QA in Civil Engineering 3
- 3. ال ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ إﻳﺠﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻰ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ،اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺧﻼل ﻣﻦ
Eeff
و
Eu
؟
أن إﺛﺒﺎت ﺗﻢ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ
Neu Undrained=0.5
،
ال ﻋﻼﻗﺔ إﺛﺒﺎت ﺗﻢ و
Eeff
ﺑﺎل
Eundrained
،
ﺗﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ و
إﻣــــﺎ اﻟﻨــﺴﺒــﺔ أﻟــﺖ و اﻟــﻌــﻼﻗــﺔ ﻧــﻔــﺲ وﺿــﻊ
إﻟﻰ
٠٫٨
أو
٠٫٧
اﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ اﻟﻜﻮد ﻳﻘﺘﺮح ﻛﻤﺎ
.
ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻣﻦ ،اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة
Prof Lee Fook Hou
،
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻣﻦ ،اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻮرة
PLAXIS
Ӵ ӵ
Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵ
- 4. ال ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ إﻳﺠﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻰ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ،اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺧﻼل ﻣﻦ
Eeff
و
Eu
؟
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
ال أن
Shear Resistance
&
Shear Modulus
ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻷن ،ﻣﺎء وﺟﻮد ﺑﺪون أو ﻣﺎء وﺟﻮد ﻣﻊ ﺳﻮاء ﻣﺘﺴﺎوى
ﻟﻪ
Shear Resistance
ال أن ﺑــﻤﺎ و
Shear Modulus
ﺑﺎل ﻋﻼﻗــﺔ ﻟــﻪ
E
ال ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ
Neu
،
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋــﻼﻗﺔ ﻫــﻨﺎك أﺻﺒﺤــﺖ
ال
E
ال ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ
Neu
ال ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ و
Undrained
ال ﺑﻴﻜﻮن
Delta Volumatric Strain = 0
،
ال أن ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ
٥
Neu Undrained=0.
Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵ
- 6. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Continental Drift.
Ӷ
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ
Continental Drift
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﺎم
Alfred Wegener
ﻋﺎم ﻓﻨﺠﺮ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ
١٩١٥
رﻗﻢ ﺻﻮرة
١
ﻗﻮﺑﻠﺖ ﻟﻜﻨﻬـــﺎ و ،
ﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ واﺣﺪة ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ أن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻮل و ،اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻦ اوﺳﺎط ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻓﺾ
Pangea
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٢
ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ ﺛﻢ ،
ﻣﺠــﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن و ﻟﺘﻨﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
Plates
،
ﺳﺒﻌــﺔ ﻳﻮﺟــﺪ وﺑﺎﻟـﻔـﻌــﻞ
Plates
ﻓــﻰ ﻛــﻤﺎ رﺋﻴﺴﻴــﺔ
ﺻﻮرة
٣
ﻗــﻤﺖ
اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن ﺑﺘﺮﻗﻴﻤﻬﻢ
-
ﻫﻢ و
:
Pacific, North America, Eurasian, South America, African, Indian-Australian and Antarctic Plates.
ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ و
Plates
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ
٣
-
اﻷزرق ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن ﺑﺘﺮﻗﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻗﻤﺖ
-
ﻫﻢ و ،
:
Juan de Fuca, Cocas, Carbian, Nazca, Scotia, Arabian, Philippine and Caroline Plates.
Sherif Saber
- 8. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Continental Drift.
Ӹ
ال ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻨﻰ اﻟــﻘـــﺎرات ﺣـــﺪود ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟـﺘﻄــﺎﺑــﻖ ﻫــﻮ اﻟﻨﻈـﺮﻳﺔ إﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ و
puzzles
أﻣﺮﻳﻜــــﺎ و إﻓﺮﻳﻘـــﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤــﺎل ﻫﻮ ﻛــﻤﺎ
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٤
.
اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء واﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن ﺳﺘﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ و
:
١
-
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻘﺎرات ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٥
.
٢
-
ال ﺣﺪود ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻘﺎط ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال أﻣﺎﻛﻦ أﻇﻬﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﻮ
Tectonic Plates
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٦
.
٣
-
اﻷزﻣـﻨﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻸرض اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﺗﺠﺎه أن ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ،اﻷرض ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ
-
اﻟﺸـﻤـﺎل ﻓــﻰ ﻳﻜــﻮن ﻣــﺮة
اﻟﺠﻨﻮب ﻓﻰ ﻣﺮة و
-
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ وﺟﺪﻧﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٧
ﺑﻌــﺮض اﻟﻌــﻤــﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺗﻘــﺮﻳﺒــﺎ اﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻄــﺎت ﻗــﺎع ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻓﻰ
٢٠
ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒــﺎ ﻛﻴﻠـﻮ
ا و اﻟﻴــﻤــﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻳــﻂ ﻫﺬا ﺑﺠــﻮار ،اﻟﺤــﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤــﻐــﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻲ اﻟﺸــﻤــﺎل اﺗﺠـﺎه ﻧﺎﺣـــﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻳـﻤﻴﻞ ﺣــﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد
ﻟﺸـ
ـﻤــﺎل
Sherif Saber
- 11. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Continental Drift.
ӻ
ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮب ﺛﻢ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎل أﻗﺪم ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴـﺴــﻲ اﻟﺠــﻨﻮب اﺗﺠـﺎه ﻧـﺎﺣـﻴﺔ ﻳﻤــﻴﻞ ﺣـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻬــﻤـﺎ اﻟﻌـﻤـﺮ ﻓــﻰ أﻗــﺪم ﺷـــﺮﻳﻄﻴﻦ
اﻟﺸــﻤــ ﻧﺤــﻮ اﻹﺗﺠــﺎه ﺑﻪ اﻟﺤــﺪﻳﺪ أﺧــﺬ اﻷرض ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻃﻠﻊ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻛﻞ أن ﻳﺪل و اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻳــﺘﻤــﺎﺷﻰ ﻫــﺬا و ،ﻫــﻜــﺬا و
ﺎل
ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻪ وﻗﺖ ﻓﻰ
.
٤
-
ال
Hot Spot
،
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٨
و
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٩
اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﻰ وﺟﺪﻧﺎ ،
Hot Spot
ﺟـﺰﻳﺮة ﺗﻜــﻮن ﻓــﻰ اﻟﺤــﺎل ﻫﻮ ﻛـﻤﺎ
Hawaii
،
ﻧـﻔــﺲ ﻋــﻨﺪ أﺧــﺮى أرض ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ و ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة أن وﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺛﻢ ،ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﻟﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺨﺮج ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻃﻮل ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻫﻰ و
ال
Hot Spot
ﻣــﺠﻤـﺎ ﻓﺘﻄـــﻠﻊ
Magma
ﺟــﺪﻳﺪة أرض ﺗﺄﻧﻰ و ﺗﺘﺤــﺮك ﺛﻢ ،أﺧﺮى ﺟــﺰﻳﺮة ﺗﻌﻤﻞ و
....
ﺟـــﺰﻳﺮة أﺧــﺮ ﺣـــﺪﺛﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻫﻜﺬا و
ﻫﻰ و
Hawaii
،
اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪل ﻫﺬا و
Drift
٥
-
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻷرض ﻷﻟﻮاح ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ اﻷرض ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ و اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
١٠
.
Sherif Saber
- 14. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Continental Drift.
ӴӴ
ﺣــﺘﻰ اﻟﻤـﺤﻴـﻄــﺎت ﻗــﺎع ﻓــﻰ ﺗﺒﺎﻋـــﺪا اﻷﻟـــــﻮاح ﺣﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ أدى اﻟﺬى ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ و ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻜﻦ و ،ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ أﻗﺮب اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ إذا
ﻳــﺴﻤــﻰ ﻣــﺎ ﺣــﺪوث ﻫــﻮ اﻟـﻌـﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻻ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ،ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺎع ﺗﻜﻮن و اﻟﻔﺮاغ ﺗﺴﺪ و ﺗﺒﺮد و اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺎ ﺗﺨﺮج
ﺑﺎل
Convection Cells
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
١١
ﺑﻴﻄﻠــﻊ ﻳﺴــﺨــﻦ ﻋــﻨﺪﻣـﺎ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء أن ﺣﻴﺚ ،اﻟﻤﺎء ﻏﻠﻴﺎن ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻫﻰ و
إﻟﻰ ﺗﺆدى داﺋﺮة ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺗﺎﻧﻰ ﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﺖ ﺑﺮد اﻟﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻴﻨﺰل ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﺎء ﻳﻄﻠﻊ و ،ﻳﺒﺮد ﻟﻔﻮق
ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ
Divergence
ﺗﻘﺎرب و ،أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻓﻰ
Convergence
اﻧــﺰﻻق ﻣﺠــﺮد ﺣــﺘﻰ او ، أﺧـــﺮى أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻓﻰ
Transform Boundaries
ﺑﻴﻦ
ال
Plates
،
ﻗﻮى ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ و
Convection Forces
و دوارﻧﻴﺔ
Ridge Push
ال ﻋﻨﺪ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ
Divergent Boundary
و
Slab Pull
ﺗﺤﺖ
Subduction Zones
اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﺗﺘﻜﻮن و
:
Sherif Saber
- 15. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Continental Drift.
Ӵӵ
١
-
ال ذﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﻤﻰ اﻷﻟﻮاح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
Divergent Boundaries
،
أ
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Oceanic Spreading Ridge
ب
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻘﺎرات ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Rift Valley
٢
-
ال ذﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﻤﻰ اﻷﻟﻮاح ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
Convergent Boundaries
،
أ
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Mid-Ocean Trench
ب
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻘﺎرات ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Big Mountain Ranges
ج
-
ال ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ اﻟﻘﺎري ﺗﺤﺖ ﻳﻨﺰل اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻓﺄن ،ﻗﺎري اﻷﺧﺮ و ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ أﺣﺪﻫﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Subduction Zone.
ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺆال
:
اﻷﻟﻮاح؟ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ و ﺗﻘﺎرب ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﺎل اذﻛﺮ
Sherif Saber
- 17. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Continental Drift.
Ӵӷ
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
١
-
ال ذﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﻤﻰ اﻷﻟﻮاح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
Divergent Boundaries
،
أ
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Oceanic Spreading Ridge
ﻣﺜﻞ
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
ب
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻘﺎرات ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Rift Valley
ﻣﺜﻞ
East African Rift Valley
اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﺮورا
ج
-
ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺶ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ دا و ،ﻗﺎري اﻷﺧﺮ و ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ أﺣﺪﻫﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
.
٢
-
ال ذﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﻤﻰ اﻷﻟﻮاح ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
Convergent Boundaries
،
أ
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Mid-Ocean Trench
ال ﻣﺜﻞ
Marianas Trench
ب
-
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻘﺎرات ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Big Mountain Ranges
ال ﺟﺒﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ
Himalayas
Sherif Saber
- 18. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Continental Drift.
ӴӸ
ج
-
ال ﻣﻜـــﻮﻧﺎ اﻟــﻘــﺎري ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻳﻨــﺰل اﻟﻤﺤــﻴﻄﻲ ﻓــﺄن ،ﻗــﺎري اﻷﺧــﺮ و ﻣﺤﻴﻄــﻰ أﺣﺪﻫــﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Subduction Zone
ﻣــﺜﻞ
ال
Cascadia Subduction Zone
ﻓﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻧﻈﺮت ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺼﻔــﺔ و
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٣
ال ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ
Divergent
اﻷﻟــﻮاح ﻣـﻊ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ و اﻟﺸـﻤـﺎﻟﻴﺔ أﻣـﺮﻳﻜـﺎ ﻏــﺮب ﻓﻰ
ال اﻟﻠﻮح و ،اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة
Eurasian
ال ﺑﻌـﺾ ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ ،اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ و اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺪوده ﻣﻊ ﻣﻊ
Plates
ال ﻣـﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﻐـﻴﺮة
Caribbean
ال و
Caroline
ب ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ
Convergent
اﻷﻟﻮاح ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ و
Divergent
ﻣﻜﺎن ﻛﺎم ﻣﺎﻋﺪا
Transform
ﻳﻤﻴﻦ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺳﺘﺠﺪﻫﻢ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٣
Sherif Saber
- 22. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
.
Ӵӻ
ﻧﻮﻋﺎن اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻣﺼﺎدر أﺷﻬﺮ
:
١
-
ال
Crustal Fault Types
،
ال داﺧﻞ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ و
Crust
،
ال ﺣﺪود ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ و
Tectonic Plates
،
ﻫﻢ و
:
أ
-
ال
Strike-Slip Fault
،
ال اﺗﺠﺎه ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻜـــﻮن و
Strike
ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ و
Right-lateral
و
Left-lateral
،
ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺘــﻪ ﻏــﺎﻟﺒﺎ
٨٠
ل
٩٠
ﻣﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ
San Andreas fault
و ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ
North Anatolian Fault
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ
ب
-
ال
Normal Fault
،
ال اﺗﺠــﺎه ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن و
Dip
،
ﻣﻦ زاوﻳــﺔ ﺑﻴــﻌــﻤــﻞ و ،ﻧــﺎدر ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺸــﺪ ﻣــﻦ ﻳﺘﻜــﻮن
٥٠
ل
٧٥
،درﺟﺔ
ﺿﻤﻦ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ
Graben
ج
-
ال
Reverse Fault
،
ال اﺗﺠﺎه ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن و
Dip
،
ال ﻓـﻰ ﺷﻴﻮﻋـﺎ اﻷﻛــﺜﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن
Crustal
اﻷﻛــﺜﺮ و
ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻌﻤﻞ و ،ﻗﻮة
١٠
ل
٥٥
ال زاوﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ و ،درﺟﺔ
Dip
ﺧﻄﻮرﺗﻪ ﺗﺸﺘﺪ و ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺣﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺆدى ﺻﻐﻴﺮة
Sherif Saber
- 23. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
.
ӴӼ
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ و
Thrust Fault
أورﺑﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻷﻟﺐ ﻟﺠﺒﺎل اﻟﻤﻜﻮن ﻣﺜﻞ
.
د
-
ال
Oblique Fault
ال ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ و
Strike
ال و
Dip-slip
٢
-
ال
Subduction Zones
،
ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻫﻮ و
Two plates
ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
Plate
ﺗﺤﺖ
Plate
ﺑﻪ ﻳﺤﺪث و ، أﺧﺮ
اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ
Interplate and Intraplate
اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ
ال ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻣﺎ
interplate and Interaplate Subduction Events
؟
ﺗﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﻰ اﻟﺰﻻزل إﺳﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ
Interplate
ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻰ و
Tsunamis
؟
ال ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺮق ﻛﻴﻒ
Right- and Left-lateral Strike-slip fault
؟
Sherif Saber
- 24. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
.
ӵӳ
١
-
ال ﺑــﻴـﻦ اﻟــﻔـــﺮق
Interplate
ال و
Interaplate Subduction Event
،
ال أن
Interplate
ﺑـــﻴـﻦ اﻟــﺘــﺼــﺎدم ﻣـﻜــﺎن ﻋــﻨـــــــــــﺪ ﺑـﺘـﺤـﺼــﻞ
ال
Two Tectonic Plates
،
ال أﻣﺎ
Interaplate
ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﺪى
Plate
ﺑﻴﺤــــــــﺪث ﻟﺘﺤﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﺰل ﻟﻤﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ،ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺖ ﻧﺰل اﻟﻠﻰ
زﻻزل إﻟﻰ ﺗﺆدى ﺷﺮوخ إﻟﻰ ﻳﺆدى ﻗﺪ إﻧﺜﻨﺎء ﻟﻪ
.
٢
-
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ
Mega thrust
،
ال ﺷﺒﻪ أﻧﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻞ و
Thrust
ﻫﻮ اﻟﻠﻰ
Reverse Fault with Small angle
،
و
Mega
ﺟﺪا ﺿﺨﻢ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ
.
٣
-
ال ﻃﺮﻓﻲ اﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ وﻗﻔﺖ ﻟﻮ
Fault
ﻳﺴﻤ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ذراﻋﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺤﺮك ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ ،اﻷﺧﺮ اﻟﻄﺮف ﺣﺮﻛﺔ راﻗﺒﺖ و اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء
ﻰ
Right-Lateral Strike Slip Fault
،
و
Left
اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ذراﻋﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺤﺮك ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
.
Sherif Saber
- 28. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ
Directivity
؟
ال ﻣﺎﻫﻰ و
Directionality
؟
ӵӶ
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
ال
Directivity
ال ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﻫﻰ
Fault
ﻳـــﺆدى ﻫﻮ و ،ﻣﻌﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎه ﻓﻰ
ﺣﺪوث إﻟﻰ
Fling Pulse
ال ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
Pulses
ﻧﻔﺲ ﻓﻰ رأﺳﻴﺎ
ال ﺗﺘﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ و ،اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺑﺘﺎع اﻹﺗﺠﺎه
Pulses
ﻛﻤﺎ أﻓﻘﻴﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮر ﻓﻰ
.
ال
Directionality
ال ﺣﺪوث اﺗﺠﺎه ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﻰ
Directivity
اﺗﺠـــﺎه ﻣﻊ
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر
.
Sherif Saber
- 29. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ
Directivity
؟
ال ﻣﺎﻫﻰ و
Directionality
؟
ӵӷ
Rupture generally progresses across a fault as a series of dislocations (some multiple-event earthquakes can be thought
of as a series of small earthquakes that occur in close spatial and temporal proximity). Small earthquakes can be
modeled as point processes since their rupture surfaces usually span only a few kilometers. Large earthquakes,
however, can rupture over distances of tens, or even hundreds, of kilometers, and the nature of ground shaking can be
influenced by the characteristics of the rupture process.
For example, waves emanate from the fault with different strengths in different directions; such directivity effects can
produce azimuthal differences in ground motion characteristics (Benioff, 1955; Ben-Menachem, 1961).
Constructive interference of waves produced by successive dislocations can produce strong pulses of large displacement
Sherif Saber
- 30. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ
Directivity
؟
ال ﻣﺎﻫﻰ و
Directionality
؟
ӵӸ
called fling (Figure 2.23) at nearby sites toward which the rupture is progressing (Benioff, 1955; Singh, 1985).
Sherif Saber
- 32. ©Eng. Sherif Saber
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Soil.
ӵӹ
ال ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ أﺧﺬ
Soil-Structure-Interaction SSI
،
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك
١
:
١
-
ال
Direct Method
،
ال و اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و
soil
ﻓﻰ
model
واﺣﺪ
.
٢
-
ال
Substructure Method
،
ال ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ و ،ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و
Soil
ب
Springs
،
ﻫﺬه ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ و
ال
Springs
إﻣﺎ
:
أ
-
ال ﺗﺴﻤﻰ و ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ
Conventional
إﻧﺘﺸﺎرا اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﻰ و
-
ال
Raft
ﻟﻪ
Subgrade Modulus =Allowable B/C*3/Allowable Settlement
،
ال زﻳﺎدة ﻣﻊ
Outer Subgrade Modulus
ب
٣٠
%
إﻟﻰ
٤٠
%
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺮات ﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ زﻳﺎدﺗﻪ و ،اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٥
و
ال
Pile Stiffness= Working Capacity/0.01*diameter of pile
Sherif Saber
- 34. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӻ
ب
-
ال ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ
P-Y
ﻟـﻜــﻞ
Pile
ال ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ أﺧــﺬ دون ﻣﺴــﺘـﻘــﻞ
Group Effect
ﻓــﻰ ﻛــﻤﺎ
اﻟﺼــﻮرة
٦
ال ﺗﻘﺴﻴـــﻢ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ و ،
Pile
وﺿﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ و ﻗﻄﻊ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ
Springs
ال ﻫــﺬا و ،ﻧــﻘــﻄــﺔ ﻛــــــﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ
Spring
ال ﻳـﺴـﺘــﻤــﺪ
P-Y curve
،اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄــﺔ اﻟــﺘﺮﺑــﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟــﻪ
ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻻت
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٧
ﻋﻨﺪ أﺳــﻔﻞ ﻣــﻦ وﺿـــﻌــﻪ او اﻷﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓــﻰ اﻟﻤــﻨﺸـﺄ ﻋﻠـــﻰ اﻟﺰﻟــﺰال وﺿﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و ،
ﻛﻞ
Spring
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﺻﻮرة
٨
.
ج
-
ال ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ
P-Y
ﻟﻜﻞ
Pile
ال ﺗــــﺄﺛﻴﺮ أﺧﺬ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ
Group Effect
ﻓﻰ ﻛــﻤﺎ أﻳﻀــﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٦
ال ﺗﻘﺴــﻴﻢ ﻳﺘــﻢ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ و ،
Pile
وﺿﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ و ﻗﻄﻊ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ
Springs
ال ﻫﺬا و ،ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ
Spring
ال ﻳﺴﺘــﻤـﺪ
P-Y curve
ال ﺣــﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟــﻪ
Piles
ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌــﺔ
ﺑﺎل ﺧﺎص أﺧﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻰ
Soil
،
ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻌﻪ او اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال وﺿﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و
Spring
ﻛﻤــﺎ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻰ
٨
.
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Soil.
Sherif Saber
- 37. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӴ
د
-
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ
Trail
ال ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و
Conventional
،
ﻟﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻰ وﺿﻌﻬﺎ و اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ردود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل و
Soil
،
ال اﻳﺠﺎد و
Settlement
ﻟﻞ ﺳﻮاء
Raft
ال أو
Piles
،
ال ﺣﺴﺎب ﺛﻢ ﻣﻦ و
Stiffness
ال ﻋــﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺠــــﺪﻳﺪة
Settlement
،اﻟﺠــﺪﻳﺪة
ال ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ
Stiffness
ﻟﻞ
Springs
ال ﻓﺤﺴﺎب ، اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ردود ﺣﺴﺎب ﺛﻢ ،ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ
Settlement
ف
......
ﺣــﻤﻞ ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ ﻛــﻞ ﻷن ذﻟﻚ و ،
ﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ
Stiffness
اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻷن ،ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
Nonlinear
ﻫﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ
:
١
-
ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻤﺎذا
Outer Subgrade Modulus
ب
٣٠
%
إﻟﻰ
٤٠
%
ﻣـﺮات ﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ زﻳﺎدﺗﻪ و ،اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ
اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ؟ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ
٢
-
ال إﻳﺠﺎد ﻃﺮق أﺣﺪ
Subgrade Modulus
،
ال ﻫﻮ
Plate Load Test
،
ﻟﻤﺎذا؟ ،ﻧﺤﺒﺬه ﻻ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ و
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Soil.
Sherif Saber
- 38. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӵ
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ
١
-
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻨﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮح ﻣﻌﻈﻢ و اﻟﺼﻮر
Midas
٢
-
ال اﻟﻄﺮق اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ
Conventional
ال ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ
Stiffness
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام و ، ﻟﻸﻃﺮاف
ال
Trail
ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮا ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ وﺟﻮد و اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ أﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﻊ و ،اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻓﻰ
Structural Analysis
و
Geotechnical
ال ﺳﻴﻄﺒﻖ
Direct Method
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Soil.
Sherif Saber
- 39. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӶ
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
١
-
اﻷﺳﺎس ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
rigid
اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و
Soft
،
،ﻣﺘﺴــﺎوى ﺷــﺒﻪ ﻳﻜـــﻮن ﻻزم اﻟﻬﺒــﻮط أن ﻟـــﺪرﺟﺔ ﺟــﺪا ﺟـــﺎﺳﻰء اﻷﺳـﺎس اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ
ال وﻳﻜﻮن
Stress
ﻛﺒﻴﺮ اﻷﻃﺮاف ﻓﻰ
-
ال ﻓﻴﻘﻞ اﻷﺟﻨﺎب ﻣﻦ ﻳﻬﺮب ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻣﻞ رﻣﻞ ﻛﺎن إذا إﻻ
Stress
اﻷﺟﻨﺎب ﻓﻰ
-
ال زﻳﺎدة
Stiffness
ال ﺑﺘﺰود اﻷﻃﺮاف ﻓﻰ
reaction
ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ اﻷﻃﺮاف ﻓﻰ
Stress
ال ﻳﻜﻮن و ، أﻛﺜﺮ
Displacement
اﻷﻃـﺮاف ﻓــﻰ ﺗــﻘــﻞ ﻣﺘﺴــﺎوﻳﺔ ﺷﺒـﻪ
اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ و ،اﻟﺒﺎء ﻛﺤﺮف أو ﻛﺎﻟﻄﺒﻖ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ
.
اﻷﺳﺎس ﻛﺎن ﻟﻮ
Flexible
واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
Stiff
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴـﺎوى اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ﻳﺘﻮزع ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ و ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻬﺒﻮط ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﺄن
ال زﻳﺎدة ،ﺗﺤﺖ
Stiffness
اﻟﺸﻜــﻞ ﻓﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻬﺒﻮط ﻳﻜﻮن و ﻳﻬﺒﻂ ﻓﻼ اﻷﻃﺮاف ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎس ﺗﺜﺒﺖ اﻷﻃﺮاف ﻓﻰ
اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ و ،اﻟﻨﻮن ﻛﺤﺮف أو ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ
.
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Soil.
Sherif Saber
- 40. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӷ
٢
-
ال أﺣﺒﺬ ﻻ
Plate Load Test
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ أﺑﻌﺎده ﻷن
٦٠
ال ﺗﻜﻮن و ﺳﻢ
Pressure Bulb
ﺗﺴﺎوى
٣
*
٦٠
=
١٨٠
ﻫﻰ و ﺳﻢ
ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻻ
Real Pressure Bulb
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
Soil.
Sherif Saber
- 42. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӸ
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
SHA.
ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻘﻮم ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
PSHA
،
ال ﻫﻮ اﻷول ،ﺑﺈﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ
Gutenberg-Richter Recurrance
،
ﻫﻮ اﻷﺧﺮ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل و
Poisson
،
ﻃﺒﻌﺎ
Gutenberg-Richter Recurrance
و ،أﺧﺮى أﻧﻮاع أو
Poisson
أﺧﺮى أﻧﻮاع أو
.
اﻟﺴﺆال
اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ؟ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻣﺎ
Sherif Saber
- 43. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӹ
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
SHA.
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
*
اﻷول اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ
:
ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺪرس اﻟﺬى اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﺣﺪوث اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﻮ
-
ﻣ ﺣــﺪوﺛﻪ ﻣـﺮات ﻋﺪد
ﻘــﺎرﻧﺔ
ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ و ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻻزل ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ
.
*
اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل
:
ﻣـﻌـﻴﻦ زﻣــﻦ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻧﻔﺲ ﺣﺪوث اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﻮ
)
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ دﻋــﻮة ﻣﻠﻴــﺶ
(
إ ﻫــﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﻜـــﻦ و ،
ﺣــﺘﻤﺎل
ﺳﻨﺔ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺸﺮه ﻣﻦ أﻗﻞ أو اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻋﺸﺮ ﺣﺪوث
.
*
ﺑﺎل ﺑﺪأ اﻷول اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن ﻻﺣﻆ
Lamda
ال ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ
Lamda
ال ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻟﻬﺬا
Lamdas
،اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ
رﻣﺰ أن ﺣﺘﻰ
Lamda
ال ﻣﻦ أﺧﺘﻔﻰ
PDF
و
CDF
اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
.
ال ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ أﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن ﻻﺣﻆ و
Lamda
واﻟﺰﻣﻦ
.
Sherif Saber
- 44. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӺ
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال
SHA.
*
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻷول اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن ﻻﺣﻆ
Size Uncertainty
ال ﻓﻴﻪ وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم
PDF
ال ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺬى
Recurrence Laws
ﻣﻨﻬﻢ و
:
-
١ Slip-Dependent Recurrence Law (PDF)
2- Bounded Gutenberg-Richter Recurrence Law (PDF)
3- Characteristic Earthquake Recurrence Law (PDF)
اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ أﺷﻬﺮﻫﻢ و
.
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن ﻻﺣﻆ و
Temporal Uncertainty
وأﺷﻬﺮﻫﻢ
Poisson
*
ﻳﻘﻴﺲ اﻷول اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن ﻻﺣﻆ
How big will the Earthquake be
؟
ﻳﻘﻴﺲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن ﻻﺣﻆ و
When will the Earthquake occur
؟
*
ﻣﻌﻨﺎه إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت وﺟﻮد ﻻﺣﻆ
PSHA
ﻟﻴﺲ و
DSHA
Sherif Saber
- 46. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӻ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ASCE 07-16
اﻟﻜﻮد ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮت
ASCE 7-05
ال ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺘﻰ
Uniform Hazard Approach
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ و
DE=2/3 MCE (2% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years)
ب ﻣﺮورا ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﻛﻮاد إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮت
ASCE 7-16
ال ﻓﻜﺮ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ واﻟﺬى
Performance-based
ال او
Risk-targeted
اﻟﺴﺆال
اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ و اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ؟ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻫﻮ ﻓﻤﺎ
R
ك اﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺬى
subscript
ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰ
MCE
؟
Sherif Saber
- 47. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӼ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ASCE 07-16
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ زﻟﺰال
١
%
ال ﻓﻰ
٥٠
ﺳﻨﺔ
-
ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﺎج ﻳﻨﻬﺎر ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻳﺒﻘﻰ
٥٠٠٠
ﺳﻨﺔ
-
ﻫﻮ و ،
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ
Risk-adjusted maximum considered earthquake
،
اﻟﺤﺮف ﻳﻜﻮن و
R
ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻫﻮ
Risk
Sherif Saber
- 49. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӳ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ASCE 07-16
ﻫﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ و ،اﻟﻜﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرﺗﻴﻦ
:
١
-
ال ﻳﺘﺤﺪث
Clause 20.2
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺿﺮورة ﻋﻦ
Site Response Analysis
ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءات إﻻ
.
ال ﻫﻮ ﻓﻤﺎ
Site Response Analysis
؟
٢
-
ال ﻗﻴﻤﺔ زﻳﺎدة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
PI
ال ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻴﺰة
Liquefaction
اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻓﻰ أم
٣
ﻓﻰ
ﺑﻨﺪ
٢٠٫٣٫١
ﺗﻐﻴﺮ؟ اﻟﺬى ﻓﻤﺎ ،ﻋﻴﺐ ﻓﻬﻰ
Sherif Saber
- 50. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӴ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ASCE 07-16
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
١
-
ال
Site Response Analysis
،
ال ﺣﺴﺎب ﻫﻮ
Response
ال ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺰﻟﺰال
Bed rock
،
ﻓﻰ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ و
ال ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ
Linear
وال
Nonlinear
٢
-
ال ﻓﻮﺟﻮد ،اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﻮع ﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺬى
PI
ال ﺣـــﺪوث ﻓــﺮﺻﺔ ﺗـــﻘــﻠﻞ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪل رﻣﻞ أﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ
Liquefaction
،
ﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻫﻨﺎ أﻣﺎ
.
Sherif Saber
- 52. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӵ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ال ﻓﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻻزل اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ أن ﻳﻈﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ
IBC
ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻨﺎك أن اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ و واﺣﺪة ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ رؤﻳﺘﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
اﻟﺴﺆال
ال ﻣﺎﻋﺪا اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﻛﻞ أن ﺑﻤﺎ
ASCE 7
،
اﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎر؟ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻤﺎ
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
American Society of Civil Engineers
اﻟﻤ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ
ﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ
.
Sherif Saber
- 54. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӶ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
ﻛـــﺘﺎب ﺧــﻼل ﻣﻦ ﻋــﻠﻴﻪ اﻹﺟــﺎﺑﺔ ﻳـﻤــﻜــﻦ اﻟﺴــﺆال
Prof Steven L. Kramer 1996
،
ﻣــﻦ
ch3
ﺑﺎل اﻟﺨﺎص
Strong Ground Motion
و
اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات ﻣﺠﺎل ﻓﻰ ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﺬى و اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮس اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﺬى
.
ال
Arias Intensity
ﻗﻴﻤ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ و اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻫﻮ و، اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻋﻦ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻫﻮ
رﻗــــﻢ ﻪ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ واﺣﺪة ﻣﺮة ﻟـﻪ اﻟﻨـﻬﺎﺋــﻴﺔ اﻟﻘــﻴـﻤـﺔ اﺣــﻀـﺎر ﻳﻤـﻜــﻦ ، ﻣــﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ
٣٫١٧
ﻛـﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻄﺒﻘﻬﺎ أو ،اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻓــﺘﺮة
ﻳﻜﻮ أن ﻻﺑﺪ ،ﻣﻮﺟﻮد أﺧﺮ زﻟﺰال ﻣﻦ زﻟﺰال ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻫﻰ و ،اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎه اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻨﻌﺮف زﻣﻨﻴﺔ
ﺟـــﺪا ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ن
ال اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻰ
Arias Intensity Curve
اﻟﺴﺆال
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺠﺄ ﻟﻤﺎذا
Arias
ال ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ إﻟﻰ
acceleration
اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ؟ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ
Sherif Saber
- 56. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӸ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
ﺳﻴﻜﻮن و اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﻴﻠﻐﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ أن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ أﺧﺬ ﺑﺪون أو ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺑﺪون ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻮ ﻷن
ﻳﻘﺘﺮب اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ
اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ إﻛﺘﺴﺎب ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻟﻦ و ،اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ
.
Sherif Saber
- 58. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӹ
اﻟﺴﺆال
١
-
ال ﻣﺎﻫﻰ
Lifeline Systems
؟
ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ،اﻟﺰﻟﺰال أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺘﺪﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻫﻰ و
Low Resilience
ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ و
High Resilience
ﻟﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
Lifeline systems
،
ال ﻫﻮ ﻓﻤﺎ
Resilience
؟
٢
-
ال ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻣﺎ
Tsunami
وال
Seiche
؟
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
- 59. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӺ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
Steven L. Kramer
1.3.6 Lifeline Hazards
A network of facilities that provide the services required for commerce and public health can be found in virtually
any developed area. These networks, which include electrical power and telecommunications, transportation, water
and sewage, oil and gas distribution, and waste storage systems, have collectively come to be known as lifelines.
Lifeline systems may include power plants, transmission towers, and buried electrical cables, roads, bridges, harbors,
and airports, water treatment facilities, reservoirs and elevated water tanks, and buried water distribution systems;
liquid storage tanks and buried oil and gas pipelines; and municipal solid waste and hazardous waste landfills
Sherif Saber
- 60. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӻ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
Steven L. Kramer
Lifeline systems and the facilities that comprise them provide services that many take for granted but which are
essential in modern industrial areas. Lifeline failures not only have severe economic consequences but can also
adversely affect the environment and quality of life following an earthquake.
ال
Resilience
ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻫﻮ
.
ال
Seiche
ﻣﺤﻴﻄﺎت أو ﺑﺤﺎر ﻓﻰ ﻓﻴﺤﺪث اﻟﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻰ أﻣﺎ ،ﻛﺒﺤﻴﺮة ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻳﺤﺪث
.
Sherif Saber
- 62. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӼ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
اﻟﺴﺆال
ال ﻫﻮ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ
Bracketed Duration
ال ﻋﻦ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﻫﻰ
Duration
اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ
.
ال ﻫﻮ ﻓﻤﺎ
Bracketed Duration
؟
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
ﺗ اﺣﺪاﺛﻰ أﺧﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻟﻠﻌﺠﻠﺔ إﺣﺪاﺛﻰ أول ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ
ﺠﺎوز
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ، أﺧﺮى ﻗﻴﻤﺔ أو اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ
٠٫٠٥
g.
Sherif Saber
- 63. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
ӳ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ﺑﺎﻟــﻘـ اﻷﺧــﺮى ﻓــﻰ اﻷﺟــﻬــﺰة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠــﺔ اﻟــﻤــﻮﺟــﺎت ﺑـﻌــﺾ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻗﺪ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ أﺛﻨﺎء
ال ﻣــﻦ ﺮب
Accelerograph
ﻣﻮﺟ ﻫﻰ و ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺪر أو ﻛﺮﻳﺎح ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ و ،ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺮدد ذات ﻫﻰ و
ﺎت
ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺗﺮدد ذات
.
اﻟﺘﺮدد ذات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت و ،ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻔﻠﺘﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮدد ذات اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﻓﻠﺘﺮة ﻳﺘﻢ
ذات اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﻟﺤﺬف واﺣﺪ ﻓﻠﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﺘــﻌـﻤـﻞ أﺣـﻴﺎﻧﺎ و ،أﺧــﺮ ﺑﻔـﻠـﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔــﺾ
اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺘﺮدد ذات و اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮدد
.
اﻟﺴﺆال
اﻟﻔﻼﺗﺮ؟ ﻫﺬه إﺳﻢ ﻣﺎ
Sherif Saber
- 64. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
Ӵ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
ال ﻟﻠﻤــﻮﺟــﺎت اﻟﺴــﻤــﺎح ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺮدد ذات اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت
low
ﻳﺴﻤــﻰ ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺗـﻌــﺒﺮ ان
Low Pass
ال ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺘﺮدد ذات اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت
High
ﻳﺴﻤـــﻰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ان
High Pass
ل اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻠﺘﺮﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺘﺮدد ذات و اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺮدد ذات اﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت
Band
اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــــﺎت
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺗﻌﺒﺮ أن اﻷﺧﺮى
Band Pass
ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻫﻰ و
٠٫١
إﻟﻰ
٢٥
ﻫﺮﺗﺰ
.
ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻋﺎﻳﺰ ﻟﻮ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ و
Band
ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﻣﻦ
Band Stop
أﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ او
Band Reject
ال ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ
Seismo Signal
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻄﺮق دى اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت ﺑﻴﻌﻤﻞ
:
Butterworth, Chebyshev or Bessel Fillters
Sherif Saber
- 67. Ӹ
Ӷ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ال ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
acceleration
ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻰ
Velocity
،
ال ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ و
Velocity
ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ
Displacement
ال أن اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻻﺣﻆ ﻟﻜﻦ
velocity
ال و ، ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻟﺖ
displacement
و اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟــــﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻟﺖ
اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻫﺬا
ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﺤﺘﺎج
Baseline Correction
ﻟﻬﺬا
.
اﻟﺴﺆال
ﻟﻤﺎذا؟ و ﺧﻄﺄ؟ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻞ
Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
- 68. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
ӷ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ة
.
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
ﺧﻄﺄ ﻧﻌﻢ
.
اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻋﺠﻠﺔ رﺻﺪ أﺟﻬﺰة أن
Accelrograph
ﺗﺴﻤــ ﻣــﻌــﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ ﻣــﻦ أﻗــﻞ ﻋﺠــﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺠـﻞ أﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ
ال ﻰ
Triggering Acceleration
،
ﺛﻘﻴﻠ ﺳﻴﺎرة ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻻ و ،اﻟﻤﻠﻴﺎن و اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻻ ﺣﺘﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ده و
ﺗﺘﺤـــﺮك ﺔ
ﻓ ﺧــﻄﺄ ﻳﺤــﺪث ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻠــﻪ ﻋــﻨﺪﻣــﺎ و ،اﻟﻌﺠــﻠﺔ رﺳــﻤـﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺒﺐ ،اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب
ﻣﻨـﺤﻨـﻰ ـﻰ
رﺳـﻤ ﻓـــﻰ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟـــﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻰ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ و ،اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ رﺳﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺧﻂ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ أن ﺣﻴﺚ ،اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ
،اﻹزاﺣــﺔ ــﺔ
ال اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ
Time History
اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻫﺬا ﻧﺼﺤﺢ
.
Sherif Saber
- 70. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
Ӹ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
اﻟﺴﺆال
اﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﻫﺬه ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻞ
PEER
و
NGA-West 2
و
NGA-East
؟
ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺎذا و وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ؟ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﺎ و
اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر
GMPEs
؟
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
PEER=Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research center.
NGAs=Next Generation Attenuation Relationships.
West=Western US and other high to moderate seismicity area.
NGA West1 was in 2008
Sherif Saber
- 71. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
ӹ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﺮق ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ و ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻢ
.
،
NGA West2 was in 2013 and was published 2014.
GMPE=Ground Motion Prediction Equation=Attenuation Equations.
ال وﺟﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة
NGA
ال ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ
Attenuation
ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ و اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺰﻻزل ذات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ
ﻓﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻏﺮب ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ
NGA West 2
ﻓﻰ زﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺎ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ و
NGA East
ﺑﺎل اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻰ و
NGA Subduction Zones
Sherif Saber
- 73. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
Ӻ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ
Probablistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
،
ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﻴﻄﻠﻊ
Site Hazard Curve
ﺑــﺎل ﺧﺎص
PGA
ﺑﺎل او
Ss
ﺑــﺎل او
S1
ﺑــــﺄى أو
Spectral acceleration
ﻷى
period
ﺻــﻮرة ﻓــﻰ ﻛــﻤــﺎ
١
ﻟـــــــــــــﻪ أﻓــﻘـــﻰ ﺧــــﻂ ﺣـــﺪدﻧﺎ ﻟـــﻮ ،
Design Hazard Level
ﻣـــــﺜﻞ
ال
Probablity of 10% exceedence in 50 years
،
ﻋﻨﺪى ﻫﻴﻄﻠﻊ ،اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻦ و
ال
Uniform Hazard Spectrum-UHS-
ال اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ أن اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣــﻦ
UHS
ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ
Time History
ﻋﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟــﺪا ﺧــﻄﻴﺮ زﻟﺰال ﻣــﻦ ﺟــﺎﻳﺔ ﻓـﻴﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻷن ،ﻣﻨﻪ
ﻟ ﻧــﻘﻄﺔ أﺧﺬ أن اﻷﻓــﻀــﻞ ﻟﻜــﻦ و ، ﺷــﺪ اﻛــﺒﺮ و اﻟﺘﻮاء أﻛـﺒﺮ و ﻗﺺ أﻛﺒﺮ و ﻋﺰم أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻛﻤﻦ ،اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ
ﻧﻔﺲ ـﻬــﺎ
ال
Period
ال وأﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ
Response Spectrum
ال اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻨﻪ و ،ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﻰء
TH
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ
.
ال ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻦ و
RS
زﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﻰ و اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺎت اﻟﻠﻰ
١
sec
ﺗﺴﺎوى
٠٫٨٩
g
،
ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻮ
Sherif Saber
- 74. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
ӻ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Deaggregation
ﺻــﻮرة ﻓــﻰ ﻛــﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﺧــﺪه و زﻟــﺰال أى ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺸﻮﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ
٢
ﺷــﻐــﺎﻟﻴﻦ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﻜﺘــﺸﻒ ،
PSHA
و
ال ﻃــﺒﻌــﺎ و ، ﻣــﺴــﺎﻓــﺔ ﻣــﻦ أﻛـــﺜﺮ و ﻣــﺼـــﺪر ﻣــﻦ اﻛـﺜﺮ ﻫﻨﺎك
Deaggregation
ال ﻟﻚ ﻫﻴﻈــﻬــﺮ
Mean Magnitude
اﻟﻤﺴــﺎﻓﺔ و
ﻋــﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﺒــﻌــﺪ ﻧﺴﺒــﺔ ﻫﻴﻘــﻮﻟﻚ و ،اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄــــﺔ
Epsilon
ﻛﺎم
Standard Deviation
،
ﻫﺘﻠــﺎﻗـــﻰ اﻟﺼــﻮرة ﻓــﻰ
Mmean=7.03
و
Rmean=12.2 Km
و
Epsilon=2.02.
ال رﺳـــﻤﻨﺎ ﻟــﻮ
Deterministic Response Spectrum
ال ﻋـﻦ ﺑـــــﺎﻟﺘــﻌــﻮﻳــﺾ اﻟﺒــﻴــﺎﻧــــﺎت ﻟـــﻬـــﺬه
Rx
و
Rrub
ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ
Rmean
ﻋـﻦ و
ال
Mmean
ال ﻗــــﻴﻤﺔ ﻏـــﻴﺮﻧﺎ و ،ﻫـــﻰ ﻛـــﻤﺎ
Rjb
ل ﻧﺼـــﻞ ﺣـــﺘﻰ
RS
ﻗﻴﻤــﺔ ﻟـــﻪ
٠٫٨٩
ﻋــﻨﺪ
١
sec
،
ﻫـــﺬا ﻋﻠـــﻰ اﻟﺤـــﺼﻮل ﺑــﻌــﺪ ﺛـــﻢ
ال
mean RS
،
ﺣـﺮﻛﻨﺎه ﻟﻮ
two standard Deviation value - Epsilon-
،
ال ﻣــﻊ ﺗﻄـــﺎﺑﻖ أﻧﻪ ﻓــﻌــﻼ ﻫـــﻨﻼﻗﻰ
UHS
ﻧﻘﻄـــﺔ ﻓــﻰ
ال
١
sec
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﻘﻂ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ أﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ و
٣
.
Sherif Saber
- 75. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ
Ӽ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻰ و اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻛﻞ ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ ، ﻛﻤﺎن ﻛﺪه ﻣﻦ أﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻻزم اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ أن ﻧﺘﺼﻮر ﻣﺎزاﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ و
M7 and R=12 Km
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ و
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٣
ﺗﻄﺎﺑـــﻖ اﻷزرق ﺑﺎﻟﻠـــﻮن ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﻫﻮ و اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ أن وﺟﺪﻧﺎ ،
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻊ
١
sec
،
اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ أﻗﻞ ﻳﺰال ﻻ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻫﻮ و
.
ﻟﻠﺼـــﻮرة ﻧــﻈــﺮﻧﺎ ﻟـــﻮ
٤
ال ﻋــــﻦ ﻳﺒــﻌـــﺪ اﻷزرق اﻟﻤﻨـــﺤــﻨﻰ أن ﺳﻨــﺠـــﺪ ،
mean
ﻣـــﺜﻼ ،ﻣﺨـــﺘﻠــﻔــﺔ ﻣـــﺴــﺎﻓـــﺎت
١٫٢
و
٢٫٣
و
١٫٤
ﺿﻌـــــﻒ
ال
standard deviation
ﻋﻨﺪ
٠٫٢٥
و
١
و
٢
sec
اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ
.
ال ﻗﻴــﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋــﻼﻗﺔ اﻳﺠــﺎد ﺣــﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻮ و
Epsilon
ﻋﻨﺪ
١
sec
ال ﻟﻬﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ و ،اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ و
RS
ﻓﻘــﻂ
ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﺞ ، اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻞ
اﻟــــﺼﻮرة
٥
ﺑﻴﻦ
Epsilon1sec
وال
Epsilon 2sec
،
اﻟﻌــﻼﻗــﺔ ﺳﺘﺠـــﺪ و
Scattered
ﻟــﻬــﺎ
mean
ﻟـﻬــﺎ و
Standard deviation
،
ﻓــﻰ ﺳﺘﺠــﺪ و
اﻟﺼــﻮرة
٦
ﻋـــﻼﻗﺔ
Epsilon1sec
ب
Epsilon 0.2 sec
ﻟﻬﺎ
Scatter
ﺗﻼﺣﻆ أﻛـــﺒﺮ
Sherif Saber
- 76. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ
ӳ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ال ﻓﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ ذﻟﻚ
Standard deviation
أﺻﺒﺢ
٠٫٧٥
.
اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ اﻗﺘﺮح ﻗﺪ و
Baker
ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ
٢٠١١
ال ﻗﻴﻤـــﺔ ﻣﺘــﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻨﻬــﺎ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
Epsilon
ﻓــﻰ ﻛـــﻤﺎ زﻣــﻦ ﻷى
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٧
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و ،
Meu
ال ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ
Epsilon
اﻟﻤﺮﺟـــﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄـــﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺰﻣــﻦ ﺑﺪﻻﻟـــﺔ و اﻟﻤﺮﺟــﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ
أن ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و
Epsilon
ﻫــﻮ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠــﻬــﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ
Meu
واﻧﺤــﺮاف
ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎرى
Sigma
ال ﻗﻴﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ،اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ وﻣﻦ
Epsilon
ال ﻣــﻦ اﺑــﺘﺪاء ﻫـــــــﺬه
Deterministic RS
ﻓــﻰ ﺟـــﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ اﻟﻠﻰ
ﺻﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ و ،ﻣﻌﻴﺎري اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺑﺪون اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ
٨
ﻣﺘﻮﺳـــﻂ ﻓـــﻌﻼ ﻫـــﻰ و اﻟﻤﻨﻘـــﻂ اﻷﺣـــﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن
ال ﻳﺴﻤﻰ و اﻷزرق ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
Conditional Mean Spectrum
ﻗﺎم ﻗﺪ
Baker
ﻟﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
Standard deviation
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ
٩
ﻳﻈﻬــــﺮ ﻛـــﻤـــﺎ ﺗﺤـــﺖ و ﻓـــﻮق ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠـــﻬــﺎ ﻗﺎم و
Sherif Saber
- 77. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ
Ӵ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ال ﻓﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ ذﻟﻚ
Standard deviation
أﺻﺒﺢ
٠٫٧٥
.
اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ اﻗﺘﺮح ﻗﺪ و
Baker
ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ
٢٠١١
ال ﻗﻴﻤــــﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
Epsilon
ﻓــﻰ ﻛــﻤﺎ زﻣــﻦ ﻷى
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٧
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و ،
Meu
ال ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ
Epsilon
اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴـــــــــﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ و اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ
أن ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و
Epsilon
ﻫـﻮ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ
Meu
واﻧﺤــﺮاف
ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎرى
Sigma
ال ﻗﻴﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ،اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ وﻣﻦ
Epsilon
ال ﻣــﻦ اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻫـﺬه
Deterministic RS
ﻓــﻰ ﺟــﺒﻨﺎﻫــﺎ اﻟﻠــﻰ
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ و ،ﻣﻌﻴﺎري اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺑﺪون اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ
ﺻﻮرة
٨
ﻣــﺘﻮﺳــﻂ ﻓـﻌـﻼ ﻫــﻰ و اﻟﻤﻨﻘـﻂ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن
ال ﻳﺴﻤﻰ و اﻷزرق ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
Conditional Mean Spectrum
ﻗﺎم ﻗﺪ
Baker
ﻟﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
Standard deviation
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ
٩
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ و ﻓﻮق ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎم و
Sherif Saber
- 78. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ
ӵ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ال ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻤﺎ و ،أﺧﻒ ﺑﻠﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻴﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻴﻦ
Actual Response Spectrum
وﺗﻈﻬﺮ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
١٠
ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻴﻒ ،اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ
matching
ال ﻣﻊ
mean
ال داﺧﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ
standard deviation
،
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ
اﻟﻴﺴﺎر
matching
ال ﻣﻊ
mean
ﻟﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ
Standard deviation
ﻓﻰ وﻳﻈﻬﺮ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
١١
ﻟﻬﺎ زﻻزل ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ
return periods
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
.
ﻓﻰ وﻳﻈﻬﺮ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
١٢
ال ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻛﻴﻒ
Conditional mean Spectrum
ال ﻃﻠﻌﺖ
Collapse Fragility Curve
ﻷن ،أﻗﻮى
ال
RS
ﻣﻦ أﻗﻞ
UHS
د ﻳﺬﻛﺮ
Baker
ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻴﻮاب ﻣﻤﻴﺰات
ﺻﻮرة
١٣
.
Sherif Saber
- 79. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ
Ӷ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
ﻫﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﺆال و
:
١
-
ال ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﻟﻤﺎذا
RS
اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ
Conditional Mean Spectrum
؟
٢
-
ال أﺣﻮل ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﻫﻞ ،اﻟﺒﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺬا ﻗﺮاءة ﺑﻌﺪ
Code Response Spectrum
إﻟﻰ
Time History
ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة؟
Sherif Saber
- 80. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ
ӷ
اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
اﻷﺟﺎﺑﺔ
١
-
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ
Conditional
ال ﻋﻨﺪ أﻧﻪ ﺷﺮط ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻷﻧﻪ
Period
ﻓﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ
ال
UHS
او
Code RS
و
mean
ال ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻷن
RS
اﻷول اﻟﺸﺮط ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺘﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
.
Sherif Saber
- 89. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӵ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك
رﻗﻢ ﺻﻮرة
١
ﺑﺨـــﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋـــﺔ ﻧــــﻔــﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ،
ال ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ او
Wavefront
،
ال ﻣــﻔﻬـــﻮم و اﻟﺴﻄـــﺢ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻋــﻤــﻮدﻳــﺔ اﻷﺷــﻌــﺔ ﻫـــﺬه ﻛـــﺎﻧﺖ ﻟـــﻮ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺳﺆال ﻓﻰ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ
impedence
،
ﻟﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺬا ﻛﺎن و
One Dimension
،
ال ﻓــﻰ ﻟﻜـﻦ و
Three Dimension
،
ال ﺗﺘﺤـــﻮل
P- wave
ﻓــﻰ ﻛـــﻤﺎ
ﺻــﻮرة
٢
إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة ﻳــﺴـــﺎر أﻗـــﺼــﻰ
refracted P-wave
و
reflected P-wave
إﻟــﻰ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـــﺎﻓـــﺔ
refracted SV-wave
و
reflected SV-wave
ال ﺑﻌﻜﺲ
one-dimension
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻠﻰ
refracted and reflected P-wave
،اﻟﺴﻄـــﺢ ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﻋــﻤــﻮدﻳـــﺔ داﺋــﻤــﺎ اﻟـﺰاوﻳــــﺔ ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ و ، ﻓﻘﻂ
ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ أﻣﺎ
one incident + two refracted + two refected
ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻮا
Snell
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
١
اﻟﺼﻮرة و
٤
.
ﻻﺣﻆ
SH=Horizontal Shear
و
SV=Vertical Shear
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ
SV- wave
ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٢
إﻟﻰ
refracted SV-wave
و
reflected SV-wave
إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ
refracted P-wave
Sherif Saber
- 90. ӺӶ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ
SH- wave
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
٢
إﻟﻰ
refracted SH-wave
و
reflected SH-wave
ﻓﻘﻂ
.
،ﻣﺎﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء و ﻫﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﺆال
١
-
ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ؟ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﺗﺼﻞ ﻟﻤﺎذا
٢
-
ال ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻰ رأﺳﻲ ﻛﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺎذا
Plaxis
و
Midas GTS-NX
؟
٣
-
ال ﻋﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻻ ﻟﻤﺎذا
SH
ﻣﻮﺟﺔ
P-wave
؟
Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber
- 91. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӷ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
- 92. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӸ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
- 93. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӹ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
- 94. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӺ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
:
١
–
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤـﺪﻳﺪ و ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻞ أﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ ﺻﻌﺪت ﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻷن ،اﻷرض ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــﺎت ﺗﺼـــﻞ
wave velocity
ال ﻳﻘﻞ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ و
sin i
ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
Snell
ﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ و
i
ﺗﺘﺎﺑـــﻊ ﺧــﻂ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟــﻌــﻤـﻮدى ﻣــﻦ ﻣــﻘــﺎﺳــﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳـﺔ ﻫﻰ و
اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت
.
٢
–
اﻟﺴﺆال اﺟـــﺎﺑﺔ
٢
اﻟﺴﺆال ﺑﺎﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻬـــﺎ
١
أﻧ ﻟﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻓﻘﺪ ،ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ رأﺳﻴﺔ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت أن ﺑﻤﺎ ،
ﻬـــﺎ
one-dimension
اﻷﺧـــﺮى اﻻﺗﺠـــﺎﻫﺎت دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻬــﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ و اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻓﻰ
،
ﻧ ﻟــﻤــﺎ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣـــﺞ ﻓــﻰ ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ
ﻴﺠــﻰ
ﻧﻌﻤﻞ
Deconvolution
أو
Convolution
ﺣﺘﻰ او
Liquefaction
اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ رأﺳﻰ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺸﺘﻐﻞ
.
٣
-
ال ﻷن
SH
ال ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ،رأﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ،أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻷرض ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻛﻞ
SV
Sherif Saber
- 96. ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӻ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
ال
Love-wave
ﻓـــﻰ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ،اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷرض ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪث
y
ﻳﻌﻨﻰ
v
ﻣــﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻘﻄــﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ
x
،
و
ﻫــﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ
horizontal shear - SH-
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ و
٥٫٥٥
ال ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ أن ﻻﺑﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ و ،
Shear-wave
ﻣــﻌــﺎدﻟـــﺔ ﻓـــﻰ ﻛــﻤــﺎ اﻟــﻌــﺎدﻳـﺔ
٥٫٥٦
a
و
٥٫٥٦
b
ال ﻫﺘﻼﻗـــﻰ ﺣــﻠﻴــﺘﻬـــﺎ ﻟــــﻮ
amplitude
اﻟﻤــﻌـــﺎدﻻت ﻓﻰ ﻛــﻤــﺎ
٥٫٥٧
a
و
٥٫٥٧
b.
ﺑﺎل
BC
ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ
٠
B2=
ﺗــﺴ اﻷرض ﺳﻄـــﺢ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻻﺟــﻬــﺎدات ﻛــﻞ أﻳﻀـﺎ و ،ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻷن
ــﺎوى
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﺻﻔﺮ
A1=B1
،
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ و اﻷن
٢
ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻰ و
٥٫٥٩
اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻫﺘﻼﻗﻰ
،ﺑﺎﻟﺜــــﻮاﺑﺖ
ل ا وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨــــﺪام
displacement compatibility
ال و
stress equilibrium
ﻟﻞ ﻣــﻌﺎدﻟــﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻧﺤــﺼـﻞ ،اﻟﻄــﺒـﻘــﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻴــﻦ
disp
ﻓﻰ
اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ أﺧﺮى و اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ
.
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ و
٥٫٦٤
ال ﺣﺴﺎب ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ
VL
Sherif Saber
- 97. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӼ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ
:
١
-
ال ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ
disp
اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ؟ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ و اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ
٢
-
ال ﺗﺤﺪث ﻣﺘﻰ
Love-wave
؟
٣
-
ال أن ﺑﻤﺎ
Love-wave
ال ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻫﻰ
Shear-wave
،
ال ﻫﻞ
Love-wave-velocity
ال ﺗﺴﺎوى
Shear-wave –velocity
اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ؟ أم اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ
Sherif Saber
- 98. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӳ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
- 99. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӴ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
- 100. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӵ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
- 101. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӶ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
١
-
اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ
Sinusoidally
،
اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ و
Exponentially
٢
-
ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
.
٣
-
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ
omega
ال ﻟﻮ ﻟﻠﻘﻮى
omega
ال ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة
Vs
ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ و ،اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ
ال
Vs
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ
٣
Sherif Saber
- 103. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӷ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
ﻛـــﺘﺎب ﺧـــﻼل ﻣــﻦ ﻋـــﻠﻴﻪ اﻹﺟـــﺎﺑــــﺔ ﻳــﻤــﻜـــــﻦ اﻟﺴـــﺆال
Prof Steven L. Kramer 1996
،
ﻣــﻦ
ch5
ﺑـــــﺎل اﻟﺨـــﺎص
Wave Propagation
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ
:
ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻪ أن أراد ﻟﻤﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻜﻦ و ،ﺟﺪا ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺮة ﻫﺬه اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج
.
ال ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺳﺆال ﻓﻰ وﺻﻠﻨﺎ
D
٣
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
١
ال ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻨﺎ و ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻨﺎ ،
P-wave
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ و
ال
Vp
،
ال ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺄﺣﻀﺮﻧﺎ ﻃﺮﺣﻨﺎ و ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻨﺎ و
S-wave
ال ﻣﻨﻬﺎ و
Vs
ﺷﻜﻞ أن ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﺤـــﻦ
Rayleigh wave
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ و ،اﻟﺒﺤــﺮ ﻣﻮﺟــﺔ ﺷﻜــﻞ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ
ﺻﻮرة
٢
ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ و ،
اﺗﺠــﺎه ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤــﺮﻛﺔ
x
و
z
داﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺗـﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻃـﺮح و ﻣﺠــﻤـﻮع أﻧـﻬـﻢ ﺑــﻔــﺮض
phi
و
psi
،
رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮل ﻫﺬا و
-
ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال
ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﺮوط ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ
-
ﺻﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
٣
اﺗﺠﺎه ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ أن ﻻﺣﻆ ،
y
ﺻﻔﺮ
.
ﺻــﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺑﻔﺮﺿــﻨﺎ ﻋـــﻮﺿﻨﺎ ﻟـــﻮ
٣
ﻓــﻰ اﻷﺻﻠﻴــﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤـﻌـﺎدﻻت
ﺻﻮرة
١
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺤﺼﻞ
٥٫٣٨
a
و
٥٫٣٨
b
،
ﻣﻊ ﻧﺤﻠﻬﻢ
ﺑﻌــﺾ
Sherif Saber
- 104. ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻӸ
ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ
٥٫٣٩
a
و
٥٫٣٩
b.
ال أن ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻟﻮ
phi
ال و
psi
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
harmonic
ﻟﻬﺎ
omega
ﻣﻮﺟﻰ ﻃﻮل ﻟﻬﺎ و
KR
،
ال وﺟـــﻮد أن ﻋـــﺎرف أﻧــﺎ و
omega
و
KR
ال وﺟﻮد ﻣﻌﻨﺎه
VR
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﺻﻮرة
٢
و
٤
ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻰ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻧﻌﻮض ﻧﺮﺟﻊ و
٥٫٣٩
a
و
٥٫٣٩
b
،اﻟﺤـــﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ و
ﻫﺘﻼﻗــــﻰ
ال
phi
ال و
psi
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ اﺗﺤﻮﻟﻮا
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٥
.
ﺑﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ و
BC
،
ال أن ﻫﻰ و
stress
ﺳﻮاء
sigma zz
أو
sigma xz
ﻣــﻌـــﺎدﻟﺘــﻴﻦ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻧﺤﺼــﻞ ،اﻷرض ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺴﺎوى
اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﻰ
A1
و
A2
ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٦
،
ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ
اﻟﺼﻮرة
٦
ﻧﺸﻴﻞ و
A1/A2
،
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺤﺼﻞ
KR
و
q
و
s
،
ﺣﻴﺚ
q
و
s
ﻓﻰ دوال
KR
و
omega
ال و
Vp
و
Vs
،
رﻗﻢ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻌﺪ و
٥٫٥١
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ
KRS
و
alpha
،
ﻣﻨﻬـــﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘــﺞ اﻟﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗـــﺔ ﻫﻰ و
VR
Sherif Saber
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ﻟﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ رﺳﻢ ﺗﻢ
VR
ال و
Vp
ب
Vs
ال ﻓﻰ ﻛﻌﻼﻗﺔ
Poisson Ratio
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
٨
ال ﻗﺮب ﻣﺪى ﺗﻮﺿﺢ و ،
VR
ﻣﻦ
ال
Vs
،
أن ﻧﻼﺣﻆ و ،ﻗﺺ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ و
VR
ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﺴﺎوى
٠٫٩
*
Vs
أﻛﺜﺮ أو
.
ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ أن أردت إذا و
u
و
w
،
اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺳﻮى ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻓﻤﺎ
٣
ال ﺑﻘﻴﻢ
phi
ال و
psi
ﺻﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ
٩
اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ و ،
١٠
ال ﺷﻜﻞ
u
ال و
w
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ أﻋﻤﺎق ﻣﻊ
z
ب و
Poisson Ratio
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
.
اﻟﺴﺆال
ال ﻇﻬﻮر ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎم ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
Rayleigh wave
؟
Sherif Saber
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ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
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ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
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ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
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ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
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ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
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ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Sherif Saber
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ال ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆال
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
رﻗﻢ ﺻﻮرة ﻓﻰ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
١١
ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ
R
ال ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ
focal depth h
و
Vp
ال و
VR
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Sherif Saber