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QA in Civil Engineering 3

The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. It states that Wegener suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangea, which then broke apart and drifted to their current positions. It provides diagrams showing the movement of continents over time and identifies the seven major and eight minor tectonic plates that make up the Earth's lithosphere. The theory was initially met with skepticism but was widely accepted by scientists starting in the 1960s due to evidence such as the matching boundaries between continents.

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©Eng. Sherif Saber
‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Eeff ‫و‬ Eu ‫؟‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Neu Undrained=0.5 ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫و‬ Eeff ‫ﺑﺎل‬ Eundrained ، ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﻣــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨــﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫أﻟــﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟــﻌــﻼﻗــﺔ‬ ‫ﻧــﻔــﺲ‬ ‫وﺿــﻊ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٠٫٨ ‫أو‬ ٠٫٧ ‫اﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ Prof Lee Fook Hou ،  ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ PLAXIS Ӵ ӵ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵ
‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Eeff ‫و‬ Eu ‫؟‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ Shear Resistance & Shear Modulus ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ Shear Resistance ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑــﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Shear Modulus ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟــﻪ‬ E ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Neu ، ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــﻨﺎك‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤــﺖ‬ ‫ال‬ E ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Neu ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Undrained ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻜﻮن‬ Delta Volumatric Strain = 0 ، ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ‬ ٥ Neu Undrained=0. Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵ
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ Continental Drift ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ Alfred Wegener ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ١٩١٥ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١ ‫ﻗﻮﺑﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫اوﺳﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻓﺾ‬ Pangea ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺠــﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ Plates ، ‫ﺳﺒﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟــﺪ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟـﻔـﻌــﻞ‬ Plates ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٣ ‫ﻗــﻤﺖ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﻗﻴﻤﻬﻢ‬ - ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ : Pacific, North America, Eurasian, South America, African, Indian-Australian and Antarctic Plates. ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Plates ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ٣ - ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﻗﻴﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺖ‬ - ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ، : Juan de Fuca, Cocas, Carbian, Nazca, Scotia, Arabian, Philippine and Caroline Plates. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӷ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﻘـــﺎرات‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪود‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟـﺘﻄــﺎﺑــﻖ‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈـﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫إﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ puzzles ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜــــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﻓﺮﻳﻘـــﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٤ . ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫واﻓﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫و‬ : ١ - ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ . ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫أﻇﻬﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Tectonic Plates ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ . ٣ - ‫اﻷزﻣـﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻸرض‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ - ‫اﻟﺸـﻤـﺎل‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﻣــﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﺑﻌــﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﻤــﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻘــﺮﻳﺒــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻄــﺎت‬ ‫ﻗــﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒــﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠـﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻴــﻤــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳــﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﺑﺠــﻮار‬ ،‫اﻟﺤــﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻐــﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــﻤــﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠـﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣـــﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳـﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﺸـ‬ ‫ـﻤــﺎل‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӹ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӻ Sherif Saber Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӻ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮب‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫أﻗﺪم‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴـﺴــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﻨﻮب‬ ‫اﺗﺠـﺎه‬ ‫ﻧـﺎﺣـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤــﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣـﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬــﻤـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌـﻤـﺮ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫أﻗــﺪم‬ ‫ﺷـــﺮﻳﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــﻤــ‬ ‫ﻧﺤــﻮ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺧــﺬ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳــﺘﻤــﺎﺷﻰ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻫــﻜــﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ . ٤ - ‫ال‬ Hot Spot ، ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٨ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٩ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ، Hot Spot ‫ﺟـﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛـﻤﺎ‬ Hawaii ، ‫ﻧـﻔــﺲ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﺧــﺮى‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫ﺟﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Hot Spot ‫ﻣــﺠﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻄـــﻠﻊ‬ Magma ‫ﺟــﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻧﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤــﺮك‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺟــﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ .... ‫ﺟـــﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫أﺧــﺮ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Hawaii ، ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫و‬ Drift ٥ - ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١٠ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӽ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӳ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӴ ‫ﺣــﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﺤﻴـﻄــﺎت‬ ‫ﻗــﺎع‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋـــﺪا‬ ‫اﻷﻟـــــﻮاح‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫أدى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻳــﺴﻤــﻰ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪوث‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫اﻟـﻌـﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﺑﺎل‬ Convection Cells ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١١ ‫ﺑﻴﻄﻠــﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺴــﺨــﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪﻣـﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺨﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﺰل‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻳﺒﺮد‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ Divergence ‫ﺗﻘﺎرب‬ ‫و‬ ،‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Convergence ‫اﻧــﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻣﺠــﺮد‬ ‫ﺣــﺘﻰ‬ ‫او‬ ، ‫أﺧـــﺮى‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Transform Boundaries ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ال‬ Plates ، ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Convection Forces ‫و‬ ‫دوارﻧﻴﺔ‬ Ridge Push ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ Divergent Boundary ‫و‬ Slab Pull ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ Subduction Zones ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ : Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӵ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Divergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Oceanic Spreading Ridge ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Rift Valley ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Convergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Mid-Ocean Trench ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Big Mountain Ranges ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎري‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺄن‬ ،‫ﻗﺎري‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Subduction Zone. ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ : ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح؟‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اذﻛﺮ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӶ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӷ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Divergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Oceanic Spreading Ridge ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Mid-Atlantic Ridge ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Rift Valley ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ East African Rift Valley ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮورا‬ ‫ج‬ - ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫دا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻗﺎري‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ . ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Convergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Mid-Ocean Trench ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Marianas Trench ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Big Mountain Ranges ‫ال‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Himalayas Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӸ ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻜـــﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟــﻘــﺎري‬ ‫ﺗﺤـﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻨــﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤــﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻓــﺄن‬ ،‫ﻗــﺎري‬ ‫اﻷﺧــﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄــﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﻫــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Subduction Zone ‫ﻣــﺜﻞ‬ ‫ال‬ Cascadia Subduction Zone ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮت‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔــﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ Divergent ‫اﻷﻟــﻮاح‬ ‫ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸـﻤـﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻣـﺮﻳﻜـﺎ‬ ‫ﻏــﺮب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮح‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‬ Eurasian ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوده‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ Plates ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣـﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐـﻴﺮة‬ Caribbean ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Caroline ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ Convergent ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Divergent ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻋﺪا‬ Transform ‫ﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٣ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӹ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӺ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . Ӵӻ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫أﺷﻬﺮ‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ Crustal Fault Types ، ‫ال‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Crust ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫و‬ Tectonic Plates ، ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ : ‫أ‬ - ‫ال‬ Strike-Slip Fault ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫و‬ Strike ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Right-lateral ‫و‬ Left-lateral ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺘــﻪ‬ ‫ﻏــﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ٨٠ ‫ل‬ ٩٠ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ San Andreas fault ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ North Anatolian Fault ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ب‬ - ‫ال‬ Normal Fault ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ Dip ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زاوﻳــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﻌــﻤــﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻧــﺎدر‬ ‫ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــﺪ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜــﻮن‬ ٥٠ ‫ل‬ ٧٥ ،‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ Graben ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ Reverse Fault ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ Dip ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋـﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻛــﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ Crustal ‫اﻷﻛــﺜﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻗﻮة‬ ١٠ ‫ل‬ ٥٥ ‫ال‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫درﺟﺔ‬ Dip ‫ﺧﻄﻮرﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӴӼ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Thrust Fault ‫أورﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺒﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ . ‫د‬ - ‫ال‬ Oblique Fault ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Strike ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Dip-slip ٢ - ‫ال‬ Subduction Zones ، ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Two plates ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Plate ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ Plate ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬ Interplate and Intraplate ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ interplate and Interaplate Subduction Events ‫؟‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫إﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Interplate ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Tsunamis ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ Right- and Left-lateral Strike-slip fault ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӵӳ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑــﻴـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟــﻔـــﺮق‬ Interplate ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Interaplate Subduction Event ، ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ Interplate ‫ﺑـــﻴـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟــﺘــﺼــﺎدم‬ ‫ﻣـﻜــﺎن‬ ‫ﻋــﻨـــــــــــﺪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺘـﺤـﺼــﻞ‬ ‫ال‬ Two Tectonic Plates ، ‫ال‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ Interaplate ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺪى‬ Plate ‫ﺑﻴﺤــــــــﺪث‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺰل‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫زﻻزل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدى‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫إﻧﺜﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ . ٢ - ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ Mega thrust ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻞ‬ ‫و‬ Thrust ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ Reverse Fault with Small angle ، ‫و‬ Mega ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ . ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻗﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Fault ‫ﻳﺴﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ذراﻋﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫راﻗﺒﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻰ‬ Right-Lateral Strike Slip Fault ، ‫و‬ Left ‫اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬ ‫ذراﻋﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӵӴ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӵӵ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Directivity ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Directionality ‫؟‬ ӵӶ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ Directivity ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ Fault ‫ﻳـــﺆدى‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ Fling Pulse ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ Pulses ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎع‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺠﺎه‬ Pulses ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻓﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ . ‫ال‬ Directionality ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ Directivity ‫اﺗﺠـــﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Directivity ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Directionality ‫؟‬ ӵӷ Rupture generally progresses across a fault as a series of dislocations (some multiple-event earthquakes can be thought of as a series of small earthquakes that occur in close spatial and temporal proximity). Small earthquakes can be modeled as point processes since their rupture surfaces usually span only a few kilometers. Large earthquakes, however, can rupture over distances of tens, or even hundreds, of kilometers, and the nature of ground shaking can be influenced by the characteristics of the rupture process. For example, waves emanate from the fault with different strengths in different directions; such directivity effects can produce azimuthal differences in ground motion characteristics (Benioff, 1955; Ben-Menachem, 1961). Constructive interference of waves produced by successive dislocations can produce strong pulses of large displacement Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Directivity ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Directionality ‫؟‬ ӵӸ called fling (Figure 2.23) at nearby sites toward which the rupture is progressing (Benioff, 1955; Singh, 1985). Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. ӵӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ Soil-Structure-Interaction SSI ، ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ١ : ١ - ‫ال‬ Direct Method ، ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ soil ‫ﻓﻰ‬ model ‫واﺣﺪ‬ . ٢ - ‫ال‬ Substructure Method ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Soil ‫ب‬ Springs ، ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Springs ‫إﻣﺎ‬ : ‫أ‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ Conventional ‫إﻧﺘﺸﺎرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ال‬ Raft ‫ﻟﻪ‬ Subgrade Modulus =Allowable B/C*3/Allowable Settlement ، ‫ال‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ Outer Subgrade Modulus ‫ب‬ ٣٠ % ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٤٠ % ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Pile Stiffness= Working Capacity/0.01*diameter of pile Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӻ ‫ب‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ P-Y ‫ﻟـﻜــﻞ‬ Pile ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺧــﺬ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺘـﻘــﻞ‬ Group Effect ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴـــﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Pile ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ Springs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫــﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻧــﻘــﻄــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛــــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Spring ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳـﺴـﺘــﻤــﺪ‬ P-Y curve ،‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟــﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﺳــﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫وﺿـــﻌــﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻨﺸـﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟــﺰال‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻛﻞ‬ Spring ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٨ . ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ P-Y ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ Pile ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗــــﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ Group Effect ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻳﻀــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴــﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Pile ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ Springs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Spring ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘــﻤـﺪ‬ P-Y curve ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟــﻪ‬ Piles ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Soil ، ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Spring ‫ﻛﻤــﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٨ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӴ ‫د‬ - ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ Trail ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Conventional ، ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ردود‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫و‬ Soil ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫و‬ Settlement ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ Raft ‫ال‬ ‫أو‬ Piles ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Stiffness ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋــﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺠــــﺪﻳﺪة‬ Settlement ،‫اﻟﺠــﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ Stiffness ‫ﻟﻞ‬ Springs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺴﺎب‬ ، ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ردود‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ Settlement ‫ف‬ ...... ‫ﺣــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛــﻞ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ Stiffness ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ Nonlinear ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ : ١ - ‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ Outer Subgrade Modulus ‫ب‬ ٣٠ % ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٤٠ % ‫ﻣـﺮات‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ Subgrade Modulus ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Plate Load Test ، ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ،‫ﻧﺤﺒﺬه‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӵ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮح‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ Midas ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ‬ Conventional ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬ Stiffness ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻟﻸﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ال‬ Trail ‫ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮا‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Structural Analysis ‫و‬ Geotechnical ‫ال‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻄﺒﻖ‬ Direct Method ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӶ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ rigid ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫و‬ Soft ، ،‫ﻣﺘﺴــﺎوى‬ ‫ﺷــﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒــﻮط‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟـــﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟــﺪا‬ ‫ﺟـــﺎﺳﻰء‬ ‫اﻷﺳـﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫وﻳﻜﻮن‬ Stress ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺮب‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫رﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫إﻻ‬ Stress ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ Stiffness ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺰود‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ reaction ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Stress ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ Displacement ‫اﻷﻃـﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺗــﻘــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴــﺎوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒـﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﺤﺮف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‬ . ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Flexible ‫واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ Stiff ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴـﺎوى‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮزع‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﺄن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ Stiffness ‫اﻟﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﺤﺮف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӷ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫أﺣﺒﺬ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ Plate Load Test ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺎده‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ٦٠ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ Pressure Bulb ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ٣ * ٦٠ = ١٨٠ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ Real Pressure Bulb ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ SHA. ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ PSHA ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ،‫ﺑﺈﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ Gutenberg-Richter Recurrance ، ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫و‬ Poisson ، ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ Gutenberg-Richter Recurrance ‫و‬ ،‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أو‬ Poisson ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أو‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ؟‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ SHA. ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ * ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬ : ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺪرس‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪوﺛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻘــﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ . * ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ : ‫ﻣـﻌـﻴﻦ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫دﻋــﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴــﺶ‬ ( ‫إ‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜـــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺣــﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ . * ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ Lamda ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ Lamda ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ Lamdas ،‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫رﻣﺰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ Lamda ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﻔﻰ‬ PDF ‫و‬ CDF ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬ ‫أﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ Lamda ‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ SHA. * ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ Size Uncertainty ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ PDF ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ Recurrence Laws ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫و‬ : - ١ Slip-Dependent Recurrence Law (PDF) 2- Bounded Gutenberg-Richter Recurrence Law (PDF) 3- Characteristic Earthquake Recurrence Law (PDF) ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫أﺷﻬﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ . ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ Temporal Uncertainty ‫وأﺷﻬﺮﻫﻢ‬ Poisson * ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ How big will the Earthquake be ‫؟‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ When will the Earthquake occur ‫؟‬ * ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‬ ‫إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ PSHA ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫و‬ DSHA Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮت‬ ASCE 7-05 ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ Uniform Hazard Approach ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫و‬ DE=2/3 MCE (2% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years) ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣﺮورا‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﻮاد‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮت‬ ASCE 7-16 ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺬى‬ Performance-based ‫ال‬ ‫او‬ Risk-targeted ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ R ‫ك‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ subscript ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰ‬ MCE ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ١ % ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٥٠ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ - ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬ ٥٠٠٠ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ - ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ Risk-adjusted maximum considered earthquake ، ‫اﻟﺤﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ R ‫ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Risk Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرﺗﻴﻦ‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪث‬ Clause 20.2 ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮورة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ Site Response Analysis ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءات‬ ‫إﻻ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ Site Response Analysis ‫؟‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ PI ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰة‬ Liquefaction ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أم‬ ٣ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ‬ ٢٠٫٣٫١ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻋﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻰ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӴ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ال‬ Site Response Analysis ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Response ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﻟﺰال‬ Bed rock ، ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ Linear ‫وال‬ Nonlinear ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺟﻮد‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ PI ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪوث‬ ‫ﻓــﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـــﻘــﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫رﻣﻞ‬ ‫أﺻﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ Liquefaction ، ‫ﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ IBC ‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رؤﻳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻋﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ASCE 7 ، ‫اﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎر؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ American Society of Civil Engineers ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛـــﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﺧــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﺟــﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻳـﻤــﻜــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴــﺆال‬ Prof Steven L. Kramer 1996 ، ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ch3 ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ Strong Ground Motion ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ . ‫ال‬ Arias Intensity ‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬، ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫رﻗــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـﻬﺎﺋــﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘــﻴـﻤـﺔ‬ ‫اﺣــﻀـﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﻤـﻜــﻦ‬ ، ‫ﻣــﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٣٫١٧ ‫ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓــﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﺮف‬ ‫زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟـــﺪا‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Arias Intensity Curve ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ Arias ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ acceleration ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ Sherif Saber
ӷӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻐﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﻛﺘﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӹ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ Lifeline Systems ‫؟‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ،‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Low Resilience ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ High Resilience ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ Lifeline systems ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ Resilience ‫؟‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Tsunami ‫وال‬ Seiche ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ Steven L. Kramer 1.3.6 Lifeline Hazards A network of facilities that provide the services required for commerce and public health can be found in virtually any developed area. These networks, which include electrical power and telecommunications, transportation, water and sewage, oil and gas distribution, and waste storage systems, have collectively come to be known as lifelines. Lifeline systems may include power plants, transmission towers, and buried electrical cables, roads, bridges, harbors, and airports, water treatment facilities, reservoirs and elevated water tanks, and buried water distribution systems; liquid storage tanks and buried oil and gas pipelines; and municipal solid waste and hazardous waste landfills Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ Steven L. Kramer Lifeline systems and the facilities that comprise them provide services that many take for granted but which are essential in modern industrial areas. Lifeline failures not only have severe economic consequences but can also adversely affect the environment and quality of life following an earthquake. ‫ال‬ Resilience ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ . ‫ال‬ Seiche ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻛﺒﺤﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӼ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Bracketed Duration ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ Duration ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ Bracketed Duration ‫؟‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫أول‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ، ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ٠٫٠٥ g. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӳ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟــﻘـ‬ ‫اﻷﺧــﺮى‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺟــﻬــﺰة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﻤــﻮﺟــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑـﻌــﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺮب‬ Accelerograph ‫ﻣﻮﺟ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻳﺎح‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ . ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺬف‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘــﻌـﻤـﻞ‬ ‫أﺣـﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫أﺧــﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻔـﻠـﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔــﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼﺗﺮ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫إﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤــﻮﺟــﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴــﻤــﺎح‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ low ‫ﻳﺴﻤــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺗـﻌــﺒﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ Low Pass ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ High ‫ﻳﺴﻤـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ High Pass ‫ل‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ Band ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ Band Pass ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ٠٫١ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ . ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Band ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Band Stop ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫او‬ Band Reject ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ Seismo Signal ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮق‬ ‫دى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻌﻤﻞ‬ : Butterworth, Chebyshev or Bessel Fillters Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
Ӹ Ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ acceleration ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Velocity ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Velocity ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ Displacement ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ velocity ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﺖ‬ displacement ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﺟــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬ Baseline Correction ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ة‬ . ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬ . ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫أن‬ Accelrograph ‫ﺗﺴﻤــ‬ ‫ﻣــﻌــﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫أﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺠــﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠـﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻰ‬ Triggering Acceleration ، ‫ﺛﻘﻴﻠ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎرة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻠﻴﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤـــﺮك‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺧــﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻠــﻪ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪﻣــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺠــﻠﺔ‬ ‫رﺳــﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺤﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬ ‫رﺳـﻤ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫رﺳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ،‫اﻹزاﺣــﺔ‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ Time History ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺤﺢ‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӹ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ PEER ‫و‬ NGA-West 2 ‫و‬ NGA-East ‫؟‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬ GMPEs ‫؟‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ PEER=Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research center. NGAs=Next Generation Attenuation Relationships. West=Western US and other high to moderate seismicity area. NGA West1 was in 2008 Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӹ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ . ، NGA West2 was in 2013 and was published 2014. GMPE=Ground Motion Prediction Equation=Attenuation Equations. ‫ال‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ NGA ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Attenuation ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺮب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ NGA West 2 ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫زﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ NGA East ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ NGA Subduction Zones Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ Probablistic Seismic Hazard Analysis ، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻄﻠﻊ‬ Site Hazard Curve ‫ﺑــﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ PGA ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫او‬ Ss ‫ﺑــﺎل‬ ‫او‬ S1 ‫ﺑــــﺄى‬ ‫أو‬ Spectral acceleration ‫ﻷى‬ period ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤــﺎ‬ ١ ‫ﻟـــــــــــــﻪ‬ ‫أﻓــﻘـــﻰ‬ ‫ﺧــــﻂ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪدﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ، Design Hazard Level ‫ﻣـــــﺜﻞ‬ ‫ال‬ Probablity of 10% exceedence in 50 years ، ‫ﻋﻨﺪى‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻄﻠﻊ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Uniform Hazard Spectrum-UHS- ‫ال‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ UHS ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ Time History ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺟــﺪا‬ ‫ﺧــﻄﻴﺮ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺟــﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧــﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻷﻓــﻀــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺷــﺪ‬ ‫اﻛــﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاء‬ ‫أﻛـﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﺰم‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ـﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ال‬ Period ‫ال‬ ‫وأﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ Response Spectrum ‫ال‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻰء‬ TH ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ RS ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ١ sec ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ٠٫٨٩ g ، ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Deaggregation ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺧــﺪه‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﻟــﺰال‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ٢ ‫ﺷــﻐــﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻜﺘــﺸﻒ‬ ، PSHA ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃــﺒﻌــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻣــﺴــﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺜﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣــﺼـــﺪر‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻛـﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ Deaggregation ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻈــﻬــﺮ‬ Mean Magnitude ‫اﻟﻤﺴــﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒــﻌــﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻘــﻮﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄــــﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫ﻛﺎم‬ Standard Deviation ، ‫ﻫﺘﻠــﺎﻗـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ Mmean=7.03 ‫و‬ Rmean=12.2 Km ‫و‬ Epsilon=2.02. ‫ال‬ ‫رﺳـــﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟــﻮ‬ Deterministic Response Spectrum ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـــــﺎﻟﺘــﻌــﻮﻳــﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺒــﻴــﺎﻧــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻟـــﻬـــﺬه‬ Rx ‫و‬ Rrub ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ Rmean ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Mmean ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗــــﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏـــﻴﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻫـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ Rjb ‫ل‬ ‫ﻧﺼـــﻞ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺘﻰ‬ RS ‫ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻪ‬ ٠٫٨٩ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ١ sec ، ‫ﻫـــﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﺑــﻌــﺪ‬ ‫ﺛـــﻢ‬ ‫ال‬ mean RS ، ‫ﺣـﺮﻛﻨﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ two standard Deviation value - Epsilon- ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻄـــﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓــﻌــﻼ‬ ‫ﻫـــﻨﻼﻗﻰ‬ UHS ‫ﻧﻘﻄـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ ١ sec ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ٣ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӽ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎزاﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ M7 and R=12 Km ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٣ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑـــﻖ‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠـــﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ١ sec ، ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰال‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ . ‫ﻟﻠﺼـــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻧــﻈــﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ٤ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒــﻌـــﺪ‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨـــﺤــﻨﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺳﻨــﺠـــﺪ‬ ، mean ‫ﻣـــﺜﻼ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨـــﺘﻠــﻔــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺴــﺎﻓـــﺎت‬ ١٫٢ ‫و‬ ٢٫٣ ‫و‬ ١٫٤ ‫ﺿﻌـــــﻒ‬ ‫ال‬ standard deviation ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ٠٫٢٥ ‫و‬ ١ ‫و‬ ٢ sec ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴــﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻳﺠــﺎد‬ ‫ﺣــﺎوﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Epsilon ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ١ sec ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫و‬ RS ‫ﻓﻘــﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟــــﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ Epsilon1sec ‫وال‬ Epsilon 2sec ، ‫اﻟﻌــﻼﻗــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠـــﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Scattered ‫ﻟــﻬــﺎ‬ mean ‫ﻟـﻬــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Standard deviation ، ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠــﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼــﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ﻋـــﻼﻗﺔ‬ Epsilon1sec ‫ب‬ Epsilon 0.2 sec ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ Scatter ‫ﺗﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺒﺮ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӳ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ Standard deviation ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ٠٫٧٥ . ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Baker ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢٠١١ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘــﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اﻳﺠـﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻷى‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Meu ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟـــﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟــﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Epsilon ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠــﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Meu ‫واﻧﺤــﺮاف‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎرى‬ Sigma ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ Epsilon ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﺑــﺘﺪاء‬ ‫ﻫـــــــﺬه‬ Deterministic RS ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺟـــﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎري‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺮاف‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ٨ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳـــﻂ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻌﻼ‬ ‫ﻫـــﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘـــﻂ‬ ‫اﻷﺣـــﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ Conditional Mean Spectrum ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ Baker ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ Standard deviation ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩ ‫ﻳﻈﻬــــﺮ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤـــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤـــﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓـــﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠـــﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫و‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ Standard deviation ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ٠٫٧٥ . ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Baker ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢٠١١ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻷى‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Meu ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴـــــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Epsilon ‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Meu ‫واﻧﺤــﺮاف‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎرى‬ Sigma ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ Epsilon ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاء‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ Deterministic RS ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺟــﺒﻨﺎﻫــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎري‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺮاف‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٨ ‫ﻣــﺘﻮﺳــﻂ‬ ‫ﻓـﻌـﻼ‬ ‫ﻫــﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘـﻂ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ Conditional Mean Spectrum ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ Baker ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ Standard deviation ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫و‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫أﺧﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻴﻦ‬ Actual Response Spectrum ‫وﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١٠ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ،‫اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ matching ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ mean ‫ال‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ standard deviation ، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬ matching ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ mean ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ Standard deviation ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١١ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫زﻻزل‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ return periods ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ . ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١٢ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ Conditional mean Spectrum ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﻠﻌﺖ‬ Collapse Fragility Curve ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫أﻗﻮى‬ ‫ال‬ RS ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ UHS ‫د‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‬ Baker ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮاب‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١٣ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫و‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ RS ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ Conditional Mean Spectrum ‫؟‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫أﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ Code Response Spectrum ‫إﻟﻰ‬ Time History ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة؟‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ Conditional ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ Period ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ UHS ‫او‬ Code RS ‫و‬ mean ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ RS ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮط‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӹ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
ӹ ӹ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӽ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӳ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӴ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӵ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١ ‫ﺑﺨـــﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻧــــﻔــﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫او‬ Wavefront ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻔﻬـــﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤــﻮدﻳــﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷــﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـــﺬه‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ‬ impedence ، ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫و‬ One Dimension ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜـﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Three Dimension ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤـــﻮل‬ P- wave ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻳــﺴـــﺎر‬ ‫أﻗـــﺼــﻰ‬ refracted P-wave ‫و‬ reflected P-wave ‫إﻟــﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿـــﺎﻓـــﺔ‬ refracted SV-wave ‫و‬ reflected SV-wave ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻜﺲ‬ one-dimension ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ refracted and reflected P-wave ،‫اﻟﺴﻄـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤــﻮدﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫داﺋــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟـﺰاوﻳــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ one incident + two refracted + two refected ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻮا‬ Snell ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫و‬ ٤ . ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ SH=Horizontal Shear ‫و‬ SV=Vertical Shear ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ SV- wave ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ refracted SV-wave ‫و‬ reflected SV-wave ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ refracted P-wave Sherif Saber
ӺӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ SH- wave ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٢ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ refracted SH-wave ‫و‬ reflected SH-wave ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ . ،‫ﻣﺎﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ١ - ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ Plaxis ‫و‬ Midas GTS-NX ‫؟‬ ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ SH ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬ P-wave ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ : ١ – ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤـﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺪت‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼـــﻞ‬ wave velocity ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ sin i ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ Snell ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ i ‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑـــﻊ‬ ‫ﺧــﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﻌــﻤـﻮدى‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣــﻘــﺎﺳــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ . ٢ – ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﺟـــﺎﺑﺔ‬ ٢ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـــﺎ‬ ١ ‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻬـــﺎ‬ one-dimension ‫اﻷﺧـــﺮى‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠـــﺎﻫﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬــﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣـــﺞ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻴﺠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬ Deconvolution ‫أو‬ Convolution ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫او‬ Liquefaction ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺸﺘﻐﻞ‬ . ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻷن‬ SH ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻜﺲ‬ ،‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ،‫أﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ SV Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ال‬ Love-wave ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ،‫اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ y ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬ v ‫ﻣــﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻄــﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬ x ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻫــﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ horizontal shear - SH- ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٥ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ، Shear-wave ‫ﻣــﻌــﺎدﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟــﻌــﺎدﻳـﺔ‬ ٥٫٥٦ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٦ b ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗـــﻰ‬ ‫ﺣــﻠﻴــﺘﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟــــﻮ‬ amplitude ‫اﻟﻤــﻌـــﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤــﺎ‬ ٥٫٥٧ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٧ b. ‫ﺑﺎل‬ BC ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ٠ B2= ‫ﺗــﺴ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟــﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫ﻛــﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻀـﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ــﺎوى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ A1=B1 ، ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷن‬ ٢ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٩ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜــــﻮاﺑﺖ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨــــﺪام‬ displacement compatibility ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ stress equilibrium ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻌﺎدﻟــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤــﺼـﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﻄــﺒـﻘــﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﻦ‬ disp ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ . ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٦٤ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ VL Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ disp ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬ Love-wave ‫؟‬ ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ Love-wave ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ Shear-wave ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ Love-wave-velocity ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ Shear-wave –velocity ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӴ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӵ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Sinusoidally ، ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Exponentially ٢ - ‫ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ . ٣ - ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ omega ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮى‬ omega ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ Vs ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ Vs ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ٣ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛـــﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﺧـــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﺟـــﺎﺑــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻳــﻤــﻜـــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴـــﺆال‬ Prof Steven L. Kramer 1996 ، ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ch5 ‫ﺑـــــﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺎص‬ Wave Propagation ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ : ‫ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أراد‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺻﻠﻨﺎ‬ D ٣ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ١ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻨﺎ‬ ، P-wave ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Vp ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ S-wave ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Vs ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺤـــﻦ‬ Rayleigh wave ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺤــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟــﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫اﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺮﻛﺔ‬ x ‫و‬ z ‫داﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗـﻔﺎﺿﻞ‬ ‫ﻃـﺮح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺠــﻤـﻮع‬ ‫أﻧـﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﺑــﻔــﺮض‬ phi ‫و‬ psi ، ‫رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮل‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ - ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٣ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ، y ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ . ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﺿــﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻮﺿﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ٣ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤـﻌـﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺤﺼﻞ‬ ٥٫٣٨ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٨ b ، ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌــﺾ‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ‬ ٥٫٣٩ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٩ b. ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ phi ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ psi ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ harmonic ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ omega ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ KR ، ‫ال‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋـــﺎرف‬ ‫أﻧــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ omega ‫و‬ KR ‫ال‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‬ VR ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫و‬ ٤ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻮض‬ ‫ﻧﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٩ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٩ b ،‫اﻟﺤـــﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗــــﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ phi ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ psi ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﺗﺤﻮﻟﻮا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ . ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫و‬ BC ، ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ stress ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ sigma zz ‫أو‬ sigma xz ‫ﻣــﻌـــﺎدﻟﺘــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼــﻞ‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ A1 ‫و‬ A2 ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ ، ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ﻧﺸﻴﻞ‬ ‫و‬ A1/A2 ، ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧــــﺤﺼﻞ‬ KR ‫و‬ q ‫و‬ s ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ q ‫و‬ s ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫دوال‬ KR ‫و‬ omega ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Vp ‫و‬ Vs ، ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٥١ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ KRS ‫و‬ alpha ، ‫ﻣﻨﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘــﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ VR Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫رﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ VR ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Vp ‫ب‬ Vs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ Poisson Ratio ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٨ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﺮب‬ ‫ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫و‬ ، VR ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ال‬ Vs ، ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ VR ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ٠٫٩ * Vs ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أردت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬ u ‫و‬ w ، ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺳﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻢ‬ phi ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ psi ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ، ١٠ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ u ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ w ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎق‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ z ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ Poisson Ratio ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ Rayleigh wave ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӽӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӼӴ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӽӵ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӼӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١١ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ R ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ focal depth h ‫و‬ Vp ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ VR Sherif Saber
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QA in Civil Engineering 3

  • 2.
  • 3.
    ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫إﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Eeff ‫و‬ Eu ‫؟‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Neu Undrained=0.5 ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫و‬ Eeff ‫ﺑﺎل‬ Eundrained ، ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﻣــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨــﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫أﻟــﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟــﻌــﻼﻗــﺔ‬ ‫ﻧــﻔــﺲ‬ ‫وﺿــﻊ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٠٫٨ ‫أو‬ ٠٫٧ ‫اﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ Prof Lee Fook Hou ،  ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ PLAXIS Ӵ ӵ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵ
  • 4.
    ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫إﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Eeff ‫و‬ Eu ‫؟‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ Shear Resistance & Shear Modulus ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ Shear Resistance ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑــﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Shear Modulus ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟــﻪ‬ E ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Neu ، ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــﻨﺎك‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤــﺖ‬ ‫ال‬ E ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Neu ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Undrained ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻜﻮن‬ Delta Volumatric Strain = 0 ، ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ‬ ٥ Neu Undrained=0. Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵ
  • 5.
  • 6.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ Continental Drift ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ Alfred Wegener ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ١٩١٥ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١ ‫ﻗﻮﺑﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫اوﺳﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻓﺾ‬ Pangea ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺠــﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ Plates ، ‫ﺳﺒﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟــﺪ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟـﻔـﻌــﻞ‬ Plates ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٣ ‫ﻗــﻤﺖ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﻗﻴﻤﻬﻢ‬ - ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ : Pacific, North America, Eurasian, South America, African, Indian-Australian and Antarctic Plates. ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Plates ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ٣ - ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﻗﻴﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺖ‬ - ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ، : Juan de Fuca, Cocas, Carbian, Nazca, Scotia, Arabian, Philippine and Caroline Plates. Sherif Saber
  • 7.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӷ Sherif Saber
  • 8.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﻘـــﺎرات‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪود‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟـﺘﻄــﺎﺑــﻖ‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈـﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫إﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ puzzles ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜــــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﻓﺮﻳﻘـــﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٤ . ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫واﻓﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫و‬ : ١ - ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ . ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫أﻇﻬﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Tectonic Plates ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ . ٣ - ‫اﻷزﻣـﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻸرض‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ - ‫اﻟﺸـﻤـﺎل‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﻣــﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﺑﻌــﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﻤــﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻘــﺮﻳﺒــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻄــﺎت‬ ‫ﻗــﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒــﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠـﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻴــﻤــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳــﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﺑﺠــﻮار‬ ،‫اﻟﺤــﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻐــﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــﻤــﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠـﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣـــﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳـﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﺸـ‬ ‫ـﻤــﺎل‬ Sherif Saber
  • 9.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӹ Sherif Saber
  • 10.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӻ Sherif Saber Sherif Saber
  • 11.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӻ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮب‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫أﻗﺪم‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴـﺴــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﻨﻮب‬ ‫اﺗﺠـﺎه‬ ‫ﻧـﺎﺣـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤــﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣـﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬــﻤـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌـﻤـﺮ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫أﻗــﺪم‬ ‫ﺷـــﺮﻳﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــﻤــ‬ ‫ﻧﺤــﻮ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺧــﺬ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳــﺘﻤــﺎﺷﻰ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻫــﻜــﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ . ٤ - ‫ال‬ Hot Spot ، ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٨ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٩ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ، Hot Spot ‫ﺟـﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛـﻤﺎ‬ Hawaii ، ‫ﻧـﻔــﺲ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﺧــﺮى‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫ﺟﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Hot Spot ‫ﻣــﺠﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻄـــﻠﻊ‬ Magma ‫ﺟــﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻧﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤــﺮك‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺟــﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ .... ‫ﺟـــﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫أﺧــﺮ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Hawaii ، ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫و‬ Drift ٥ - ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١٠ . Sherif Saber
  • 12.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӽ Sherif Saber
  • 13.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӳ Sherif Saber
  • 14.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӴ ‫ﺣــﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﺤﻴـﻄــﺎت‬ ‫ﻗــﺎع‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋـــﺪا‬ ‫اﻷﻟـــــﻮاح‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫أدى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻳــﺴﻤــﻰ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪوث‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫اﻟـﻌـﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﺑﺎل‬ Convection Cells ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١١ ‫ﺑﻴﻄﻠــﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺴــﺨــﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪﻣـﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺨﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﺰل‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻳﺒﺮد‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ Divergence ‫ﺗﻘﺎرب‬ ‫و‬ ،‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Convergence ‫اﻧــﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻣﺠــﺮد‬ ‫ﺣــﺘﻰ‬ ‫او‬ ، ‫أﺧـــﺮى‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Transform Boundaries ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ال‬ Plates ، ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Convection Forces ‫و‬ ‫دوارﻧﻴﺔ‬ Ridge Push ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ Divergent Boundary ‫و‬ Slab Pull ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ Subduction Zones ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ : Sherif Saber
  • 15.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӵ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Divergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Oceanic Spreading Ridge ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Rift Valley ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Convergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Mid-Ocean Trench ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Big Mountain Ranges ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎري‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺄن‬ ،‫ﻗﺎري‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Subduction Zone. ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ : ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح؟‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اذﻛﺮ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 16.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӶ Sherif Saber
  • 17.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӷ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Divergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Oceanic Spreading Ridge ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Mid-Atlantic Ridge ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Rift Valley ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ East African Rift Valley ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮورا‬ ‫ج‬ - ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫دا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻗﺎري‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ . ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Convergent Boundaries ، ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Mid-Ocean Trench ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Marianas Trench ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Big Mountain Ranges ‫ال‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Himalayas Sherif Saber
  • 18.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӸ ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻜـــﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟــﻘــﺎري‬ ‫ﺗﺤـﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻨــﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤــﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻓــﺄن‬ ،‫ﻗــﺎري‬ ‫اﻷﺧــﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄــﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﻫــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Subduction Zone ‫ﻣــﺜﻞ‬ ‫ال‬ Cascadia Subduction Zone ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮت‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔــﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ Divergent ‫اﻷﻟــﻮاح‬ ‫ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸـﻤـﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻣـﺮﻳﻜـﺎ‬ ‫ﻏــﺮب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮح‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‬ Eurasian ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوده‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ Plates ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣـﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐـﻴﺮة‬ Caribbean ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Caroline ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ Convergent ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Divergent ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻋﺪا‬ Transform ‫ﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٣ Sherif Saber
  • 19.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. Ӵӹ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 20.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Continental Drift. ӴӺ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 21.
  • 22.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . Ӵӻ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫أﺷﻬﺮ‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ Crustal Fault Types ، ‫ال‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Crust ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺪود‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫و‬ Tectonic Plates ، ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ : ‫أ‬ - ‫ال‬ Strike-Slip Fault ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫و‬ Strike ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Right-lateral ‫و‬ Left-lateral ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺘــﻪ‬ ‫ﻏــﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ٨٠ ‫ل‬ ٩٠ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ San Andreas fault ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ North Anatolian Fault ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ب‬ - ‫ال‬ Normal Fault ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ Dip ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زاوﻳــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﻌــﻤــﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻧــﺎدر‬ ‫ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــﺪ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜــﻮن‬ ٥٠ ‫ل‬ ٧٥ ،‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ Graben ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ Reverse Fault ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ Dip ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋـﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻛــﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ Crustal ‫اﻷﻛــﺜﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻗﻮة‬ ١٠ ‫ل‬ ٥٥ ‫ال‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫درﺟﺔ‬ Dip ‫ﺧﻄﻮرﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ Sherif Saber
  • 23.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӴӼ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Thrust Fault ‫أورﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺒﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ . ‫د‬ - ‫ال‬ Oblique Fault ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Strike ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Dip-slip ٢ - ‫ال‬ Subduction Zones ، ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Two plates ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ Plate ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ Plate ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬ Interplate and Intraplate ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ interplate and Interaplate Subduction Events ‫؟‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫إﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Interplate ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Tsunamis ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ Right- and Left-lateral Strike-slip fault ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
  • 24.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӵӳ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑــﻴـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟــﻔـــﺮق‬ Interplate ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Interaplate Subduction Event ، ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ Interplate ‫ﺑـــﻴـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟــﺘــﺼــﺎدم‬ ‫ﻣـﻜــﺎن‬ ‫ﻋــﻨـــــــــــﺪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺘـﺤـﺼــﻞ‬ ‫ال‬ Two Tectonic Plates ، ‫ال‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ Interaplate ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺪى‬ Plate ‫ﺑﻴﺤــــــــﺪث‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺰل‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫زﻻزل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدى‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫إﻧﺜﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ . ٢ - ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ Mega thrust ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻞ‬ ‫و‬ Thrust ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ Reverse Fault with Small angle ، ‫و‬ Mega ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ . ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻗﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Fault ‫ﻳﺴﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ذراﻋﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫راﻗﺒﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻰ‬ Right-Lateral Strike Slip Fault ، ‫و‬ Left ‫اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬ ‫ذراﻋﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 25.
    ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӵӴ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
  • 26.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ . ӵӵ Sherif Saber
  • 27.
  • 28.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Directivity ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Directionality ‫؟‬ ӵӶ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ Directivity ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ Fault ‫ﻳـــﺆدى‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ Fling Pulse ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ Pulses ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎع‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺠﺎه‬ Pulses ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻓﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ . ‫ال‬ Directionality ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ Directivity ‫اﺗﺠـــﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 29.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Directivity ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Directionality ‫؟‬ ӵӷ Rupture generally progresses across a fault as a series of dislocations (some multiple-event earthquakes can be thought of as a series of small earthquakes that occur in close spatial and temporal proximity). Small earthquakes can be modeled as point processes since their rupture surfaces usually span only a few kilometers. Large earthquakes, however, can rupture over distances of tens, or even hundreds, of kilometers, and the nature of ground shaking can be influenced by the characteristics of the rupture process. For example, waves emanate from the fault with different strengths in different directions; such directivity effects can produce azimuthal differences in ground motion characteristics (Benioff, 1955; Ben-Menachem, 1961). Constructive interference of waves produced by successive dislocations can produce strong pulses of large displacement Sherif Saber
  • 30.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Directivity ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Directionality ‫؟‬ ӵӸ called fling (Figure 2.23) at nearby sites toward which the rupture is progressing (Benioff, 1955; Singh, 1985). Sherif Saber
  • 31.
  • 32.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber ‫ال‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. ӵӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ Soil-Structure-Interaction SSI ، ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ١ : ١ - ‫ال‬ Direct Method ، ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ soil ‫ﻓﻰ‬ model ‫واﺣﺪ‬ . ٢ - ‫ال‬ Substructure Method ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Soil ‫ب‬ Springs ، ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Springs ‫إﻣﺎ‬ : ‫أ‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ Conventional ‫إﻧﺘﺸﺎرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ال‬ Raft ‫ﻟﻪ‬ Subgrade Modulus =Allowable B/C*3/Allowable Settlement ، ‫ال‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ Outer Subgrade Modulus ‫ب‬ ٣٠ % ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٤٠ % ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Pile Stiffness= Working Capacity/0.01*diameter of pile Sherif Saber
  • 33.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӵӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 34.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӵӻ ‫ب‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ P-Y ‫ﻟـﻜــﻞ‬ Pile ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺧــﺬ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺘـﻘــﻞ‬ Group Effect ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴـــﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Pile ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ Springs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫــﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻧــﻘــﻄــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛــــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Spring ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳـﺴـﺘــﻤــﺪ‬ P-Y curve ،‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟــﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﺳــﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫وﺿـــﻌــﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻨﺸـﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟــﺰال‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻛﻞ‬ Spring ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٨ . ‫ج‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ P-Y ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ Pile ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗــــﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ Group Effect ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻳﻀــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴــﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Pile ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ Springs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Spring ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘــﻤـﺪ‬ P-Y curve ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟــﻪ‬ Piles ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Soil ، ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Spring ‫ﻛﻤــﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٨ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 35.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӵӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 36.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 37.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӴ ‫د‬ - ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ Trail ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Conventional ، ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ردود‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫و‬ Soil ، ‫ال‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫و‬ Settlement ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ Raft ‫ال‬ ‫أو‬ Piles ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Stiffness ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋــﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺠــــﺪﻳﺪة‬ Settlement ،‫اﻟﺠــﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ Stiffness ‫ﻟﻞ‬ Springs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺴﺎب‬ ، ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ردود‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ Settlement ‫ف‬ ...... ‫ﺣــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛــﻞ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ Stiffness ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ Nonlinear ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ : ١ - ‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ Outer Subgrade Modulus ‫ب‬ ٣٠ % ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٤٠ % ‫ﻣـﺮات‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ Subgrade Modulus ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Plate Load Test ، ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ،‫ﻧﺤﺒﺬه‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 38.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӵ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮح‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ Midas ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ‬ Conventional ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬ Stiffness ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻟﻸﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ال‬ Trail ‫ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮا‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Structural Analysis ‫و‬ Geotechnical ‫ال‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻄﺒﻖ‬ Direct Method ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 39.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӶ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ rigid ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫و‬ Soft ، ،‫ﻣﺘﺴــﺎوى‬ ‫ﺷــﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒــﻮط‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟـــﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟــﺪا‬ ‫ﺟـــﺎﺳﻰء‬ ‫اﻷﺳـﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫وﻳﻜﻮن‬ Stress ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺮب‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫رﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫إﻻ‬ Stress ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ - ‫ال‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ Stiffness ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺰود‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ reaction ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Stress ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ Displacement ‫اﻷﻃـﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺗــﻘــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴــﺎوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒـﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﺤﺮف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‬ . ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Flexible ‫واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ Stiff ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴـﺎوى‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮزع‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﺄن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ Stiffness ‫اﻟﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﺤﺮف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 40.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӷ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫أﺣﺒﺬ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ Plate Load Test ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺎده‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ٦٠ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ Pressure Bulb ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ٣ * ٦٠ = ١٨٠ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ Real Pressure Bulb ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ Soil. Sherif Saber
  • 41.
  • 42.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ SHA. ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ PSHA ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ،‫ﺑﺈﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ Gutenberg-Richter Recurrance ، ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫و‬ Poisson ، ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ Gutenberg-Richter Recurrance ‫و‬ ،‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أو‬ Poisson ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أو‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ؟‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 43.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ SHA. ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ * ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬ : ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺪرس‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪوﺛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻘــﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ . * ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ : ‫ﻣـﻌـﻴﻦ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫دﻋــﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴــﺶ‬ ( ‫إ‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜـــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺣــﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ . * ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ Lamda ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ Lamda ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ Lamdas ،‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫رﻣﺰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ Lamda ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﻔﻰ‬ PDF ‫و‬ CDF ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬ ‫أﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ Lamda ‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 44.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ SHA. * ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ Size Uncertainty ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ PDF ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ Recurrence Laws ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫و‬ : - ١ Slip-Dependent Recurrence Law (PDF) 2- Bounded Gutenberg-Richter Recurrence Law (PDF) 3- Characteristic Earthquake Recurrence Law (PDF) ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫أﺷﻬﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ . ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ Temporal Uncertainty ‫وأﺷﻬﺮﻫﻢ‬ Poisson * ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ How big will the Earthquake be ‫؟‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ When will the Earthquake occur ‫؟‬ * ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‬ ‫إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ PSHA ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫و‬ DSHA Sherif Saber
  • 45.
  • 46.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮت‬ ASCE 7-05 ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ Uniform Hazard Approach ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫و‬ DE=2/3 MCE (2% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years) ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣﺮورا‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﻮاد‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮت‬ ASCE 7-16 ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺬى‬ Performance-based ‫ال‬ ‫او‬ Risk-targeted ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ R ‫ك‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ subscript ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰ‬ MCE ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
  • 47.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ١ % ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٥٠ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ - ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬ ٥٠٠٠ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ - ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ Risk-adjusted maximum considered earthquake ، ‫اﻟﺤﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ R ‫ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Risk Sherif Saber
  • 48.
  • 49.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӷӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرﺗﻴﻦ‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪث‬ Clause 20.2 ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮورة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ Site Response Analysis ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءات‬ ‫إﻻ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ Site Response Analysis ‫؟‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ PI ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰة‬ Liquefaction ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أم‬ ٣ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪ‬ ٢٠٫٣٫١ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻋﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻰ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 50.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӷӴ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ASCE 07-16 ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ال‬ Site Response Analysis ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Response ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﻟﺰال‬ Bed rock ، ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ Linear ‫وال‬ Nonlinear ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺟﻮد‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ PI ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪوث‬ ‫ﻓــﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـــﻘــﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫رﻣﻞ‬ ‫أﺻﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ Liquefaction ، ‫ﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 51.
  • 52.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӷӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ IBC ‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رؤﻳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻋﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ASCE 7 ، ‫اﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎر؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ American Society of Civil Engineers ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 53.
  • 54.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӷӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛـــﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﺧــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﺟــﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻳـﻤــﻜــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴــﺆال‬ Prof Steven L. Kramer 1996 ، ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ch3 ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ Strong Ground Motion ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ . ‫ال‬ Arias Intensity ‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬، ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫رﻗــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـﻬﺎﺋــﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘــﻴـﻤـﺔ‬ ‫اﺣــﻀـﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﻤـﻜــﻦ‬ ، ‫ﻣــﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٣٫١٧ ‫ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓــﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﺮف‬ ‫زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟـــﺪا‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Arias Intensity Curve ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ Arias ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ acceleration ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 55.
    ӷӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ GeotechnicalEarthquake Engineering Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
  • 56.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӷӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻐﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﻛﺘﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 57.
  • 58.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӷӹ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻰ‬ Lifeline Systems ‫؟‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ،‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Low Resilience ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ High Resilience ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ Lifeline systems ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ Resilience ‫؟‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Tsunami ‫وال‬ Seiche ‫؟‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 59.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӷӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ Steven L. Kramer 1.3.6 Lifeline Hazards A network of facilities that provide the services required for commerce and public health can be found in virtually any developed area. These networks, which include electrical power and telecommunications, transportation, water and sewage, oil and gas distribution, and waste storage systems, have collectively come to be known as lifelines. Lifeline systems may include power plants, transmission towers, and buried electrical cables, roads, bridges, harbors, and airports, water treatment facilities, reservoirs and elevated water tanks, and buried water distribution systems; liquid storage tanks and buried oil and gas pipelines; and municipal solid waste and hazardous waste landfills Sherif Saber
  • 60.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӷӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ Steven L. Kramer Lifeline systems and the facilities that comprise them provide services that many take for granted but which are essential in modern industrial areas. Lifeline failures not only have severe economic consequences but can also adversely affect the environment and quality of life following an earthquake. ‫ال‬ Resilience ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ . ‫ال‬ Seiche ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻛﺒﺤﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 61.
  • 62.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӷӼ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Bracketed Duration ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ Duration ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ Bracketed Duration ‫؟‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫أﺧﺮ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫أول‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ، ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ٠٫٠٥ g. Sherif Saber
  • 63.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ ӳ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟــﻘـ‬ ‫اﻷﺧــﺮى‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺟــﻬــﺰة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﻤــﻮﺟــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑـﻌــﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺮب‬ Accelerograph ‫ﻣﻮﺟ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻳﺎح‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ . ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺬف‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘــﻌـﻤـﻞ‬ ‫أﺣـﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫أﺧــﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻔـﻠـﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔــﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼﺗﺮ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫إﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 64.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ Ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤــﻮﺟــﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴــﻤــﺎح‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ low ‫ﻳﺴﻤــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺗـﻌــﺒﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ Low Pass ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ High ‫ﻳﺴﻤـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ High Pass ‫ل‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ Band ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ Band Pass ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ٠٫١ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬ . ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Band ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ Band Stop ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫او‬ Band Reject ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ Seismo Signal ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮق‬ ‫دى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻌﻤﻞ‬ : Butterworth, Chebyshev or Bessel Fillters Sherif Saber
  • 65.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
  • 66.
  • 67.
    Ӹ Ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬‫ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ acceleration ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Velocity ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Velocity ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ Displacement ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ velocity ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﺖ‬ displacement ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﺟــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬ Baseline Correction ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
  • 68.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ة‬ . ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬ . ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫أن‬ Accelrograph ‫ﺗﺴﻤــ‬ ‫ﻣــﻌــﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫أﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺠــﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠـﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻰ‬ Triggering Acceleration ، ‫ﺛﻘﻴﻠ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎرة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻠﻴﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤـــﺮك‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺧــﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻠــﻪ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪﻣــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺠــﻠﺔ‬ ‫رﺳــﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺤﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬ ‫رﺳـﻤ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫رﺳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ،‫اﻹزاﺣــﺔ‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ Time History ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺤﺢ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 69.
  • 70.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ Ӹ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ PEER ‫و‬ NGA-West 2 ‫و‬ NGA-East ‫؟‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬ GMPEs ‫؟‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ PEER=Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research center. NGAs=Next Generation Attenuation Relationships. West=Western US and other high to moderate seismicity area. NGA West1 was in 2008 Sherif Saber
  • 71.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ ӹ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ . ، NGA West2 was in 2013 and was published 2014. GMPE=Ground Motion Prediction Equation=Attenuation Equations. ‫ال‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ NGA ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Attenuation ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺮب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ NGA West 2 ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫زﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ NGA East ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ NGA Subduction Zones Sherif Saber
  • 72.
  • 73.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ Ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ Probablistic Seismic Hazard Analysis ، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻄﻠﻊ‬ Site Hazard Curve ‫ﺑــﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ PGA ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫او‬ Ss ‫ﺑــﺎل‬ ‫او‬ S1 ‫ﺑــــﺄى‬ ‫أو‬ Spectral acceleration ‫ﻷى‬ period ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤــﺎ‬ ١ ‫ﻟـــــــــــــﻪ‬ ‫أﻓــﻘـــﻰ‬ ‫ﺧــــﻂ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺪدﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ، Design Hazard Level ‫ﻣـــــﺜﻞ‬ ‫ال‬ Probablity of 10% exceedence in 50 years ، ‫ﻋﻨﺪى‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻄﻠﻊ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Uniform Hazard Spectrum-UHS- ‫ال‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ UHS ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ Time History ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺟــﺪا‬ ‫ﺧــﻄﻴﺮ‬ ‫زﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺟــﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧــﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻷﻓــﻀــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺷــﺪ‬ ‫اﻛــﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاء‬ ‫أﻛـﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﺰم‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ـﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ال‬ Period ‫ال‬ ‫وأﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ Response Spectrum ‫ال‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻰء‬ TH ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ RS ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ١ sec ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ٠٫٨٩ g ، ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 74.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Deaggregation ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺧــﺪه‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﻟــﺰال‬ ‫أى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ٢ ‫ﺷــﻐــﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻜﺘــﺸﻒ‬ ، PSHA ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃــﺒﻌــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻣــﺴــﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺜﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣــﺼـــﺪر‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻛـﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ Deaggregation ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻈــﻬــﺮ‬ Mean Magnitude ‫اﻟﻤﺴــﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒــﻌــﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻘــﻮﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄــــﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫ﻛﺎم‬ Standard Deviation ، ‫ﻫﺘﻠــﺎﻗـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ Mmean=7.03 ‫و‬ Rmean=12.2 Km ‫و‬ Epsilon=2.02. ‫ال‬ ‫رﺳـــﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟــﻮ‬ Deterministic Response Spectrum ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـــــﺎﻟﺘــﻌــﻮﻳــﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺒــﻴــﺎﻧــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻟـــﻬـــﺬه‬ Rx ‫و‬ Rrub ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ Rmean ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Mmean ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗــــﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏـــﻴﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻫـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ Rjb ‫ل‬ ‫ﻧﺼـــﻞ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺘﻰ‬ RS ‫ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻪ‬ ٠٫٨٩ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ١ sec ، ‫ﻫـــﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﺑــﻌــﺪ‬ ‫ﺛـــﻢ‬ ‫ال‬ mean RS ، ‫ﺣـﺮﻛﻨﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ two standard Deviation value - Epsilon- ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻄـــﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓــﻌــﻼ‬ ‫ﻫـــﻨﻼﻗﻰ‬ UHS ‫ﻧﻘﻄـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ ١ sec ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ٣ . Sherif Saber
  • 75.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӸ Ӽ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺎزاﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ M7 and R=12 Km ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٣ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑـــﻖ‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠـــﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ١ sec ، ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰال‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ . ‫ﻟﻠﺼـــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻧــﻈــﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ٤ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒــﻌـــﺪ‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨـــﺤــﻨﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺳﻨــﺠـــﺪ‬ ، mean ‫ﻣـــﺜﻼ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨـــﺘﻠــﻔــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺴــﺎﻓـــﺎت‬ ١٫٢ ‫و‬ ٢٫٣ ‫و‬ ١٫٤ ‫ﺿﻌـــــﻒ‬ ‫ال‬ standard deviation ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ٠٫٢٥ ‫و‬ ١ ‫و‬ ٢ sec ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴــﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻳﺠــﺎد‬ ‫ﺣــﺎوﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫و‬ Epsilon ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ١ sec ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻰ‬ ‫و‬ RS ‫ﻓﻘــﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟــــﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ Epsilon1sec ‫وال‬ Epsilon 2sec ، ‫اﻟﻌــﻼﻗــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠـــﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Scattered ‫ﻟــﻬــﺎ‬ mean ‫ﻟـﻬــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Standard deviation ، ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠــﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼــﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ﻋـــﻼﻗﺔ‬ Epsilon1sec ‫ب‬ Epsilon 0.2 sec ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ Scatter ‫ﺗﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺒﺮ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 76.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ ӳ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ Standard deviation ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ٠٫٧٥ . ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Baker ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢٠١١ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘــﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اﻳﺠـﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻷى‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Meu ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟـــﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟــﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Epsilon ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠــﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Meu ‫واﻧﺤــﺮاف‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎرى‬ Sigma ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ Epsilon ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﺑــﺘﺪاء‬ ‫ﻫـــــــﺬه‬ Deterministic RS ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺟـــﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎري‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺮاف‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ٨ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳـــﻂ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻌﻼ‬ ‫ﻫـــﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘـــﻂ‬ ‫اﻷﺣـــﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ Conditional Mean Spectrum ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ Baker ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ Standard deviation ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩ ‫ﻳﻈﻬــــﺮ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤـــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤـــﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓـــﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠـــﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫و‬ Sherif Saber
  • 77.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ Ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ Standard deviation ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ٠٫٧٥ . ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ Baker ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢٠١١ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻷى‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٧ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ، Meu ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ Epsilon ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴـــــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Epsilon ‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Meu ‫واﻧﺤــﺮاف‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎرى‬ Sigma ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ Epsilon ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاء‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ Deterministic RS ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﺟــﺒﻨﺎﻫــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎري‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺮاف‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٨ ‫ﻣــﺘﻮﺳــﻂ‬ ‫ﻓـﻌـﻼ‬ ‫ﻫــﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘـﻂ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷزرق‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ Conditional Mean Spectrum ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ Baker ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ Standard deviation ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫و‬ Sherif Saber
  • 78.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ ӵ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫أﺧﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻴﻦ‬ Actual Response Spectrum ‫وﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١٠ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ،‫اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ matching ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ mean ‫ال‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ standard deviation ، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬ matching ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ mean ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ Standard deviation ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١١ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫زﻻزل‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ return periods ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ . ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١٢ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ Conditional mean Spectrum ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﻠﻌﺖ‬ Collapse Fragility Curve ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫أﻗﻮى‬ ‫ال‬ RS ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ UHS ‫د‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‬ Baker ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮاب‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١٣ . Sherif Saber
  • 79.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ Ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫و‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ RS ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ Conditional Mean Spectrum ‫؟‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫أﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ Code Response Spectrum ‫إﻟﻰ‬ Time History ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة؟‬ Sherif Saber
  • 80.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ ӷ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ Conditional ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ Period ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ UHS ‫او‬ Code RS ‫و‬ mean ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ RS ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮط‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 81.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ Ӹ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
  • 82.
  • 83.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ Ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
  • 84.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ ӻ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
  • 85.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӹ Ӽ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
  • 86.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӳ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
  • 87.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӴ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Sherif Saber
  • 88.
  • 89.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӵ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١ ‫ﺑﺨـــﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻧــــﻔــﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫او‬ Wavefront ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣــﻔﻬـــﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤــﻮدﻳــﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷــﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـــﺬه‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ‬ impedence ، ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫و‬ One Dimension ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜـﻦ‬ ‫و‬ Three Dimension ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤـــﻮل‬ P- wave ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻳــﺴـــﺎر‬ ‫أﻗـــﺼــﻰ‬ refracted P-wave ‫و‬ reflected P-wave ‫إﻟــﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿـــﺎﻓـــﺔ‬ refracted SV-wave ‫و‬ reflected SV-wave ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻜﺲ‬ one-dimension ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻰ‬ refracted and reflected P-wave ،‫اﻟﺴﻄـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤــﻮدﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫داﺋــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟـﺰاوﻳــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ one incident + two refracted + two refected ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻮا‬ Snell ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ١ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫و‬ ٤ . ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ SH=Horizontal Shear ‫و‬ SV=Vertical Shear ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ SV- wave ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ refracted SV-wave ‫و‬ reflected SV-wave ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ refracted P-wave Sherif Saber
  • 90.
    ӺӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ GeotechnicalEarthquake Engineering ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ SH- wave ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٢ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ refracted SH-wave ‫و‬ reflected SH-wave ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ . ،‫ﻣﺎﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ١ - ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ Plaxis ‫و‬ Midas GTS-NX ‫؟‬ ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ SH ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬ P-wave ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber ©Eng. Sherif Saber
  • 91.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 92.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 93.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 94.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ : ١ – ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤـﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺪت‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼـــﻞ‬ wave velocity ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ sin i ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ Snell ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ i ‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑـــﻊ‬ ‫ﺧــﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﻌــﻤـﻮدى‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣــﻘــﺎﺳــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ . ٢ – ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﺟـــﺎﺑﺔ‬ ٢ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـــﺎ‬ ١ ‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻬـــﺎ‬ one-dimension ‫اﻷﺧـــﺮى‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠـــﺎﻫﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬــﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣـــﺞ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻴﺠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬ Deconvolution ‫أو‬ Convolution ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫او‬ Liquefaction ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺸﺘﻐﻞ‬ . ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻷن‬ SH ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻜﺲ‬ ،‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ،‫أﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ SV Sherif Saber
  • 95.
  • 96.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ال‬ Love-wave ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ،‫اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ y ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬ v ‫ﻣــﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻄــﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬ x ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻫــﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ horizontal shear - SH- ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٥ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ، Shear-wave ‫ﻣــﻌــﺎدﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟــﻌــﺎدﻳـﺔ‬ ٥٫٥٦ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٦ b ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗـــﻰ‬ ‫ﺣــﻠﻴــﺘﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟــــﻮ‬ amplitude ‫اﻟﻤــﻌـــﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛــﻤــﺎ‬ ٥٫٥٧ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٧ b. ‫ﺑﺎل‬ BC ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ٠ B2= ‫ﺗــﺴ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟــﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫ﻛــﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻀـﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ــﺎوى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ A1=B1 ، ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷن‬ ٢ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٥٩ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜــــﻮاﺑﺖ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨــــﺪام‬ displacement compatibility ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ stress equilibrium ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻌﺎدﻟــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤــﺼـﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﻄــﺒـﻘــﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﻦ‬ disp ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ . ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٦٤ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ VL Sherif Saber
  • 97.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӺӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ : ١ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ disp ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ٢ - ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬ Love-wave ‫؟‬ ٣ - ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ Love-wave ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ Shear-wave ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ Love-wave-velocity ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ Shear-wave –velocity ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 98.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӻӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 99.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӻӴ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 100.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӻӵ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 101.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӻӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١ - ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ Sinusoidally ، ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ Exponentially ٢ - ‫ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ . ٣ - ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ omega ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮى‬ omega ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ Vs ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ال‬ Vs ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ٣ Sherif Saber
  • 102.
  • 103.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӻӷ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻛـــﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﺧـــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﺟـــﺎﺑــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻳــﻤــﻜـــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴـــﺆال‬ Prof Steven L. Kramer 1996 ، ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ch5 ‫ﺑـــــﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺎص‬ Wave Propagation ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ : ‫ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أراد‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺻﻠﻨﺎ‬ D ٣ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ١ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻨﺎ‬ ، P-wave ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ Vp ، ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫و‬ S-wave ‫ال‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ Vs ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺤـــﻦ‬ Rayleigh wave ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺤــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟــﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫اﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺮﻛﺔ‬ x ‫و‬ z ‫داﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗـﻔﺎﺿﻞ‬ ‫ﻃـﺮح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺠــﻤـﻮع‬ ‫أﻧـﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﺑــﻔــﺮض‬ phi ‫و‬ psi ، ‫رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮل‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ - ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٣ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ ، y ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ . ‫ﺻــﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﺿــﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻮﺿﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮ‬ ٣ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤـﻌـﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ١ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺤﺼﻞ‬ ٥٫٣٨ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٨ b ، ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌــﺾ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 104.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӻӸ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ‬ ٥٫٣٩ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٩ b. ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ phi ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ psi ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ harmonic ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ omega ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ KR ، ‫ال‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋـــﺎرف‬ ‫أﻧــﺎ‬ ‫و‬ omega ‫و‬ KR ‫ال‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‬ VR ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ٢ ‫و‬ ٤ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻮض‬ ‫ﻧﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٩ a ‫و‬ ٥٫٣٩ b ،‫اﻟﺤـــﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻼﻗــــﻰ‬ ‫ال‬ phi ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ psi ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﺗﺤﻮﻟﻮا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٥ . ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫و‬ BC ، ‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ stress ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ sigma zz ‫أو‬ sigma xz ‫ﻣــﻌـــﺎدﻟﺘــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼــﻞ‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ A1 ‫و‬ A2 ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ ، ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ٦ ‫ﻧﺸﻴﻞ‬ ‫و‬ A1/A2 ، ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧــــﺤﺼﻞ‬ KR ‫و‬ q ‫و‬ s ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ q ‫و‬ s ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫دوال‬ KR ‫و‬ omega ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Vp ‫و‬ Vs ، ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ٥٫٥١ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ KRS ‫و‬ alpha ، ‫ﻣﻨﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘــﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫و‬ VR Sherif Saber
  • 105.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӻӹ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫رﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ VR ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ Vp ‫ب‬ Vs ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ Poisson Ratio ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٨ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻗﺮب‬ ‫ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫و‬ ، VR ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ال‬ Vs ، ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ VR ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ٠٫٩ * Vs ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أردت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬ u ‫و‬ w ، ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺳﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻢ‬ phi ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ psi ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ، ١٠ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ u ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ w ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎق‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ z ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ Poisson Ratio ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ Rayleigh wave ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
  • 106.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӻӺ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 107.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saberӻӻ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 108.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӻӼ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 109.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӼӳ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 110.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӼӴ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 111.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӼӵ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Sherif Saber
  • 112.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӼӶ ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺆال‬ Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ١١ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ R ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ focal depth h ‫و‬ Vp ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ VR Sherif Saber
  • 113.
    Like Our Page Facebook@ United for Engineering Services & Training Your Way To Success United Sherif Saber