Calibration of FDR sensor for irrigation automation
Mohamed Fahmy Hussein
Cairo University
The theoretical basis of FDR sensors is often obscure for many scientists and field users. The present work introduces the concept and gives a first local calibration of two affordable VH400 Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) sensors (running at 80 MG Hz) from Vegetronics, Utah, USA, enhanced by local electronic components. The two calibrations were carried out in August 2013 (35°C) and January 2014 (15°C) at Cairo University, Egypt. The full scale relationships of moisture content to mV and soil dielectric, among others, were all non-linear. However, for the narrower scale useful for soil moisture contents, from wilting point to saturation, were acceptably linear. The observed strong linearity in this narrower range makes the sensor practical for irrigation automated control. A famous power dielectric mixing-formula was used to estimate soil dielectric from three components mixing (minerals, water and air). Temperature decrease significantly increased soil dielectric values of the used sand sediments of the Nile bank that were adjusted to given moisture contents. Temperature dependence urges that the calibration process must be run at least four times per year for each soil material. Irrigation automation is particularly needed in for the partial fulfillment of irrigation control in order to tackle Egypt's augmenting water scarcity problems.
Calibration of FDR sensor for irrigation automation
Mohamed Fahmy Hussein
Cairo University
The theoretical basis of FDR sensors is often obscure for many scientists and field users. The present work introduces the concept and gives a first local calibration of two affordable VH400 Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) sensors (running at 80 MG Hz) from Vegetronics, Utah, USA, enhanced by local electronic components. The two calibrations were carried out in August 2013 (35°C) and January 2014 (15°C) at Cairo University, Egypt. The full scale relationships of moisture content to mV and soil dielectric, among others, were all non-linear. However, for the narrower scale useful for soil moisture contents, from wilting point to saturation, were acceptably linear. The observed strong linearity in this narrower range makes the sensor practical for irrigation automated control. A famous power dielectric mixing-formula was used to estimate soil dielectric from three components mixing (minerals, water and air). Temperature decrease significantly increased soil dielectric values of the used sand sediments of the Nile bank that were adjusted to given moisture contents. Temperature dependence urges that the calibration process must be run at least four times per year for each soil material. Irrigation automation is particularly needed in for the partial fulfillment of irrigation control in order to tackle Egypt's augmenting water scarcity problems.
أساسيات الحساسات والإشارة التماثلية في الأردوينو لليافعينWikilogia
عرض تقديمي لتوضيح استخدام الحساسات والتعامل مع الإشارات التماثلية باستخدام الأردوينو مع تطبيقات بسيطة لذلك.
تم استخدام هذه الشرائح في نشاط اليافعين الذي جرى في هاكرسبيس ويكيلوجيا في الفترة 14-25 تموز 2013
لمزيد من المعلومات:
http://wiki.wikilogians.org/wiki/أرشيف_أنشطة_الهاكرسبيس/رمضان_اليافعين
Magnetic agriculture used to reduce water or soil salinity
problems, they proposed an auxin-like effect of the Magnetic Field on germinating seeds, also, irrigation with magnetically treated water or/and magnetic seed treatment are friendly environmental techniques.
Image sensors contain millions of light-sensitive photosites that record brightness levels and allow digital cameras to capture images. The two main types are CCD and CMOS sensors. CCD sensors transfer the electric charge from each photosite to be converted to a digital signal, while CMOS sensors have transistors at each pixel to individually convert charge to voltage. Both have advantages like CMOS integrating additional processing circuits while CCDs have higher sensitivity. Image sensors are now widely used in applications like digital cameras, camcorders, biometrics, and more due to their small size and low power consumption compared to film.
This document discusses optical fiber sensors, including their principles and classifications. Optical fiber sensors have advantages like electromagnetic immunity, electrical isolation, compact size, and ability to do distributed or multiplexed configurations. They can sense and measure changes in light intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength or spectral distribution. Optical fiber sensors are classified as extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic sensors have the light leave the fiber to be altered before returning, while intrinsic sensors alter the light within the fiber. The document gives examples of applications for different types of optical fiber sensors such as temperature, chemical, pressure, and military sensors.
The document discusses applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes how op-amps can be used to build integrator and differentiator circuits by using feedback networks incorporating resistors and capacitors. It also discusses how op-amps can be used to create active filters, including low-pass and high-pass filters, for filtering signals.
1. The op-amp circuit consists of an input stage, intermediate stage, and output stage, as well as biasing circuits.
2. The input stage uses a differential amplifier configuration to provide high input impedance. The intermediate stage provides voltage gain.
3. The output stage is typically class AB to reduce crossover distortion, using a voltage source to provide constant base voltage for the transistors.
The PIC Microcontroller is an electronic device that is easy-to-use in both hardware and software. Sensing the environment by receiving inputs from many sensors, PIC Microcontroller affects its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and a number of other accessories. It's intended for anyone making interactive hardware projects by connecting it with a power source, few leds and resistors.
This course is designed to introduce the PIC Microcontroller hardware and programming environment to get you started on building projects as soon as possible.
Unleash Your Inner Hero With this Course
-PIC Microcontroller Inner structure and Programming Introduction
-Leds, Resistors and Pushbuttons
-LCD Screens and Seven Segment Displays
-Motor and Keypad.
-DIY Projects and Quick Tips
A Tool for Creating Any Device Imaginable become a favorite of electronic Students and anyone interested in Device manufacturing because of their ease of use and extremely low cost.
Example projects include Ardupilot, a UAV platform able to control aerial drones.
Contents and Overview This course is designed for anyone interested in learning electronic design. No experience is required, and all you need is PIC Microcontroller and several low cost components.
With hours of content in many lectures, this course will take you from zero experience in electronics or programming to PIC Microcontroller Master.
Limited time offer
50% off
Join Today:https://goo.gl/WQIFNY
This document presents an overview of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with an introduction to op-amps, followed by their circuit symbol, pin diagram, important terms and equations. It describes the ideal properties of an op-amp, as well as non-ideal behaviors. Applications discussed include analog to digital converters, current sources, and zero crossing detectors. Advantages are listed as versatility and uses in various circuits. Disadvantages include limitations in power and load resistance.
دليل عملي شامل لأنظمة الطاقة الشمسية
تلخيص
محمد ابو حطب
كتبه الكترونياً ونقحه بالعربية
تسنيم ابو صالح
عبد الغني الحتو
طارق العربي
اسلام ابو شمالة
اشراف
أشرف سعيد المدهون
This document provides an introduction to solar energy systems, including their components and operation. It discusses the basic concepts of electricity, types of electrical circuits and networks. It also covers solar energy applications and the reasons for using renewable energy sources. The main types of solar energy systems - off-grid, on-grid, and hybrid - are described. The key components of solar arrays such as photovoltaic cells, panels, and mounting structures are explained. Batteries, charge controllers, and inverters are also outlined as important parts of solar systems.
Distance sensors can be either long or short distance and work using echo location techniques like Doppler effect to detect objects. They emit an ultrasonic signal that bounces off a surface and is reflected back to the sensor, allowing the sensor to calculate the distance to the object by measuring the time between emission and reception of the echo. Common uses of distance sensors include air traffic control and car detection systems.
أساسيات الحساسات والإشارة التماثلية في الأردوينو لليافعينWikilogia
عرض تقديمي لتوضيح استخدام الحساسات والتعامل مع الإشارات التماثلية باستخدام الأردوينو مع تطبيقات بسيطة لذلك.
تم استخدام هذه الشرائح في نشاط اليافعين الذي جرى في هاكرسبيس ويكيلوجيا في الفترة 14-25 تموز 2013
لمزيد من المعلومات:
http://wiki.wikilogians.org/wiki/أرشيف_أنشطة_الهاكرسبيس/رمضان_اليافعين
Magnetic agriculture used to reduce water or soil salinity
problems, they proposed an auxin-like effect of the Magnetic Field on germinating seeds, also, irrigation with magnetically treated water or/and magnetic seed treatment are friendly environmental techniques.
Image sensors contain millions of light-sensitive photosites that record brightness levels and allow digital cameras to capture images. The two main types are CCD and CMOS sensors. CCD sensors transfer the electric charge from each photosite to be converted to a digital signal, while CMOS sensors have transistors at each pixel to individually convert charge to voltage. Both have advantages like CMOS integrating additional processing circuits while CCDs have higher sensitivity. Image sensors are now widely used in applications like digital cameras, camcorders, biometrics, and more due to their small size and low power consumption compared to film.
This document discusses optical fiber sensors, including their principles and classifications. Optical fiber sensors have advantages like electromagnetic immunity, electrical isolation, compact size, and ability to do distributed or multiplexed configurations. They can sense and measure changes in light intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength or spectral distribution. Optical fiber sensors are classified as extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic sensors have the light leave the fiber to be altered before returning, while intrinsic sensors alter the light within the fiber. The document gives examples of applications for different types of optical fiber sensors such as temperature, chemical, pressure, and military sensors.
The document discusses applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes how op-amps can be used to build integrator and differentiator circuits by using feedback networks incorporating resistors and capacitors. It also discusses how op-amps can be used to create active filters, including low-pass and high-pass filters, for filtering signals.
1. The op-amp circuit consists of an input stage, intermediate stage, and output stage, as well as biasing circuits.
2. The input stage uses a differential amplifier configuration to provide high input impedance. The intermediate stage provides voltage gain.
3. The output stage is typically class AB to reduce crossover distortion, using a voltage source to provide constant base voltage for the transistors.
The PIC Microcontroller is an electronic device that is easy-to-use in both hardware and software. Sensing the environment by receiving inputs from many sensors, PIC Microcontroller affects its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and a number of other accessories. It's intended for anyone making interactive hardware projects by connecting it with a power source, few leds and resistors.
This course is designed to introduce the PIC Microcontroller hardware and programming environment to get you started on building projects as soon as possible.
Unleash Your Inner Hero With this Course
-PIC Microcontroller Inner structure and Programming Introduction
-Leds, Resistors and Pushbuttons
-LCD Screens and Seven Segment Displays
-Motor and Keypad.
-DIY Projects and Quick Tips
A Tool for Creating Any Device Imaginable become a favorite of electronic Students and anyone interested in Device manufacturing because of their ease of use and extremely low cost.
Example projects include Ardupilot, a UAV platform able to control aerial drones.
Contents and Overview This course is designed for anyone interested in learning electronic design. No experience is required, and all you need is PIC Microcontroller and several low cost components.
With hours of content in many lectures, this course will take you from zero experience in electronics or programming to PIC Microcontroller Master.
Limited time offer
50% off
Join Today:https://goo.gl/WQIFNY
This document presents an overview of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with an introduction to op-amps, followed by their circuit symbol, pin diagram, important terms and equations. It describes the ideal properties of an op-amp, as well as non-ideal behaviors. Applications discussed include analog to digital converters, current sources, and zero crossing detectors. Advantages are listed as versatility and uses in various circuits. Disadvantages include limitations in power and load resistance.
دليل عملي شامل لأنظمة الطاقة الشمسية
تلخيص
محمد ابو حطب
كتبه الكترونياً ونقحه بالعربية
تسنيم ابو صالح
عبد الغني الحتو
طارق العربي
اسلام ابو شمالة
اشراف
أشرف سعيد المدهون
This document provides an introduction to solar energy systems, including their components and operation. It discusses the basic concepts of electricity, types of electrical circuits and networks. It also covers solar energy applications and the reasons for using renewable energy sources. The main types of solar energy systems - off-grid, on-grid, and hybrid - are described. The key components of solar arrays such as photovoltaic cells, panels, and mounting structures are explained. Batteries, charge controllers, and inverters are also outlined as important parts of solar systems.
Distance sensors can be either long or short distance and work using echo location techniques like Doppler effect to detect objects. They emit an ultrasonic signal that bounces off a surface and is reflected back to the sensor, allowing the sensor to calculate the distance to the object by measuring the time between emission and reception of the echo. Common uses of distance sensors include air traffic control and car detection systems.
whats new that microsoft offer in IE 9 Beta 1, by Eng.A.S.M -Ashrad Said El-Madhoun- slideshow internet explorer 9 beta 1 whats new that microsoft offers in it ?!
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