The document discusses the rules of evidence in judicial inquiries under Qanun-e-shahdat. It defines Qanun-e-shahdat as the system of rules for determining factual questions in courts. The main objective of the Order is to prevent inconsistent admission of evidence by establishing a uniform practice. It aims to admit only relevant facts that assist in discovering the truth, rather than obscuring it. The key principles are that evidence must be limited to the matter at issue, the best evidence must be provided, and hearsay evidence should be excluded.

1. 1
Qanun-e-shahdat may be defined as a system of rules for
ascertaining controverted questions of fact in judicial
inquiries.It bears the same relation to a judicial investigation
as logic to reasoning. The main objective of the Qanun-e-
shahdat Order is to prevent indiscipline in admissionof
evidence by enacting a correctand uniform rule of practice. If
irrelevant facts are admitted, they are likely to disguise truth
than discover it
The main principles emerging from the Order are
 Evidence must be pinned down to matter in issue
 Best evidence must be tendered
 Hearsay evidence must be kept out
1 By Hina Shahid (NCBA&E)
part 1 Relevancyof
facts
Part 2 proof
Part 3 Productionand
effectof evidence

2. Relevancy of facts
Part1
Compentency to
testify Article3 and
number of witnesses
Article17
protection against
incriminating
questions
Article15
AccompliceArticle
16
Privilege
Communication
Article4-14
Relevancy of facts
Article18-29
Proof of contentsof
documentsarticle
72,75
Primaryevidence of
documentArticle 73
Publicandprivate
documentsArticle 85-
89
Presumptionasto
documentsArticle 90-
101
Secondaryevidence of
documentArticle 74,76
Exclusionof oral by
documentaryevidence
Article 102-110

3. part 2 On proof
Facts judiciallynoticeable
or not Article 111-113
EstoppleArticle 114-116
Burden of proof
Article 117-129
Examinationof
winess Article
132,133
Leading
questions article
136-138
impeachingthe
credit of witness
141,143,151
refreshing of
memory article
155-157

4. Procedure inaccordance with
provisionsarticle 132-162
Order of
production
and
examination
of witness
Article 130
Judge to
decide as to
admissibility
of evidence