The document discusses the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula. The Pythagorean theorem states that for any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the two sides equals the square of the hypotenuse. The distance formula allows you to calculate the distance between two points in the xy-plane by taking the square root of the sum of the squared differences between the x-coordinates and y-coordinates. An example using points (2,4) and (7,13) demonstrates applying the distance formula to get a distance of 10.3 units between the two points.