CalB immo Plus is a high-performance immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) developed through a collaboration between c-LEcta GmbH and Purolite Corporation. It has high enzyme activity and outstanding mechanical stability, making it suitable for use in industrial processes. CalB immo Plus can be used in a variety of reactions like transesterification, amidation, and esterification to produce fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, and other products in a cost-effective and sustainable way. It shows advantages over other commercial CalB preparations in withstanding mechanical stress during repeated usage in batch and continuous reactors.
Nanoemulsions & Particulate Structuring by Dr Henelyta Ribeiro, Unilever R&D ...BASF SE
“Nanoscience in Foods: Opportunities & Challenges”
4th June 2009, Leatherhead, UK
- Nanoemulsions & Particulate Structuring -
Designing a new structured product is a rather complex process, which requires an understanding of the fundamental chemistry, materials science, life sciences, and engineering. Novel technologies have been recently developed to design physical nano structures that can meet the demanding requirements of applications in a wide range of products, e.g. foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, home care, etc. The lecture highlights microfluidic emulsification processes, such as: high pressure homogenization and emulsification diffusion method that have been used to design and fabricate newly structures and functional properties with especial emphasis on the particle size and its distribution.
Formulation of active substances into fine particles has attracted increasing attention to many industries during recent years. Many active compounds are practically insoluble in water and only slightly soluble in oil at room temperature. Incorporation of poorly soluble active compounds into nano structures may influence their solubility and crystallinity. It can enhance their bioaccessibility, deposition, and improve sensory properties. After formulating active compounds into these systems, they can be delivered faster into cellular compartments, than large particles, improving their bioavailability. Potential advantages of these formulations can be addressed, as controlled release and penetration of the encapsulated substances, protection against external environmental, and crystallization.
In this webinar, you will learn:
- The key issues in continuous manufacturing concerning excipients
- How those issues can be addressed
Detailed description:
Continuous manufacturing is a major trend in solid dose formulation. It shows economic and quality benefits, however, hurdles and challenges need to be tackled before getting there. This webinar will address these hurdles and challenges as they relate to excipients.
We will present how continuous manufacturing lines are set up and the benefits users have experienced from them. Feeding of especially small components of formulation combined with bad flow is a major challenge, as well as having a high number of components leading to many feeders. Our answer to these challenges are threefold: betting on multifunctional excipients, and on premixes, either as finished products or as customized projects.
Membrane Emulsification by Dr Henelyta RibeiroBASF SE
Membrane emulsification (ME) is a low energy input process and has been successfully applied for the precision manufacture of particulate systems, however efforts are required to develop further these worthwhile technologies for large scale production. One of the biggest challenges is the development of novel surface properties of the membranes, needed to control their surface energy and avoid changes in wetting properties over time. Another important aspect concerns the reduction of membrane fouling during processing. Increase in volume production could make these technologies competitive to conventional mechanical emulsification processes, allowing their process intensification and a sustainable production.
In this lecture some examples of application of ME in the food industry is presented. In several industries, such as pharmaceutical and fine-chemicals, a narrow droplet size distribution can be advantageous, as discussed in many review papers. However, in many food products the droplet size distribution does not play a dominant role, and the size distributions that can be reached with conventional equipment are adequate. ME has potential for energy saving, but this can only be assessed fully if also changes in cleaning procedures are taken into account. If the latter does not add much, a quite significant energy saving for the emulsification process (close to an order of magnitude) seems achievable. Relative to the total energy expenditure in food manufacturing (which also includes energy-intensive steps like pasteurization) this may not be large, but in absolute terms it will contribute to a reduction of the carbon footprint.
Published by Stanley Alliance Info-Tech Limited.
COVER STORY: Stepan Company: Structured Surfactants as Rheology Modifiers in Agricultural Product Formulations (P4)
INTERVIEW: Developing Agrochemical Formulations - New Challenges, Solutions and Trends (P8)
INSIGHT: BIS Research: Analysis of Global Agricultural Adjuvant Market Dynamics and Trends (P14)
...
...
Preparation of beta-carotene nanoemulsions by solvent-displacement methodBASF SE
National Food Research Institute researchers prepared β-carotene nanodispersions using a solvent displacement method. They used poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymers to encapsulate β-carotene and produce particles smaller than 80 nm. The nanoparticles were physically stable for 5 months without changes in size or aggregation. Freeze-drying and rehydration also did not affect particle size distribution. The solvent displacement method successfully produced stable β-carotene-loaded nanoparticles for potential use in increasing nutrient bioavailability.
Levan has great potential as a functional biopolymer in foods, feeds, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Levan is also shown to exert excellent cell-proliferating, skin moisturizing, and skin irritation-alleviating effects as a blending component in cosmetics. Levan derivatives such as sulphated, phosphated, or acetylated levans are asserted to be anti-ADIS agents. In addition, levan is used as a coating material in a drug delivery formulation moreover has a number of industrial applications such as surfactant for household use due to its excellent surface-active properties, a glycol/levan aqueous two-phase system for the partitioning of proteins, etc.
The Importance of Amorphous Stability: Mesoporous Silica for Poor Glass FormersMerck Life Sciences
Access the interactive recording: https://bit.ly/2SApPJr
Abstract: Historically, polymeric solid dispersions have been the technology of choice for amorphous formulation. However, this approach may have some downfalls when considering the ability to stabilize compounds in the amorphous form, especially poor glass former compounds with high propensity to re-crystallize. This webinar will examine amorphous stability from a theoretical perspective in the context of polymeric solid dispersions and mesoporous silica formulations. Finally, we will present recent data demonstrating the potential of mesoporous silica for superior amorphous stabilization of poor glass formers.
The document discusses microencapsulation of probiotics for industrial applications. It describes how various biopolymers like gelatin, alginate, chitosan can be used to encapsulate probiotics and protect them from harsh environments in the GI tract. Spherical polymer beads produced using extrusion or emulsification techniques encapsulate probiotic biomass. Chitosan in particular is a promising encapsulation material as it is non-toxic, biodegradable and can be ionically cross-linked for stability. Alginate encapsulation using calcium chloride has effectively protected L. acidophilus from gastric acid conditions. The encapsulation techniques aim to enhance probiotic viability during food processing and consumption.
Nanoemulsions & Particulate Structuring by Dr Henelyta Ribeiro, Unilever R&D ...BASF SE
“Nanoscience in Foods: Opportunities & Challenges”
4th June 2009, Leatherhead, UK
- Nanoemulsions & Particulate Structuring -
Designing a new structured product is a rather complex process, which requires an understanding of the fundamental chemistry, materials science, life sciences, and engineering. Novel technologies have been recently developed to design physical nano structures that can meet the demanding requirements of applications in a wide range of products, e.g. foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, home care, etc. The lecture highlights microfluidic emulsification processes, such as: high pressure homogenization and emulsification diffusion method that have been used to design and fabricate newly structures and functional properties with especial emphasis on the particle size and its distribution.
Formulation of active substances into fine particles has attracted increasing attention to many industries during recent years. Many active compounds are practically insoluble in water and only slightly soluble in oil at room temperature. Incorporation of poorly soluble active compounds into nano structures may influence their solubility and crystallinity. It can enhance their bioaccessibility, deposition, and improve sensory properties. After formulating active compounds into these systems, they can be delivered faster into cellular compartments, than large particles, improving their bioavailability. Potential advantages of these formulations can be addressed, as controlled release and penetration of the encapsulated substances, protection against external environmental, and crystallization.
In this webinar, you will learn:
- The key issues in continuous manufacturing concerning excipients
- How those issues can be addressed
Detailed description:
Continuous manufacturing is a major trend in solid dose formulation. It shows economic and quality benefits, however, hurdles and challenges need to be tackled before getting there. This webinar will address these hurdles and challenges as they relate to excipients.
We will present how continuous manufacturing lines are set up and the benefits users have experienced from them. Feeding of especially small components of formulation combined with bad flow is a major challenge, as well as having a high number of components leading to many feeders. Our answer to these challenges are threefold: betting on multifunctional excipients, and on premixes, either as finished products or as customized projects.
Membrane Emulsification by Dr Henelyta RibeiroBASF SE
Membrane emulsification (ME) is a low energy input process and has been successfully applied for the precision manufacture of particulate systems, however efforts are required to develop further these worthwhile technologies for large scale production. One of the biggest challenges is the development of novel surface properties of the membranes, needed to control their surface energy and avoid changes in wetting properties over time. Another important aspect concerns the reduction of membrane fouling during processing. Increase in volume production could make these technologies competitive to conventional mechanical emulsification processes, allowing their process intensification and a sustainable production.
In this lecture some examples of application of ME in the food industry is presented. In several industries, such as pharmaceutical and fine-chemicals, a narrow droplet size distribution can be advantageous, as discussed in many review papers. However, in many food products the droplet size distribution does not play a dominant role, and the size distributions that can be reached with conventional equipment are adequate. ME has potential for energy saving, but this can only be assessed fully if also changes in cleaning procedures are taken into account. If the latter does not add much, a quite significant energy saving for the emulsification process (close to an order of magnitude) seems achievable. Relative to the total energy expenditure in food manufacturing (which also includes energy-intensive steps like pasteurization) this may not be large, but in absolute terms it will contribute to a reduction of the carbon footprint.
Published by Stanley Alliance Info-Tech Limited.
COVER STORY: Stepan Company: Structured Surfactants as Rheology Modifiers in Agricultural Product Formulations (P4)
INTERVIEW: Developing Agrochemical Formulations - New Challenges, Solutions and Trends (P8)
INSIGHT: BIS Research: Analysis of Global Agricultural Adjuvant Market Dynamics and Trends (P14)
...
...
Preparation of beta-carotene nanoemulsions by solvent-displacement methodBASF SE
National Food Research Institute researchers prepared β-carotene nanodispersions using a solvent displacement method. They used poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymers to encapsulate β-carotene and produce particles smaller than 80 nm. The nanoparticles were physically stable for 5 months without changes in size or aggregation. Freeze-drying and rehydration also did not affect particle size distribution. The solvent displacement method successfully produced stable β-carotene-loaded nanoparticles for potential use in increasing nutrient bioavailability.
Levan has great potential as a functional biopolymer in foods, feeds, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Levan is also shown to exert excellent cell-proliferating, skin moisturizing, and skin irritation-alleviating effects as a blending component in cosmetics. Levan derivatives such as sulphated, phosphated, or acetylated levans are asserted to be anti-ADIS agents. In addition, levan is used as a coating material in a drug delivery formulation moreover has a number of industrial applications such as surfactant for household use due to its excellent surface-active properties, a glycol/levan aqueous two-phase system for the partitioning of proteins, etc.
The Importance of Amorphous Stability: Mesoporous Silica for Poor Glass FormersMerck Life Sciences
Access the interactive recording: https://bit.ly/2SApPJr
Abstract: Historically, polymeric solid dispersions have been the technology of choice for amorphous formulation. However, this approach may have some downfalls when considering the ability to stabilize compounds in the amorphous form, especially poor glass former compounds with high propensity to re-crystallize. This webinar will examine amorphous stability from a theoretical perspective in the context of polymeric solid dispersions and mesoporous silica formulations. Finally, we will present recent data demonstrating the potential of mesoporous silica for superior amorphous stabilization of poor glass formers.
The document discusses microencapsulation of probiotics for industrial applications. It describes how various biopolymers like gelatin, alginate, chitosan can be used to encapsulate probiotics and protect them from harsh environments in the GI tract. Spherical polymer beads produced using extrusion or emulsification techniques encapsulate probiotic biomass. Chitosan in particular is a promising encapsulation material as it is non-toxic, biodegradable and can be ionically cross-linked for stability. Alginate encapsulation using calcium chloride has effectively protected L. acidophilus from gastric acid conditions. The encapsulation techniques aim to enhance probiotic viability during food processing and consumption.
Hot melt extrusion with PVA – solubility enhancement, supersaturation perform...Merck Life Sciences
Hot melt extrusion has successfully emerged as an innovative manufacturing technology in pharmaceutical industry for the creation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs).
In this webinar you will learn about the potential of hot melt extrusion to overcome challenges in API solubility and bioavailability by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a matrix polymer. We will provide an overview about different types of solid dispersions and their evolution in the pharmaceutical field. A brief introduction in hot melt extrusion processing will be given as well as actual formulation trends. You will get insights in potential down-stream options to create your final dosage form and you will gain ideas on how to speed up your formulation development.
A detailed background of PVA will be provided including its physical properties as well as its regulatory status. PVA is more than a polymer. Due to its amphiphilic structure it has the potential to improve the supersaturation of low soluble APIs and to prevent precipitation after release. This highlights the versatility of PVA as an advanced polymer for HME applications and we will guide you through our latest research activities so that you can leverage our knowledge to improve your formulations.
This webinar includes:
- The current status and further potential of HME in pharmaceutical industry
- Advantages of PVA in the field of ASDs: Solubility improvement, impact on supersaturation potential, stability data generated on sample formulations & downstream options
- Deep dive into latest research activities: Permeation studies with Caco-2 cell membranes, pH shift studies to investigate supersaturation potential, ongoing research activities to get to know a more detailed understanding of matrix systems and their intermolecular interactions
In this webinar, you will learn:
- which potential hot melt extrusion has, to overcome challenges in API solubility and bioavailability by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
- why PVA is more than just a polymer
- how to create your final dosage form and speed up your formulation development
Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer is a self-wetting rheology modifier that can impart moderate to high viscosity and stabilize surfactant and electrolyte-containing formulations. It is designed for use in personal care products like shampoos, lotions, and gels. The polymer rapidly self-wets within 5-6 minutes without mixing and maintains high performance viscosity across a broad pH range with good electrolyte tolerance.
1. Nanotechnology can be used to improve food quality and safety through nutrient encapsulation and innovative food packaging.
2. Various nanoscale structures like liposomes, microemulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles can encapsulate nutrients and antimicrobials, protecting them and improving their delivery into foods and the human body.
3. More complex composite nanostructures are being designed that combine different nanoscale building blocks, like liposomes filled with solid lipid nanoparticles, offering new functionalities for food products.
Technical Approaches to Improving the Scratch Resistance of TPO. Part I: Su...Jim Botkin
A review of the effects of additive systems based on surface lubricants in enhancing the scratch resistance of TPO, with an emphasis on automotive applications. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Global Conference, October 2007.
Joncryl ADR additives are epoxy-functional polymers or oligomers that can maximize chain extension without crosslinking or gel formation. They are FDA approved and can be used at low loadings to increase molecular weight and improve properties like melt strength, foamability, and processability. Specific grades of Joncryl ADR have been shown to be effective for different applications by increasing melt viscosity through branching, moderate branching, or linear extension to achieve benefits such as high melt strength, elasticity, or resistance to shear variations. These epoxy-containing polymer blends can maintain clarity above 70% transmission.
The document provides an overview of EPONTM and EPI-REZTM epoxy resins produced by Hexion Specialty Chemicals. It discusses that Hexion offers a diverse line of epoxy resins that vary in properties to provide formulators options. It also notes that Hexion's products have over 60 years of innovation and success in various markets and applications. The document then provides tables summarizing the properties and characteristics of Hexion's main types of epoxy resins, including unmodified and modified liquid epoxy resins, epoxy resin blends, and solutions.
Metabolix - PHA Modifiers as Polymeric Plasticizers and Process AidsMetabolix, Inc.
This document discusses using polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as polymeric plasticizers and process aids for PVC. PHAs were found to have similar properties to conventional ethylene copolymer resin modifiers for PVC, including lower migration rates than primary plasticizers like DINP. PHAs are also inherently miscible in PVC, making them easier to process than synthetic modifiers. Additionally, PHAs are fully bio-based and food contact approved, allowing for higher bio-content and a broader range of applications compared to conventional plasticizers.
Metabolix - Mirel® PHA Polymeric Modifiers and AdditivesMetabolix, Inc.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Mike Andrews about Mirel PHA polymeric modifiers and additives. It discusses Metabolix's PHA technology platform for producing bio-based polymers from sugar feedstocks using fermentation. The PHA family of copolymers can modify polymers like PLA and PVC to improve flexibility, toughness, and reduce brittleness. Applications highlighted include PLA modification, PVC modification, aqueous dispersions for coatings, and micropowders for personal care products. PHA modifiers and additives are 100% bio-based and biodegradable.
Venture Chemicals is a specialty chemical company that was founded in 1977. They develop and manufacture drilling fluid additives that are sold worldwide. Their core products include organo-humates and cellulose-based seepage loss additives. Venture Chemicals has two laboratories and a pilot plant where they conduct research and development to continually improve their products and technologies. They aim to be industry leaders through innovation.
This paper discusses the development of a new quebracho-based fluid loss control agent for use in synthetic-based invert emulsion drilling fluids. The agent is stable up to 400°F and provides improved fluid loss control and filter cake properties compared to traditional additives like Gilsonite and amine-treated lignite. Laboratory testing and field applications showed the new agent effectively controlled fluid losses while being environmentally acceptable for use in areas with strict regulations.
Cellulose ethers are versatile pharmaceutical excipients derived from cellulose. They include sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium, and ethylcellulose. SCMC is widely used as a coating agent, stabilizing agent, and suspending agent. HPMC is used as a bioadhesive, coating agent, and release-modifying agent. Methylcellulose and croscarmellose sodium are commonly used as disintegrants. Ethylcellulose is employed as a coating agent and release modifier. These cellulose derivatives find applications in oral, topical and other dosage forms due to their safety and functionality.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) are a promising new drug delivery system that can overcome issues with solubility and stability of lipophilic drugs. SLNs are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 100-1000nm that are composed of physiological lipids. They can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in either a homogeneous matrix or an enriched shell or core depending on production methods. SLNs have advantages over other nanoparticles in being biocompatible, physically stable, and able to provide controlled drug release over prolonged periods. However, challenges remain in fully controlling particle size, lipid crystallinity, and drug release kinetics.
Oral lipid drug delivery system for poor water soluble drugsTanvi Shetty
Lipid-based drug delivery systems (OLDDS) have been used to improve oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. These systems utilize lipid excipients such as triglycerides, surfactants, and co-solvents to enhance drug solubility and permeability. Several formulation approaches exist including self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and lipid drug conjugates. OLDDS can improve drug bioavailability through controlled release in the gastrointestinal tract, interaction with enterocytes, and lymphatic uptake. Careful selection of lipid composition and excipients is important to maintain drug solubility upon dispersion and digestion.
This document describes a fluorous synthesis method for producing mono-dispersed poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) in multi-gram quantities. A fluorous tag is developed and used to modify PEGs, allowing purification using fluorous solid-phase extraction. Repeated cycles of deprotection and coupling of tetra(ethylene glycol) building blocks results in mono-dispersed PEGs of increasing length, up to 20 ethylene glycol units. The fluorous tags and solid-phase extractions simplify purification compared to conventional methods. This synthesis provides improved access to valuable mono-dispersed PEGs for biomedical applications.
Methods of enzyme immobilization and its effect on mass transfer AysvaryaGGanesan
biochemical engineering
unit 3: biochemical systems
topic: methods of enzyme immobilization and its effects on mass transfer
prepared by
AYSVARYA.G. BALAMURUGAN.K, BAVITHRA .C
Investigation of Performance of Bituminous Mixes using the Binder Modified wi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the investigation of using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to modify bituminous mixes. PPA is added to bitumen to improve its properties. When PPA is added to bitumen, it increases the asphaltene content and softening point while reducing penetration. This improves the stiffness, viscosity and thermal cracking resistance of the modified bitumen. PPA modification also improves the adhesion of bitumen to aggregate and can reduce rutting in pavements. PPA can be used alone or in conjunction with polymers to modify bitumen, providing synergistic benefits to properties like elasticity and deformation resistance. The document provides background on bitumen, PPA, and their interactions, as well as advantages of P
Enzyme definition, Enzyme immobilization introduction , Enzyme immobilization definition, Explanation about support/ matrix, Examples about immobilized enzymes and their product, Advantages of immobilization, Applications of immobilization, Methods of immobilization in different categories like Adsorption method, Covalent bonding method, Entrapment method, Co polymerization /Cross linking method, Encapsulation method, Applications of immobilized enzymes, Diagrammatic explanation about methods of immobilization.
This document summarizes an experimental study that determined the solubilities of two dicarboxylic acid esters - dimethyl sebacate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate - in supercritical carbon dioxide at temperatures of 308-328 K and pressures of 10-18 MPa. The solubility of dimethyl sebacate was found to always be higher than that of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate under the same conditions. A new semi-empirical model based on solution theory and the Wilson activity coefficient model was developed to correlate the experimental solubility data.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology covers: Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Drug Synthesis, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics, Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Management & Regulatory Affairs and Nanotechnology related to Drug Discovery and all the branches of Medical Science or related disciplines.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology IJDRT.COM, Research Article, Review Article,innovative papers, literature reviews, mini-reviews, current topics health journal, journal online, free journal, pharmaceutical journal, scientific journal,web journal.
Industrial Applications Of Chromatography Techniquerita martin
Chromatography Technologies plays vital role in various industrial application sectors, this techniques as been used across various chemical and pharmaceutical industries. This technique is used to purify sugar from molasses, separation of enantiomers and purification of pharmaceutical proteins, pharmaceutical industry for the purification of enantiomers from racemic mixtures. Its applications were also used in food chemistry, biochemistry, petro chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry. Also plays important roles in Purification of proteins, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals
IRJET-Influence of Advanced Settling Zone on COD Removal Efficiency of UASB R...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the influence of an advanced settling zone on COD removal efficiency in a UASB reactor treating dairy wastewater. Key points:
- India is the largest milk producer in the world, generating huge amounts of wastewater from dairies that requires treatment. Anaerobic treatment is well-suited for dairy wastewater.
- The study tests a modified UASB reactor design with an advanced settling zone to improve granule settling. A 7.5-liter reactor treated dairy wastewater and achieved a maximum 79% COD removal efficiency.
- The modified design uses concentric pipes to create a suspension zone, allowing higher flow rates without flooding
Biological Systems: A Special Case
Up till now we have discussed various aspects of the separation and processing of fine solids without too much reference (except in the examples) to the specifics of the properties of the materials concerned. Though the material properties are the dominant influence on efficient process design and operation, it has been postulated that the necessary characteristics for process selection and optimization can be found fairly readily using easily-applicable rheological and other techniques. This underlying assumption also seems to hold good for biological suspensions; however, certain aspects of the behavior of these systems are sufficiently specialized for them to merit a separate discussion viz:
1 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL SEPARATION
1.1 Whole-Organism Case
1.2 Part-Cell Separations
1.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species
2 SETTING ABOUT DEVISING AN EFFECTIVE
PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF A BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
2.1 Whole-Organism Case
2.1.1 Characterization of Biopolymers in the Liquor
2.1.2 Release of Internal Water
2.2 Part -Cell Separations
2.2.1 Selectivity
2.2.2 Cost
2.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species
3 Examples
3.1 Effective Design and Operation of a Process for Harvesting of Single Cell Protein
3.2 Harvesting of Mycoprotein for Human Consumption
3.3 Thickening of a Filamentous Organism Suspension
3.4 Separation of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Polymer (PHB) from Alcaligenes Eutrophus Biomass
3.5 Isolation of Organic Acid Produced by an Enzymatic Process
4 REFERENCES
Table
Figures
Hot melt extrusion with PVA – solubility enhancement, supersaturation perform...Merck Life Sciences
Hot melt extrusion has successfully emerged as an innovative manufacturing technology in pharmaceutical industry for the creation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs).
In this webinar you will learn about the potential of hot melt extrusion to overcome challenges in API solubility and bioavailability by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a matrix polymer. We will provide an overview about different types of solid dispersions and their evolution in the pharmaceutical field. A brief introduction in hot melt extrusion processing will be given as well as actual formulation trends. You will get insights in potential down-stream options to create your final dosage form and you will gain ideas on how to speed up your formulation development.
A detailed background of PVA will be provided including its physical properties as well as its regulatory status. PVA is more than a polymer. Due to its amphiphilic structure it has the potential to improve the supersaturation of low soluble APIs and to prevent precipitation after release. This highlights the versatility of PVA as an advanced polymer for HME applications and we will guide you through our latest research activities so that you can leverage our knowledge to improve your formulations.
This webinar includes:
- The current status and further potential of HME in pharmaceutical industry
- Advantages of PVA in the field of ASDs: Solubility improvement, impact on supersaturation potential, stability data generated on sample formulations & downstream options
- Deep dive into latest research activities: Permeation studies with Caco-2 cell membranes, pH shift studies to investigate supersaturation potential, ongoing research activities to get to know a more detailed understanding of matrix systems and their intermolecular interactions
In this webinar, you will learn:
- which potential hot melt extrusion has, to overcome challenges in API solubility and bioavailability by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
- why PVA is more than just a polymer
- how to create your final dosage form and speed up your formulation development
Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer is a self-wetting rheology modifier that can impart moderate to high viscosity and stabilize surfactant and electrolyte-containing formulations. It is designed for use in personal care products like shampoos, lotions, and gels. The polymer rapidly self-wets within 5-6 minutes without mixing and maintains high performance viscosity across a broad pH range with good electrolyte tolerance.
1. Nanotechnology can be used to improve food quality and safety through nutrient encapsulation and innovative food packaging.
2. Various nanoscale structures like liposomes, microemulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles can encapsulate nutrients and antimicrobials, protecting them and improving their delivery into foods and the human body.
3. More complex composite nanostructures are being designed that combine different nanoscale building blocks, like liposomes filled with solid lipid nanoparticles, offering new functionalities for food products.
Technical Approaches to Improving the Scratch Resistance of TPO. Part I: Su...Jim Botkin
A review of the effects of additive systems based on surface lubricants in enhancing the scratch resistance of TPO, with an emphasis on automotive applications. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Global Conference, October 2007.
Joncryl ADR additives are epoxy-functional polymers or oligomers that can maximize chain extension without crosslinking or gel formation. They are FDA approved and can be used at low loadings to increase molecular weight and improve properties like melt strength, foamability, and processability. Specific grades of Joncryl ADR have been shown to be effective for different applications by increasing melt viscosity through branching, moderate branching, or linear extension to achieve benefits such as high melt strength, elasticity, or resistance to shear variations. These epoxy-containing polymer blends can maintain clarity above 70% transmission.
The document provides an overview of EPONTM and EPI-REZTM epoxy resins produced by Hexion Specialty Chemicals. It discusses that Hexion offers a diverse line of epoxy resins that vary in properties to provide formulators options. It also notes that Hexion's products have over 60 years of innovation and success in various markets and applications. The document then provides tables summarizing the properties and characteristics of Hexion's main types of epoxy resins, including unmodified and modified liquid epoxy resins, epoxy resin blends, and solutions.
Metabolix - PHA Modifiers as Polymeric Plasticizers and Process AidsMetabolix, Inc.
This document discusses using polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as polymeric plasticizers and process aids for PVC. PHAs were found to have similar properties to conventional ethylene copolymer resin modifiers for PVC, including lower migration rates than primary plasticizers like DINP. PHAs are also inherently miscible in PVC, making them easier to process than synthetic modifiers. Additionally, PHAs are fully bio-based and food contact approved, allowing for higher bio-content and a broader range of applications compared to conventional plasticizers.
Metabolix - Mirel® PHA Polymeric Modifiers and AdditivesMetabolix, Inc.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Mike Andrews about Mirel PHA polymeric modifiers and additives. It discusses Metabolix's PHA technology platform for producing bio-based polymers from sugar feedstocks using fermentation. The PHA family of copolymers can modify polymers like PLA and PVC to improve flexibility, toughness, and reduce brittleness. Applications highlighted include PLA modification, PVC modification, aqueous dispersions for coatings, and micropowders for personal care products. PHA modifiers and additives are 100% bio-based and biodegradable.
Venture Chemicals is a specialty chemical company that was founded in 1977. They develop and manufacture drilling fluid additives that are sold worldwide. Their core products include organo-humates and cellulose-based seepage loss additives. Venture Chemicals has two laboratories and a pilot plant where they conduct research and development to continually improve their products and technologies. They aim to be industry leaders through innovation.
This paper discusses the development of a new quebracho-based fluid loss control agent for use in synthetic-based invert emulsion drilling fluids. The agent is stable up to 400°F and provides improved fluid loss control and filter cake properties compared to traditional additives like Gilsonite and amine-treated lignite. Laboratory testing and field applications showed the new agent effectively controlled fluid losses while being environmentally acceptable for use in areas with strict regulations.
Cellulose ethers are versatile pharmaceutical excipients derived from cellulose. They include sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium, and ethylcellulose. SCMC is widely used as a coating agent, stabilizing agent, and suspending agent. HPMC is used as a bioadhesive, coating agent, and release-modifying agent. Methylcellulose and croscarmellose sodium are commonly used as disintegrants. Ethylcellulose is employed as a coating agent and release modifier. These cellulose derivatives find applications in oral, topical and other dosage forms due to their safety and functionality.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) are a promising new drug delivery system that can overcome issues with solubility and stability of lipophilic drugs. SLNs are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 100-1000nm that are composed of physiological lipids. They can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in either a homogeneous matrix or an enriched shell or core depending on production methods. SLNs have advantages over other nanoparticles in being biocompatible, physically stable, and able to provide controlled drug release over prolonged periods. However, challenges remain in fully controlling particle size, lipid crystallinity, and drug release kinetics.
Oral lipid drug delivery system for poor water soluble drugsTanvi Shetty
Lipid-based drug delivery systems (OLDDS) have been used to improve oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. These systems utilize lipid excipients such as triglycerides, surfactants, and co-solvents to enhance drug solubility and permeability. Several formulation approaches exist including self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and lipid drug conjugates. OLDDS can improve drug bioavailability through controlled release in the gastrointestinal tract, interaction with enterocytes, and lymphatic uptake. Careful selection of lipid composition and excipients is important to maintain drug solubility upon dispersion and digestion.
This document describes a fluorous synthesis method for producing mono-dispersed poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) in multi-gram quantities. A fluorous tag is developed and used to modify PEGs, allowing purification using fluorous solid-phase extraction. Repeated cycles of deprotection and coupling of tetra(ethylene glycol) building blocks results in mono-dispersed PEGs of increasing length, up to 20 ethylene glycol units. The fluorous tags and solid-phase extractions simplify purification compared to conventional methods. This synthesis provides improved access to valuable mono-dispersed PEGs for biomedical applications.
Methods of enzyme immobilization and its effect on mass transfer AysvaryaGGanesan
biochemical engineering
unit 3: biochemical systems
topic: methods of enzyme immobilization and its effects on mass transfer
prepared by
AYSVARYA.G. BALAMURUGAN.K, BAVITHRA .C
Investigation of Performance of Bituminous Mixes using the Binder Modified wi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the investigation of using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to modify bituminous mixes. PPA is added to bitumen to improve its properties. When PPA is added to bitumen, it increases the asphaltene content and softening point while reducing penetration. This improves the stiffness, viscosity and thermal cracking resistance of the modified bitumen. PPA modification also improves the adhesion of bitumen to aggregate and can reduce rutting in pavements. PPA can be used alone or in conjunction with polymers to modify bitumen, providing synergistic benefits to properties like elasticity and deformation resistance. The document provides background on bitumen, PPA, and their interactions, as well as advantages of P
Enzyme definition, Enzyme immobilization introduction , Enzyme immobilization definition, Explanation about support/ matrix, Examples about immobilized enzymes and their product, Advantages of immobilization, Applications of immobilization, Methods of immobilization in different categories like Adsorption method, Covalent bonding method, Entrapment method, Co polymerization /Cross linking method, Encapsulation method, Applications of immobilized enzymes, Diagrammatic explanation about methods of immobilization.
This document summarizes an experimental study that determined the solubilities of two dicarboxylic acid esters - dimethyl sebacate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate - in supercritical carbon dioxide at temperatures of 308-328 K and pressures of 10-18 MPa. The solubility of dimethyl sebacate was found to always be higher than that of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate under the same conditions. A new semi-empirical model based on solution theory and the Wilson activity coefficient model was developed to correlate the experimental solubility data.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology covers: Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Drug Synthesis, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics, Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Management & Regulatory Affairs and Nanotechnology related to Drug Discovery and all the branches of Medical Science or related disciplines.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology IJDRT.COM, Research Article, Review Article,innovative papers, literature reviews, mini-reviews, current topics health journal, journal online, free journal, pharmaceutical journal, scientific journal,web journal.
Industrial Applications Of Chromatography Techniquerita martin
Chromatography Technologies plays vital role in various industrial application sectors, this techniques as been used across various chemical and pharmaceutical industries. This technique is used to purify sugar from molasses, separation of enantiomers and purification of pharmaceutical proteins, pharmaceutical industry for the purification of enantiomers from racemic mixtures. Its applications were also used in food chemistry, biochemistry, petro chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry. Also plays important roles in Purification of proteins, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals
IRJET-Influence of Advanced Settling Zone on COD Removal Efficiency of UASB R...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the influence of an advanced settling zone on COD removal efficiency in a UASB reactor treating dairy wastewater. Key points:
- India is the largest milk producer in the world, generating huge amounts of wastewater from dairies that requires treatment. Anaerobic treatment is well-suited for dairy wastewater.
- The study tests a modified UASB reactor design with an advanced settling zone to improve granule settling. A 7.5-liter reactor treated dairy wastewater and achieved a maximum 79% COD removal efficiency.
- The modified design uses concentric pipes to create a suspension zone, allowing higher flow rates without flooding
Biological Systems: A Special Case
Up till now we have discussed various aspects of the separation and processing of fine solids without too much reference (except in the examples) to the specifics of the properties of the materials concerned. Though the material properties are the dominant influence on efficient process design and operation, it has been postulated that the necessary characteristics for process selection and optimization can be found fairly readily using easily-applicable rheological and other techniques. This underlying assumption also seems to hold good for biological suspensions; however, certain aspects of the behavior of these systems are sufficiently specialized for them to merit a separate discussion viz:
1 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL SEPARATION
1.1 Whole-Organism Case
1.2 Part-Cell Separations
1.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species
2 SETTING ABOUT DEVISING AN EFFECTIVE
PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF A BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
2.1 Whole-Organism Case
2.1.1 Characterization of Biopolymers in the Liquor
2.1.2 Release of Internal Water
2.2 Part -Cell Separations
2.2.1 Selectivity
2.2.2 Cost
2.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species
3 Examples
3.1 Effective Design and Operation of a Process for Harvesting of Single Cell Protein
3.2 Harvesting of Mycoprotein for Human Consumption
3.3 Thickening of a Filamentous Organism Suspension
3.4 Separation of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Polymer (PHB) from Alcaligenes Eutrophus Biomass
3.5 Isolation of Organic Acid Produced by an Enzymatic Process
4 REFERENCES
Table
Figures
Dr. Elke Prohaska & Regina Römling BioInnovation Leader Summit TosohGBX Summits
Improving Process Efficiency in Biomanufacturing
Dr. Elke Prohaska & Regina Römling BioInnovation Leader Summit
Bench And See the Improvements at BioInnovation 2015
Perstorp Capa™ for Coatings Chinacoat 2013Perstorp Group
CapaTM polyols are unique aliphatic polyester polyols made from ring opening polymerization of caprolactone monomers. They provide excellent properties in crosslinked coatings such as low VOC, high gloss, good hardness, excellent chemical resistance and outdoor durability. CapaTM polyols can be used in 2K PUR coatings as reactive diluents, where they improve scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, and resistance to UV exposure compared to reference formulations. CapaTM polyols can also be used in 1K coatings based on HMMM crosslinkers, where they improve flexibility. Perstorp is a leading producer of caprolactones and markets them under the CapaTM brand.
Other Separations Techniques for Suspensions
PRESSURE-DRIVEN MEMBRANE SEPARATION
PROCESSES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 MEMBRANES
1.3 OPERATION
1.4 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
1.4.1 Polarization / Fouling
1.4.2 Pressure
1.4.3 Crossflow
1.4.4 Temperature
1.4.5 Concentration
1.4.6 Membrane Pore Size
1.4.7 Particle Size
1.4.8 Particle Charge
1.4.9 Other Factors
1.5 ADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS
1.6 SUMMARY OF SYMBOLS USED
2 ELECTRO-DIALYSIS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 EQUIPMENT
2.3 IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN ED
2.4 EXAMPLES
3 ELECTRODEWATERING AND ELECTRODECANTATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 PRINCIPLES AND OPERATION
3.3 EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING PARAMETERS
3.4 EXAMPLES
4 MAGNETIC SEPARATION METHODS
5 REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 APPLICATION RANGES FOR MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
2 SIMPLE UF / CMF RIG
4 FLUX VERSUS PRESSURE
5 ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS
6 ELECTRODIALYSIS PLANT FOR BATCH PROCESS
7 DEPENDENCE OF MEMBRANE AREA AND ENERGY ON
CURRENT DENSITY
8 DIFFUSION ACROSS THE BOUNDARY LAYER
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase ChlorinationGerard B. Hawkins
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND
2 REACTOR
3 CHEMICAL SYSTEM
4 PROCESS CHEMISTRY
5 KINETICS EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING
6 INTERPRETATION OF KINETICS INFORMATION
7 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND REACTOR DESIGN
8 REACTOR STABILITY AND CONTROL
FIGURES
1 POSTULATED REACTION PATHS FOR PROGRESSIVE CHLORINATION OF B-PICOLINE 3
2 CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE: MODEL PREDICTIONS OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY-MIXED REACTOR
3 TWO-STAGE REACTOR: RATE OF CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
BT2252 - ETBT - UNIT 3 - Enzyme Immobilization.pdfpkaviya
This document discusses enzyme immobilization. It begins by outlining some common applications of immobilized enzymes in industries like food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicine. It then compares the characteristics of free enzymes and immobilized enzymes. The main techniques for immobilizing enzymes are described in detail: adsorption, covalent binding, matrix entrapment, encapsulation and cross-linking. Factors affecting enzyme kinetics after immobilization and types of diffusion effects are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that enzyme immobilization is a promising technique for industrial biocatalysis but current limitations need to be addressed.
IRJET- A Study on the Impact of Sulfate Free on Huasb ReactorIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the performance of two Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactors in treating sulfate-rich wastewater from a distillery. Reactor A was fed sulfate-free wastewater created by adding zero valent iron to remove sulfate, while Reactor B was fed normal wastewater containing sulfate. Both reactors achieved their highest COD removal efficiency of around 85% at a hydraulic retention time of 8 hours and an influent COD concentration of 3,500 mg/L. Reactor A treating sulfate-free wastewater achieved a higher COD removal efficiency of 94.3% under the same conditions. The study demonstrated that a HUASB reactor performs more efficiently
This whitepaper discusses the need for biomanufacturing facilities to be flexible enough to produce multiple products with a wide range of titers. Traditionally, facilities are designed for a single product, but consolidation is increasing the need for multi-product facilities. The case study describes retrofitting an existing facility for a new 1.4 g/L titer product, but processing delays from additional heating and smaller pool tanks reduced throughput. Analysis found the maximum weekly output was only 21 kg for the original product but just 5.5 kg for the new product, quadrupling costs. Flexibility requires understanding impacts of process changes on throughput.
Alcoguard® H5941 – The sustainable bio-polymerSorel Muresan
Alcoguard® H5941 represents the second generation of hybrid polymers. Hybrid polymers are a marriage of selected polysaccharides and synthetic monomers, designed to prevent scale formation in detergent applications such as automatic dishwash, hard surface cleaning and laundry detergent systems. They are particularly effective at minimizing filming and spotting in zero phosphate automatic dishwash formulations and works as effective as synthetic co-polymers.
Enzyme Catalysis for Biomass Based Diesel Fuels Rachel Burton
This document summarizes enzyme catalysis for biodiesel production. It discusses the advantages of using enzymes over chemical catalysts, including improved sustainability and reduced hazardous waste. It provides an overview of the enzymatic biodiesel production process involving transesterification and esterification reactions. The document also reviews the history of enzymatic biodiesel research and commercialization efforts. It discusses various approaches to overcome challenges such as enzyme deactivation, including the use of cosolvents and multi-stage methanol addition. Commercial enzymatic biodiesel facilities are achieving ASTM fuel specifications using real-world feedstocks.
This document describes the TOYOPEARL AF-rProtein A HC-650F resin for purification of monoclonal antibodies. It has the highest dynamic binding capacity of commercial protein A resins, with 70 g/L capacity for IgG at 5 minutes residence time. The recombinant protein A ligand is alkali resistant, allowing over 200 cleaning-in-place cycles with 0.1M NaOH. Testing on a therapeutic monoclonal antibody showed binding capacities remained close to 50 mg/mL even at short residence times of 45 seconds.
Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification processBijaya Kumar Uprety
This document reviews various methods for purifying crude glycerol produced during biodiesel production. Crude glycerol contains impurities like methanol, soap, fatty acids and salts that must be removed. Common purification methods include neutralization to remove soap and acids, evaporation to remove methanol, and vacuum distillation. Emerging methods like ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption and membrane technologies are also discussed but have challenges to overcome like fouling and energy requirements. Overall the document provides an overview of progress in glycerol purification and the need for improved small-scale and economically viable processes.
Lucite International developed the Alpha process, a cheaper and more environmentally friendly way to produce methyl methacrylate (MMA), the key ingredient in acrylic plastics. The Alpha process is a two-stage process that uses ethylene, methanol, and carbon monoxide as starting materials rather than toxic chemicals like traditional MMA production methods. Lucite scaled up the process from a pilot plant producing 0.5kg/hr of MMA to a commercial plant in Singapore that can produce 120,000 tonnes of MMA per year. The Alpha process is 30-40% cheaper to build and operate than traditional methods and produces virtually no waste. It offers environmental and economic benefits over other MMA production methods.
More on simulated moving bed chromatographyHossein Hodjat
Simulated moving bed chromatography is a continuous separation process that achieves higher productivity and purity compared to single column batch chromatography while reducing solvent consumption and labor. It involves connecting multiple columns in a loop with ports between columns to continuously feed and withdraw extract and raffinate streams while periodically switching the ports to simulate the movement of the stationary and mobile phases. This allows separation of components as they move in opposite directions through the stationary phase. Simulated moving bed chromatography has applications in purifying proteins, antibodies, chiral compounds, and pharmaceutical ingredients.
This bio-formulation is designed specifically to assist in natural composting degradation cycle of Press Muds and Biosludges in sugar mills and distilleries. It enhances the accelerated bio composting of Press Muds / Biosludges giving rise to stable composts which are rich in humus content and helps to remove leaching colours and odours.
Similar to Purolite_CalB Immo Plus_v6_Singles (20)
2. Contents
CalB immo PlusTM
, a high-performance and highly hydrophobic immobilized CalB
preparation, has been produced through a joint development and manufacturing
collaboration between c-LEcta GmbH and Purolite Corporation.
3. Use of Lipases for Biocatalysis 1
Candida Antarctica Lipase B (CalB) 3
CalB immo Plus™ 5
Advantages 5
Applications 8
Enzyme Activity and Mechanical Stability 9
Industrial Use of CalB immo Plus 13
Advantages of CalB immo Plus in Industrial Processes 14
Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals:
From Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids to Amines in Enantioselective Synthesis 15
Triglyceride Synthesis for the Food Industry 20
Bulk Chemicals and Surfactant Manufacturing for the Cosmetics Industry 22
Quality Management 23
Regulatory Support 24
About Purolite 25
About c-LEcta 26
Calb immo Plus Product Information 27
References 28
4. Use of Lipases
for Biocatalysis
Biocatalysis is rapidly growing as a powerful industrial
tool for performing synthetic organic reactions.
Lipases in general, and lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB) in
particular, are commonly used catalysts for production of cosmetic
additives for personal care, active pharmaceutical ingredients and
food ingredients due to their high regio-, chemo- and enantioselectivity.
Immobilized enzymes are well established as biocatalysts in these
industries. They provide sustainability, process economy, easy
separation from reaction mixtures and the ability to be reused for
many reaction cycles, or applied in packed-column mode.
1
6. Candida antarctica
Lipase B (CalB)
Lipase B from Candida antarctica (Figure 1) is a relatively
small enzyme (ca. 33 kDa) with an optimum pH of 7.0 and
broad pH stability (3.0 – 10.0).
The native form of the enzyme is very stable,
enabling its use in temperatures up to 45 – 50°C in
aqueous systems—and even at higher temperatures
in non-aqueous media (up to 60 – 70°C).
Moreover, CalB features substantial hydrophobic surface
area, making adsorption on hydrophobic carriers the ideal
process for its immobilization.
3
7. Many immobilized CalB preparations have been commercialized over the
past decades. Some of them have shown good initial enzyme activity
but suffer limitations in industrial applications due their mechanical
weakness. For example, the strong mechanical stress encountered in
typical industrial conditions causes either a decrease of enzyme activity
in repeated cycles (stirred-tank reactors) or a decrease of productivity due
to the formation of fines (packed bed reactors).
CalB immo PlusTM
, a high-performance and highly hydrophobic immobilized
CalB preparation, has been produced through a joint development
and manufacturing collaboration between c-LEcta GmbH and Purolite
Corporation to overcome these hurdles.
CalB immo Plus enables an immobilized CalB
derivative to work efficiently under strong
mechanical stress at industrial scale.
4
8. CalB immo Plus™
CalB immo Plus is a recombinant lipase B from Candida
antarctica (CalB) efficiently over-expressed in Pichia
pastoris and immobilized on a divinylbenzene/methacrylate
carrier by adsorption. The combination of an extraordinary
enzyme with an excellent support makes CalB immo Plus
an outstanding catalyst for synthetic challenges.
Advantages
• Outstanding mechanical stability
• High enzyme activity for exceptional productivity
• Excellent chemical stability of the resin to organic solvents and temperature
• High hydrophobicity for efficient reactions and optimal mass transfer in
organic solvents and water-free media
• High enzyme selectivity for the production of highly pure product compared
to the use of chemical catalysts
• Ideal particle size for applications in column or batch reactors
• Controlled low 5% moisture level to prevent by-products caused by
unwanted hydrolytic reactions
5
9. †
Unit definition PLU: One unit corresponds to the synthesis of 1 µmol per minute propyl laurate from lauric acid and 1-propanol at 60°C.
Table 1 – Typical Physical and Chemical Characteristics of CalB immo PlusTM
Product CalB immo Plus
Specific activity† 9,000 PLU/g dry beads
Appearance White to slightly yellow spherical beads
Polymer DVB/methacrylate
Particle size 300 – 710 µm
Moisture 5%
Immobilization method Adsorption
Typical applications (Trans)esterifications or amidations in water-free media /organic solvents/oils
Storage Stable for at least 12 months when stored under refrigeration (suggested 4 – 8°C)
Stability to organic solvents Stable with nonpolar organic solvents
Temperature stability Stable up to 60 – 80°C in nonpolar organic solvents
Regulatory
Also available in food grade quality
GMO free statement
TSE/BSE free statement
Halal/Kosher on request
6
10. Figure 2: Microscope views of CalB immo Plus
a) Particle size
distribution
300 – 710 µm
b) Close-up
electron
microscope
view
c) Uniform
surface area
To deliver CalB immo PlusTM
, the recombinant CalB is adsorbed onto Purolite
Lifetech™ ECR1030M polymeric resin, a robust divinylbenzene (DVB)/
methacrylic enzyme carrier ideally suited for the adsorptive immobilization
of lipases for their further use in batch or column reactors—depending on
system needs. The highly resistant support makes CalB immo Plus useful
not only for column reactors, but also for use with batch processing in more
rigorous stirred tank reactors.
Applications
• Ideal for a wide range of esterification, transesterification and
amidation applications applied in cosmetic, personal care,
pharmaceutical and food ingredients
• Suitable for use in oils, nonpolar solvents and water-free systems
• Can be used in column reactors (packed bed and fluidized bed) and
batch (stirred tank) reactors
The synergy between a robust recombinant
overexpression system with an outstanding
polymer for enzyme adsorption makes
CalB immo Plus a superior product that
outperforms other commercial preparations.
11. †
Determined by B.E.T.
‡
Determined by Hg intrusion
*
Determined by YDU-01L IR moisture analyzer
Table 2 – Physical Properties of Lifetech™ ECR1030M
Polymer ECR1030M
Matrix DVB/Methacrylate
Functional group None
Immobilization Hydrophobic adsorption
Particle size 300 – 710 µm
Surface area (m2
/g)†
90
Pore diameter (Å)‡
200 – 300 Å
Water content before immobilization
(%)*
57 – 63 %
8
12. Enzyme Activity and
Mechanical Stability
High enzyme activity and outstanding mechanical
stability are the key features of CalB immo PlusTM
.
CalB immo Plus displays catalytic activities of 9,000 PLU/g dry beads
(based on propyl laurate synthesis), which is analogous to values reported
for other commercial immobilized CalB preparations. However, and quite
remarkably, to complement these outstanding enzymatic activities, CalB
immo Plus is a very robust preparation with enhanced mechanical stability
that can be used in both stirred batches or in column reactors (Figure 3).
The LifetechTM
ECR1030M resin support for CalB immo Plus is very strong and
resilient compared to other supports used for immobilization of Lipase CalB.
Because the enzyme carrier is designed to avoid formation of fine particles
during repetitive cycles and usage, this product can be successfully used in
packed-bed reactors.
9
13. Figure 3:
Reactor
configurations
suitable for the
application of
CalB immo PlusTM
Fluid In
Fluid Out
Fluid Out
Fluid In
a) Packed bed reactor b) Fluidized bed reactor c) Batch reactor
14. Figure 4:
Test results comparing CalB immo PlusTM
to other commercial resins
a.) Batch attrition test results
b.) Ball mill test results
11
80
100
60
40
20
0
05 0
Time (min)
Integrityofthebeads(%)
100 150 200
CalB Immo Plus Competitor A Competitor B
95
90
100
85
80
75
70
65
60
Time (h)
Integrityofthebeads(%)
CalB Immo Plus Competitor A
15. The mechanical stability of CalB immo PlusTM
has been proven by comparing
its performance with other commercially available immobilized CalB
preparations during batch attrition and ball mill tests. Results are depicted
in Figures 4 and 5 (Basso et al., 2013).
The batch attrition test was performed by mixing beads suspended in
water and withdrawing samples from the solution at various time intervals
followed by absorbance measurements or optical density measurements
at 400 or 600 nm. An increase in absorbance was observed and is related
to the formation of particulates from damaged resin beads. In the ball mill
test, a hollow cylindrical steel grinder with steel balls was used to test the
stability of beads. Beads were transferred into the grinder as slurry and
rotated at 200 rpm. Samples were taken after 1 hr and 6 hrs to test the
integrity of the beads. The change in the volume of tested resin indicates
the degree of mechanical stability of the beads.
Both assays provide reliable accelerated simulations of the strong shear
forces caused by the blades in (industrial) stirred reactors and the effect of
pressure in packed bed reactors. CalB immo Plus shows excellent
mechanical stability and integrity in batch attrition tests, remaining intact
over 3 hours compared with two other commercial CalB immobilized
preparations on different supports (Figure 4a and Figure 5). Additionally,
ball mill tests (Figure 4b) demonstrated strength over 6 hours.
Figure 5:
a) CalB immo Plus and
b) Competitor beads after batch attrition testing
a) CalB immo
Plus displays
outstanding
stability
b) Competitor A
resin shows
extensive
breakage
at the end
of batch
attrition test
16. Industrial Use of
CalB immo PlusTM
Because of poor mechanical performance of existing commercial
immobilized CalB preparations, the enzyme was mostly used in academic
settings, with more limited effectiveness in large-scale industrial
applications. CalB is gaining more and more interest in industry due to
its versatility, thermal stability, catalytic activity, broad selectivity and
substrate specificity. Now, in addition to the above mentioned properties,
the robust mechanical stability of CalB immo Plus makes this immobilized
enzyme even more attractive to industry.
The manufacture of specialty chemicals such as cosmetic surfactants,
amides, chiral amines, alcohols, polyesters, edible oils and fats will benefit
from the broad specificity and stability of CalB immo Plus (Wiemann, L.O.
et al., 2009). Even more, CalB immo Plus expands the application range
of lipases to cover not only typical enzymatic asymmetric synthesis for
developing building blocks and fine chemicals, but it also provides the
possibility for use of CalB in the production of bulk chemicals.
13
17. Advantages of CalB immo PlusTM
in Industrial Processes
SUBSTRATE SELECTIVITY
Broad selectivity and high
specificity enable use in a
wide range of applications.
LESS BY-PRODUCT
Milder reaction conditions typical for
enzymes (temperature and pH) and
enzyme substrate selectivity produce
fewer side reactions and unwanted
by-product formation, which may limit
added processes and save on costs.
EASE OF SEPARATION / REUSE
Reusable hydrophobic carrier
beads are efficiently recovered upon
filtration, providing savings on time
and cost, and producing higher yields
of a purer product.
ENERGY SAVINGS
Reaction temperature range of
45 – 70 °C can decrease energy costs
compared to chemical catalysts.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Highly efficient biocatalytic processes
eliminate the need for toxic, heavy
metal catalysts and can help reduce
environmental impact and bring
industry closer to environmental goals.
NEW MARKETS
Enzymes that act as catalysts are
widely regarded as green tools for
chemical processes. Incorporating
“green catalysts” can help demonstrate
a commitment to environmental
management and build customer
loyalty and trust.
14
18. FINE CHEMICALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS:
From Alcohols and
Carboxylic Acids to Amines in
Enantioselective Synthesis
Enzymes are polymers composed of chiral amino acids. The active site of
the enzyme—where catalysis is actually taking place—is a multi-chiral
micro-environment. This provides enzymes with the capacity to transfer
chirality to molecules and easily produce optically active building blocks
for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals (Jaeger et al., 1999).
Based on these features, it is no surprise that the first application
considered for lipases was biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis. Their
inherent robustness—allowing the use of non-aqueous solvents or synthetic
applications—makes them appealing catalysts for chemists. Figure 6
provides an overview of possible uses of CalB for asymmetric synthesis.
15
20. Different options are possible with CalB (Figure 6). If operating
under aqueous conditions (e.g. buffer with organic water-
miscible co-solvents to solubilize organic molecules), then
the enantioselective hydrolysis of esters can be set (Figure 6,
grey). This will afford optically active alcohols, as the enzyme
will only accept one of the enantiomers, and only one type of
ester will be hydrolyzed. The remnant ester can be racemized
later on, to be recycled in the enzymatic process. Likewise, an
analogous approach can be used for the hydrolysis of prochiral
esters, leading to complete conversions with the enzymes
(Note that although CalB immo PlusTM
is not designed to be
used for hydrolytic reactions; Purolite and c-LEcta can provide
an immobilized CalB preparation suitable for hydrolysis).
Based on the enzymatic promiscuity, upon addition of diluted
hydrogen peroxide in non-aqueous media together with acyl
donors (e.g. esters), peracids can be formed in situ with CalB.
These peracids can subsequently be used in the oxidation
of alkenes to create epoxides or for the mild oxidation of
aldehydes (to acids) and ketones (for Baeyer-Villiger reactions),
to cite some examples (Figure 6, light grey).
Apart from aqueous conditions, CalB can also be used in a
broad range of organic nonpolar solvents. This is the optimal
application for CalB immo Plus. As water is not present,
another nucleophile must be added, namely alcohols, amines,
etc. In this way, it is possible to run enantioselective synthetic
reactions such as transesterifications, esterifications and
amidations (Figure 6, blue). Here, inexpensive acyl donors
such as ethyl acetate or vinyl esters are used, and the enzyme
performs the (trans)esterification only based on one of the
enantiomers. This kinetic resolution can be converted in a
dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) if another catalyst is added
to racemize the remnant substrate.
For synthetic purposes, CalB immo Plus accepts a broad
range of substrates. With regard to alcohols, an ample
number of primary and secondary alcohols are actual
substrates for CalB immo Plus.
CalB immo Plus is also able to accept a broad range
of carboxylic acids like unsaturated, short-chain and
fatty acids.
17
21. Apart from the previously-described building blocks for fine
chemicals—namely optically active alcohols, amines, etc., that
need to be further chemically derivatized—CalB immo Plus can
also be used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.
For example, the manufacturing process for a key fluoroleucine
intermediate for pharmaceuticals—recently developed by
Merck—is using CalB for the chirality step during production.
Here, the immobilized CalB is used and recycled in an organic
solvent (MTBE) at 60°C, via transesterification of a lactone with
ethanol as a nucleophile (Figure 7) (Truppo et al. 2008).
Figure 7:
Example of immobilized CalB applied in industrial
chiral production of pharmaceutical building blocks
18
23. In nature, lipases catalyse the (selective) hydrolysis of
triglycerides and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. However,
lipases in absence of water can catalyse the opposite reaction
of synthesis of triglycerides and fats. In industrial production
of fats and oils, there is increasing demand for modified
fats and oils with new nutritional, melting or organoleptic
properties. These modifications can be done using chemo-
catalysts. However, unwanted by-product formation, low
selectivity on the desired reaction and usually off-spec
unmarketable compounds can result. The selectivity of
lipases and their effectiveness under mild conditions
makes them practical and efficient for tackling these
challenges. Different lipases are currently being used in
industrial food production and fat modification processes.
Due to the benefits of 1,3-diacylglycerol (1,3-DAG) oils for
obesity prevention, more attention has been given to enzyme-
mediated development of 1,3-DAG from triglycerides that will
not form by-products. Lipase CalB is used to create novel
value-added products by using transesterification of different
vegetable oils (like soybean oil) with different alcohols, e.g.
ethyl ferulate. Another important example for the usage
of CalB in food industries is the production of triglycerides
enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are
marketed as functional food. Additionally, the enzymatic
hydrolysis of fats and oils becomes economically viable due
to the reusability of immobilized enzymes.
Triglyceride Synthesis
for Food Industries
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25. Bulk Chemical and
Surfactant Manufacturing
for the Cosmetic Industry
Immobilized CalB is used in the industrial production of emollient esters
for cosmetic purposes, such as myristyl myristate or cetyl ricinoleate.
Because of the high regioselectivity of Calb immo PlusTM
under mild reaction
conditions, it is effectively used in other chemical segments such as
surfactants for cosmetics (Figure 8). Additionally, CalB immo Plus prevents
the formation of by-products, and in some cases unwanted color formation.
Figure 8:
Example of esterification of
fatty acids and fatty alcohols
catalysed by immobilized
CalB to produce wax ester
(Wiemann et al. 2009)
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26. Quality Management
CalB immo PlusTM
is the most highly optimized solution for biocatalytic
processes, conforming to strict quality control protocols for both Purolite
and c-LEcta. All RD sites, production plants and main international sales
offices of Purolite and c-LEcta are ISO 9001:2008 accredited. In addition,
Purolite has cGMP and FDA approval at its Romanian manufacturing site
for the production of pharmaceutical grade resins.
The superior quality and consistency of CalB immo Plus is the result of a
robust manufacturing processes and attention to detail, as well as strict
controls over raw materials, intermediates and final products.
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27. Regulatory Support
CalB immo PlusTM
is manufactured to the following regulatory guidelines:
• Council of Europe Resolution ResAP (2004)3: ECR1030 conforms to
this standard regarding ion exchange and adsorbents resins used in
the processing of foodstuffs
• Animal-free statement (TSE/BSE-free certificate): No animal derived
materials or reagents are used in the entire production process of
CalBimmo Plus
• GMO free statement: CalB immo Plus does not contain any genetically
modified organisms
• JECFA (FAO/WHO) and USP/FCC specifications: A food-grade
CalB immo Plus is available
• Kosher and Halal product certificates: Certificates can be provided
upon specific request
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28. About Purolite
Purolite was founded in 1981 and is a leading manufacturer of ion exchange,
catalyst, adsorbent and specialty resins. Headquartered in Bala Cynwyd,
PA, the company has ISO-9001 certified manufacturing facilities in the
USA, China and Romania, and operates dedicated RD centers in the
USA, China, Romania, Russia and the UK. Purolite, the only company
focused exclusively on resin technology, has 40 sales offices in more than
30 countries with the most skilled technical sales force in the industry.
Purolite Life Sciences includes the widest portfolio of resins for enzyme
immobilization and biochromatography.
Please visit www.purolite.com and www.purolitelifesciences.com.25
29. Aboutc-LEcta
c-LEcta is an industrial biotechnology company that applies best-in-class
biotechnologies to efficiently provide customized enzymes and microbial
strains for industrial applications. The company covers a broad range of
the value chain from discovery and engineering to commercial production
of customized enzymes and strains. Scientific excellence is combined
with in-depth commercial and regulatory know-how to bring innovative
and competitive bioprocessed products into scale.
Please visit www.c-LEcta.com for more information.
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30. Table 3 – CalB immo Plus™ Information
Product Name Available Quantities Container Description
CalB immo Plus
10 g 50 g tub
50 g 250 g tub
250 g 1 kg tub
1 kg (4 tubs) 1 kg tub
1 – 9 kg 5 kg white tub
10 kg 50 kg blue keg
CalB immo Plus
Food Grade
10 g 50 g tub
50 g 250 g tub
250 g 1 kg tub
1 kg (4 tubs) 1 kg tub
1 – 9 kg 5 kg white tub
10 kg 50 kg blue keg
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CalB immo Plus is shipped as
dry product with moisture 5%.
31. References
1. Basso, A., Froment, L., Hesseler, M., Serban, S., “New highly robust divinyl
benzene/acrylate polymer for immobilization of lipase CALB”, Eur. J. Lipid
Sci. Technol. 2013, 115, 468 – 472.
2. Wiemann L. O., Nieguth R., Eckstein M., Naumann M., Thum O.,
Ansorge-Schumacher M. B., “Composite Particles of Novozyme 435
and Silicone: Advancing Technical Applicability of Macroporous
Enzyme Carriers”, ChemCatChem, 2009, 1, 455 – 462.
3. Jaeger K-E., “Bacterial Biocatalysts: Molecular Biology,
Three-Dimensional Structures, and Biotechnological Applications
of Lipases” Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 1999. 53, 315–351.
4. Truppo, M.D.; Pollard, D.J.; Moore, J.C. and Devine, P.N. “Production
of (S)-γ-fluoroleucine ethyl ester by enzyme mediated dynamic kinetic
resolution: Comparison of batch and fed batch stirred tank processes
to a packed bed column reactor.”, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2008, 63, 122-130.
28