PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES ' ps.psychiatryonline.org ' October 2009 Vol. 60 No. 10 11229955
In Atkins v. Virginia the U.S.
Supreme Court declared execu-
tion of persons with mental retar-
dation to constitute cruel and un-
usual punishment, and thus to be
unconstitutional under the Eighth
Amendment. However, the Court
left all considerations regarding
how to implement the decision
explicitly to the states. Since
Atkins was decided in 2002, legis-
latures, courts, and mental health
experts have struggled with its
implementation, highlighting the
complexities that can arise when
the courts base legal rules on clin-
ical findings. This column reviews
the Atkins case and considers the
challenges associated with a clini-
cal determination that can have
life-or-death consequences for
capital defendants. (Psychiatric
Services 60:1295–1297, 2009)
I n 2002 the U.S. Supreme Courtdeclared execution of persons with
mental retardation to constitute cruel
and unusual punishment, and thus to
be unconstitutional under the Eighth
Amendment (1). The case that trig-
gered the decision, reversing an earli-
er Supreme Court precedent (2), in-
volved Daryl Atkins, a man with 16
prior felony convictions, who faced
the death penalty for the abduction,
robbery, and murder of an airman
from a local military base. Since
Atkins v. Virginia was decided, legis-
latures, courts, and mental health ex-
perts have struggled with its imple-
mentation, highlighting the complex-
ities that can arise when the courts
base legal rules on clinical findings.
Atkins represented a distinct break
with the courts’ usual approach to the
impact on sentencing of a defendant’s
mental state at the time of the crime
(3). At least since the U.S. Supreme
Court decision in Lockett v. Ohio in
1978 (4), capital defendants have had
the right to introduce evidence of
their mental state at the sentencing
hearing as a mitigating factor. In
essence, defendants were permitted
to argue that their mental retardation,
mental illness, intoxication, or other
impairing condition at the time of the
crime so diminished their responsibil-
ity for their actions that the ultimate
penalty of death should not be im-
posed. The jury was then charged
with weighing evidence of the defen-
dant’s mental state, along with other
mitigating factors, against the nature
of the crime and any other considera-
tions that might be considered aggra-
vating in deciding on a sentence.
Precisely this process was followed
in Daryl Atkins’ case. Testimony was
presented on his behalf by an expert
psychologist, who characterized him
as having mild mental retardation,
noting a full-scale IQ score of 59. A
jury nonetheless determined that the
death penalty should be imposed; af-
ter the initial sentence was vacated
because of a procedural error, a sec-
ond jury—which listened to an addi-
tional psychologist hired by the pros-
ecution who testified that Atkins was
of normal intelligence but had an an-
tisocial personality disorder—again
e ...
APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 16 91–97, 2009 Copyright # Taylor & Fran.docxrossskuddershamus
APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 16: 91–97, 2009 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0908-4282 print=1532-4826 online
DOI: 10.1080/09084280902864329
Interpretation of Intelligence Test Scores in Atkins Cases: Conceptual and Psychometric Issues
Frank M. Gresham
Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
So-called Atkins cases refer to individuals who have been sentenced to death for capital crimes who claim that the death penalty constitutes ‘‘cruel and unusual punishment’’ under the Eighth Amendment. Psychological testimony is influential because this testi- mony strikes at the very core issue in these cases; namely, whether or not the individual is mentally retarded. Despite the importance of psychological testimony, courts have not been made to understand the subtleties and complexities of the issues in diagnosing mental retardation. Five such issues are discussed in this article: (a) the nature of intel- lectual functioning, (b) the Flynn Effect, (c) measurement error, (d) practice effects, and (e) the nature of school ‘‘diagnoses.’’ Examples of each of these issues are illustrated with an actual Atkins case (Walker v. True, 2006).
Key words: Flynn Effect, intelligence, measurement error, psychometric
Around midnight on August 16, 1996, Daryl Renard Atkins and an accomplice (William Jones) abducted Erich Nesbitt with a semiautomatic handgun and robbed him of his money. Subsequently, they drove Nesbitt to an ATM and forced him to withdraw cash. He was then taken to an isolated spot where he was shot eight times and killed. During trial, both Atkins and Jones testified and confirmed each other’s account of the incident, except that Jones’ testimony was consid- ered more credible than Atkins’. In fact, Atkins’ court testimony was substantially inconsistent with the testi- mony he gave police upon his arrest, whereas Jones declined to make a statement to authorities upon his arrest (Miranda Rights). During the penalty phase of the trial, the defense relied on Dr. Evan Nelson, a foren- sic psychologist, who had evaluated Atkins prior to trial and concluded that he was mildly mentally retarded based on a review of school and court records and a tested full scale IQ of 59 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III). Atkins, however, was sentenced to death, and Jones plea bargained with
Address correspondence to Frank M. Gresham, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. E-mail: [email protected]
the prosecution in return for testimony against Atkins and was spared the death penalty.
At a second sentencing hearing, another forensic psychologist, Dr. Stanton Samenow, expressed the opinion that Atkins was not mentally retarded and was functioning in the range of ‘‘average’’ intelligence. This opinion was based on two interviews with Atkins, a review of school records, the Wechsler Memory Scale (Wechsler, 1972), and interviews with correctional offi- cers. Dr. .
Overlapping Universe Understanding Legal Insanity and Psychosis.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overlapping Universe: Understanding Legal Insanity and Psychosis
Zachary D. Torry • Stephen B. Billick
Published online: 6 April 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract The Insanity Defense of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity is the defense used by some mentally disordered defendants who do not have the capacity for understanding right and wrong at the time of their criminal act. This defense has perplexed legal and mental health professionals for centuries. Though it has been a part of the legal system since the early Greeks, it has been and continues to be amended, modified, and in some jurisdictions, abolished. Moreover, despite its infrequent use, many in our society hold onto the belief that defendants can evade criminal responsibility by means of this defense. Furthermore, insanity is often equated with psychosis; however, the two are not the same and have different connotations. It is essential for any clinical psychiatrist to understand the concept of the insanity defense and how it differs from psychosis. This paper will clarify the meaning and purpose of the insanity defense and will differentiate insanity and psychosis.
Keywords Insanity defense NGRI Criminal action Mens rea
Introduction
The insanity defense has been a controversial and elusive component of the legal and psychiatric professions for centuries. It has long tantalized defendants and mystified jurors. Furthermore, the concept that certain people may not be held responsible for their actions by reason of their mental state generates feelings of anger and disparity among some individuals. The insanity defense is viewed by some as a ‘‘loophole’’ for defendants and a
Z. D. Torry Saint Vincent’s Hospital, Manhattan, NY 10024, USA
Z. D. Torry (&) 140 West 79th Street, #4B, New York, NY 10024, USA e-mail: [email protected]
S. B. Billick New York Medical College, New York, NY, USA
123
Psychiatr Q (2010) 81:253–262 DOI 10.1007/s11126-010-9134-2
scheme that clever attorneys and mental health professionals exploit to acquit their criminal clients and permit dangerous people to roam freely in society. Therefore, at times this defense directs accusatory attention to the field of clinical and forensic psychiatry. The psychiatrist might be viewed as creating excuses for the defendants’ otherwise criminal behavior. Finally, it has been sometimes argued that the insanity defense is inconsistent with the deterrent and punishment purposes of criminal law. The reality is that the insanity defense is used in only 1% of criminal cases, and it is used successfully in only 10–25% of those [1]. Moreover, defendants who are found insane generally spend as much or more time in state custody than their criminally convicted counterparts [2]. Forensic psychiatrists are not the only psychiatrists who need to understand the insanity defense. Patients seen in ongoing clinical psychiatric treatment may commit crimes, and the psychiatrist should have some appreciation for understanding .
The document summarizes the insanity defense. It discusses how the insanity defense is based on the idea that some criminal defendants lacked criminal intent due to mental illness or defect. There are two conceptualizations of insanity - cognitive insanity which impairs understanding of wrongfulness, and irresistible impulse which allows understanding but inability to control actions. Determining legal insanity is difficult as it is a legal rather than psychiatric concept. If successful, the insanity defense results in a verdict of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity or Guilty but Mentally Ill.
The document discusses the aging crisis of mental health and dementia in prisons. It notes that doing nothing about this social problem of dementia in prisons would be too costly and inhumane. Prisons are facing challenges in caring for those with activities of daily living needs related to dementia.
1. The document discusses the case of Hall v. Florida, which addressed inconsistencies in how states determined intellectual disability for criminals facing the death penalty.
2. In Hall v. Florida, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for Florida to rely solely on an IQ score cutoff of 70 to deem a defendant not intellectually disabled and therefore eligible for the death penalty.
3. The document argues that solely relying on IQ test scores can be unfair and inconsistent, as it may exclude some intellectually disabled individuals from protection and allow others to manipulate test results. Instead, courts should consider a broader range of evidence including adaptive functioning deficits.
April 27, 2018
With over 70 million Baby Boomers retiring, elder financial exploitation has been labeled the “Crime of the 21st Century.” In this half-day event, we will explore the neuroscience, psychology, and legal doctrine of financial decision-making in older adults. How does the aging brain make financial decisions, and when is it uniquely susceptible? How can courts best use science to improve their adjudication of disputes over “competency”, “capacity”, and “undue influence”? Is novel neuroimaging evidence of dementia ready for courtroom use? This conference brought together experts in medicine, science, and law to explore these important questions and chart a path forward for dementia and the law.
For more information, visit our website at: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/our-aging-brains
The insanity defense and diminished responsibility defense have been criticized for being outdated and unfair. The insanity defense applies to all crimes but must be proven by the defendant, contrary to the legal principle of innocence until proven guilty. Diminished responsibility is a partial defense that only applies to murder charges. Critics argue for replacing these defenses with a new defense that does not label the defendant "insane" and can be applied to cases involving severe mental disorders or handicaps. Overall, the document argues that the current insanity defense is in need of reform due to outdated legal definitions of insanity and inconsistencies that have resulted from its application in courts.
This document discusses the complex relationship between law and medicine regarding mental health and legal culpability. It notes that while law and medicine both consider mental state, they have different definitions and approaches. Law focuses on attaching responsibility and considers insanity as a possible defense, while medicine views mental abnormalities as treatable diseases. The document explores how courts and medical experts sometimes disagree in their assessments of a defendant's mental state and responsibility. It examines relevant laws and cases regarding insanity defenses and mental abnormality. Overall, the relationship between law and medicine in this area is antagonistic yet interdependent, and improving collaboration between the two fields could lead to better outcomes.
APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 16 91–97, 2009 Copyright # Taylor & Fran.docxrossskuddershamus
APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 16: 91–97, 2009 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0908-4282 print=1532-4826 online
DOI: 10.1080/09084280902864329
Interpretation of Intelligence Test Scores in Atkins Cases: Conceptual and Psychometric Issues
Frank M. Gresham
Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
So-called Atkins cases refer to individuals who have been sentenced to death for capital crimes who claim that the death penalty constitutes ‘‘cruel and unusual punishment’’ under the Eighth Amendment. Psychological testimony is influential because this testi- mony strikes at the very core issue in these cases; namely, whether or not the individual is mentally retarded. Despite the importance of psychological testimony, courts have not been made to understand the subtleties and complexities of the issues in diagnosing mental retardation. Five such issues are discussed in this article: (a) the nature of intel- lectual functioning, (b) the Flynn Effect, (c) measurement error, (d) practice effects, and (e) the nature of school ‘‘diagnoses.’’ Examples of each of these issues are illustrated with an actual Atkins case (Walker v. True, 2006).
Key words: Flynn Effect, intelligence, measurement error, psychometric
Around midnight on August 16, 1996, Daryl Renard Atkins and an accomplice (William Jones) abducted Erich Nesbitt with a semiautomatic handgun and robbed him of his money. Subsequently, they drove Nesbitt to an ATM and forced him to withdraw cash. He was then taken to an isolated spot where he was shot eight times and killed. During trial, both Atkins and Jones testified and confirmed each other’s account of the incident, except that Jones’ testimony was consid- ered more credible than Atkins’. In fact, Atkins’ court testimony was substantially inconsistent with the testi- mony he gave police upon his arrest, whereas Jones declined to make a statement to authorities upon his arrest (Miranda Rights). During the penalty phase of the trial, the defense relied on Dr. Evan Nelson, a foren- sic psychologist, who had evaluated Atkins prior to trial and concluded that he was mildly mentally retarded based on a review of school and court records and a tested full scale IQ of 59 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III). Atkins, however, was sentenced to death, and Jones plea bargained with
Address correspondence to Frank M. Gresham, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. E-mail: [email protected]
the prosecution in return for testimony against Atkins and was spared the death penalty.
At a second sentencing hearing, another forensic psychologist, Dr. Stanton Samenow, expressed the opinion that Atkins was not mentally retarded and was functioning in the range of ‘‘average’’ intelligence. This opinion was based on two interviews with Atkins, a review of school records, the Wechsler Memory Scale (Wechsler, 1972), and interviews with correctional offi- cers. Dr. .
Overlapping Universe Understanding Legal Insanity and Psychosis.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overlapping Universe: Understanding Legal Insanity and Psychosis
Zachary D. Torry • Stephen B. Billick
Published online: 6 April 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract The Insanity Defense of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity is the defense used by some mentally disordered defendants who do not have the capacity for understanding right and wrong at the time of their criminal act. This defense has perplexed legal and mental health professionals for centuries. Though it has been a part of the legal system since the early Greeks, it has been and continues to be amended, modified, and in some jurisdictions, abolished. Moreover, despite its infrequent use, many in our society hold onto the belief that defendants can evade criminal responsibility by means of this defense. Furthermore, insanity is often equated with psychosis; however, the two are not the same and have different connotations. It is essential for any clinical psychiatrist to understand the concept of the insanity defense and how it differs from psychosis. This paper will clarify the meaning and purpose of the insanity defense and will differentiate insanity and psychosis.
Keywords Insanity defense NGRI Criminal action Mens rea
Introduction
The insanity defense has been a controversial and elusive component of the legal and psychiatric professions for centuries. It has long tantalized defendants and mystified jurors. Furthermore, the concept that certain people may not be held responsible for their actions by reason of their mental state generates feelings of anger and disparity among some individuals. The insanity defense is viewed by some as a ‘‘loophole’’ for defendants and a
Z. D. Torry Saint Vincent’s Hospital, Manhattan, NY 10024, USA
Z. D. Torry (&) 140 West 79th Street, #4B, New York, NY 10024, USA e-mail: [email protected]
S. B. Billick New York Medical College, New York, NY, USA
123
Psychiatr Q (2010) 81:253–262 DOI 10.1007/s11126-010-9134-2
scheme that clever attorneys and mental health professionals exploit to acquit their criminal clients and permit dangerous people to roam freely in society. Therefore, at times this defense directs accusatory attention to the field of clinical and forensic psychiatry. The psychiatrist might be viewed as creating excuses for the defendants’ otherwise criminal behavior. Finally, it has been sometimes argued that the insanity defense is inconsistent with the deterrent and punishment purposes of criminal law. The reality is that the insanity defense is used in only 1% of criminal cases, and it is used successfully in only 10–25% of those [1]. Moreover, defendants who are found insane generally spend as much or more time in state custody than their criminally convicted counterparts [2]. Forensic psychiatrists are not the only psychiatrists who need to understand the insanity defense. Patients seen in ongoing clinical psychiatric treatment may commit crimes, and the psychiatrist should have some appreciation for understanding .
The document summarizes the insanity defense. It discusses how the insanity defense is based on the idea that some criminal defendants lacked criminal intent due to mental illness or defect. There are two conceptualizations of insanity - cognitive insanity which impairs understanding of wrongfulness, and irresistible impulse which allows understanding but inability to control actions. Determining legal insanity is difficult as it is a legal rather than psychiatric concept. If successful, the insanity defense results in a verdict of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity or Guilty but Mentally Ill.
The document discusses the aging crisis of mental health and dementia in prisons. It notes that doing nothing about this social problem of dementia in prisons would be too costly and inhumane. Prisons are facing challenges in caring for those with activities of daily living needs related to dementia.
1. The document discusses the case of Hall v. Florida, which addressed inconsistencies in how states determined intellectual disability for criminals facing the death penalty.
2. In Hall v. Florida, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for Florida to rely solely on an IQ score cutoff of 70 to deem a defendant not intellectually disabled and therefore eligible for the death penalty.
3. The document argues that solely relying on IQ test scores can be unfair and inconsistent, as it may exclude some intellectually disabled individuals from protection and allow others to manipulate test results. Instead, courts should consider a broader range of evidence including adaptive functioning deficits.
April 27, 2018
With over 70 million Baby Boomers retiring, elder financial exploitation has been labeled the “Crime of the 21st Century.” In this half-day event, we will explore the neuroscience, psychology, and legal doctrine of financial decision-making in older adults. How does the aging brain make financial decisions, and when is it uniquely susceptible? How can courts best use science to improve their adjudication of disputes over “competency”, “capacity”, and “undue influence”? Is novel neuroimaging evidence of dementia ready for courtroom use? This conference brought together experts in medicine, science, and law to explore these important questions and chart a path forward for dementia and the law.
For more information, visit our website at: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/our-aging-brains
The insanity defense and diminished responsibility defense have been criticized for being outdated and unfair. The insanity defense applies to all crimes but must be proven by the defendant, contrary to the legal principle of innocence until proven guilty. Diminished responsibility is a partial defense that only applies to murder charges. Critics argue for replacing these defenses with a new defense that does not label the defendant "insane" and can be applied to cases involving severe mental disorders or handicaps. Overall, the document argues that the current insanity defense is in need of reform due to outdated legal definitions of insanity and inconsistencies that have resulted from its application in courts.
This document discusses the complex relationship between law and medicine regarding mental health and legal culpability. It notes that while law and medicine both consider mental state, they have different definitions and approaches. Law focuses on attaching responsibility and considers insanity as a possible defense, while medicine views mental abnormalities as treatable diseases. The document explores how courts and medical experts sometimes disagree in their assessments of a defendant's mental state and responsibility. It examines relevant laws and cases regarding insanity defenses and mental abnormality. Overall, the relationship between law and medicine in this area is antagonistic yet interdependent, and improving collaboration between the two fields could lead to better outcomes.
A Reasoned Argument Against Banning Psychologists Involvement In Death Penal...Martha Brown
This article argues that psychologists should not be banned from involvement in death penalty cases for several reasons:
1) There is no consensus that capital punishment is a human rights violation under U.S. law.
2) The legal system has procedural safeguards like appellate review to address flaws, unlike torture which was the impetus for banning psychologist involvement.
3) Psychologists provide relevant information to legal decision-makers as expert witnesses and do not determine the legal outcome. Their involvement can help prevent human rights violations by identifying mitigating factors or competence issues.
4) Individual psychologists must consider how their own biases could affect work, but transparency and cross-examination can help ensure evaluations are impartial. Psychologists should
IH - Traumatic Brain Injury - A Primer for In-House Counsel and Claims Profes...Brandon Woodard
The document discusses the rise of traumatic brain injury (TBI) litigation, specifically concussion claims. It notes that while TBIs were traditionally associated with professional athletes, they now commonly spawn from car accidents, falls, and other incidents. Plaintiffs can easily add a concussion claim to any injury case since concussions are difficult to objectively prove or disprove, unlike broken bones seen on X-rays. It also outlines how plaintiffs and their experts seek to maximize damages from concussion claims by alleging long-term disability and risks of conditions like Alzheimer's, despite most concussions resulting in full recovery. The document provides guidance for defense attorneys on effectively challenging TBI claims.
The document discusses the legal defence of diminished responsibility. It provides details on where the defence comes from, what must be proven for a successful plea (abnormality of mental functioning due to a recognised medical condition which substantially impaired the defendant's abilities), and examples of conditions that have been used. It notes problems with the defence, such as the burden of proof being on the defendant, and discusses reforms made by the Homicide Act 1957 and Coroners and Justice Act 2009.
November 15, 2017
Our judiciary and our elected officials are getting old. Five of the nine Supreme Court Justices are 67 or older, with two over age 80. The President is 71, the Senate Majority Leader is 75, and the House Minority Leader is 77. Does the public have a right to know whether these officials have been screened for dementia? If the individuals don’t self-report their dementia status, should experts continue to adhere to the “Goldwater Rule” and refrain from offering an armchair diagnosis? As the nation reflects on its midterm elections, and prepares for the 2020 election cycle, these questions are timely and challenging.
For more information, visit our website at: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/dementia-and-democracy
The Insanity Defence ~ An Analysis with Specific Reference to Section 84 of t...inventionjournals
The M’Naghten Rules and the test suggested therein came to be known as the “Right – Wrong” test.
Prior to this, a person who committed a crime and pleaded insanity was said to be possessed by evil sprits or
“wild beasts”. Confusion rules the roost when one attempts to analyse what exactly insanity is.
What are its borders? When can a person be called insane? What degree of loss of sanity is required, what is
the threshold between sanity and insanity are all questions that clamour for a clear answer which has been
evasive for a few centuries now and this evasiveness, the lack of answers to these pivotal questions, for a judge
or a jury, nay for the psychiatrist himself will remain.
A jury or a judge is called upon to declare guilt or pronounce innocence. A psychiatrist has a thankless job in
this context, which is certainly not going to cause any inconvenience to the judge or jury – it is by what the
psychiatrist says and how of it is comprehended in the correct sense by the jury and the judges – upon which the
fate of the accused hangs. He has to, through the evidence of the expert, the psychiatrist, prove that he was
insane or of unsound mind when the act in question was committed. An attempt is made here to understand the
medical and the legal aspects of the insanity defence.
According to the document, competency to stand trial (CST) refers to a defendant's ability to understand legal proceedings and assist their attorney. While defendants are presumed competent, judges can order CST evaluations if competence is questioned. The standards for CST come from Supreme Court cases like Dusky v. United States, which established that defendants must understand charges and be able to assist in their defense. Several studies have examined issues like restoring competence through medication or other means, though effectiveness is unclear. CST involves both psychological and legal factors, as evaluations are done by psychologists but decisions are made in court based on evidence and legal standards.
Neuroscience and genetics are challenging the concept of free will by providing evidence that brain abnormalities and genes can impair a person's ability to make rational choices. Studies such as the case of Phineas Gage, who had personality changes after brain damage, showed the link between brain structure and behavior. Neuroscience has also been used in court, with defendants presenting brain scans to argue they are not culpable due to brain abnormalities, though the reliability of these scans is debated. While brain factors may influence behavior, courts recognize other environmental and circumstantial factors must also be considered when assessing individual responsibility and free will.
This document discusses the importance of neurobehavioral assessment in forensic practice. It notes that many mental disorders previously seen as behavioral are now understood to have neurological roots. A neurobehavioral assessment evaluates cognitive functioning using expertise from multiple disciplines, including social work, psychology, and medicine. The assessment integrates information from social histories, testing, and medical evaluations to understand a subject's neurobehavioral capacity and how impairments shape their behaviors and functioning in real-world contexts. This holistic understanding is essential for accurate forensic evaluations.
The document summarizes a study by American criminologist Dr. Joan R. Petersilia on criminal justice policies for the mentally retarded. The study finds that the mentally retarded are often unable to understand their Miranda rights and confess to crimes they did not commit. They also have difficulty with plea bargaining, testifying credibly in court, and impressing parole boards. As a result, they tend to serve longer sentences and have higher recidivism rates than other offenders. The document calls for reforms like screening for mental disabilities, diverting certain offenders to supervised probation, and programs to help with job training and reintegration into society. This could help the mentally retarded while also saving taxpayer money on incarceration costs.
The document discusses several issues and defences related to criminal law, including insanity and automatism defences. It notes that the burden of proof differs depending on whether the defence or prosecution raises insanity, which may confuse juries. The definition of insanity has also been criticized as outdated and irrelevant. The effectiveness of the verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity is also questioned. Reforms to modernize rules around fitness to plead and legal insanity are needed to make the law consistent with modern psychiatric understanding.
Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility Relating to the Mental Capacity...ijtsrd
Under the Rome Statute the Statute of the International Criminal Court ICC , the grounds for excluding criminal responsibility defences are catalogued mainly under Articles 31 and 32. It is a fundamental principle of the Rome Statute that in order to establish criminal responsibility, the Prosecutor must prove three elements, the material element, the mental element and the contextual element. As concerns the mental element, Casten Stahn argues that cotemporary international criminal law recognizes a number of grounds for excluding criminal responsibility, which generally acknowledge that punishment is only justified if the underlying act is unwarranted and the offender is blameworthy. In this paper, it is argued that some of the grounds for excluding criminal responsibility provided in the Rome Statute are classified as grounds for excluding criminal responsibility relating to the mental capacity of the accused person. They are based on the contention that each of them shows that the accused person lacked the ability to act autonomously due to lack of mental capacity. The said grounds are insanity, automatism and other involuntary conduct, epilepsy, sleepwalking, diabetes, intoxication and mistakes that negative mens rea. The definition, the scope, the burden, the conditions for admissibility, the effect for each of the grounds when admitted have been examined. In conclusion, it is submitted that in spite of the importance of these grounds they are not usually invoked before the ICC because of the egregious nature of the crimes and the high profile of the accused persons who are held responsible because of their leadership role being the brain behind the crimes rather than for having carried out the material elements of the crimes. Njukeng George Ajapmua "Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility Relating to the Mental Capacity of the Accused Person" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50556.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/50556/grounds-for-excluding-criminal-responsibility-relating-to-the-mental-capacity-of-the-accused-person/njukeng-george-ajapmua
Mental health and mental disorder terms and conceptsAnselm Eldergill
This document discusses mental health and mental disorders from both a legal and medical perspective. It examines key concepts and terms used in both fields, noting that many terms do not have fixed or unambiguous meanings and can incorporate value judgments. The document emphasizes understanding both the legal and medical presumptions involved when depriving someone of their liberty due to mental health issues. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of various parties, including medical and legal professionals, in mental health tribunal proceedings.
Mental Health and Mental Disorder: The Legal Significance of Medical ConceptsAnselm Eldergill
Analyses key medical terms and concepts for the benefit of legal representatives who represent individuals who appeal against their detention under mental health laws: concepts such as normal, abnormal, disorder, illness, disease, personality, etc
Medico legal approach of the psychiatric patientMohamed Sedky
This document discusses medico-legal approaches to assessing psychiatric patients. It covers topics like mental capacity, factors affecting capacity, domains of capacity over time (past, present, future), the insanity defense, standards of insanity, the relationship between competency and mental illness, testamentary/testimonial/contractual capacity, need for guardianship, and consent to treatment. The document provides overview of these topics and outlines proper assessment of mental capacity, which considers understanding, retention, reasoning, and communication of decisions.
Elucidates the governing laws (U.S., Canada, U.K), restrictions and extensions of the advance-directives (living wills) in obstetrics. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3671.4321
Can You Keep a Secret Confidential i ty in Psychotherapym.docxRAHUL126667
Can You Keep a Secret? Confidential i ty in Psychotherapy
m
Jeffrey N. Younggren and Eric A. Harris
American Psychological Association Insurance Trust
Confidentiality is the secret-keeping duty that arises from the
establishment of the professional relationship psychologists develop
with their clients. It is a duty created by the professional relationship,
it is set forth in the American Psychological Association’s (2002)
Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct, and it is codified in many state
regulations. However, the difference between confidentiality and
legal privilege; how, why, and when it can be violated; and the
reasons for so doing are not well understood by many practitioners.
While on the surface confidentiality might seem to be an easy
concept to apply to professional practice, in fact it is quite complex
and filled with exceptions that frequently differ from circumstance to
circumstance and from state to state. A lack of respect for and a lack
of familiarity with the significance of these exceptions could have dire
professional consequences. This article reviews the ethical imperative
of confidentiality and then provides examples of legal cases that help
to better understand its complexity. Then, we offer strategies
designed to help metal health practitioners when they are confronted
with questions regarding confidentiality and privilege. & 2008 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64: 589--600, 2008.
Keywords: confidentiality; privilege; informed consent; psychotherapy
If asked by a patient if they can keep something shared with them in a professional
relationship secret, most psychotherapists would answer the question with a
resounding, ‘‘Yes, of course!’’ This is because confidentiality is the key to most
models of effective psychotherapy. Without this privacy, clients cannot be expected
to reveal embarrassing, sometimes personally damaging, information in treatment.
Further, the privacy of the consulting room and the confidentiality of the therapeutic
The opinions expressed in this article do not reflect the official position of the American Psychological
Association Insurance Trust.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Jeffrey N. Younggren, 827 Deep Valley
Drive, Suite 309, Rolling Hills Estates, CA 90274; e-mail: [email protected] or Eric A. Harris,
111 Rockville Pike, Suite 900, Rockville, MD 20850; e-mail: [email protected]
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: IN SESSION, Vol. 64(5), 589--600 (2008) & 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10 .1002/ jc lp .20480
relationship facilitate trust, empathy, and the working alliance. Confidentiality is the
duty to protect client privacy that comes from the fiduciary nature of the
professional relationship. It also is a fundamental standard in the Ethical Principles
of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (hereafter the Ethics Code; American
Psychological As ...
Compulsion and the deteriorating patient eldergillAnselm Eldergill
This document discusses whether an asymptomatic patient who becomes non-compliant with medication can be compulsorily admitted to hospital solely based on their medical history suggesting future relapse. It summarizes a report on a case where a patient fatally wounded a healthcare worker. The report's interpretation was that the law allows early intervention in such cases to ensure treatment continuity. While early action has risks, balancing risks is important and each case requires individual assessment based on evidence.
Name Professor Course Date Sexual Harassment .docxroushhsiu
Name
Professor
Course
Date
Sexual Harassment Essay Outline
I. Introduction
A. Background
1. Despite ongoing public campaigns designed to prevent sexual harassment,
this destructive behavior continues to be a widespread issue in the United
States. Sexual harassment is particularly rampant on college campuses,
where 62% of female students and 61% of male students report having
been victims of this form of mistreatment, according to the AAUW
Educational Foundation. Most of the harassment is noncontact, but about
one-third of students are victims of physical harassment.
B. Thesis Statement
1. Although mass media and news outlets alike tend to shy away from the
sexual harassment problem occuring across our campuses nationwide,
universities are failing to protect their students from sexual harassment
resulting in mental health damage of both males and females in all parts of
the nation
II. Body
A. Sexual Harassment Amongst Both Genders
1. Female Sexual Harassment In Comparison
a) Statistics Regarding Harassment Committed Against
b) General Concerns Over Safety Amongst Females
2. Male Sexual Harassment In Comparison
a) Statistics Regarding Harassment Committed Against
b) Lack of Awareness That Men Can Also Experience Harassment
On College Campuses
B. Sexual Harassment Being Neglected Nationwide
1. Lack of Media Coverage & Lack of Awareness
a) Disregard Of A Widespread Issue Going On In Our Nation
b) People Not Taking Sexual Harassment Seriously/Not Being Aware
of It
2. Lack of Knowledge Regarding Universities Legal Duty to Protect
Students
a) Title XI Law of 1972
b) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C. Sexual Harassment’s Effect on Students Experiencing It
1. Short Term Mental Effects
a) People Disregarding and Neglecting People Who Claim Sexual
Harassment Can Cause Them Insecurity and Hopelessness
b) People Tend To Blame Themselves For Being Harrassed
2. Long Term Mental Effects
a) Depression and Inability To Trust Others
b) Can Lead To Drastic Effects Like Turning To Drugs Or
Committing Suicide, It is Afterall A Form Of Bullying
III. Conclusion
A. The failure of our nations awarness and our universities inability to abide to the
law by protecting our students has resulted in many students being permanently
damaged from sexual harassment
B. We the people of the United States have gone through all the proper legal
measures in order to guarantee the youths safety when attending college
universities; yet these laws along with their $60,000 tuitions do not seem to be
enough motivation for these universities to abide to the law. Does a student need
to be found dead in the middle of the campus in order to get the message across?
Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire
Review of The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire by MICHAEL G. KAVAN, Associate Dean for Student Affairs and Associate Professor of Family Medicine, Creighton University Sch ...
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race,.docxamrit47
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race, Gender, and Crime. All work will include an introduction and a cogent thesis. The literature review will include a body of knowledge inclusive of in text citations, and supporting relevant references. The paper should end with discussions that highlight the future of the CJS. A conclusion of the literature review will end the written assignment. The assignment will consist of 2000 words. Reference page along with 6 peer reviewed references and course textbook.
.
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements) .docxamrit47
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements)
Diagnostic Techniques -
Pick any two diseases that require diagnostic tests to identify them from the body system. Use one of the body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatobiliary, lymphatic, reproductive or nervous systems. For each of the diseases, explain:
Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
Does the diagnosis need confirmation with another diagnostic test?
.
Apa format1-2 paragraphsreferences It is often said th.docxamrit47
Apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
It is often said that people today are no longer loyal to organizations. Yet employees are loyal to their direct supervisor. This discussion question asks you to evaluate and apply your understanding of followership theory. Reflect on any techniques for understanding, achieving, and positively applying organizational and personal power and influence as a follower.
When effective leaders leave an organization to move on to another organization, they often take at least one or two employees. Employees who respect a leader and have generated a relationship and bond want to work under that leader. One indicator of effective leaders is communication skills in which a leader is attuned to the needs of each employee.
REAL-LIFE APPLICATION: Discuss a leader with whom you are familiar and who has the loyalty of his or her direct reports. Alternatively, you might interview a friend or family member about their experiences or you may research a well-known leader. Address the following in your response.
Evaluate how this leader earns respect and loyalty from his or her employees.
If you were in a leadership position, what methods would you implement to inspire, motivate, and empower your employees?
Support your discussion with at least one scholarly article and, if relevant, credible media reports, and cite each source using APA style.
.
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Our judiciary and our elected officials are getting old. Five of the nine Supreme Court Justices are 67 or older, with two over age 80. The President is 71, the Senate Majority Leader is 75, and the House Minority Leader is 77. Does the public have a right to know whether these officials have been screened for dementia? If the individuals don’t self-report their dementia status, should experts continue to adhere to the “Goldwater Rule” and refrain from offering an armchair diagnosis? As the nation reflects on its midterm elections, and prepares for the 2020 election cycle, these questions are timely and challenging.
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Can You Keep a Secret Confidential i ty in Psychotherapym.docxRAHUL126667
Can You Keep a Secret? Confidential i ty in Psychotherapy
m
Jeffrey N. Younggren and Eric A. Harris
American Psychological Association Insurance Trust
Confidentiality is the secret-keeping duty that arises from the
establishment of the professional relationship psychologists develop
with their clients. It is a duty created by the professional relationship,
it is set forth in the American Psychological Association’s (2002)
Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct, and it is codified in many state
regulations. However, the difference between confidentiality and
legal privilege; how, why, and when it can be violated; and the
reasons for so doing are not well understood by many practitioners.
While on the surface confidentiality might seem to be an easy
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and filled with exceptions that frequently differ from circumstance to
circumstance and from state to state. A lack of respect for and a lack
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professional consequences. This article reviews the ethical imperative
of confidentiality and then provides examples of legal cases that help
to better understand its complexity. Then, we offer strategies
designed to help metal health practitioners when they are confronted
with questions regarding confidentiality and privilege. & 2008 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64: 589--600, 2008.
Keywords: confidentiality; privilege; informed consent; psychotherapy
If asked by a patient if they can keep something shared with them in a professional
relationship secret, most psychotherapists would answer the question with a
resounding, ‘‘Yes, of course!’’ This is because confidentiality is the key to most
models of effective psychotherapy. Without this privacy, clients cannot be expected
to reveal embarrassing, sometimes personally damaging, information in treatment.
Further, the privacy of the consulting room and the confidentiality of the therapeutic
The opinions expressed in this article do not reflect the official position of the American Psychological
Association Insurance Trust.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Jeffrey N. Younggren, 827 Deep Valley
Drive, Suite 309, Rolling Hills Estates, CA 90274; e-mail: [email protected] or Eric A. Harris,
111 Rockville Pike, Suite 900, Rockville, MD 20850; e-mail: [email protected]
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: IN SESSION, Vol. 64(5), 589--600 (2008) & 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10 .1002/ jc lp .20480
relationship facilitate trust, empathy, and the working alliance. Confidentiality is the
duty to protect client privacy that comes from the fiduciary nature of the
professional relationship. It also is a fundamental standard in the Ethical Principles
of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (hereafter the Ethics Code; American
Psychological As ...
Compulsion and the deteriorating patient eldergillAnselm Eldergill
This document discusses whether an asymptomatic patient who becomes non-compliant with medication can be compulsorily admitted to hospital solely based on their medical history suggesting future relapse. It summarizes a report on a case where a patient fatally wounded a healthcare worker. The report's interpretation was that the law allows early intervention in such cases to ensure treatment continuity. While early action has risks, balancing risks is important and each case requires individual assessment based on evidence.
Name Professor Course Date Sexual Harassment .docxroushhsiu
Name
Professor
Course
Date
Sexual Harassment Essay Outline
I. Introduction
A. Background
1. Despite ongoing public campaigns designed to prevent sexual harassment,
this destructive behavior continues to be a widespread issue in the United
States. Sexual harassment is particularly rampant on college campuses,
where 62% of female students and 61% of male students report having
been victims of this form of mistreatment, according to the AAUW
Educational Foundation. Most of the harassment is noncontact, but about
one-third of students are victims of physical harassment.
B. Thesis Statement
1. Although mass media and news outlets alike tend to shy away from the
sexual harassment problem occuring across our campuses nationwide,
universities are failing to protect their students from sexual harassment
resulting in mental health damage of both males and females in all parts of
the nation
II. Body
A. Sexual Harassment Amongst Both Genders
1. Female Sexual Harassment In Comparison
a) Statistics Regarding Harassment Committed Against
b) General Concerns Over Safety Amongst Females
2. Male Sexual Harassment In Comparison
a) Statistics Regarding Harassment Committed Against
b) Lack of Awareness That Men Can Also Experience Harassment
On College Campuses
B. Sexual Harassment Being Neglected Nationwide
1. Lack of Media Coverage & Lack of Awareness
a) Disregard Of A Widespread Issue Going On In Our Nation
b) People Not Taking Sexual Harassment Seriously/Not Being Aware
of It
2. Lack of Knowledge Regarding Universities Legal Duty to Protect
Students
a) Title XI Law of 1972
b) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C. Sexual Harassment’s Effect on Students Experiencing It
1. Short Term Mental Effects
a) People Disregarding and Neglecting People Who Claim Sexual
Harassment Can Cause Them Insecurity and Hopelessness
b) People Tend To Blame Themselves For Being Harrassed
2. Long Term Mental Effects
a) Depression and Inability To Trust Others
b) Can Lead To Drastic Effects Like Turning To Drugs Or
Committing Suicide, It is Afterall A Form Of Bullying
III. Conclusion
A. The failure of our nations awarness and our universities inability to abide to the
law by protecting our students has resulted in many students being permanently
damaged from sexual harassment
B. We the people of the United States have gone through all the proper legal
measures in order to guarantee the youths safety when attending college
universities; yet these laws along with their $60,000 tuitions do not seem to be
enough motivation for these universities to abide to the law. Does a student need
to be found dead in the middle of the campus in order to get the message across?
Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire
Review of The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire by MICHAEL G. KAVAN, Associate Dean for Student Affairs and Associate Professor of Family Medicine, Creighton University Sch ...
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Diagnostic Techniques -
Pick any two diseases that require diagnostic tests to identify them from the body system. Use one of the body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatobiliary, lymphatic, reproductive or nervous systems. For each of the diseases, explain:
Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
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.
Apa format1-2 paragraphsreferences It is often said th.docxamrit47
Apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
It is often said that people today are no longer loyal to organizations. Yet employees are loyal to their direct supervisor. This discussion question asks you to evaluate and apply your understanding of followership theory. Reflect on any techniques for understanding, achieving, and positively applying organizational and personal power and influence as a follower.
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Evaluate how this leader earns respect and loyalty from his or her employees.
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APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
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Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
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What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
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APA format httpsapastyle.apa.orghttpsowl.purd.docxamrit47
APA format
https://apastyle.apa.org/
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Min number of pages are 30 pages
Must have
Contents with page numbers
Abstract
Introduction
The problem
Are there any sub-problems?
Is there any issue need to be present in relation to the problem?
The solutions
Steps of the solutions
Compare the solution to other solution
Any suggestion to improve the solution
Conclusion
References
Research Paper topic:
Computer Security Objects Register
https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Computer-Security-Objects-Register
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APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. .docxamrit47
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Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
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what the message is
how the message is organized
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APA Formatting Assignment
Use the information below to create a reference list using proper APA formatting
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Authors: Christina Jane Jones, Helen Smith and Carrie Llewellyn
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APA style
300 words
10% maximum plagiarism
Mrs. Smith was a 73-year-old widow who lived alone with no significant social support. She had been suffering from emphysema for several years and had had frequent hospitalizations for respiratory problems. On the last hospital admission, her pneumonia quickly progressed to organ failure. Death appeared to be imminent, and she went in and out of consciousness, alone in her hospital room. The medical-surgical nursing staff and the nurse manager focused on making Mrs. Smith’s end-of-life period as comfortable as possible. Upon consultation with the vice president for nursing, the nurse manager and the unit staff nurses decided against moving Mrs. Smith to the palliative care unit, although considered more economical, because of the need to protect and nurture her because she was already experiencing signs and symptoms of the dying process. Nurses were prompted by an article they read on human caring as the “language of nursing practice” (Turkel, Ray, & Kornblatt, 2012) in their weekly caring practice meetings.
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Davidson, Ray, and Turkel (2011) note that caring is complex, and caring science includes the art of practice, “an aesthetic which illuminates the beauty of the dynamic nurse-patient relationship, that makes possible authentic spiritual-ethical choices for transformation—healing, health, well-being, and a peaceful death” (p. xxiv). As the clinical nurse leader and the nursing staff in this situation engaged in caring practice that focused on the well-being of the patient, they simultaneously created a caring-healing environment that contributed to the well-being of the whole—the emotional atmosphere of the unit, the ability of the clinical nurse leader and staff nurses to practice caringly and competently, and the qualit.
APA format1. What are the three most important takeawayslessons.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
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APA General Format Summary APA (American Psychological.docxamrit47
APA General Format
Summary
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within
the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the
APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations,
endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
Contributors: Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore,
Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck
Last Edited: 2016-05-13 12:06:24
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Appearance When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my b.docxamrit47
Appearance
When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my black straight skirt, closed toed shoes and white collared shirt gave a professional appearance and more credibility with the audience. My hair was a little too casual. I wished I had that one strand tacked back so it would have stayed out of my eyes. This made it hard for the audience to see my face and was distracting when I had to keep tucking it back. My earrings were small so the audience would watch me and not my jewelry. I wasn’t standing up straight and it made me look less confident. I need to remember to have better posture when speaking.Organizational Pattern
My introduction was slow and clear and the story was suspenseful enough to grab their attention. It was a little confusing at the beginning because I didn’t preview the main points but because I transitioned well between the steps by saying, “Now that you have completed step 1, selecting the pattern, you are ready to move to step two, preparing the wood” the audience was able to follow. I remembered to state my research source for two of the steps but forgot the third. It made the third step seem shallower and I think I lost credibility. My word choice was good. I made sure to use a variety of descriptive words for the types of wood, explained new vocabulary and repeated phrases to help the audience remember the steps. For some reason the ending was weak. I didn’t tie it to the introduction or have a good ending sentence. It would have been a good idea to remind them of the beginning story and how woodworking affects their everyday life.Vocal Qualities
During my speech I had such a dry mouth that I messed up on the pronunciation of some of the words like saying “exspecially” instead of “especially.” This sounded less professional to the audience. I had good projection so that even the back row could hear without straining. My pitch variation is getting better but I still keep using the same rhythm with my pauses. This make me sound more monotone, like I’m reading the speech rather than just having a conversation. I’ll need to practice changing my rate and pauses. I also noticed many of my sentences end in an up-pitch, like I’m asking a question. If I bring some of those down it will make me appear more confident rather than questioning. It is hard to get rid of those filler words. “Like” and “so” are two of my favorites but it does make me sound like a teenager. I had no idea I said them so much.Delivery
There weren’t many gestures, which made me look stiff and nervous. I just held my note cards and stood in one spot the whole time. I need to do more with my hands and maybe move a little more in the space. I really admire the people in class who have such a good flow with their delivery from gestures to using the space around them purposefully. I felt I held my note cards too close to my face and had my head down most of the time. While watching the video, I noticed I looked at my cards and the poster a l.
apa format1-2 paragraphsreferencesFor this week’s .docxamrit47
apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
For this week’s discussion, choose a current social movement from anywhere in the world. Then, using the required readings, videos, and your own research, discuss the “role these leaders” play in your chosen social movement. In addition, describe any group or collective processes that you discovered. Use specific examples to make major points.
Support your writing with at least two scholarly sources that are
in addition
to required reading.
.
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment..docxamrit47
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment.
1. Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial
activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments
for both points of view.
3. What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing
intelligent systems on mobile data?
4. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from
current literature and their impact on data science as a
profession.
Ex.2. Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent
systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment,
mass customization, and teamwork.
Reflective Assignment:
What has been significant about this course that will help you perform data science tasks in the future.
.
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential .docxamrit47
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential psychological impact of long-term exposure to mass media messages on the major issues surrounding political advertising and political campaigns in the United States and why it is currently relevant and impacts society.
12 Point Times New Roman Font
Double Spaced
Please include research that supports ideas and topics related to political advertising and political campaigns in the United States.
.
APA STYLE 1.Define the terms multiple disabilities and .docxamrit47
APA STYLE
1.Define the terms
multiple disabilities
and
deaf-blindness
as described in the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)
2.Identify three types of educational assessments for students with severe and multiple disabilities.
3.Identify the features of effective services and supports for children with severe and multiple disabilities during a) early childhood years and b) elementary school years.
4. Distinguish between the term
deaf
and
hard of hearing
5.
Identify 4 approaches to teaching communication skills to people with a hearing loss.
6.
What are the distinctive features of refractive eye problems, muscle disorders of the eye and receptive eye problems?
7.Describe two content areas that should be included in educational programs for students with vision loss.
8. Identify several disabilities that may accompany cerebral palsy.
9.What is spina bifida myelomeningocele?
10.Describe the physical limitations associated with muscular distrophy
11.Describe the AIDS disease stages through which individuals with the syndrome move
12.Identify present and future interventions for the treatment of children and youth with cystic fibrosis.
.
APA STYLE follow this textbook answer should be summarize for t.docxamrit47
APA STYLE
follow this textbook answer should be summarize for this below text
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
Don't use
any other text or article except this one.
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
· 2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: (a) They are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (b), they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. (Rawls 1993, pp. 5–6. The principles are numbered as they were in Rawls' original
A Theory of Justice
.)
Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
Dworkin proposed that people begin with equal resources but be allowed to end up with unequal economic benefits as a result of their own choices. What constitutes a just material distribution is to be determined by the result of a thought experiment designed to model fair distribution. Suppose that everyone is given the same purchasing power and each uses that purchasing power to bid, in a fair auction, for resources best suited to their life plans. They are then permitted to use those resources as they see fit. Although people may end up with different economic benefits, none of them is given less consideration than another in the sense that if they wanted somebody else's resource bundle they could have bid for it instead.
In Dworkin's proposal we see his attitudes to ‘ambitions’ and ‘endowments’ which have become a central feature of luck egalitarianism (though under a wide variety of al.
APA7Page length 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Pag.docxamrit47
APA7
Page length: 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Page.
Discuss and explore the synergy that RFID technology & Time Based Competition has had on the grocery retail industry. Are the two concepts compatible? And then explain. Provide real-world scenarios, which reflect Time Base Competition.
video on
RFID in Logistics
.
APA format, 2 pagesThree general sections 1. an article s.docxamrit47
This document outlines the three main sections required for an APA format summary of a research article that is 2 pages in length: 1) A summary of the article, 2) An explanation of how the article relates to psychology and human behavior, specifically discussing the meaning and implications of the results, 3) A reaction to the article providing thoughts on whether the results were interesting, surprising, or common sense.
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotation.docxamrit47
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotations and 3 references.
. Mass vaccination after a disaster:
There was a natural disaster that occurred and has led to an infectious disease outbreak (your choice of one that is vaccine-preventable). Those affected by the disaster are settled in temporary locations with high population densities, inadequate food and shelter, unsafe water, poor sanitation and infrastructure that has been compromised or destroyed. There is a vaccine available for the infectious disease but there are not enough doses to give to all who are at-risk due to the natural disaster.
You are the public health official in charge of infectious disease prevention. Devise a plan to administer the vaccine to the population. Will you use a lottery system or target specific sub-populations? How will you track and monitor those who are vaccinated? Use the attributes of the infectious disease to provide reasoning behind your plan. What other prevention techniques that can be used to supplement the vaccination plan?
.
APA FORMAT1. What are the three most important takeawayslesson.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
1. What are the three most important takeaways/lessons from the material provided in this online course (the entire quarter) and why? (150 words or more)
2. How did the material provided in this course assist your growth as a student and as an individual, in general? (150 words or more).
.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES ps.psychiatryonline.org October 2009 .docx
1. PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES ' ps.psychiatryonline.org ' October
2009 Vol. 60 No. 10 11229955
In Atkins v. Virginia the U.S.
Supreme Court declared execu-
tion of persons with mental retar-
dation to constitute cruel and un-
usual punishment, and thus to be
unconstitutional under the Eighth
Amendment. However, the Court
left all considerations regarding
how to implement the decision
explicitly to the states. Since
Atkins was decided in 2002, legis-
latures, courts, and mental health
experts have struggled with its
implementation, highlighting the
complexities that can arise when
the courts base legal rules on clin-
ical findings. This column reviews
the Atkins case and considers the
challenges associated with a clini-
cal determination that can have
life-or-death consequences for
capital defendants. (Psychiatric
Services 60:1295–1297, 2009)
I n 2002 the U.S. Supreme Courtdeclared execution of persons
with
mental retardation to constitute cruel
and unusual punishment, and thus to
be unconstitutional under the Eighth
2. Amendment (1). The case that trig-
gered the decision, reversing an earli-
er Supreme Court precedent (2), in-
volved Daryl Atkins, a man with 16
prior felony convictions, who faced
the death penalty for the abduction,
robbery, and murder of an airman
from a local military base. Since
Atkins v. Virginia was decided, legis-
latures, courts, and mental health ex-
perts have struggled with its imple-
mentation, highlighting the complex-
ities that can arise when the courts
base legal rules on clinical findings.
Atkins represented a distinct break
with the courts’ usual approach to the
impact on sentencing of a defendant’s
mental state at the time of the crime
(3). At least since the U.S. Supreme
Court decision in Lockett v. Ohio in
1978 (4), capital defendants have had
the right to introduce evidence of
their mental state at the sentencing
hearing as a mitigating factor. In
essence, defendants were permitted
to argue that their mental retardation,
mental illness, intoxication, or other
impairing condition at the time of the
crime so diminished their responsibil-
ity for their actions that the ultimate
penalty of death should not be im-
posed. The jury was then charged
with weighing evidence of the defen-
dant’s mental state, along with other
3. mitigating factors, against the nature
of the crime and any other considera-
tions that might be considered aggra-
vating in deciding on a sentence.
Precisely this process was followed
in Daryl Atkins’ case. Testimony was
presented on his behalf by an expert
psychologist, who characterized him
as having mild mental retardation,
noting a full-scale IQ score of 59. A
jury nonetheless determined that the
death penalty should be imposed; af-
ter the initial sentence was vacated
because of a procedural error, a sec-
ond jury—which listened to an addi-
tional psychologist hired by the pros-
ecution who testified that Atkins was
of normal intelligence but had an an-
tisocial personality disorder—again
endorsed the death penalty. Under
the rules then in place, having had the
opportunity to present his mental
state evidence to the jury for its con-
sideration, Atkins had received the
consideration to which he was enti-
tled. In challenging his sentence,
Atkins was asking the Supreme Court
to go beyond its traditional jurispru-
dence and recognize mental retarda-
tion as an absolute bar to imposition
of a death sentence.
Justice Stevens’ opinion for a six-jus-
tice majority did just that. Pointing to a
4. developing consensus among the
states that persons with mental retar-
dation had a reduced level of culpabil-
ity and should not be put to death, the
majority held that evolving standards
of decency precluded execution of
persons with mental retardation.
However, although Stevens recog-
nized that there might be serious dis-
agreement about whether a particular
defendant is mentally retarded, all
considerations regarding how to im-
plement the decision were explicitly
left to the states. Atkins’ own case was
remanded to the Virginia courts to de-
termine whether he was mentally re-
tarded and thus could not be executed.
Issues in applying Atkins
In the years since the decision in
Atkins, a considerable body of litera-
ture has developed, both legal and
clinical, considering the challenges
associated with a clinical determina-
tion that can have life-or-death conse-
quences for capital defendants.
Among the issues that have been ad-
dressed are the definition of mental
retardation, the means that should be
used to assess mental retardation, and
the procedures that should be fol-
lowed for the legal determination of
retardation, including the identity of
the decision maker. One wonders
whether, had the Court known just
how tangled these questions would
5. become, it might have decided Atkins
differently.
Defining mental retardation for
Mental Retardation and the
Death Penalty: After Atkins
PPaauull SS.. AAppppeellbbaauumm,, MM..DD..
Dr. Appelbaum, who is editor of this col-
umn, is the Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor
of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Law, De-
partment of Psychiatry, Columbia Uni-
versity. Send correspondence to him at
New York State Psychiatric Institute,
1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 122, New York,
NY 10032 (email: [email protected]).
LLaaww && PPssyycchhiiaattrryy
legal purposes offers a good example
of the complexities involved. In the
majority opinion, Atkins cited both
the American Association on Mental
Retardation (AAMR) and the DSM-
IV definitions of mental retardation,
which are similar but not identical.
Both DSM and AAMR approaches
embrace requirements for signifi-
cantly below-normal intellectual
functioning (usually evidenced by IQ
scores) combined with evidence of
deficits in adaptive functioning. The
2002 post-Atkins revision of the
6. AAMR definition reads, “Mental re-
tardation is a disability characterized
by significant limitations both in in-
tellectual functioning and in adap-
tive behavior as expressed in concep-
tual, social, and practical adaptive
skills. This disability originates be-
fore age 18” (5).
By leaving the definition of mental
retardation to each state to deter-
mine, however, Atkins led to the cur-
rent situation in which there are sig-
nificant differences across jurisdic-
tions, including major deviations
from both the DSM and AAMR ap-
proaches (6). Some states require
only “significantly subaverage intel-
lectual functioning,” while others de-
mand an IQ score below 70. Although
most states follow DSM and AAMR in
asking whether the impairments oc-
curred before age 18, at least three
states extend that to age 22, and one
speaks only of manifestations “during
the developmental period.” Kansas
uniquely mandates that the deficit in
intellectual functioning “substantially
impair one’s capacity to appreciate
the criminality of one’s conduct or to
conform one’s conduct to the require-
ments of the law.” With regard to
adaptive behavior, there are states
that speak of impairments only in
general terms, while others require
deficits in one or more specified do-
7. mains. The end result of this confus-
ing welter of definitions is that a de-
fendant might be considered mental-
ly retarded and ineligible for the
death penalty in one jurisdiction but
face execution in another.
Issues related to the definition of
mental retardation are likely to be-
come still more complicated over
time, as the concept of mental retar-
dation itself evolves. In 2007 the
AAMR changed its name to the
American Association on Intellectual
and Developmental Disabilities
(AAIDD), reflecting its desire to
avoid the stigma that had become at-
tached to the term mental retardation
(7). Experts in the field now argue
that intellectual disability, currently
the preferred term, should not be
viewed as an invariant personal trait
but as dependent on the interaction
between the person and a given envi-
ronment. Altering the environment
may reduce the level of disability,
perhaps below the point where the
person could be said to be disabled
(8). How this change may affect de-
fendants’ claims in capital cases re-
mains to be seen, but there is a risk
that the very concept on which the
Supreme Court relied to reach its de-
cision will mutate radically in coming
years.
8. Assessment of the intellectual and
adaptive deficits that all states require
for a determination of mental retar-
dation is another area of uncertainty.
With regard to intellectual perform-
ance, although an IQ below 70 has
been an informal landmark of mild
mental retardation, the AAMR defi-
nition avoids a fixed cutoff point and
the DSM refers to an IQ of “approxi-
mately 70” as the border. Where the
line should be drawn in a particular
case, however, is not a simple matter,
particularly when testing has been
performed on several occasions with
varying results, which often occurs.
Experts recommend that comparison
of an individual score to published
norms take into account errors in
measurement (3). Thus, an IQ of 71
can best be understood as expressing
a 95% likelihood that a person’s IQ is
between 65 and 77 (9). How certain
one wants to be that a defendant is
not mentally retarded before impos-
ing a death sentence will have an im-
pact on where the line is drawn, but a
95% level of certainty would appear
to require a minimum full-scale IQ
score of 78.
Another complicating variable is
the so-called “Flynn effect.” It is well
known that IQ scores tend to rise
over time, although the basis for this
9. phenomenon is unclear (10). In the
United States, IQ scores tend to rise
about .3 point per year. Hence, it has
been argued that raw scores should
be adjusted according to the number
of years since the test being used had
been normed. By using this ap-
proach, a defendant scoring 73 on a
test normed ten years previously
would have his score adjusted to 70,
on the basis that this score better re-
flects contemporary norms (10). In
addition, because many defendants
are tested more than once (usually at
least once by experts for the prose-
cution and again by experts for the
defense), some commentators be-
lieve that further adjustments should
be made for practice effects when
testing occurs at close intervals, per-
haps less than six months apart (3).
But how much to adjust any score is
unclear.
Assessing adaptive deficits leads to
still other conundrums. AAIDD rec-
ommends the combined use of stan-
dardized measures and structured in-
terviews, including information gath-
ered from people who have had a
chance to observe the person being
evaluated in various settings (5). Al-
though a plethora of standardized in-
struments exists to assess adaptive
functions, none have the broad ac-
10. ceptance of the major tests of IQ, and
the data they generate require an
even higher degree of interpretation
than IQ test scores (3,9). Moreover,
for defendants who have spent long
periods of time incarcerated, there
may simply not be enough evidence
of their ability to adapt in noninstitu-
tional settings to allow valid conclu-
sions to be drawn. Indeed, one com-
mentator has argued that none of the
existing tests assesses the kind of
adaptive deficits most prevalent
among persons with mild mental re-
tardation—gullibility and credulity—
though they are exactly the traits most
likely to result in their being drawn
into criminal activity (8).
Along with the uncertainties re-
garding the definition of mental re-
tardation and the assessment of core
deficits, the states have shown great
variability in the procedures estab-
lished for reviewing claims that a de-
fendant is mentally retarded (11).
Generally defendants must prove that
they are retarded by a preponderance
of the evidence, but some states re-
quire them to meet a more rigorous
PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES ' ps.psychiatryonline.org ' October
2009 Vol. 60 No. 1011229966
11. standard of clear and convincing evi-
dence. The determination is usually
made before the trial begins, so that
everyone can be aware of whether
the death penalty is at issue; howev-
er, in other states it will be raised be-
fore sentencing or as part of the sen-
tencing process. Judges will make the
decision in many states, but in some
jurisdictions the matter will be decid-
ed by a jury. Because there is reason
to believe that these procedural dif-
ferences may affect the outcome of
the legal determination regarding
whether the defendant is mentally re-
tarded, these variations can have im-
mense significance for persons facing
capital charges (11).
Atkins and its ironies
The difficulties in the application of
Atkins are no better exemplified than
by the proceedings involving Daryl
Atkins himself. After his case was re-
manded by the U.S. Supreme Court
to the Virginia courts, a third sentenc-
ing jury decided that he was not men-
tally retarded and again imposed a
death sentence. However, that sen-
tence too was overturned by the Vir-
ginia Supreme Court, on the grounds
that an unqualified psychologist had
offered testimony for the prosecution
and that the jury should not have
been told of Atkins’ previous sen-
tences (12). When the case was re-
12. turned for a fourth sentencing hear-
ing, something remarkable hap-
pened: the attorney for Atkins’ code-
fendant, who had fingered Atkins as
the triggerman—thus making him el-
igible for the death penalty—came
forward to say that his client had been
coached ten years earlier by the pros-
ecution to eliminate inconsistencies
in his account. On this basis, the trial
court vacated Atkins’ death penalty
and imposed a sentence of life in
prison, an action upheld by the Vir-
ginia Supreme Court in June 2009—
seven years after the U.S. Supreme
Court ruled on the case (13).
In the end, Daryl Atkins was spared
the death penalty, although he was
never able to convince a jury that he
was mentally retarded. However, the
rule spawned by his case lives on, and
indeed appeared to be influential in
the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in
2005 to establish an absolute bar to
the death penalty for defendants un-
der the age of 18 at the time of their
crimes (14). The decision in Atkins
can be seen as a reflection of our so-
ciety’s deep ambivalence about the
death penalty; although reluctant to
surrender the option of imposing the
ultimate penalty, we are nonetheless
inclined to surround it with so many
restrictions that it will only rarely be
13. applied. Reliance on a clinical con-
cept for that purpose, though, has
produced a seemingly endless list of
challenges, illustrating once again
how poorly legal and clinical con-
structs mix.
References
1. Atkins v Virginia, 536 US 304 (2002)
2. Penry v Lynaugh, 492 US 302 (1989)
3. Bonnie RJ, Gustafson K: The challenge of
implementing Atkins v Virginia: how legisla-
tures and courts can promote accurate as-
sessments and adjudications of mental retar-
dation in death penalty cases. University of
Richmond Law Review 41:811–860, 2007
4. Lockett v Ohio, 438 US 586 (1978)
5. Mental Retardation: Definition, Classifica-
tion, and Systems of Supports. Washington,
DC, American Association on Mental Re-
tardation, 2002
6. Duvall JC, Morris RJ: Assessing mental re-
tardation in death penalty cases: crucial is-
sues for psychology and psychological prac-
tice. Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice 37:658–665, 2006
7. FAQ on Intellectual Disability. Washing-
ton, DC, American Association on Intellec-
tual and Developmental Disabilities. Avail-
able at www.aamr.org/content_104.cfm
14. 8. Weithorn L: Conceptual hurdles to the ap-
plication of Atkins v Virginia. Hastings Law
Journal 59:1203–1234, 2008
9. Everington C, Olley JG: Implications of
Atkins v Virginia: issues in defining and di-
agnosing mental retardation. Journal of
Forensic Psychology Practice 8:1–23, 2008
10. Flynn JR: Tethering the elephant: capital
cases, IQ, and the Flynn effect. Psychology,
Public Policy and Law 12:170–189, 2006
11. Reardon MC, O’Neil KM, Levett LM: De-
ciding mental retardation and mental ill-
ness in capital cases: the effects of proce-
dure, evidence and attitudes. Psychology,
Crime, and Law 13:537–557, 2007
12. Atkins v Virginia, 631 SE2d 93 (Va 2006)
13. In re Commonwealth of Virginia, 677 SE2d
236 (Va 2009)
14. Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551 (2005)
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