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From Flowcharts to Python
2
This Activity Workbook introduces students who already know flowchart fundamentals to the
Python Programming language.
The materials in this booklet were developed to help students collaborate with each other in the
learning process and to become self-learners in an active learning environment. Students learn
programming concepts by doing programming and reflecting on the results of the activities that they
engage in.
Author: Lisa M. Olivieri, SSJ, Ph.D.

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 1: Flowcharts and Python
“What is the relationship between a flowchart and a Python program?”
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. What does the line of Python code in the Python program do?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Circle equivalent representation of the Python code in the flowchart.
3. Execute following code. What output is produced?
a. print(“Hello, my name is Pat!”) ________________________________
b. print(Hello, my name is Pat) ________________________________
c. print(“Hello.nMy name is Pat”) ________________________________
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
Content:
Explain how to display data in Python
Explain how to create a comment in Python
Determine the difference between a string literal and a number
Process:
Create print statements in Python
Create Python code that displays results to calculated addition facts
Discuss problems and programs with all group members
Prior Knowledge
Understanding of flowchart output symbols
Further Reading
Transitioning from Visual Logic to Python: Chapter 1
Python Program Flowchart

4
4. Was there a problem with any of the sample code in question 3? If so, what caused the problem?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What caused the different output format for samples “a” and “c” in question 3?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What do you think the following Python statements output?
a. print(2+5) _________________________
b. print(2*5) _________________________
c. print(“2+5”) _________________________
d. print(“Age:”,20) _________________________
Enter the statements in the Python interpreter to verify your answers.
7. Examine the output for each statement in question 6.
a. What is the difference in the output for the statements in “a” and “c” of question 6?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. What caused the difference? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. Which statements contain a string literal?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
d. What does the comma (,) do in the print statement in part “d” of question 6? How does it
affect the spacing of the output?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Examine the following code and its output. What do the first three lines of the program do?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Output

5
9. What would happen if you placed a “#” in front of the code: in the
previous program?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Application Questions: Use the Python interpreter to design and check your work
1. Create a Python program containing three statements to implement the flowchart on the first page
of this activity. Write the statements below.
2. Create one Python statement to produce the output expected from the flowchart. Be sure the
output is printed on three lines.
3. Create a Python program containing two statements that prints the output
to the right. Have the program calculate the answers to the two
arithmetic problems.

6
Notes and Questions
Make note of any questions you have about Activity 1 on this page.

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 2: Input and Variables in Python
“How do you input and store data in a Python program?”
1. Enter and execute the Python program. What is printed on the screen when the Python program is
executed?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
FYI: input() and print() are functions in Python.
2. Draw a line between each flowchart symbol and its corresponding Python code.
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain how to input data in Python
Explain the meaning and purpose of a variable
Determine if a variable name is valid
Explain concatenation and the use of “+”
Process:
Create input statements in Python
Create Python code that prompts the user for data and stores it in a variable
Create valid and good variable names
Prior Knowledge
Understanding of flowchart input symbols
Further Reading
Python Program
Flowchart Program

8
3. Examine the first line of Python program: name = input(“What is your name? ”)
a. What happens when this line of code is executed?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. What appears on the screen when this line of code is executed?
______________________________________________________________________________
FYI: The words that appear on the screen to tell the user what to enter are known as a prompt.
c. What happens to the data when the user enters their name and presses the Enter button? That is,
where is their name stored?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What happens when you execute each of the following lines of Python code?
a. name? = input(“What is your name?”)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b. your name = input(“What is your name?”)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. 1st_name = input(“What is your name?”)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
d. from = input(“Where were you born?”)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Examine the errors that occurred when executing the lines of code in question 5. Then examine the
following lines of valid code.
name2 = input(“What is your name?”)
your_name = input(“What is your name?”)
yourName = input(“What is your name?”)
List the rules that need to be followed to create a valid variable name.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
FYI: The word name in the Python code is a variable –
name given to a memory location used to store data.

9
6. Are the following variable names valid? Are they good names? Why or why not?
7. Execute the following lines of code. Is the output what you would expect? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. Use the following set of Python statements to answer the questions below.
a. State the output for each of line of code.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Examine the first two print statements. How are they different? Does the difference affect the
output?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Notice that some statements include a comma (,) between the two literals being printed and some
statements use a “+”. Do they produce the same output? ____________________
d. Explain the purpose of the comma.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. Why does the last print statement crash the program? What would you do to correct it?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Variable name Comments about variable name
price
costoffirstitem
Ic
firstName
FYI: “+” concatenates two strings. The strings can be string literals or a variable containing string literals.

10
9. State what is displayed on the screen when the following program is executed:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Application Questions: Use the Python Interpreter to input your code and check your work
1. State a good variable name for an employee’s ID number. ________________________________
2. Write a line of Python code that prompts the user for the name of their favorite ice cream and stores it
in a valid variable name. __________________________________________________________
3. Crazy Sentence Program. Create a program that prompts the user for the name of an animal, a color,
the name of a vehicle, and the name of a city. Then print a sentence that contains the user input in the
following order. Include the additional words in the sample output as part of your output. Example:
Assume the user enters the words: tiger, green, motorcycle, and Wildwood. The output would be:
The green tiger drove the motorcycle to Wildwood.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Notes and Questions

Python Activity 3 Part A: Arithmetic Operations and Assignment Statements
11
Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
“Get the program to compute that!”
“How do I assignment values to variables?”
Python Program Flowchart Program
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain each Python arithmetic operator
Explain the meaning and use of an assignment statement
Review string literals and print statements
Explain the use of “+” and “*” with strings and numbers
Use the int() and float() functions to convert string input to numbers for computation
Incorporate numeric formatting into print statements
Recognize the four main operations of a computer within a simple Python program
Process:
Create input statements in Python
Create Python code that performs mathematical and string operations
Create Python code that uses assignment statements
Create Python code that formats numeric output
Prior Knowledge
Understanding of Python print and input statements
Understanding of mathematical operations
Further Reading

12
1. Execute the print statements in the Python program. What is the output for each statement?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Draw a line between each flowchart symbol and its corresponding line of Python code.
3. Explain the purpose of each arithmetic operation:
a. + ________________________________________________________________________
b. - ________________________________________________________________________
c. * ________________________________________________________________________
d. ** ________________________________________________________________________
e. / _______________________________________________________________________
f. // _______________________________________________________________________
g. % _______________________________________________________________________
FYI: An assignment statement is a line of code that uses a “=” sign. The statement stores the result
of an operation performed on the right-hand side of the sign into the variable memory location
on the lef0hand side.
4. Enter and execute the following two lines of Python code:
age = 15
print(“Your age is”, age)
a. What does the assignment statement: age = 15 do?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b. What happens if you replace the comma (,) in the print statement with a plus sign (+) and execute
the code again? Why does this happen?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is stored in memory after each assignment statement is executed?
Assignment Statement Computer Memory
answer = 6 ** 2 + 3 * 4 // 2 Answer
final = answer % 4 Final

13
6. What happens if you try to use the “+” with strings instead of numbers?
Test the following program:
a. The third line of code contains an assignment statement. What is stored in fullName
when the line is executed?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. How can you fix the output so that the words are separated?
______________________________________________________________________________
c. What happens when you execute the following code? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Before entering the following code into the Python interpreter, try to figure out what you think
the statement should print.
Now execute it. What does it do? Is this what you thought it would do?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Let’s take a look at a program that prompts the user for two numbers and subtracts them.
Execute the following code.
a. What output do you expect? _____________________________________________
b. What is the actual output? _____________________________________________
c. Revise the program in the following manner:
Between lines 2 and 3 add the following lines of code:
num1 = int(firstNumber)
num2 = int(secondNumber)
FYI: The “+” concatenates the two strings stored in the variables into one string. The
assignment statement stored the results in the variable fullName. “+” can only be
used when both operators are strings.

14
Next, replace the statement:
difference = firstNumber – secondNumber
with the statement:
difference = num1 – num2
Execute the program again. What output did you get? ________________________
d. Explain the purpose of the function int().
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
e. Explain how the changes in the program produced the desired output.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Application Questions: Use the Python Interpreter to check your work
1. Write the line of Python code that calculates and prints the answer to the following arithmetic
expressions:
a. 8 to the 4th
power ___________________________________________________
b. The sum of 5 and 6 multiplied by the quotient of 34 and 7 using floating point arithmetic
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Write an assignment statement that stores the remainder obtained from dividing 87 and 8 in the
variable leftover
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Assume: courseLabel = “CMSC”
courseNumber = “190”
Write a line of Python code that concatenates the label with the number and stores the result in
the variable courseName. Be sure that there is a space between the course label and the course
number when they are concatenated.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Create a program the outputs the total cost of a lunch order. Users should be prompted to input
the number of hamburgers, fries, and drinks they want and the program should print the total cost
of the order. The hamburgers cost 2.00, fries cost 1.50, and drinks cost 1.00. Be creative and
professional in prompting the user for the information and in displaying the output.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 3 Part B: Arithmetic Operations and Assignment Statements
“Get the program to compute that!”
1. So far you have not been concerned about formatting output on the screen. Now you will discover
how Python allows a programmer to precisely format output. Some of the differences are very subtle,
so take notice of the differences in outputs.
Start by entering and executing the following code.
a. What is the problem with the manner in which the output is displayed?
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Replace the last line of code with the following:
print("Total cost of laptops: %.2f" % price)
Discuss the change in the output.
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. Replace the last line of code with the following:
print("Total cost of laptops: $%.2f" % price)
Discuss the change in the output.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Learning Objectives
Content:
Incorporate numeric formatting into print statements
Recognize the four main operations of a computer within a simple Python program
Process:
Create Python code that uses assignment statements
Create Python code that formats numeric output
Prior Knowledge
Understanding of Python print and input statements
Understanding of mathematical operations
Further Reading

16
d. Experiment with the number “.2” in the print statement by substituting the following
numbers and explain the results.
.4 ________________________________________________________________________
.0 ________________________________________________________________________
.1 ________________________________________________________________________
.8 ________________________________________________________________________
e. Now try the following numbers in the same print statement. These numbers contain a
whole number and a decimal. Explain the output for each number.
2.5 _______________________________________________________________________
8.2 _______________________________________________________________________
3.1 _______________________________________________________________________
f. Explain what the formatting code: “%n.nf % variable” does in a print statement where
n.n represents a number.
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
g. Revise the print statement by changing the “f” to “d” and the decimal number to a whole
number. Explain the sample formatting statements:
print("Total cost of laptops: %2d" % price)
print("Total cost of laptops: %10d" % price)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
h. Explain how “%nd % variable” formats numeric data. “n” represents a whole number.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Use the following program to answer the questions below.
FYI: Computers perform four main operations on data:
Input data into a computer
Output data to a screen or file
Process data using arithmetic, logical, searching or sorting operations
Store data

17
a. Using the code and comments in the program listed above, explain how the four main
operations are implemented in the program.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. There is one new concept exemplified in this sample program. What is it? From the
corresponding output, determine what it does.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1. Write one line of Python code that will print the word “Happy!” one hundred times.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Assume: itemCost = input(“Enter cost of item: “)
a. Write one line of code that calculates the cost of 15 items and stores the result in the
variable totalCost
________________________________________________________________________
b. Write one line of code that prints the total cost with a label, a dollar sign, and exactly two
decimal places. Sample output: Total cost: $22.50
________________________________________________________________________
3. Assume: height1 = 67850
height2 = 456
Use Python formatting to write two print statements that will produce the following output
exactly at it appears below:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. You have already completed the following program in a previous activity. Format the output.
Create a program the outputs the total cost of a lunch order. Users should be prompted to input the
number of hamburgers, fries, and drinks they want and the program should print the total cost of the
order. The price of hamburgers is 2.00, fries is 1.50, and drinks is 1.00. Be creative and professional
in prompting the user for the information and in displaying the output.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

18
Notes and Questions

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 4: Predefined Functions
“How can I use the built-in code that is already part of Python?”
Model 1: Predefined functions in Python
print(), round(), abs(), pow(), int(), etc. are known as predefined functions. Information that a function
needs to do its work is sent to the function between the parentheses (). This information is known as an
argument. To use a function, call the function. input(“Enter your name”) is a call to the input function
sending the string “Enter your name” as an argument
10. Circle the predefined functions in the following program.
11. Draw a line between each statement in the Python program and its
corresponding statement in the flowchart.
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain the purpose of a predefined function
Explain the functions: abs(), pow(), int() round(), random
Explain the math library functions: floor() and ceil()
Explain the use of the import statement
Explain the purpose of a function argument
Process:
Write code that uses predefined functions
Prior Knowledge
Python concepts from Activities 1-3
Further Reading

20
12. Enter and execute the Python program on the previous page.
a. What is the output for each statement ?
print(abs(-4.67)) _________________________
print(pow(5,3)) _________________________
print(pow(49,.5)) _________________________
print(int(34.8)) _________________________
print(round(6.9)) _________________________
import random
print(random.randint(1,100)) ___________________
b. What is the difference between the round() function and the int() function?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the output for each line of code? Verify your answers by executing the code and explain the
answer given by the interpreter.
a. abs(4.5) _________________________________________________
b. int(“678”) _________________________________________________
c. round(-5.6) _________________________________________________
d. import random
random.randint(4,10) ___________________________________________
What is the purpose of “import random”? What happens if you omit that line of code?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Write a definition of a predefined function.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Circle the argument in the following predefined function:
number = 45.78
answer = round(number)
7. How many arguments can a function have? _______________________________________
8. answer = pow(4,3). What is/are the argument(s) in this code? ______________________
9. If a function contains more than one argument, do you think the order of the arguments makes a
difference? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

21
10. Execute the following code:
import math
x = 4.7
y = 5.3
z = -4.8
a = -3.2
print(math.ceil(x))
print(math.ceil(y))
print(math.ceil(z))
print(math.ceil(a))
print(math.floor(x))
print(math.floor(y))
print(math.floor(z))
print(math.floor(a))
a. Explain what the ceil() function does.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Explain the purpose of the floor() function.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. Why are the calls to the math() and ceil() functions preceded by “math.”?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1. Write a line of code that prints the integer portion of the number 21.45.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Write code that prompts the user for a floating point number and prints the smallest integer that is
larger than the number the user entered.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Write a line of code that prints a random number between one and 6.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Assume that a user enters any number and that the number is stored in the variable userNumber.
Write a line of code that converts the input to a float. Then write a line of code that prints the
positive value of the user’s input.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Write a line of code that calculates the square root of 900 and stores the result in the variable
answer.
______________________________________________________________________________

22
Notes and Questions
Make note of any questions you have about Activity 4 on this page

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 5: Boolean Expressions and Selection Statements
“True or False and making choices”
Model 1: Programming Structures
Sequence Structure Decision or Branching Structure Looping Structure
1. Each of the flowchart symbols in the chart above represents lines or segments of code. After
examining the chart, write a description of:
a. sequence structure ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. decision or branching structure _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
c. looping structure ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain the three types of programming structures
Explain how conditional operators and logical operators are used in programming
Use conditional operators with strings and numeric values
Implement the Python syntax of an if/else statement
Determine good test data for programs that include if/else statements
Process:
Write code that includes if statements and if/else statements
Write correct Boolean expressions and compound expressions
Prior Knowledge
Further Reading

24
2. Which structure best describes the types of Python programs you have written so far? Do you
think this structure is the best structure to use for all programs? Why or why not?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Which structure allows the programmer to create code that decides what code is executed?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Model 2: Conditional Operators
Conditional operators, also known as relational operators, are used to compare the relationship
between two operands. Expressions that can only result in one of two answers are known as
Boolean expression.
4. Determine the meaning of each of the following conditional operators.
If you are not sure of the meaning of any symbol, create some example
expressions, type them into the Python interpreter (see figure to the
right) and examine the results.
a. < ___________ b. > ____________
c. <= ___________ d. >= ____________
e. != ___________ f. == ____________
5. What is the result of each of the following expressions?
Assume x = 4, y = 5, z = 4
a. x > y ______________________________________
b. x < y ______________________________________
c. x == y ______________________________________
d. x != y ______________________________________
e. x >= z ______________________________________
f. x <= z ______________________________________
g. x + y > 2 * x ______________________________________
h. y * x – z != 4 % 4 + 16 ______________________________________
i. pow(x,2) == abs(-16) ______________________________________
6. What is the result of the following expressions?
Assume word1 = “hello”, word2 = “good-bye”
a. word1 == word2 ______________________________________
b. word1 != word2 ______________________________________
c. word1 < word2 ______________________________________
d. word1 >= word2 ______________________________________

25
7. Explain how the conditional operators are used when the operands are strings.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. There are only two possible answers to the expressions in questions 5 and 6. What are they?
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the Python code equivalent of the diamond flowchart symbol in the program above?
________________________________________________________________________
10. Enter and execute the following code. Use various values for the original cost and the sale price.
Explain what the following lines of code do. Each line appears in the program above.
a. originalPrice = int(originalPriceString)
________________________________________________________________________
b. percentOff =(originalPrice - salePrice)/originalPrice * 100
________________________________________________________________________
c. print("Sale price: $%.2f" %salePrice)
________________________________________________________________________
d. print("Percent off: %2d" % percentOff + "%")
________________________________________________________________________
e. if percentOff >= 50:
print("You got a great sale!")
________________________________________________________________________
Model 3: IF/ELSE Statement
Flow chart Python Program

26
11. Revise the program in #10. If the percent off is 50% or more print “Congratulations!” in addition
to what is already printed. Use a second print statement to do this. Write the code for this part
of the program.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. Revise the program in #12 so that it prints “Done!” when the program is complete – no matter
what the percent off is. How does the placement of this line of code differ from the placement of
the code created for #12?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Python Program
Flowchart
13. Compare the flowchart above with the corresponding Python Program. Carefully compare if/else
statement in the two programs. Enter and execute the Python program above.
a. Test the program at least three times. List the three test data you used and the
corresponding output. Explain why they were the best data to use as a test for the
program.
___________________ __________________ ___________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

27
b. Now you want to add another print statement to the Python program above so that it
printed “That’s really hot!” when the water is 212 degrees or hotter. Rewrite the code
below with this statement included.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
FYI: We can use logical operators to determine logic between conditions (relational expressions).
14. Sometimes you want to test more than one condition to determine which code segment should be
executed. You can use the following logical operators to create compound conditions. Examine
each operator and a sample of its use. Provide an explanation of how each operator works.
Operator Example Explanation
and (age >= 17) and (hasLicense = = true)
or (cost < 20.00) or (shipping = = 0.00)
not not (credits> 120)
15. Assume the value of the variable numBooks is 40. State the values of each of the Boolean
expression.
Expression Value
(numBooks > 5) and (numBooks < 100)
(numBooks < 5) or (numBooks > 100)
not(numBooks * 10 == 100)
16. Suppose you want to determine if a student is ready to graduate. The 3 criteria for graduation are
that the student has earned at least 120 credits, their major GPA is at least 2.0 and their general
GPA is also at least 2.0.
Missing Boolean expression

28
Which Boolean expression would be the correct test for Python code?
a. numCredits >= 120 or majorGPA >= 2.0 or overallGPA >= 2.0
b. numCredits > 120 and majorGPA > 2.0 or overallGPA > 2.0
c. numCredits > 119 and majorGPA >= 2.0 and overallGPA >= 2.0
d. numCredits >= 120 and majorGPA >= 2.0 and overallGPA >= 2.0
17. Enter and execute the program in #16. Include your choice for the correct Boolean expression.
Create several data sets to test all possibilities for the Boolean expression. List the data you used
to test all possibilities for the expression.
Data Set numCredits majorGPA overallGPA Expression Result (True or False)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1. Write a Boolean expression that tests if the value stored in the variable num1 is equal to the value
stored in the variable num2.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Write a Boolean expression that tests if the value stored in the variable time is less than the value
stored in the variable maxTime or if the value stored in the variable cost is less than the value
stored in the variable maxCost
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Write the code for an if statement that adds 5 to the variable num1 if the value stored in the
variable testA equals 25. Otherwise subtract 5 from num1.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Write the code for an if statement that prints a random number between one and 6 if the value
stored in the variable isValid equals the Boolean value true.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

29
5. Write a Python program that prompts the user for the cost of two items to be purchased. Then
prompt the user for their payment. If they enter an amount that is less than the total cost of the
two items, print a message that tells them how much they still owe. Otherwise, print a message
that thanks them for their payment and tells them how much change they will receive.
Thoroughly test your code for all possible input.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Write a Python program that prompts the user for a word. If the word comes between the words
apple and pear alphabetically, print a message that tells the user that the word is valid, otherwise,
tell the user the word is out or range.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Write a Python program that prompts the user for a multiple of 5 between 1 and 100. Print a
message telling the user whether the number they entered is valid.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

30
Notes and Questions

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 6: Functions
“Modularizing your code”
Python Program
Flowchart
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain the meaning and purpose of a function
Recognize a function definition, function header, and function call in a program
Combine the use of functions with if/else statements
Explain programs that use the same function multiple times
Use good test data for programs that include functions
Process:
Write code that includes function definitions and function calls
Write programs that incorporate functions and if/else statements
Prior Knowledge
Further Reading

32
FYI: A function is a segment of code that performs a single task.
1. Closely examine the flowchart and Python program above.
a. Draw arrows between each flowchart symbol and the equivalent Python code.
FYI: A function definition is the segment of code that tells the program what to do when the
function is executed. The first line of a function definition is known as the function
header
b. What Python keyword is used to indicate that a code segment is a function definition?
________________________________________________________________________
c. What is the function header in the Python code above?
________________________________________________________________________
d. The name of the function is in the function header. What is the name of the function?
________________________________________________________________________
e. Examine the Python function. Explain the syntax required for a function: indentation,
etc.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
f. Enter and execute the Python program. What is the output?
________________________________________________________________________
g. What line of code would you add to the program to print the last two lines twice? Where
would you add the code?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Examine the following program
a. Label the function definition and the function call.
b. The function call and the function definition each include a variable within the
parentheses. The variable in this role is known as an argument. What is the argument in
the function definition? What is its purpose?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

33
c. In this example the argument in the function definition and the argument in the function
call have the same name. Is this required? _______________________________
d. Enter and execute the program. Verify your answer to question ‘c’ by changing the
variable name in the main program from radius to number. Do not change the variable
name in the function definition. Does the program still work? __________________
e. Write a line of code that calls the calculateArea function and sends the value “6” as the
argument. Add the line of code to the main program and execute it to be sure it works
properly. _______________________________________________________________
f. Add a second function to the program that calculates and prints the diameter of a circle,
given the radius as an argument (parameter). Place the function definition above the main
part of the program. Write the function below.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
g. Add another line of code to the main part of the program that calls the function that was
created in part ‘f’. Send the radius entered by the user as the argument to the function.
________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the purpose of a function? Why do programmers use them?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Carefully examine the following program.
a. What is the first line of code executed by the Python interpreter?
________________________________________________________________________

34
b. Enter and execute the program. Use the following test data and indicate what the output
is for each set of data.
Data Set Operand 1 Operand 2 Operator Result
1 2 6 +
2 3 8 -
3 34 23 +
4 4 5 /
c. What problems did you notice when you entered Data Sets 3 and 4?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. Add code to the program that would warn the user about the problems that could occur
when data similar to that in Data Sets 3 and 4 are entered. See sample output below. List
the lines of code below the sample output.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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35
FYI: So far, the functions you have printed any results within the function. They did not send
back any information to the original calling code. Functions that do not send back
information to where they are called are known as void functions. Functions often send
back or return the result and are known as value returning functions.
5. Enter and execute the code below. Carefully examine the code.
a. What is the new keyword used in the function definition? What do you think the
keyword tells the program to do?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Write the line of code from the program that includes the function call to getSmaller.
________________________________________________________________________
c. In a void function, the function call is on a line by itself. Why is this function call
placed on the right-hand-side of an assignment statement?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. What are the arguments used for the function call? _______________________________
6. Examine the following Python program.
a. What does the program do?
________________________________________________________________________
b. Circle the function call. What is different about the placement of the function call?
________________________________________________________________________

36
c. Is the function a void function or a value returning function? ____________________
d. Why is the import statement needed in this program?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. The following Python program performs the same operations and produces the same output as the
previous program. Describe the major differences between the two programs. Edit the previous
program so that it looks like this one and execute it.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Write a function that draws a frog. Call the function to be sure it works. Sample frog:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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2. Expand the program in #1 to produce the following output.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Write a Python program that prompts the user for three words and prints the word that comes last
alphabetically. Use a function to create the program.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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38
Notes and Questions

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 7: Nested IF/ELSE Statements
“Decisions, decisions – decisions within decisions!”
1. Closely examine the flowchart and Python program above.
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain the purpose of a nested if-else statement
Explain how to use Python if-elif structure
Explain how to test code using Python if-elif structure
Process:
Write code that includes if-elif statements
Write code that uses if-elif statements and functions
Prior Knowledge
Further Reading
Python Program
Flowchart

40
b. In the Python code, circle the if/else statement that is nested within another if/else statement.
c. Enter and test the code. List five numbers that you would use to test this program. Indicate
why you chose the numbers.
Number Why chosen
2. Enter and execute the following Python program using the same data as you used for #1c.
a. How does the output for this program compare with the output for the previous program?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b. What new keyword is used in this program? _______________________________________
c. Notice the syntax of this program compared to the previous program. Which program
contains simpler indentation? _____________________________________________
FYI: elif is the Python keyword that represents else if and allows you to test for one of several options. As
soon as one of the tests is true, the rest are ignored.
d. You can use elif as many times as you need to. Suppose you wanted to add the comment
“Good!” for grades that are between 80 and 89. Where would you add it? Write the code for
this additional choice.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
e. Does the placement of an additional elif clause matter? ______________________________
f. When is the code associated with the else statement executed?
___________________________________________________________________________

41
g. Describe how an if/elif/else statement works.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
h. Change the program in #2 so that it prints the following messages. Write the code below.
Greater than 90 “Very Good!”
Between 80 and 89 “Good!”
Between 70 and 79 “Satisfactory”
Between 60 and 69” “Fair”
Less than 60 “Poor”
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
i. Make a final change to the program so that it prints an error message if the grade entered
is greater than 100 or less than 0.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Is the use of the else statement mandatory when creating an if/elif statement? Explain your
answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

42
1. Write an if/elif statement that assigns a value to the variable bonus depending on the amount of sales.
Assume the amount of the sales is stored in a variable called sales.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Carefully examine and then complete the following Python program. The program prompts the user
to enter a number between 1 and 5 and also generates a random number between 1 and 5. The
program prints the number the user enters and prints the random number. The program then
compares the two numbers. If the numbers are the same, it prints the message “You picked the same
number as the computer!”. If the number the user entered is higher than the random number, the
program should print “Your number is higher than the computer’s number.” Otherwise, it should
print: “Your number is smaller than the computer’s number”.
Explain what the if/else statement does in the Main Program.
Sales Bonus
>= 100,000 10,000
>= 75,000 5,000
>= 50,000 2,500
>= 25,000 1,000

43
.

44
Notes and Questions

Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 8: Looping Structures – WHILE Loops
“Repeating code”
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Closely examine the flowchart and Python program below.
FYI: A looping structure allows a block of code to be repeated one or more times. A while loop is
one of the two looping structures available in Python.
Python Program Flowchart
b. In the Python code, circle all the code associated with the WHILE loop.
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain the three parts of a loop
Explain the syntax of a while loop
Explain sentinel-controlled and counter controlled loops
Explain short-cut operators
Process:
Write code that includes sentinel-controlled and counter controlled loops
Write code that uses short-cut operators
Prior Knowledge
Further Reading

46
c. Enter and test the code. What does the line of code: x=x+1 do?
___________________________________________________________________________
d. How does the Python interpreter know what lines of code belong to the loop body?
___________________________________________________________________________
e. Every loop structure requires three actions. Identify the line of code in the Python
program that corresponds to each of the three actions.
 Initialize a variable used in the test condition:
________________________________________________________________________
 Include a test condition that causes the loop to end when the condition is false:
________________________________________________________________________
 Within the loop body, update the variable used in the test condition:
________________________________________________________________________
2. Enter and execute the following code.
a. Beside each line of code below explain what the code does.
b. Explain the difference between the two print statements.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. The following code should print the numbers from 1 to 10, but it does not print anything.
Correct the problem.
number = 12
while number <= 10:
print(number)
number = number + 1
4. Enter and execute the following code:
number = 0
while number <= 10:
print(number)
number = number - 1
a. Describe the output. ____________________________________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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47
b. What caused the output to be what it was?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. Does the program end? Why or why not? ________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
number = 1
while number <= 10:
if number % 2 == 0:
print(number, end= " ")
number = number + 1
a. State the output.
________________________________________________________________________
b. What caused the output to display on one line?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. What control structures are used in this code?
________________________________________________________________________
7. We want to create a program that prompts the user to enter a number between 1 and 10. As long
as the number is out of range the program re-prompts the user for a valid number. Complete the
following steps to write this code.
a. Write a line of code the prompts the user for number between 1 and 10.
________________________________________________________________________
b. Write a Boolean expression that tests the number the user entered by the code in step “a.”
to determine if it is not in range.
________________________________________________________________________
c. Use the Boolean expression created in step “b.” to write a while loop that executes when
the user input is out of range. The body of the loop should tell the user that they entered
an invalid number and prompt them for a valid number again.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. Write a line of code that prints a message telling the user that they entered a valid
number.
________________________________________________________________________
e. Put the segments of code from steps “a-d” together. Enter and execute the code. Does it
work properly? If not, correct it and test it again. _________________________

48
f. How many times does the loop execute? ______________________________________
FYI: A looping structure for which you know the number of times it will execute is known as a
count-controlled loop.
8. Sometimes a programmer does not know how many times data is to be entered. For example,
suppose you want to create a program that adds an unspecified amount of positive numbers
entered by the user. The program stops adding numbers when the user enters a zero or a negative
number. Then the program prints the total. Before creating this program, review the three actions
required for all loops:
a. Initialize a variable that will be used in the test condition: What will be tested to
determine if the loop is executed or not? Write a line of code that initializes a variable to
be used in the test condition of the loop for this program. The variable should contain a
value entered by the user.
________________________________________________________________________
b. Include a test condition that causes the loop to end when the condition is false: What is
the test condition for the while loop used in this program?
________________________________________________________________________
c. Within the loop body, update the variable used in the test condition: Write the code for
the loop body. Include the code to update the variable in the test condition.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. Is this a count-controlled loop? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________
e. Complete the program. Enter and execute the code. Does it work properly? __________
FYI: Short-cut operators provide a concise way of creating assignment statements when the
variable on the left-hand side of the assignment statement is also on the right-hand side. The
addition short-cut operator (+=) is usually used for incrementing a variable.
number = 1
number += 3
print(number)
a. What does the “+=” shortcut operator do?
________________________________________________________________________
b. The code: x += 5 is equivalent to which of the following lines of code?
x = 5
x = y + 5
x = x + 5
y = x + 5

49
c. Replace the operator ‘+=’ with the following shortcut operators and execute the code.
Explain what each operator does.
-= _________________________________________________________
*= _________________________________________________________
bonus = 25
salary += bonus
print(“Total salary:”, salary)
a. What is the output of the preceding code? Is it what you expected?
________________________________________________________________________
b. Edit the code so that it produces valid output.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. As a result of correcting this code segment, what is needed in order for the shortcut
operators to work properly?
_______________________________________________________________________
d. Is the following line of code valid: 23 += total? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________
11. The following code should print the numbers beginning at 100 and ending with 0. However it is
missing a line of code. Add the missing code, using the shortcut operator. Indicate where the
code belongs.
countdown = 100
while countdown > 0:
print(countdown)
print(“Done!”)
________________________________________________________________________
doAgain = "y"
while doAgain == "y":
word = input("Enter a word:")
print("First letter of " + word + " is " + word[0])
doAgain = input("Type ‘y’ to enter another word and anything
else to quit.")
print("Done!")
________________________________________________________________________
b. What is the name of the variable used to store the user’s input? ____________________
c. In the print statement, what does word[0]represent? ___________________________

50
d. If you changed 0 to 1 in word[0]in the print statement above, what is printed?
________________________________________________________________________
e. When does the program end? _____________________________________________
g. Why is the loop in this program is an example of a sentinel control loop?
________________________________________________________________________
h. Examine the print statement in this program:
print("First letter of " + word + " is " + word[0])
What is the purpose of the “+” as part of the argument in the print statement? What
happens if you replace the “+” with a “,”?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
13. Examine the code below.
name = “Simone”
cost = 3.56
numApples = 89
What type of data is stored in each variable: (integer, floating point, or string)
name – __________________________
cost – __________________________
numApples – __________________________
FYI: A variable that can store only the values True and False is called a Boolean variable.
14. Given the assignment statement: foundCost = False
What value is stored in the variable foundCost? ________________________________
What type of data is stored in foundCost? ________________________________
a. What type of variable is ‘doAgain’? _______________________________________
FYI: A sentinel-controlled while loop is a loop that repeats the loop body until the user enters a pre-
specified value.

51
b. What does the program do?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. What does the following line of code do?
maxNum1 = max(num1, num2, num3, num4)
________________________________________________________________________
d. Experiment with the arguments in the max() function in the program to determine if the
function must have four arguments. Demonstrate your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
e. What does the following code in the program do?
if another != 'y':
doAgain = False
________________________________________________________________________
1. Write a code segment that prompts the user for an even number. As long as the number is
not even, the user should be given a message and prompted again for an even number.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Write code segment that prompts the user for a letter from ‘a-z’. As long as the character is not
between ‘a-z’, the user should be given a message and prompted again for a letter between ‘a-z’.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Complete the following program:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

52
Notes and Questions

53
Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 9: Looping Structures: FOR Loops
“Another form of loops”
4. Enter and execute the following two Python programs.
WHILE LOOP -- Python Program
FOR LOOP – Python Program
a. What is the output for each program?
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Both programs produce the same output. Which code fragment is more concise?
___________________________________________________________________________
FYI: The Python predefined range() function is used to define a series of numbers and can be used in
a FOR loop to determine the number of times the loop is executed..
2. Enter and execute the following code fragments and state the output:
a. for x in range(5):
print(x, end=” “) ________________________________
b. for x in range(1,5):
print(x, end=" ") ________________________________
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain the difference between while loop and a FOR loop
Explain the syntax of a FOR loop
Explain how to use the range() function in a FOR loop
Explain an accumulator in a FOR loop
Process:
Write code that includes FOR loop
Write code that uses use FOR loops within functions
Prior Knowledge
Further Reading

54
c. for x in range(3,20,2):
print(x, end=” “) ___________________________
d. numIterations = 6
for x in range(numIterations):
print(x, end=” “) ___________________________
e. numIterations = 6
for x in range(1, numIterations+1):
print(x, end=” “) ___________________________
3. After examining the five code fragments in #2, explain how the range() function works. Include
an explanation of the arguments.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
FYI: In a FOR loop you can include a list of values in place of the range() function.
for x in [3,6,9,12,15,18]:
print(x, end=” “)
a. Rewrite this code using the range() function.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Why would you use the range() function when you could just list the numbers?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. As you learned in Activity 8, every loop structure requires three actions. Explain how these
actions are implemented in the following Python FOR loop.
for x in range(1,5):
print(x, end=" ")
a. Initialize a variable used in the test condition;
________________________________________________________________________
b. Include a test condition that causes the loop to end when the condition is false:
________________________________________________________________________
c. Within the loop body, update the variable used in the test condition:
________________________________________________________________________

55
6. Read through the code and determine what it does.
favorite = input("Enter your favorite ice cream flavor: ")
for x in range(1,5):
print(str(x) + “.”, favorite, end="t")
a. Explain what you think the program does.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b. Enter and execute the code to determine if you were correct. What does the program
actually do? Provide a detailed explanation.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c. Explain the use of the str() function in the print statement. Why is it needed?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Complete the arguments in the following range function so that the code prints the even
numbers between 100 and 200 inclusive.
for x in range(_____________________________):
print(x)
8. Complete the arguments in the following range function so that the code prints: 5 4 3 2 1 0.
for x in range(______________________________):
print(x)
FYI: An accumulator is a variable that stores the sum of a group of values.
9. Examine the following code segment.
total = 0
for x in range(5):
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
total += number
print("The total is:",total)
a. Why is the variable total initialized to 0 in the first line of code?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Explain what the following code does:
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

56
c. Explain what the following code does: total += number
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. How many numbers does the program prompt for? __________________________
e. What is the accumulator in the code segment?
________________________________________________________________________
10. Is it better to use a FOR loop when you know the number of times the loop should be executed or
when you do not know? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Write a code segment using a FOR loop that prints multiples of 5 from 5 to 500.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Complete the program on the following page. The program should:
Display five addition facts, one at a time, and allow the user to answer them.
Provide the correct answer if user enters incorrect answer.
Print a congratulatory answer, if the answer is correct.
Keep track of the number of problems the user answers correctly.
Prints a special message, if the user gets all five problems correct.
Fill in the missing code; comments (also written below) indicate location of missing code.
# include the required import statement
______________________________________________________________________________
# include a FOR loop that prints the numbers from 10 to 0
______________________________________________________________________________
# Assign a random number between 1 and 10 to num1 and num2
______________________________________________________________________________
# Write the test condition to determine if the user’s
# answer is equal to the sum of the two numbers
______________________________________________________________________________
# Write the line of code to increment the variable
# that is keeping track of the number of correct answers.
______________________________________________________________________________
# Print the addition fact and include the correct answer.
______________________________________________________________________________

57
# Write the test condition to determine if the user answered
# all the questions correctly
______________________________________________________________________________
# Write the code to call the function that prints the rocket
______________________________________________________________________________

58
Notes and Questions

59
Name:_______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________
Python Activity 10: Files and Nesting Looping Structures
“Alternative input and loops inside loops”
FYI: In Python, you can access data from a text file as well as from the keyboard. You can create a
text file in any text editing tool. You should only have one data item per line in the file.
5. Create a text file named sports.txt and enter the sports listed below, one word per line.
Enter and execute the Python program. Be sure the saved program is in the same folder as the
text file.
Python Program sports.txt file
Learning Objectives
Content:
Explain how to open a text file for reading and for writing
Explain the difference between the read() and readline() functions
Explain the purpose of the str() function.
Explain the effect of the arguments of the range function when reading data from a file.
Explain the purpose of the rstrip(), open(), close(), and write() functions
Explain the difference between writing and appending to a file
Read and write nested FOR loops
Identify inner and outer loops
Process:
Write code that opens, writes to and closes a file
Write code that opens, reads from and closes a file
Write code that uses a nested FOR loop
Prior Knowledge
Further Reading

60
_______________________________________________________________________
b. Explain the purpose and syntax of the first line of code. What does the ‘string argument’
for the function open represent?
_______________________________________________________________________
c. Replace the function read() with the function readline(). Execute the program again.
What happens?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
d. Explain the difference between the two functions: read() and readline().
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
a. Explain the format and content of the output.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. How does the output from this programs differ from the output of the program that used
the “read()” function? What caused the difference?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
c. What is the subtle difference in the output if the following print statement
replaced the one above? Which is better?
________________________________________________________________________
d. What does str(index) do in the program above? Why is the str () function necessary?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
e. What happens when you change the arguments in the range() function to 1,10?
_______________________________________________________________________
f. What happens when you change the arguments in the range() function to (0, 30)?
_______________________________________________________________________

61
g. What do the results from “f.” and “g.” tell you about the arguments of the range()
function when you are using it in a FOR loop to read data from a file?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
FYI: The purpose of the rstrip() function is rather subtle. rstrip() returns a copy of the string after all
characters have been stripped from the end of the string (default whitespace characters, EOL
characters, and newline characters).
3. The following program is slightly different from the program in #2. Enter and execute the
program.
a. Compare the output from this program to the output in the previous program. What is the
difference?
________________________________________________________________________
b. What code caused the difference in the output?
________________________________________________________________________
c. In this example the rstrip() function strips the newline character from the string that is
read from the file. Why is the newline character attached to the end of the string?
________________________________________________________________________
d. Does the rstrip() function contain any arguments? How does it know what string to act
upon?
________________________________________________________________________
e. lstrip() is a similar function. What do you think it does?
____________________________________________________
4. The following program is slightly different from the program in #3. Enter and execute the
program.
a. What does the program display?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. How many functions are used in this program? _________________________________
c. Two functions use what is known as dot(.) notation. What are the two functions?
________________________________________________________________________

62
d. Examine the output and explain what the len() function does.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Enter and execute the following program:
a. What output appears on the screen?
________________________________________________________________________
b. What does the program do?
________________________________________________________________________
c. Locate the file studentInfo.txt on your computer. The file is stored in the same folder as
the program. What is stored in the file?
________________________________________________________________________
d. What is the purpose of “w” in the following line of code?
________________________________________________________________________
e. Did you create the file: studentInfo.txt before you included it in the code? ___________
f. Execute the program again using different input. Open the studentInfo.txt file. What is
in the file? Is the data from the first program execution still there?
________________________________________________________________________
g. Change the ‘w’ to ‘a’ in the open() function. Execute the program again with different
input. Examine the student Info.txt file. What did ‘a’ as an argument in the open()
function do? What word do you think ‘a’ represents?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
h. Notice the new function – write(). How many arguments does the write function have?
________________________________________________________________________
i. How does the write() function know what file to write to?
________________________________________________________________________
j. What line of code closes the file? Where is the line of code positioned in the program?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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