be paid based on performance evaluations. The scientific studies have improved standards and increased profitability for many businesses. This was even more evident following the work of engineer and scientist, W. Edwards Deming. Deming utilized Walter Shewhart’s Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle for total quality management (TQM) to assist the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) in rebuilding economic strength following the aftermath of World War II.
The emphasis on total quality management (TQM) is imperative today. Businesses, like Deutsche Post DHL Group, have adopted specific methods for implementing TQM within the organization. The ISO 9000 quality management system presents standardized requirements for achieving TQM. The Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle has also attributed to successful management assessments as well. Another frequently used system is Deming’s 14 Points. The benefits of these systems outweigh the cons. The systems have saved businesses countles.
The Checklist contains explanations and recommendations that:
- Facilitate the audit;
- May serve as a guide in the transition to the new version of ISO 9001: 2015 using 'fill the gap' methodology;
- Allow for QMS self-assessment for compliance with ISO 9001: 2015;
- Facilitate learning and understanding of the new version of ISO 9001:2015 requirements
- User-friendly format and professional layout - reviewed and approved by experienced ISO 9001 quality auditors.
- 72 pages
Certified Quality Professional Specialization in Healthcare QualityVin Williams
Certified Quality Professional with specialization in Healthcare (CQPH)course is an excellent professional program on 'Quality Management' brought out by ‘Quality Professionals Group (QPG)’ through distance learning mode. It provides you with a flexibility to study at your own place, at your own pace and still be able to learn about the subject and acquire additional qualifications.
The successful completion of this program shall result into a certificate issued by QPG under approval and accreditation from The CPD Standards Office, UK as a 'Certified Quality Professional'
Quality Standards For Certification ProgramsMegan Denhardt
Whether you already offer a certification program or you're considering one, quality should be part of your thinking. A panel of experts will present strategies for meeting and maintaining best practices and improving your certification operations. Learn how industry standards can enable you to achieve high quality marks in all aspects of your program.
Christine D. Niero, VP, professional certification and client development, Professional Testing
Steven Schoolcraft, CSP, PE, CAE, examination director, Board of Certified Safety Professionals
Aaron White, VP/general manager, First Point Resources Management and, executive director, Cardiovascular Credentialing International
Today it is crucial for organizations to pay even greater attention on quality management as the
importance of this function in achieving ultimate business objectives is increasingly becoming
clearer. Importance of the Quality Management (QM) Function in achieving basic need by
ensuring compliance with Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) / International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a basic demand from business nowadays. However,
QM Function and its processes need to be made much more mature to prevent delivery outages
and to achieve business excellence through their review and auditing capability. Many
organizations now face challenges in determining the maturity of the QM group along with the
service offered by them and the right way to elevate the maturity of the same. The objective of
this whitepaper is to propose a new model –the Audit Maturity Model (AMM) which will
provide organizations with a measure of their maturity in quality management in the perspective
of auditing, along with recommendations for preventing delivery outage, and identifying risk to
achieve business excellence. This will enable organizations to assess QM maturity higher than
basic hygiene and will also help them to identify gaps and to take corrective actions for
achieving higher maturity levels. Hence the objective is to envisage a new auditing model as a
part of organisation quality management function which can be a guide for them to achieve
higher level of maturity and ultimately help to achieve delivery and business excellence.
1. quality management degrees
In this file, you can ref useful information about quality management degrees such as quality
management degreesforms, tools for quality management degrees, quality management
degreesstrategies … If you need more assistant for quality management degrees, please leave
your comment at the end of file.
Other useful material for quality management degrees:
• qualitymanagement123.com/23-free-ebooks-for-quality-management
• qualitymanagement123.com/185-free-quality-management-forms
• qualitymanagement123.com/free-98-ISO-9001-templates-and-forms
• qualitymanagement123.com/top-84-quality-management-KPIs
• qualitymanagement123.com/top-18-quality-management-job-descriptions
• qualitymanagement123.com/86-quality-management-interview-questions-and-answers
I. Contents of quality management degrees
==================
Read on for more information about degree and certificate programs in quality management.
Learn about each program's course requirements and prerequisites, and discover career
opportunities in the field.
Essential Information
Quality management, sometimes referred to as quality control or quality assurance, is a
management style designed to assure quality in all organizational processes. Programs in quality
management are offered at the undergraduate certificate, associate's degree, bachelor's degree,
graduate certificate and master's degree levels. Each of these programs teaches students the
basics of the field and can prepare them for positions where they will improve the quality of
products or services through modifications in response to customer feedback.
Undergraduate Quality Management Certificate
Community colleges, technical schools and continuing education departments of 4-year
institutions offer undergraduate certificates in quality management. This entry-level program
develops students' management abilities in quality-oriented settings through several focused
courses. Students are trained to be involved with employees through team building and conflict
resolution practices. Handling and managing change within an organization are also emphasized.
Other than the standard prerequisites for entrance to the school, students should have a solid
2. mathematics background.
Program Coursework
Courses emphasize positive change and improved efficiency within an organization. Problem
solving is a recurring theme in many quality management certificate programs, and students can
expect to explore the following additional topics:
Corrective actions
Problem identification
Quality systems
Improvement plans
Popular Career Options
Though an undergraduate certificate alone won't qualify individuals for high-level management
positions, it may serve as a credential for obtaining entry-level supervisory positions in retail or
manufacturing. Possible jobs are as follows:
Shift supervisor
Team leader
Quality technician
Associate Degree Programs in Quality Management
Degree options at this level for quality management students include the Associate of Applied
Science (AAS) in Quality Assurance, AAS in Industrial Quality Management, AAS in Water
Quality Management and more. Students pursuing this level of training in quality management
will be introduced to the basic principles and terminology of statistical quality management and
total quality management. Students also learn math, statistics and other general courses.
Graduates with quality management training at the associate degree level can find positions
developing and managing policies and procedures that guarantee quality for a company's brand
image and products or services.
Educational Prerequisites
Associate degree programs that offer quality management training are primarily offered through
community colleges. Students are typically required to have a high school diploma or equivalent.
Specific enrollment and course prerequisites can vary by school.
Program Coursework
The curriculum of quality management and assurance programs at this level include applications,
principles, basic elements and other areas. The following are examples of common course topics:
Value engineering
Computer applications
Manufacturing
3. Industry transformation
Popular Career Options
Associate degree training in quality management prepares graduates for entry-level quality
control and assurance positions. Students will develop the experience needed for quality
management careers through such positions as the following:
Product weight assistant
Manufacturing inspector
Production test technician
Bachelor's Degree Programs in Quality Management
The Bachelor of Science (BS) with a quality management concentration and Bachelor of
Manufacturing Management (BMM) in Quality Management are two examples of undergraduate
programs that provide a 4-year quality management. Students enrolled in these types of quality
management programs typically take courses in statistical quality management and total quality
management. Manufacturing processes and the authenticity, normalization and certification of
quality products or services are also covered. Quality management students can also complete an
internship where they will work closely with technicians in factory settings to enforce quality
product and process conformity.
Educational Prerequisites
Bachelor's degree and certificate programs that offer quality management training typically
require students to have undergraduate coursework in statistics, physics, mathematics, science,
engineering or business.
Program Coursework
The quality management curriculum in a bachelor's degree program assists students in
developing the technical knowledge used in the field. The following are examples of the core and
elective course material:
Statistics
Compliance methods
Marketing
Strategic management
Advanced quality control
Graduate Certificate in Quality Management
Those who have a bachelor's degree in a number of areas might be interested in a graduate-level
quality management certificate. Many people who enroll in such programs are already working
as quality management professionals in the engineering, science and manufacturing fields,
among others. These programs teach students the quality management methods used in
4. governmental and industrial settings.
Educational Prerequisites
Interested individuals need a bachelor's degree and documentable proficiency in statistical
methods. Students should also be competent with word processors and spreadsheets.
Program Coursework
Students will explore the fundamental concepts of quality management and will also take some
elective courses. Possible elective topics may include these:
Engineering statistics
Project planning
Project policy
Applied quality management
Master's Degree Programs in Quality Management
Master's programs in quality management, such as the Master of Science (M.S.) in Quality
Management and Master of Business Administration (MBA) in Quality Management, focus
more on the theoretical aspects and issues of quality control. Students earning quality
management master's degrees will cover such topics as quality functions within organizations,
quality standards, and quality control in industrial, statistical and quality engineering. Graduates
with quality management master's degrees can find careers within a variety of different
organizations, where they design, implement and monitor quality control programs throughout
the production process or customer experience.
Educational Prerequisites
Applicants to the M.S. and MBA programs in quality management programs should have a
bachelor's degree; however, the degree doesn't have to be in a specific field. Many master's
degree programs require coursework in science, business, mathematics and engineering. The
Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) or Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is
also used as an admission requirement for some quality management degree programs at this
level.
Program Coursework
A capstone project and thesis research are often done during a quality management master's
degree program. The graduate-level quality management training is also achieved through
courses in areas such as process improvement, statistical and quality techniques, organization, as
well as classes covering:
Project engineering
Human factors in quality control
Quality auditing
5. Supply chain management
Quality planning
Employment Outlook and Salary Information
Graduates with a bachelor's or master's degree in quality management can find careers as quality
control managers. These professionals' responsibilities include the adherence to quality programs
based on the policies and procedures they develop and maintain. The U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) projects that the number of jobs for quality control inspectors will grow by eight
percent from 2010 to 2020. Similarly, the number of employed industrial production managers is
expected to increase nine percent during that time. Industrial production managers earned a
median salary of $89,190 in 2012, reported the BLS.
==================
III. Quality management tools
1. Check sheet
The check sheet is a form (document) used to collect data
in real time at the location where the data is generated.
The data it captures can be quantitative or qualitative.
When the information is quantitative, the check sheet is
sometimes called a tally sheet.
The defining characteristic of a check sheet is that data
are recorded by making marks ("checks") on it. A typical
check sheet is divided into regions, and marks made in
different regions have different significance. Data are
read by observing the location and number of marks on
the sheet.
Check sheets typically employ a heading that answers the
Five Ws:
Who filled out the check sheet
What was collected (what each check represents,
an identifying batch or lot number)
Where the collection took place (facility, room,
apparatus)
When the collection took place (hour, shift, day
of the week)
Why the data were collected
6. 2. Control chart
Control charts, also known as Shewhart charts
(after Walter A. Shewhart) or process-behavior
charts, in statistical process control are tools used
to determine if a manufacturing or business
process is in a state of statistical control.
If analysis of the control chart indicates that the
process is currently under control (i.e., is stable,
with variation only coming from sources common
to the process), then no corrections or changes to
process control parameters are needed or desired.
In addition, data from the process can be used to
predict the future performance of the process. If
the chart indicates that the monitored process is
not in control, analysis of the chart can help
determine the sources of variation, as this will
result in degraded process performance.[1] A
process that is stable but operating outside of
desired (specification) limits (e.g., scrap rates
may be in statistical control but above desired
limits) needs to be improved through a deliberate
effort to understand the causes of current
performance and fundamentally improve the
process.
The control chart is one of the seven basic tools of
quality control.[3] Typically control charts are
used for time-series data, though they can be used
for data that have logical comparability (i.e. you
want to compare samples that were taken all at
the same time, or the performance of different
individuals), however the type of chart used to do
this requires consideration.
3. Pareto chart
7. A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type
of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where
individual values are represented in descending order
by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the
line.
The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence,
but it can alternatively represent cost or another
important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is
the cumulative percentage of the total number of
occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of
measure. Because the reasons are in decreasing order,
the cumulative function is a concave function. To take
the example above, in order to lower the amount of
late arrivals by 78%, it is sufficient to solve the first
three issues.
The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the
most important among a (typically large) set of
factors. In quality control, it often represents the most
common sources of defects, the highest occurring type
of defect, or the most frequent reasons for customer
complaints, and so on. Wilkinson (2006) devised an
algorithm for producing statistically based acceptance
limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in
the Pareto chart.
4. Scatter plot Method
A scatter plot, scatterplot, or scattergraph is a type of
mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to
display values for two variables for a set of data.
The data is displayed as a collection of points, each
having the value of one variable determining the position
on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable
determining the position on the vertical axis.[2] This kind
of plot is also called a scatter chart, scattergram, scatter
diagram,[3] or scatter graph.
A scatter plot is used when a variable exists that is under
the control of the experimenter. If a parameter exists that
8. is systematically incremented and/or decremented by the
other, it is called the control parameter or independent
variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal
axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily
plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable
exists, either type of variable can be plotted on either axis
and a scatter plot will illustrate only the degree of
correlation (not causation) between two variables.
A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations
between variables with a certain confidence interval. For
example, weight and height, weight would be on x axis
and height would be on the y axis. Correlations may be
positive (rising), negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated).
If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right,
it suggests a positive correlation between the variables
being studied. If the pattern of dots slopes from upper left
to lower right, it suggests a negative correlation. A line of
best fit (alternatively called 'trendline') can be drawn in
order to study the correlation between the variables. An
equation for the correlation between the variables can be
determined by established best-fit procedures. For a linear
correlation, the best-fit procedure is known as linear
regression and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution
in a finite time. No universal best-fit procedure is
guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary
relationships. A scatter plot is also very useful when we
wish to see how two comparable data sets agree with each
other. In this case, an identity line, i.e., a y=x line, or an
1:1 line, is often drawn as a reference. The more the two
data sets agree, the more the scatters tend to concentrate in
the vicinity of the identity line; if the two data sets are
numerically identical, the scatters fall on the identity line
exactly.
9. 5.Ishikawa diagram
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams,
herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or
Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru
Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific
event.[1][2] Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are
product design and quality defect prevention, to identify
potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or
reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes
are usually grouped into major categories to identify these
sources of variation. The categories typically include
People: Anyone involved with the process
Methods: How the process is performed and the
specific requirements for doing it, such as policies,
procedures, rules, regulations and laws
Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc.
required to accomplish the job
Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc.
used to produce the final product
Measurements: Data generated from the process
that are used to evaluate its quality
Environment: The conditions, such as location,
time, temperature, and culture in which the process
operates
6. Histogram method
10. A histogram is a graphical representation of the
distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability
distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative
variable) and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.[1] To
construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of
values -- that is, divide the entire range of values into a
series of small intervals -- and then count how many
values fall into each interval. A rectangle is drawn with
height proportional to the count and width equal to the bin
size, so that rectangles abut each other. A histogram may
also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then
shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several
categories, with the sum of the heights equaling 1. The
bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping
intervals of a variable. The bins (intervals) must be
adjacent, and usually equal size.[2] The rectangles of a
histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to
indicate that the original variable is continuous.[3]
III. Other topics related to quality management degrees (pdf download)
quality management systems
quality management courses
quality management tools
iso 9001 quality management system
quality management process
quality management system example
quality system management
quality management techniques
quality management standards
quality management policy
quality management strategy
quality management books