Pub health history
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The document compares public health across different eras from 1800 to 2012. [1] In the 1800s, life expectancy was low, child mortality was high, and access to healthcare was limited. [2] Conditions improved somewhat by the Victorian era of 1850, but overcrowded housing and contaminated water led to ongoing disease issues. [3] By 2012, with the establishment of programs like the NHS, life expectancy increased dramatically, child mortality decreased, and access to modern healthcare and medicines was widely available.
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20150910 DW Debate: Dr David Strangway - Medical research in angola 1900 - 1967
20150910 DW Debate: Dr David Strangway - Medical research in angola 1900 - 1967Development Workshop Angola
Dr. David Strangway was the keynote speaker at Angola’s 4th National Conference on Science and Technology. His presentation, made on Thursday, September 10 2015, was titled "Medicine and Medical Research in the Angola Highlands, 1900-1967".
Dr. Strangway grew up in Angola in the 1940s and 1950s. Dr. Strangway is a renown Canadian academic and scientist and member of Development Workshop’s international advisory board. His father and mother came to Angola in 1927 and spent 40 years working in the fields of medicine, public health, nutrition and agricultural.
His presentation was based on research that he is carrying out using public access archives in Angola, Portugal, Canada and the USA together with his own family records dating back to when his family worked in Angola. Dr. Strangway demonstrated evidence of the pioneering research that Congregational and later United Church medical practitioners did, dating back to the late 19th century. Early investigation into chronic tropical diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, leporacy and tuberculosis were done by his parents.
Dr. Strangway demonstrated statistics on the dramatic reduction in mortality that was achieved in the 1950s when his parent’s hospital at Chissamba in Bie Province began to have access to new modern medicines. Dr. Strangway’s mother worked on nutritional research and local herbal medical plants. His father not only built the 140 bed hospital and 83 village clinics, but conducted a remarkable 40,000 surgical operations over his 40 years in Angola.
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Este documento proporciona una guía rápida para usar el programa Windows Live Movie Maker, el cual permite crear películas a partir de fotos, videos e imágenes. Explica los pasos para agregar contenido multimedia, música y títulos, editar la película y guardarla o publicarla.
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20150910 DW Debate: Dr David Strangway - Medical research in angola 1900 - 1967
20150910 DW Debate: Dr David Strangway - Medical research in angola 1900 - 1967Development Workshop Angola
Dr. David Strangway was the keynote speaker at Angola’s 4th National Conference on Science and Technology. His presentation, made on Thursday, September 10 2015, was titled "Medicine and Medical Research in the Angola Highlands, 1900-1967".
Dr. Strangway grew up in Angola in the 1940s and 1950s. Dr. Strangway is a renown Canadian academic and scientist and member of Development Workshop’s international advisory board. His father and mother came to Angola in 1927 and spent 40 years working in the fields of medicine, public health, nutrition and agricultural.
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Dr. Strangway demonstrated statistics on the dramatic reduction in mortality that was achieved in the 1950s when his parent’s hospital at Chissamba in Bie Province began to have access to new modern medicines. Dr. Strangway’s mother worked on nutritional research and local herbal medical plants. His father not only built the 140 bed hospital and 83 village clinics, but conducted a remarkable 40,000 surgical operations over his 40 years in Angola.
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae found in contaminated food or water. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, and thorough cooking of food. Cholera remains a risk in areas with poor sanitation and is spread through contaminated water and food sources.
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2. During the industrial period, the 1875 Public Health Act made sewer systems and clean water supplies mandatory, leading to major improvements. However, living conditions remained very poor at the start of the industrial revolution.
3. By the 20th century, sewage and water issues were mostly resolved across the country. Housing, diet, healthcare access, and health education all significantly improved over the century due to factors like the establishment of the NHS in 1946.
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Public Health: Developed as a discipline in the mid 19th century in UK, Europe and US. Concerned more with national issues.
Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations, social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs cure.
What is global health?
Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, which may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and which are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions (Institute Of Medicine, USA- 1997)
International Health: Developed during past decades, came to be more concerned with
the diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) and
conditions (war, natural disasters) of middle and low income countries.
Tended to denote a one way flow of ‘good ideas’.
Global Health: More recent in its origin and emphasises a greater scope of health problems and solutions
that transcend national boundaries
requiring greater inter-disciplinary approach
History of public health
The document traces the history of public health from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses how views of public health have changed from being based on supernatural forces to being grounded in science. Key developments mentioned include the Greeks' emphasis on the relationship between environment and health; improvements in sanitation, such as public bathrooms and sewers, under ancient Egyptians and Romans; the devastation of diseases in the Middle Ages; the identification of germ theory and use of vaccines in the Enlightenment and later periods; and the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948 to promote preventive healthcare worldwide.
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DEMOGRAPHICS & DISEASE.pptx
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The document discusses public health issues in 19th century Britain and the government's response. Major issues included overcrowded towns with no sewage systems, contaminated water sources, and rampant diseases like cholera and tuberculosis. While a 1848 Public Health Act aimed to improve conditions, it was not compulsory and many towns did nothing. A 1875 act strengthened regulations by mandating local health authorities and sanitary inspectors. However, critics argued the government interfered too much in citizens' lives, and charities also worked to improve conditions for some working-class families.
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
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In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
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1. Public health in the medieval and Renaissance periods was poor, with sewage, water, living conditions, diet, healthcare access, and health education all being dealt with in a haphazard and piecemeal way by individuals and local councils.
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What is global health?
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The document traces the history of public health from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses how views of public health have changed from being based on supernatural forces to being grounded in science. Key developments mentioned include the Greeks' emphasis on the relationship between environment and health; improvements in sanitation, such as public bathrooms and sewers, under ancient Egyptians and Romans; the devastation of diseases in the Middle Ages; the identification of germ theory and use of vaccines in the Enlightenment and later periods; and the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948 to promote preventive healthcare worldwide.
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Increases in sociocultural complexity, energy usage, and population size over the past 10,000 years have significantly impacted human health and disease. As populations became more sedentary with the rise of agriculture around 10,000 years ago, infectious diseases spread more easily in crowded settlements and epidemics became more severe. Industrialization in cities further exacerbated health problems due to poor sanitation and nutrition. While infectious diseases were historically the leading cause of death, many societies have undergone an epidemiological transition so that non-communicable diseases are now more prevalent as living standards improve.
Cholera
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
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June 14, 2024Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Pub health history
- 1. Comparing Public Health through the ages 1800-2012 BTEC Nationals Health Studies
- 2. 1800 Georgian Era • Life expectancy - 37 for females and middle 40’s for males • Child mortality – there was a 50/50 chance of survival for both mother and baby during the birth procedure • Access to health care – medicines were still being developed at this stage and any access to health care had to be paid for by all • Medicines and vaccinations available – medicines were not developed at this stage at most of their medications included ingredients such as mercury, arsenic, iron and phosphorous they also used leeches. • Housing conditions – the conditions were very poor in this era, houses where just like one big room with possibly a bathroom if they were lucky. Whole family had to sleep together and they where lucky if they had running water into their house for washing. • Main killers, diseases – tuberculosis, malnutrition, cholera, smallpox and typhus.
- 3. 1850 Victorian Era Life Expectancy • Males: 38.3 • Females 35 Child Mortality • 15.5% Access to healthcare • Healthcare was limited unless people had the funds resulting in life expectancy being so low. Medicines/Vaccinations available • Mercury, Arsenic, iron and phosphorous, laxatives and leeches. Housing conditions • Overcrowding, water was contaminated, sewerage was running down the streets. Main Killer-Diseases • Plague, cholera, typhus, smallpox and diphtheria • By Lauren, Stephanie & Jade
- 4. Victorian era-1900 • Life expectancy for men and women was 45 years of age. • Child mortality was; 1 in 7 children died at the age of 5 • There was a medical revolution; x-rays, ultraviolet light treatment and eye medical care. • Medicines and vaccinations that were available were penicillin, and there was an introduction to antiseptic and anaesthesia being used in surgery. • Antibiotics and public funding by the NHS was still 40 years away. • The housing conditions was poor. There was slum housing, over crowding, a shortage in housing, sanitation was very poor and some children lived on the streets. • Some of the main killers and diseases of the 1900s was influenza, smallpox, typhus, TB, cholera and gang related injuries.
- 5. 1950- Post War Era Life Expectancy • Things continued to improve in Britain in the early 20th century. • In particular death in childhood became far less common and by the early 1930s life expectancy for a man at birth was about 60. By the 1950s it had risen to about 65. • Things improved more slowly in the late 20th century but by 1971 life expectancy for a man in Britain was 68. For a woman it was 72. Child Mortality • 3% of children die before their first birthday Access to health care • In Britain the health of ordinary people greatly improved when the NHS was founded in 1948 Medicines/Vaccinations available • By the 1930s antibiotics and penicillin was discovered and was widely used. • In 1944 another antibiotic was developed called streptomycin which was used by medical professions to treat tuberculosis. Housing Conditions • Housing was poor in the 1950s • The working class began to have bathrooms • Gas was used, which made it more easier to het water for washing • Running hot water and bathrooms meant that it was more easier to keep clean Main Killer Diseases • There was a real association between carcinoma of the lung and smoking and that smoking was a factor and an important one in the production of carcinoma in the lung • Tuberculosis
- 6. 2012 (Modern Era) • Life expectancy in Northern Ireland: ▫ Males live to 76.3 ▫ Females live to 81.2 • Child mortality- The number of boys and girls under 5 who die annually has dropped from 12 million in 1990 to 7.6 million in 2012 • Access to health care: Free health care for all and everyone has access to their own GP. Pregnant women have access to their own midwife. • Medicines- there is a wide range of medications available for those needed. There is also free vaccinations when necessary. • Housing conditions- there are better housing conditions in the modern era compared to the later 20th century. Houses are more up to date with heating and electrical appliances. • Main killers – disease: ▫ Cancer ▫ Ischaemic heart disease ▫ Stroke