This document presents a literature review on risk assessment of the lumbar spine during cricket fast bowling. It discusses how fast bowling can lead to low back pain and injuries in the lumbar spine like spondylolysis and disc herniation. The literature review covers 26 sources, many of which analyze the biomechanics of fast bowling through finite element analysis of flexion and extension, or study the effects of static loading and fatigue on inducing degeneration, herniation or spondylolysis in the lumbar spine. The parameters identified for literature review include finite element modeling of the lumbar spine, analysis of flexion and extension from fast bowling, static and fatigue analysis, and effect of fast bowling on existing spinal conditions.

1. Risk Assessment of Lumbar Spine
during Cricket Fast Bowling using AI
based Computational Biomechanics
Haider Ali
Reg No 326280
Supervisor: Dr. Zartasha Mustansar

2. Literature Review Problem Statement Objectives Methodology Gantt Chart
Introduction
GEC Members
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Sr. No. Name Designation Affiliation
1. Dr. Salma Sherbaz Assistant Professor SINES, NUST
2. Dr. Rehan Zafar Paracha Associate Professor SINES, NUST
3. Dr. Arslan Shaukat
(External)
Associate Professor CEME, NUST

3. Literature Review Problem Statement Objectives Methodology Gantt Chart
Introduction
Presentation Layout
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Problem Statement
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Gantt Chart
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Introduction

4. Literature Review Problem Statement Objectives Methodology Gantt Chart
Introduction
What’s already done for sports performance
• Design of safe wearable
• Motion capturing of player’s performance to identify key variables of performance
• Digital and psychological trainings
• Kits development to avoid risk of injury
• Clinical studies of athletes
Avenues for Research
• Understanding mechanics of the target game
• Quantifiable measure for bone related injuries
• Preventive measures for injuries in sports
• Is sports only for all fit people?
• PitchVision and Spine positioning
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Introduction

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Introduction
Cricket Fast Bowling Stats
Bowler Name Speed (km/h) Speed (mph) Against Year
Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistan) 161.3 100.2 England 2003
Shaun Tait (Australia) 161.1 100.1 England 2010
Brett Lee (Australia) 160.8 99.9 New Zealand 2005
Jeffrey Thomson (Australia) 160.6 99.8 West Indies 1975
Mitchell Starc (Australia) 160.4 99.7 New Zealand 2015
Andy Roberts (West Indies) 159.5 99.1 Australia 1975
Fidel Edwards (West Indies) 157.7 97.9 South Africa 2003
Mitchell Johnson (Australia) 156.8 97.4 England 2013
Mohammad Sami (Pakistan) 156.4 97.1 Zimbabwe 2003
Shane Bond (New Zealand) 156.4 97.1 India 2003
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Introduction
* https://www.mpl.live/blog/fastest-bowlers-in-cricket-history/

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Cricket Fast Bowling Styles
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Mixed
Front-on Side-on
Introduction
99.9mph 100.1mph 100.2mph

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Background/Motivation:
Cricket Fast Bowling and Consequences
 Death of Player in Cricket
 Phillip Hughes (25-11-2014) - South Australia vs New SouthWales
 Injuries can be fatal
 Chronic low back pain
 Stress fracture
 Severe hamstring
 Artery dissection
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Introduction

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Background/Motivation:
Cricket Fast Bowling and Consequences
• UMAR GUL – Pakistan
• 03 stress fractures in 2014
• 01-year rest for international cricket
• Before surgery 130-135 km/h
• After surgery 140-145 km/h
• SHAHID AFRIDI – Pakistan
• Ruled out of PSL 7
• Due to Lower Back Pain
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Introduction

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Introduction
Ideal Spine Positioning for Bowler
• Ideal position is “lateral Flexion” the point when the ball is released
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Introduction

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Spine and Low Back Pain
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Courtesy of https://nci-media.cancer.gov/
• Backbone, Spinal Column, andVertebral Column
• Support of human body
• Contains bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues
• Consists of 33 vertebrae, in between inter-vertebrae discs
• Lumbar takes most of the load – giving low back pain (LBP)
• Most of athletes normally experience LBP/Lumbar injury
• LBP may be due to
• Muscular Problems
• Degenerated Discs
• Herniated Discs
• Spondylolisthesis
• Osteoarthritis
https://www.spine-health.com/
Most common in Lumbar Spine
Common in young athletes
Introduction

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Introduction
Spine and Low Back Pain
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Spondylolysis vs Spondylolisthesis
• Backbone, Spinal Column, andVertebral Column
• Support of human body
• Contains bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues
• Consists of 33 vertebrae, in between inter-vertebrae discs
• Lumbar takes most of the load – giving low back pain (LBP)
• Most of athletes normally experience LBP/Lumbar injury
• LBP may be due to
• Muscular Problems
• Degenerated Discs
• Herniated Discs
• Spondylolisthesis
• Osteoarthritis
https://www.spine-health.com/
Most common in Lumbar Spine
Common in young athletes
Introduction
Herniated Discs

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Literature Review

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Introduction
Low Back Pain in Sports (Cricket Fast Bowling)
S# Year Author Title Summary
[1] 1994
Vanessa A. Sluming
and Norma D. Scutt
The Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of Postural
Disorders Related to Low Back Pain
Higher incidence of Spondylolisthesis and Disc Herniation
In fast bowling counter-rotation in lower lumbar spine gives spondylolisthesis
[2] 1996 R.M. Bartlett et al
The biomechanics of fast bowling in men's cricket: A
review
Bowling Techniques – Front, Side-on, Mixed
Mixed action is more prone to Spondylolisthesis
[3] 2000 Bruce C. Elliott et al Back injuries and the fast bowler in cricket
Parameters responsible for LBP and injuries - Large counter rotation of shoulders in transverse plane
away from batsman, trunk twisting, Height ∝ injury, and overuse bowling relation with high LBP
[4] 2003 Roger M. Bartlett
The science and medicine of cricket: an overview and
update
Discussed the LBP and how it should be treated and reduced in view of therapies
[5] 2004 Michael A Adams Biomechanics of back pain
Biomechanics of pain (origin and different parts of the spine are discussed
Ageing and loading history were checked for the spinal tissues
[6] 2008 A. G. Hadjipavlou et al The pathophysiology of disc degeneration Disc degeneration is studied in detail – Clinical studies
[7] 2011 Nicola Maffulli et al Sport injuries: a review of outcomes Different injuries in sports and how they affect the sports activities of the athletes
[8] 2013 Sarah Morton et al
Risk factors and successful interventions for cricket-
related low back pain: a systematic review
Risk of the stress fractures and injuries were identified from the MRI scans
[9] 2017
Mitchell R. L. Forrest
et al
Risk Factors for Non-Contact Injury in Adolescent
Cricket Pace Bowlers
Injury associated with bowling biomechanics - Lateral trunk flexion, pelvis/hip kinematics, reduced
trunk endurance, poor lumbo-pelvic-hip movement, Neuro muscular deficiencies as risk factors
[10] 2020 Jenn Shiunn Wong Stress Injuries of the Spine in Sports
Discussed stress injuries – makes most in sports – spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis in detail
Stress fracture in L5 (90.3%), L4 (5.6%), L3 (3.2%), L2 (0.8%), and L1 (0%).
[11] 2020 Fiona Wilson et al
Prevalence and risk factors for back pain in sports: a
systematic review with meta-analysis
Determined risks for the prevalence of low back pain
Significant association for high training volume, periods of load increase and years of exposure
[12] 2021 An, Keun-Ok
Sports Injury Prevention and Functional Training: A
Literature Review
A new orthopedic technique is discussed
Spots injury prevention through function injury prevention by training
[13] 2021
Andressa Oliveira
Barros dos Santos et al
Effects of physical exercise on low back pain and
cortisol levels: a systematic review
Effect of exercise on the LBP
Practice of 6 months exercise reduced the LBP
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Literature Review

14. Literature Review Problem Statement Objectives Methodology Gantt Chart
Introduction
Parameters for Literature Review
• Specific to athletes (fast bowlers)
 FEM of Lumbar Spine
 Flexion and Extension from Fast Bowling
 FE Static and Fatigue Analysis
 Region based classification using Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Effect of Fast bowling on existing herniation and/or spondylolysis
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Literature Review

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Introduction
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Sr.
No
Year Author
Cricket, Fast
Bowlers
FE Analysis
Flexion,
Extension
Static Analysis Fatigue Analysis
Induced degeneration/
herniation/ spondylolysis
1 1984 R. L. SPILKER et al [1] NO YES YES YES NO NO
2 1987 A Sherazu-adl et al [2] NO YES YES YES NO NO
3 1996 A F Burnett et al [3] YES NO NO NO NO NO
4 1998 A.F. Burnett et al [4] YES NO NO NO NO NO
5 1999 Raghu N Natarajan et al [5] NO YES YES YES NO NO
6 2001 Jack P. Callaghan et al [6] NO NO YES NO YES NO
7 2002 Keisuke Goto et al [7] NO YES YES YES NO YES
8 2005 John W. Orchard et al [8] YES NO NO NO NO NO
9 2006 G. Saló et al [9] NO YES YES YES NO NO
10 2007 Hendrik Schmidt et al [10] NO YES YES YES NO NO
11 2009 Marwan El-Rich et al [11] NO YES YES YES NO NO
12 2010 John Orchard et al [12] YES NO NO NO NO NO
13 2012 Muhammad Qasim et al [13] NO YES YES YES YES NO
14 2016 Helen Bayne et al [14] YES NO NO NO NO NO
15 2017 Wei Fan et al [15] NO YES YES NO YES NO
16 2017 Olof Thoreson et al [16] YES NO YES YES NO NO
17 2018 Ruo-xun Fan et al [17] NO YES NO YES YES NO
18 2018 King Kenneth Cheung et al [18] YES NO NO NO NO NO
19 2019 Peter Always et al [19] YES NO YES NO NO YES
20 2020 Hassan Mansour Raheem et al [20] NO YES NO YES NO NO
21 2020 Molly Connolly et al [21] YES NO YES NO NO YES
22 2021 Emily Newell et al [22] NO YES YES YES NO NO
23 2021 Hassan Mansour Raheem et al [23] NO YES NO YES NO NO
24 2021 Simran P. Singh et al [24] YES NO YES NO NO YES
25 2021 Billy Senington et al [25] YES NO YES NO NO NO
26 2021 Kevin Sims et al [26] YES NO YES NO NO NO
Literature Review

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Introduction
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Sr.
No
Year Author
Cricket, Fast
Bowlers
FE Analysis
Flexion,
Extension
Static Analysis Fatigue Analysis
Induced degeneration/
herniation/ spondylolysis
1
2
3 1996 A F Burnett et al [3] YES NO NO NO NO NO
4 1998 A.F. Burnett et al [4] YES NO NO NO NO NO
5
6
7
8 2005 John W. Orchard et al [8] YES NO NO NO NO NO
9
10
11
12 2010 John Orchard et al [12] YES NO NO NO NO NO
13
14 2016 Helen Bayne et al [14] YES NO NO NO NO NO
15
16 2017 Olof Thoreson et al [16] YES NO YES NO NO NO
17
18 2018 King Kenneth Cheung et al [18] YES NO NO NO NO NO
19 2019 Peter Always et al[19] YES NO YES NO NO YES
20
21 2020 Molly Connolly et al [21] YES NO YES NO NO YES
22
23
24 2021 Simran P. Singh et al [24] YES NO YES NO NO YES
25 2021 Billy Senington et al [25] YES NO YES NO NO NO
26 2021 Kevin Sims et al [26] YES NO YES NO NO NO
Literature Review

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Introduction
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Sr.
No
Year Author
Cricket, Fast
Bowlers
FE Analysis
Flexion,
Extension
Static Analysis Fatigue Analysis
Induced degeneration/
herniation/ spondylolysis
1 1996 A F Burnett et al [3] YES NO NO NO NO NO
2 1998 A.F. Burnett et al [4] YES NO NO NO NO NO
3 2005 John W. Orchard et al [8] YES NO NO NO NO NO
4 2010 John Orchard et al [12] YES NO NO NO NO NO
5 2016 Helen Bayne et al [14] YES NO NO NO NO NO
6 2017 Olof Thoreson et al [16] YES NO YES NO NO NO
7 2018 King Kenneth Cheung et al [18] YES NO NO NO NO NO
8 2019 Peter Always et al [19] YES NO YES NO NO YES
9 2020 Molly Connolly et al [21] YES NO YES NO NO YES
10 2021 Simran P. Singh et al [24] YES NO YES NO NO YES
11 2021 Billy Senington et al [25] YES NO YES NO NO NO
12 2021 Kevin Sims et al [26] YES NO YES NO NO NO
13 1984 R. L. SPILKER et al [1] NO YES YES YES NO NO
14 1987 A Sherazu-adl et al [2] NO YES YES YES NO NO
15 1999 Raghu N Natarajan et al [5] NO YES YES YES NO NO
16 2001 Jack P. Callaghan et al [6] NO NO YES NO YES NO
17 2002 Keisuke Goto et al [7] NO YES YES YES NO YES
18 2006 G. Saló et al [9] NO YES YES YES NO NO
19 2007 Hendrik Schmidt et al [10] NO YES YES YES NO NO
20 2009 Marwan El-Rich et al [11] NO YES YES YES NO NO
21 2012 Muhammad Qasim et al [13] NO YES YES YES YES NO
22 2017 Wei Fan et al [15] NO YES YES NO YES NO
23 2018 Ruo-xun Fan et al [17] NO YES NO YES YES NO
24 2020 Hassan Mansour Raheem et al [20] NO FEA NO YES NO NO
25 2021 Emily Newell et al [22] NO YES YES YES NO NO
26 2021 Hassan Mansour Raheem et al [23] NO YES NO YES NO NO
Fast
Bowling
CRICKET
Finite
Element
Analysis
Literature Review

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Introduction
Research GAP Analysis
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• NOTargeted Study on FEA of spine disorders of Cricket fast bowlers internationally
• No Detailed study addressing health of PakistaniAthletes.
• FEW Papers on Fatigue Analysis of “Athletic spine health ”
• VERY FEW Papers on Induced or existing Spine Disorder associated with sports
• NO COHORT Study on Pakistani Fast Bowlers.
Hence There is Enough Room for Research
to Make Difference in the Sports Sector
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Literature Review

19. Literature Review Problem Statement Objectives Methodology Gantt Chart
Introduction
Problem Statement / Research Question
To investigate effect of different cricket fast bowling styles of Pakistan club level bowlers,
on the lumbar spine for possible disc herniation and/or spondylolysis
using
AI-based computational biomechanics and compare them in the cohort.
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Problem Statement

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Introduction
Objectives
1. To address player’s well being and training methods using fast bowling mechanics
2. Develop athlete specific FE-model of spine, to address back pain issues as a function of bowling
styles in a Cohort.
3. To assess risk of disc dislocation / herniation and/or spondylolysis under consistent loading
regimes
4. To address game performance, and providing evaluation reports using 1, 2 and 3.
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Objectives

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Introduction
Gantt Chart
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1. CourseWork
2. Literature Review
3. Qualifiers
4. DataAcquisition
5. FEM of Spine
6. Finite ElementAnalysis
7. FEA with induced disorder
8.
Region based classification
of spine damage
9. Thesis writing/ Defense
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Gantt Chart

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