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This is a brief introduction to MicroLED also known as micro-LED, mLED or µLED, which is a latest self-emitting display technology that shares many traits with OLED. MicroLED has the potential to take on and outperform OLED, but it won’t completely displace OLED and LCD. Here we discuss the basic structure, differences with OLED and LCD. What are the major challenges? Advantages and Disadvantages, Application and the Future of MicroLED.
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Distriled : officiel dealer Samsung Benelux !
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PV Asia Pacific Conference 11 2011 Sinke
1. Cost reduction in PV: directions for R&D
redefining the roles of public and private research for the solar age
Wim Sinke
ECN Solar Energy & European Photovoltaic Technology Platform
www.ecn.nl
2. Contents
The PV challenges quantified
Building blocks for the solution
• technology portfolio & system approaches
Dealing with diversity
• Europe’s approach to R&D
Crossing the valleys of death
• from incentive-driven to self-sustained markets
incentive- self-
• from technology push to market pull
Outlook
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
Background photo: www.bso.vvs.be
3. Contents
The PV challenges quantified
Building blocks for the solution
• technology portfolio & system approaches
Dealing with diversity
• Europe’s approach to R&D
Crossing the valleys of death
• from incentive-driven to self-sustained markets
incentive- self-
• from technology push to market pull
Outlook
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
Background photo: www.bso.vvs.be
4. The challenge quantified
• How much is needed for impact?
• At what cost?
• Under which conditions?
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
5. How much is needed for impact?
From 10% global electricity to >25% of global energy:
3 ~ >30 TWp
(now 0.05 TWp)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
6. At what cost (price)?
0.05 $/kWh ~ 0.10 €/kWh (or less)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
7. From generation cost to system price (or back)
not a trivial exercise
Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE) determined by:
turn-key system price ($/Wp)
• module price + Balance-of-System price
(power-related part & area-related part)
energy output (kWh/Wp·yr)
• primarily dependent on annual insolation
• influenced by system quality and design, partial shading, etc.
operation & maintenance cost and replacement/repair ($/Wp·yr)
cost of capital:
• depreciation time (yr)
• interest rate / Return on Investment required (%)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
8. At what cost (price)?
0.05 $/kWh ~ 0.10 €/kWh (or less):
typically
1 $(€)/Wp
(now ≥2 € /Wp)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
9. At what cost (price)?
The value of efficiency (example)
High efficiency modules
(efficiency 2X%)
modules
(0,6 $/W)
area-related BoS
(0,2 $/W)
Moderate efficiency modules
(efficiency X%)
power-related BoS
and other costs
modules
(0,2 $/W)
(0,4 $/W)
area-related BoS
(0,4 $/W)
power-related BoS
and other costs
turn-key system price 1 $/Wp (0,2 $/W)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
10. Under which conditions?
Sustainability:
• Supply chain security (and price stability)
• Cradle-to-cradle approach
• Low (zero, or positive) impact:
• manufacturing MiaSolé
• installation
• operation
• decommissioning
• Public acceptance
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
11. Contents
The PV challenges quantified
Building blocks for the solution
• technology portfolio & system approaches
Dealing with diversity
• Europe’s approach to R&D
Crossing the valleys of death
• from incentive-driven to self-sustained markets
incentive- self-
• from technology push to market pull
Outlook
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
Background photo: www.bso.vvs.be
12. Best efficiencies laboratory cells
L. Kazmerski
NREL, 2011
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
13. Cell & module technologies (flat plate)
Commercial: wafer-based silicon
- monocrystalline
- multicrystalline
- ribbons
City of the Sun (NL) Toyota Module efficiencies 14 ~ 20%
Commercial: thin films
- silicon
- copper-indium/gallium-diselenide (CIGS)
- cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Würth Solar Helianthos First Solar Module efficiencies 7 ~ 13%
Emerging and novel technologies:
- super-low-cost concepts
(& technologies for new applications)
- super-high-efficiency concepts
Holst Centre/ECN (Solliance) Amolf
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
14. Cell & module technologies (flat plate)
Commercial: wafer-based silicon
Trends: - monocrystalline
• new cell and module architectures- multicrystalline
- ribbons
• high(er) efficiencies
City of the Sun (NL) Toyota Module efficiencies 14 ~ 20%
Commercial: thin films
Trends: - silicon
- copper-indium/gallium-diselenide (CIGS)
• increasing scale - cadmium telluride (CdTe)
• differentiation according to application
Würth Solar Helianthos First Solar Module efficiencies 7 ~ 13%
Emerging and novel technologies:
Trends: - super-low-cost concepts
• applications of nanotechnology technologies for new applications)
(&
- super-high-efficiency concepts
• synergy with other fields of technology
Holst Centre/ECN (Solliance) Amolf
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
15. Cell & module technologies (concentrator)
(FhG-ISE)
Commercial: multi-junction III-V
semiconductors (and silicon)
Module efficiencies 25 ~ 30%
Abengoa/Concentrix
Lab: super-high efficiency concepts
Module efficiencies: too early to tell
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
16. Evolution of technology portfolio and module
efficiencies (IEA PV Roadmap, 2010)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
17. PV technology shares
100%
Wafers and thin films; flat-plate
& concentrator
90%
80% Concentrator PV; emerging
technologies
70%
Thin-film CIGS
60%
50% Thin-film CdTe
40%
30% Thin-film Si
20%
Wafer-based Si
10%
Sources:
- Photon International 03 2011
0%
- Solar Generation 6
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2030 2050 - Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau (private comm.)
- own estimates
17 21-11- PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
2011
19. System approaches
• (k)Wp to GWp
• stand-alone, grid-connected, minigrid
• BAPV, BIPV, ground based, and more
• single-purpose or multifunctional
• PV-only or hybrid (PV-T, PV-wind, etc.)
• fixed orientation, one & two-axis tracking
• modular or central design
• and more
Sharp Corp. Mun. Heerhugowaard Enel Phoenix Solar
19 PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
20. Diversity: blessing or curse?
Blessing:
• robust development
• confidence in the future: we ain’t seen nothing yet
• ability to serve a wide range of applications and markets
Curse:
• dilution of resourses
• confusion and hesitance among potential users (what is
best, why not wait?)
• tendency to flee forward
20 PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
21. Diversity: blessing or curse?
Blessing:
• robust development
• confidence in the future: we ain’t seen nothing yet
• ability to serve a wide range of applications and markets
Curse:
• dilution of resourses
• confusion and hesitance among potential users (what is
best, why not wait?)
• tendency to flee forward
Overall:
• diversity has brought us where we are and will bring us
where we want to be
21 PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
22. Contents
The PV challenges quantified
Building blocks for the solution
• technology portfolio & system approaches
Dealing with diversity
• Europe’s approach to R&D
Passing the valleys of death
• from incentive-driven to self-sustained markets
incentive- self-
• from technology push to market pull
Outlook
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
Background photo: www.bso.vvs.be
23. Europe’s joint approach:
Strategic Energy Technology Plan
European
European
Energy
Industrial
Research
Initiatives
Alliance
(EII’s)
(EERA)
Monitoring and steering:
SET-
SET-Plan
Information
System
(SETIS)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
24. the Solar Europe Industry Initiative
(EPIA & European PV Technology Platform)
COST
REDUCTION market deployment
volume LARGE-
LARGE-SCALE
+ R&D + demonstration DEPLOYMENT
innovation Solar Europe Industry
&
Initiative (SEII)
INTEGRATION
PV system integration INDUSTRY
grid COMPETITIVENESS
+ smart grids & integration
built of other renewables
environment
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
25. PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
26. Development targets SRA2
Long term
Today 2020 2030
potential
Typical turn-key price for 100 kWp
2.5 1.5 1 0.5
system (2011 €/Wp, excl. VAT)
Typical electricity generation costs,
0.19 0.10 0.06 0.03
Southern Europe (2011 €/kWh)
Typical system energy payback
0.5-1.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.25
time, Southern Europe (years)
100 kWp commercial roof system, Italy
PR of 80%, yield of 1440 kWh/kWp
25 year lifetime, discount rate of 6.5%
Current and 2020 values consistent with SEII KPIs
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
27. General scientific & technological challenges for
PV cells & modules (selection)
High performance (= high efficiency & high annual yield)
• maximize absorption; minimize recombination losses
• apply efficient concentration (high X, light trapping)
• utilize full spectrum (multi gap, multi band, multi carrier, photon
conversion, and more)
Low cost
• high efficiency (leverage at all levels)
• low materials cost (ultra-thin layers, low-cost materials)
• high-throughput processing (vacuum & non-vacuum)
Sustainability
• minimum materials & energy use; (design for) recycling
• alternative materials (CIS CZTS, Ag Cu, etc.)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
28. General scientific & technological challenges for
PV systems (selection)
High performance (= high efficiency & high annual yield)
• sun tracking
• high availability (system reliability)
• low electrical losses (DC/AC conversion, cabling, mismatch, etc.)
• (self) cleaning
Low cost
• high efficiency
• low materials cost
• fast preparation & installation, low maintenance, replacement & repair
Sustainability
• “low BoS” designs, low-energy, abundant materials
• (design for) recycling
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
29. General scientific & technological challenges for
system integration (selection)
High performance
• electrical integration: avoid having to switch down or off
• physical integration: optimize system lay-out, select optimum sites
Low cost
• electrical integration: concepts & technologies for high penetration
(see e.g. prof. Martin Braun’s (FhG-IWES) and dr. Tim Meyer’s (DTMC))
• physical integration: standardisation, prefab, integrated fixtures, click-
on/click-off, etc.
Sustainability
• electrical integration: optimize energy technology portfolio
• physical integration: low-impact & durable materials (design for)
recycling, low intrusion, good aesthetics
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
30. Contents
The PV challenges quantified
Building blocks for the solution
• technology portfolio & system approaches
Dealing with diversity
• Europe’s approach to R&D
Crossing the valleys of death
• from incentive-driven to self-sustained markets
incentive- self-
• from technology push to market pull
Outlook PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
Background photo: www.bso.vvs.be
31. From incentive-driven to self-sustained markets
• Don’t oversell (grid parity on consumer level in one country is not enough)
• Quality first (TW-scale use requires professional quality, not just bottom-
low prices: “Trust comes by foot and leaves by horse”)
• Develop bridging business (& system) concepts
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
32. From technology push to market pull
• Commercial companies build up in-house R&D capacity
• Industry sets the agenda in major R&D programs
• Governments (EC and countries) want to see near-term and
nearby results
• Role of public research shifts:
from multi-parter joint development projects to more emphasis on:
• open innovation models
• bilateral competitive R&D
• developing high-risk high-potential options (beyond industry scope)
PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
33. Contents
The PV challenges quantified
Building blocks for the solution
• technology portfolio & system approaches
Dealing with diversity
• Europe’s approach to R&D
Crossing the valleys of death
• from incentive-driven to self-sustained markets
incentive- self-
• from technology push to business pull
Outlook PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
Background photo: www.bso.vvs.be
34. 34 PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
35. 35 PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
36. Outlook
• Cost reduction: factor 5
• Efficiency enhancement: factor 2
• Volume increase: factor 100-1000
36 PV Asia Pacific Conference 2011 – Singapore – 3 November 2011
