This document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data and statistics to test hypotheses, while qualitative research explores human behaviors and perceptions through methods like interviews and observations. Some key differences highlighted include quantitative research being more structured with specific questions while qualitative explores broad topics, and quantitative aims for objectivity while qualitative allows for subjectivity. A variety of data collection methods are also outlined for each approach.

1. Quaid E Awam University of Engineering Science
&Technology
Shaheed Benazir Abad
Department of BS English
19ENG05
( Zuhran
Jamali)
19ENG15
(Faiza Jamali)
19ENG35
( Shoaib
Jamali)

2. Quantitative & Qualitative Research
Methods

3. Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research is a scientific method of observation to
gather non numerical data.
• Defined as, the naturalistic method of inquiry of research
which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring
it directly.( Polit and Beck 2004)
• Qualitative data is typically descriptive data.

4. Cont..
• Focus on the insights and understanding about individual’s
perception and interpretation of event.
• Collects data interview and participative observation.
• Meaning. Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that
develops understanding on human and social, to explore the
attitude emotion etc.

5. Quantitative Research
• Quantitative research is a research method that is
used to generate numerical data.
• Polit and Beck (2004) defined Quantitative Research as
the traditional positivist scientific method which refers
to a generate set of orderly, disciplined producers to
acquires information.
• This typic of data used construct graphs and table.

6. Cont…
• The Gather the empirical evidence that is within the realm of
the senses.
• Method used in analysis of data is usually statistical in the
nature .
• Meaning: Quantitative research is a method that is used to
generate numerical data and hard by employing statistical ,
logical and mathematics technique

7. Quantitative & Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research Example
• Application form
• Closed Ended
Questionnaires
• IQ Tests
• Measurement
Qualitative Research Example
• Unstructured Interviews
• Diary account
• Open ended Questionnaires
• Document reviews
• Unstructured observations

8. Characteristics
Quantitative
• Ask specific narrow questions.
• Collects data form participants
generally in numerical.
• Analyzes numbers using statistics.
• Conducts the inquiry in unbiased,
objective manner.
• Conclusive
Qualitative
• Ask broad, general questions.
• Collects data consisting largely of
word or image .
• Descriptions and analysis of words
for themes
• Conducts inquiry in subjective,
biased manner.
• Exploratory

9. Characteristics
Quantitative
• Purposive (Sampling )
• Verbal (Data)
• Process-Oriented (Inquiry )
• Generated (Hypothesis)
Qualitative
• Random (Sampling )
• Measurable (Data)
• Result-Oriented (inquiry )
• Tasted (Hypothesis)

10. Quantitative Data Collection
Methods

11. Quantitative Data Collection
Methods
• Surveys: list of closed or multiple choice questions
that distribute to a sample (online , in person or over
the phone)
• Experiments: situation in which variable are
controlled and manipulated to established cause
and effect relationship
• Observations ; Observing subjects in a natural
environment where variables can’t be controlled

12. Qualitative Data Collections
Methods

13. Qualitative Data collection Methods
• Interviews: asking open ended questions verbally to
respondent.
• Focus; Discussions among group of people about a topic
to gather opinions that can be used for further research.
• Ethnography: participating in a community or
organization for an extend period of time to closely
observe culture and behavior.
• Literature Review: survey of published works by others
authors.

14. Types Quantitative and Qualitative
Types of Quantitative
Research
1. Experiment
2. Descriptive
3. Applied
4. Survey
5. Laboratory
6. longitudinal
7. Deductive
Types of Qualitative
Research
1. Fundamental
2. Narrative
3. Historical
4. Explanatory
5. Inductive
6. Phenomenological
7. Case study