This document provides protocols for performing Cox Technic spinal manipulation on patients' lumbar and cervical spines. For the lumbar spine, it outlines steps for patient positioning, tolerance testing to determine appropriate distraction levels, and protocols for treating sciatica patients versus non-sciatica patients, involving flexion, lateral flexion, circumduction and extension movements with distraction. For the cervical spine, it indicates manipulation should be done using long axis distraction and involve testing tolerance at each level from C1-C7 before performing ranges of motion. Safety and controlling for patient pain and tolerance are emphasized throughout.
This document outlines treatment approaches for lateral epicondylitis and differentiates treatment from that of radial tunnel syndrome. It describes:
1) Initial treatment for lateral epicondylitis focuses on pain modulation through activity modification, ergonomic adjustments, modalities, and gentle stretching.
2) As pain decreases to a 2-3/10, eccentric strengthening exercises for the wrist and elbow are introduced.
3) If radial tunnel symptoms are present, counterforce bracing is avoided and treatment includes myofascial release, nerve glides, and taping to address nerve involvement.
Muscle energy technique ( MET) of various major muscles of upper and lower limbs including :- Gastrocnemius and soleus, Medial hamstrings (semi-membranous, semi-tendinosus as well as gracilis) , Short adductors (pectineus, adductors brevis, magnus and longus), Rectus Femoris, Psoas, Tensor Fascia Lata, Piriformis, Hamstrings, Quadratus lumborum, Pectoralis Major. Latissimus dorsi, Subscapularis , Upper Trapezius, Scalene , Sternocleidomastoid , Levator scapulae , Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Biceps brachii, Erector Spinae, Cervical spine extensors. Hope you find it useful
The document describes how to examine the motor system, including inspection and palpation of muscles, assessment of tone, testing movement and power, examining reflexes, and testing coordination. Key points covered include how to assess muscle bulk, fasciculation, involuntary movements, tone, power in different joints, deep tendon reflexes, plantar reflexes, abdominal reflexes, and tests of coordination like finger-to-nose. Sensory system examination is also outlined, covering testing of nerves like the median, radial, ulnar, common peroneal and lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh. Meningeal irritation signs and disorders of movement, stance and gait are briefly discussed.
This document describes various special tests used to evaluate the cervical spine and shoulders. It provides the patient position, positive sign, clinical significance, and procedure for each test. Some of the tests described include Spurling's test and Jackson's test for the cervical spine, load and shift test and apprehension test for the shoulder, and supraspinatus test and drop arm test to assess the rotator cuff. The document serves as a reference for physical therapists and other clinicians to choose the appropriate orthopedic tests based on the patient's symptoms and medical history.
This document describes various clinical tests used to evaluate shoulder instability and impingement. It provides 10 tests for anterior shoulder instability, 8 tests for posterior instability, 3 tests for inferior/multidirectional instability, and 6 common impingement tests. The tests involve passively moving and loading the shoulder joint while assessing for pain, apprehension, or abnormal translation of the humeral head. A positive test is typically indicated by reproduction of the patient's symptoms.
This document provides descriptions and explanations of various special tests used to evaluate different parts of the cervical spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle. For each body part, it lists related tests and provides brief descriptions of how to perform each test and what positive findings indicate. For example, for the shoulder it describes tests for the rotator cuff like the empty can test, and for the labrum it explains tests like the anterior drawer and clunk tests. The level of detail provided helps clinicians appropriately select and perform special tests to evaluate various musculoskeletal structures.
The document describes the muscles that contribute to elbow flexion, extension, and forearm supination and pronation. It provides details on the origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply of the brachialis, brachioradialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, supinator, and pronator teres muscles. It also outlines procedures for manually testing the strength of these muscles through resisted motions.
This document outlines treatment approaches for lateral epicondylitis and differentiates treatment from that of radial tunnel syndrome. It describes:
1) Initial treatment for lateral epicondylitis focuses on pain modulation through activity modification, ergonomic adjustments, modalities, and gentle stretching.
2) As pain decreases to a 2-3/10, eccentric strengthening exercises for the wrist and elbow are introduced.
3) If radial tunnel symptoms are present, counterforce bracing is avoided and treatment includes myofascial release, nerve glides, and taping to address nerve involvement.
Muscle energy technique ( MET) of various major muscles of upper and lower limbs including :- Gastrocnemius and soleus, Medial hamstrings (semi-membranous, semi-tendinosus as well as gracilis) , Short adductors (pectineus, adductors brevis, magnus and longus), Rectus Femoris, Psoas, Tensor Fascia Lata, Piriformis, Hamstrings, Quadratus lumborum, Pectoralis Major. Latissimus dorsi, Subscapularis , Upper Trapezius, Scalene , Sternocleidomastoid , Levator scapulae , Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Biceps brachii, Erector Spinae, Cervical spine extensors. Hope you find it useful
The document describes how to examine the motor system, including inspection and palpation of muscles, assessment of tone, testing movement and power, examining reflexes, and testing coordination. Key points covered include how to assess muscle bulk, fasciculation, involuntary movements, tone, power in different joints, deep tendon reflexes, plantar reflexes, abdominal reflexes, and tests of coordination like finger-to-nose. Sensory system examination is also outlined, covering testing of nerves like the median, radial, ulnar, common peroneal and lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh. Meningeal irritation signs and disorders of movement, stance and gait are briefly discussed.
This document describes various special tests used to evaluate the cervical spine and shoulders. It provides the patient position, positive sign, clinical significance, and procedure for each test. Some of the tests described include Spurling's test and Jackson's test for the cervical spine, load and shift test and apprehension test for the shoulder, and supraspinatus test and drop arm test to assess the rotator cuff. The document serves as a reference for physical therapists and other clinicians to choose the appropriate orthopedic tests based on the patient's symptoms and medical history.
This document describes various clinical tests used to evaluate shoulder instability and impingement. It provides 10 tests for anterior shoulder instability, 8 tests for posterior instability, 3 tests for inferior/multidirectional instability, and 6 common impingement tests. The tests involve passively moving and loading the shoulder joint while assessing for pain, apprehension, or abnormal translation of the humeral head. A positive test is typically indicated by reproduction of the patient's symptoms.
This document provides descriptions and explanations of various special tests used to evaluate different parts of the cervical spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle. For each body part, it lists related tests and provides brief descriptions of how to perform each test and what positive findings indicate. For example, for the shoulder it describes tests for the rotator cuff like the empty can test, and for the labrum it explains tests like the anterior drawer and clunk tests. The level of detail provided helps clinicians appropriately select and perform special tests to evaluate various musculoskeletal structures.
The document describes the muscles that contribute to elbow flexion, extension, and forearm supination and pronation. It provides details on the origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply of the brachialis, brachioradialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, supinator, and pronator teres muscles. It also outlines procedures for manually testing the strength of these muscles through resisted motions.
The document describes several orthopedic tests used to evaluate various parts of the body. It provides brief descriptions of each test, including the positioning of the patient and examiner, the maneuvers performed during the test, and what the results of the test indicate. The tests cover regions of the body like the spine, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, and others.
Nurse /doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
The document discusses patient positioning considerations for anesthesia. It notes that positioning is a joint responsibility of the surgeon and anesthesiologist to balance surgical needs with risks to the patient. Key positions discussed include supine, lateral, prone, lithotomy, and variations like Trendelenburg. Physiological concerns for each position are outlined such as effects on circulation, pulmonary function, and nerve injuries. Proper padding and stabilization are emphasized to prevent pressure injuries.
Traction involves applying a pulling force to part of the body while countertraction pulls in the opposite direction. It is used to provide alignment, reduce muscle spasms, prevent deformities, provide immobilization, and increase space between opposing surfaces. There are several types of traction including skin, skeletal, and manual traction. Skin traction applies force to the skin and soft tissues using materials like bandages and tapes. Skeletal traction applies direct force to bones using pins or wires inserted through the bone. Nursing care for patients in traction focuses on maintaining proper positioning and traction, preventing skin breakdown, and assessing neurovascular status.
This document discusses positioning and pressure relief techniques to prevent decubitus ulcers. It notes that 95% of pressure ulcers occur over 5 bony areas and lists positioning considerations for various diagnoses. Positions like supine, prone, side-lying are described along with how to pad and support the body. It emphasizes repositioning patients every 2 hours in bed and every 15 minutes when sitting to relieve pressure on high-risk areas.
The document provides information on evaluating and treating shoulder joint issues. It describes functional activities and ranges of motion to assess, specific tests for examining the shoulder joint, nerves, and identifying conditions like impingement, instability, and hypomobility. Management approaches are outlined including protection phases using modalities and range of motion, controlled motion phases adding isometrics and manual therapy, and return to function phases with strengthening exercises and functional training.
This document discusses cervical and lumbar traction for relieving neck and back pain. Cervical traction uses gentle pulling of the head to relieve pressure in the neck, while lumbar traction does the same for the lower back. Both can help with issues like muscle spasms, disc problems, and nerve impingement. There are many devices and techniques described that provide traction, including overhead pulleys, inflatable harnesses, inversion tables, and manual methods done by therapists. The effectiveness of traction is debated, but it may provide benefits for some individuals when used appropriately.
Positioning involves placing a patient in specific body alignments to promote health and allow for medical interventions. Some key reasons for positioning include providing comfort, relieving pressure on body parts, improving circulation, preventing deformities, and enabling examinations and treatments. Common positions include supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy and Fowler's positions, each having distinct uses and safety considerations. Positioning requires ensuring patient comfort and safety by using supportive devices and regularly adjusting alignment to prevent pressure injuries.
This document discusses proper patient positioning and its importance in maintaining body alignment, preventing injury, and providing stimulation. It outlines various positions like supine, lateral, and prone, assessing risk factors. Complications from improper positioning like pressure ulcers and contractures are described. Supportive devices and techniques for safely moving patients are also covered. The goal is to position patients in a way that keeps their body parts correctly aligned and functional while minimizing stress.
1. Positioning patients properly is important for comfort, medical procedures, and preventing complications. It involves assessing the patient's needs and positioning them in alignments that promote circulation, relieve pressure, and allow for interventions.
2. Common positions discussed include supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy, Fowler's position, and Trendelenburg. Each position has specific indications and procedures to ensure patient safety and access for medical needs.
3. Special considerations are needed for obese patients to support their weight and prevent impaired circulation or breathing from positioning. Thorough documentation of assessments and interventions is also important.
check list Demonstration On Range Of Motion Exercises and Moving, Lifting and...Mathew Varghese V
Lesson plan on
Interventions for Impaired Body Alignment
&
Immobility
Demonstration On
Range Of Motion Exercises and Moving, Lifting and
Transferring Of Casualty and In-Patient
This document describes 10 different patient positioning techniques including:
1. Supine position - lying on the back with head and shoulders slightly elevated. Used as the usual position.
2. Prone position - lying on the abdomen, used post-operatively or for certain exams/procedures.
3. Lateral position - lying on the side, used for periodic position changes or certain exams/procedures.
It provides the indications, contraindications, and procedures for each position. Patient comfort, safety, and proper alignment are emphasized.
1. The document discusses various patient positioning techniques and their purposes such as protecting functional ability, avoiding injury, preventing complications of immobility, and promoting oxygenation.
2. Key positions discussed include Fowler's position, semi-Fowler's position, high-Fowler's position, protected supine, side-lying, SIM's or semi-prone, prone, dorsal lithotomy, Trendelenburg, and reverse Trendelenburg.
3. Nurses must consider a patient's restrictions and needs when positioning, use supports, and alter positions minimally every two hours or as required to prevent complications.
The Essentials Of Patient Positioning For Interventional Radiology ProceduresJames_DuCanto_MD
Proper patient positioning is essential for interventional radiology procedures. The anesthesiologist or CRNA guides patient transfer and positioning to maintain airway, breathing, and circulation. When positioning a patient prone, teamwork is needed to safely transfer the patient to the procedure table where all pressure points are padded and no body parts extend beyond the table. Positioning is tailored to each patient's individual needs and ensures the operative site is accessible while avoiding interference with respiration, circulation, peripheral nerves, or undue discomfort.
Incisions and position in general surgery by dr chandrakant sabaleCHANDRAKANT SABALE
This document discusses surgical incisions and patient positioning in general surgery. It provides details on:
1. Types of incisions like vertical, transverse, oblique and their uses in different abdominal and pelvic surgeries.
2. Principles of incision placement and closure.
3. Langer's lines and their importance in wound healing.
4. Common patient positions used in surgery like supine, lateral, lithotomy and their advantages.
This document discusses low back injuries, including definitions of common terms like acute mechanical low back pain and sciatica. It describes the incidence of low back pain and risk factors. Low back pain causes are classified into mechanical, systemic, neurologic, referred pain, and psychogenic categories. The evaluation of patients with low back pain through history, physical exam, and tests is outlined. Signs of herniated discs are explained. Conservative management includes physiotherapy, medications, bracing, and lifestyle changes. Surgical management may be considered if conservative options fail.
The document discusses positioning, draping, and bed mobility in physical therapy. It provides guidelines for positioning patients in different positions like supine, prone, and side-lying to support the body and prevent issues like pressure sores. The document also discusses draping patients for privacy and comfort during treatment, as well as techniques for teaching patients bed mobility exercises to improve function and prepare for transfers.
This document describes 10 different positions used for patients: supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy, dorsal recumbent, Fowler's, Sims, Trendelenburg, knee-chest, and orthopneic. Each position is defined, with its purposes, indications, and procedures explained in 1-2 sentences. The positions are used for examinations, procedures, postoperative care, and to promote patient comfort and physiological functions. Proper positioning requires explaining the procedure to the patient, ensuring comfort and safety, and placing pillows or other supports as needed.
22-08-2012 El Gobernador Guillermo Padrés dio inicio a exportaciones de muebl...Guillermo Padrés Elías
Agua Prieta, Sonora.- El apoyo a los pequeños y medianos empresarios es fundamental para el desarrollo económico de Sonora enfatizó el Gobernador Guillermo Padrés al encabezar la firma de convenio y banderazo de salida del primer embarque de Industrial Mueblera de Agua Prieta hacia Estados Unidos.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 9 of an evolution of behavior course. It discusses how kin selection can lead to apparent altruism towards relatives through Hamilton's Rule. When the benefits to close relatives outweigh the costs, altruistic behavior can evolve. Apparent altruism between non-relatives can also evolve through reciprocal altruism if interactions are repeated and cheaters can be recognized and punished. Behaviors adapted through evolution may no longer be adaptive in changed environments. There are also differences in male and female reproductive investment and behaviors due to differing vulnerabilities during mating and parenting.
Global adaptive output feedback control for a class of nonlinear time delay s...ISA Interchange
This paper addresses the problem of global output feedback control for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems. The nonlinearities are dominated by a triangular form satisfying linear growth condition in the unmeasurable states with an unknown growth rate. With a change of coordinates, a linear-like controller is constructed, which avoids the repeated derivatives of the nonlinearities depending on the observer states and the dynamic gain in backstepping approach and therefore, simplifies the design procedure. Using the idea of universal control, we explicitly construct a universal-type adaptive output feedback controller which globally regulates all the states of the nonlinear time-delay systems.
1) O documento ensina os conceitos básicos de exposição fotográfica em sete lições, explicando termos como abertura do diafragma, tempo de exposição e ISO.
2) A exposição é controlada por três configurações principais: abertura do diafragma, tempo de exposição e ISO. Estas configurações controlam a quantidade de luz que entra na câmera para criar a imagem.
3) Além de controlar a exposição, estas configurações também podem criar efeitos visuais diferentes, como con
The document describes several orthopedic tests used to evaluate various parts of the body. It provides brief descriptions of each test, including the positioning of the patient and examiner, the maneuvers performed during the test, and what the results of the test indicate. The tests cover regions of the body like the spine, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, and others.
Nurse /doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
The document discusses patient positioning considerations for anesthesia. It notes that positioning is a joint responsibility of the surgeon and anesthesiologist to balance surgical needs with risks to the patient. Key positions discussed include supine, lateral, prone, lithotomy, and variations like Trendelenburg. Physiological concerns for each position are outlined such as effects on circulation, pulmonary function, and nerve injuries. Proper padding and stabilization are emphasized to prevent pressure injuries.
Traction involves applying a pulling force to part of the body while countertraction pulls in the opposite direction. It is used to provide alignment, reduce muscle spasms, prevent deformities, provide immobilization, and increase space between opposing surfaces. There are several types of traction including skin, skeletal, and manual traction. Skin traction applies force to the skin and soft tissues using materials like bandages and tapes. Skeletal traction applies direct force to bones using pins or wires inserted through the bone. Nursing care for patients in traction focuses on maintaining proper positioning and traction, preventing skin breakdown, and assessing neurovascular status.
This document discusses positioning and pressure relief techniques to prevent decubitus ulcers. It notes that 95% of pressure ulcers occur over 5 bony areas and lists positioning considerations for various diagnoses. Positions like supine, prone, side-lying are described along with how to pad and support the body. It emphasizes repositioning patients every 2 hours in bed and every 15 minutes when sitting to relieve pressure on high-risk areas.
The document provides information on evaluating and treating shoulder joint issues. It describes functional activities and ranges of motion to assess, specific tests for examining the shoulder joint, nerves, and identifying conditions like impingement, instability, and hypomobility. Management approaches are outlined including protection phases using modalities and range of motion, controlled motion phases adding isometrics and manual therapy, and return to function phases with strengthening exercises and functional training.
This document discusses cervical and lumbar traction for relieving neck and back pain. Cervical traction uses gentle pulling of the head to relieve pressure in the neck, while lumbar traction does the same for the lower back. Both can help with issues like muscle spasms, disc problems, and nerve impingement. There are many devices and techniques described that provide traction, including overhead pulleys, inflatable harnesses, inversion tables, and manual methods done by therapists. The effectiveness of traction is debated, but it may provide benefits for some individuals when used appropriately.
Positioning involves placing a patient in specific body alignments to promote health and allow for medical interventions. Some key reasons for positioning include providing comfort, relieving pressure on body parts, improving circulation, preventing deformities, and enabling examinations and treatments. Common positions include supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy and Fowler's positions, each having distinct uses and safety considerations. Positioning requires ensuring patient comfort and safety by using supportive devices and regularly adjusting alignment to prevent pressure injuries.
This document discusses proper patient positioning and its importance in maintaining body alignment, preventing injury, and providing stimulation. It outlines various positions like supine, lateral, and prone, assessing risk factors. Complications from improper positioning like pressure ulcers and contractures are described. Supportive devices and techniques for safely moving patients are also covered. The goal is to position patients in a way that keeps their body parts correctly aligned and functional while minimizing stress.
1. Positioning patients properly is important for comfort, medical procedures, and preventing complications. It involves assessing the patient's needs and positioning them in alignments that promote circulation, relieve pressure, and allow for interventions.
2. Common positions discussed include supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy, Fowler's position, and Trendelenburg. Each position has specific indications and procedures to ensure patient safety and access for medical needs.
3. Special considerations are needed for obese patients to support their weight and prevent impaired circulation or breathing from positioning. Thorough documentation of assessments and interventions is also important.
check list Demonstration On Range Of Motion Exercises and Moving, Lifting and...Mathew Varghese V
Lesson plan on
Interventions for Impaired Body Alignment
&
Immobility
Demonstration On
Range Of Motion Exercises and Moving, Lifting and
Transferring Of Casualty and In-Patient
This document describes 10 different patient positioning techniques including:
1. Supine position - lying on the back with head and shoulders slightly elevated. Used as the usual position.
2. Prone position - lying on the abdomen, used post-operatively or for certain exams/procedures.
3. Lateral position - lying on the side, used for periodic position changes or certain exams/procedures.
It provides the indications, contraindications, and procedures for each position. Patient comfort, safety, and proper alignment are emphasized.
1. The document discusses various patient positioning techniques and their purposes such as protecting functional ability, avoiding injury, preventing complications of immobility, and promoting oxygenation.
2. Key positions discussed include Fowler's position, semi-Fowler's position, high-Fowler's position, protected supine, side-lying, SIM's or semi-prone, prone, dorsal lithotomy, Trendelenburg, and reverse Trendelenburg.
3. Nurses must consider a patient's restrictions and needs when positioning, use supports, and alter positions minimally every two hours or as required to prevent complications.
The Essentials Of Patient Positioning For Interventional Radiology ProceduresJames_DuCanto_MD
Proper patient positioning is essential for interventional radiology procedures. The anesthesiologist or CRNA guides patient transfer and positioning to maintain airway, breathing, and circulation. When positioning a patient prone, teamwork is needed to safely transfer the patient to the procedure table where all pressure points are padded and no body parts extend beyond the table. Positioning is tailored to each patient's individual needs and ensures the operative site is accessible while avoiding interference with respiration, circulation, peripheral nerves, or undue discomfort.
Incisions and position in general surgery by dr chandrakant sabaleCHANDRAKANT SABALE
This document discusses surgical incisions and patient positioning in general surgery. It provides details on:
1. Types of incisions like vertical, transverse, oblique and their uses in different abdominal and pelvic surgeries.
2. Principles of incision placement and closure.
3. Langer's lines and their importance in wound healing.
4. Common patient positions used in surgery like supine, lateral, lithotomy and their advantages.
This document discusses low back injuries, including definitions of common terms like acute mechanical low back pain and sciatica. It describes the incidence of low back pain and risk factors. Low back pain causes are classified into mechanical, systemic, neurologic, referred pain, and psychogenic categories. The evaluation of patients with low back pain through history, physical exam, and tests is outlined. Signs of herniated discs are explained. Conservative management includes physiotherapy, medications, bracing, and lifestyle changes. Surgical management may be considered if conservative options fail.
The document discusses positioning, draping, and bed mobility in physical therapy. It provides guidelines for positioning patients in different positions like supine, prone, and side-lying to support the body and prevent issues like pressure sores. The document also discusses draping patients for privacy and comfort during treatment, as well as techniques for teaching patients bed mobility exercises to improve function and prepare for transfers.
This document describes 10 different positions used for patients: supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy, dorsal recumbent, Fowler's, Sims, Trendelenburg, knee-chest, and orthopneic. Each position is defined, with its purposes, indications, and procedures explained in 1-2 sentences. The positions are used for examinations, procedures, postoperative care, and to promote patient comfort and physiological functions. Proper positioning requires explaining the procedure to the patient, ensuring comfort and safety, and placing pillows or other supports as needed.
22-08-2012 El Gobernador Guillermo Padrés dio inicio a exportaciones de muebl...Guillermo Padrés Elías
Agua Prieta, Sonora.- El apoyo a los pequeños y medianos empresarios es fundamental para el desarrollo económico de Sonora enfatizó el Gobernador Guillermo Padrés al encabezar la firma de convenio y banderazo de salida del primer embarque de Industrial Mueblera de Agua Prieta hacia Estados Unidos.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 9 of an evolution of behavior course. It discusses how kin selection can lead to apparent altruism towards relatives through Hamilton's Rule. When the benefits to close relatives outweigh the costs, altruistic behavior can evolve. Apparent altruism between non-relatives can also evolve through reciprocal altruism if interactions are repeated and cheaters can be recognized and punished. Behaviors adapted through evolution may no longer be adaptive in changed environments. There are also differences in male and female reproductive investment and behaviors due to differing vulnerabilities during mating and parenting.
Global adaptive output feedback control for a class of nonlinear time delay s...ISA Interchange
This paper addresses the problem of global output feedback control for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems. The nonlinearities are dominated by a triangular form satisfying linear growth condition in the unmeasurable states with an unknown growth rate. With a change of coordinates, a linear-like controller is constructed, which avoids the repeated derivatives of the nonlinearities depending on the observer states and the dynamic gain in backstepping approach and therefore, simplifies the design procedure. Using the idea of universal control, we explicitly construct a universal-type adaptive output feedback controller which globally regulates all the states of the nonlinear time-delay systems.
1) O documento ensina os conceitos básicos de exposição fotográfica em sete lições, explicando termos como abertura do diafragma, tempo de exposição e ISO.
2) A exposição é controlada por três configurações principais: abertura do diafragma, tempo de exposição e ISO. Estas configurações controlam a quantidade de luz que entra na câmera para criar a imagem.
3) Além de controlar a exposição, estas configurações também podem criar efeitos visuais diferentes, como con
Jorge Amado nasceu na Bahia em 1912 e foi um escritor e político brasileiro reconhecido internacionalmente por seus romances que retratam a cultura e o povo baiano. Sua obra foi traduzida para diversos idiomas e rendeu adaptações para cinema, teatro e TV. Amado faleceu em Salvador em 2001.
O documento descreve uma pintura de Félix Émile Taunay de 1830 que mostra a natureza em toda a sua força e beleza. Também fala sobre um fotógrafo mineiro que fotografou árvores nativas presas em uma floresta de eucaliptos, chamando a atenção para os impactos da ação humana na natureza. Por fim, menciona a escultura Apolo e Dafne de Bernini.
MÓDULO III TEMA II ARCHIVO Y CLASIFICACIÓN DE DOCUMENTACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVAusc
Este documento proporciona información sobre la gestión auxiliar de archivo y reproducción de documentos. Explica conceptos clave como archivo, clasificación de documentos, sistemas de ordenación, equipos y materiales de archivo. También describe los procesos de archivo, conservación y destrucción de documentos según la normativa.
This document discusses various neurodynamic mobilization techniques used to assess and treat neural tension. It begins by defining neurodynamics and describing principles of neural mobilization including applying gentle oscillatory movements when tension is detected. Several upper and lower extremity neural tension tests are then described in detail, including the upper limb neurodynamic test for the median, radial and ulnar nerves, the straight leg raise for the sciatic nerve, slump-sitting maneuver, prone knee bend for the femoral nerve. Precautions for each technique are provided. The document concludes by briefly defining carpal tunnel syndrome.
The document describes various upper limb orthopedic tests used to evaluate shoulder, elbow, and wrist pathology. It provides details on how to perform tests such as the drop arm test for the shoulder, Cozen's test and Mill's test for tennis elbow, Golfer's elbow test, and Phalen's test and Tinel's test for carpal tunnel syndrome. The tests are used to reproduce symptoms, evaluate range of motion, and detect injuries or conditions like rotator cuff tears, shoulder dislocation, lateral epicondylitis, medial epicondylitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
This document describes three upper limb tension tests (ULTT1, ULTT2, ULTT3) used to assess the cervical spine and brachial plexus. ULTT1 involves abducting, supinating, and laterally rotating the shoulder while extending the elbow and wrist. ULTT2 adds shoulder depression while extending the elbow and laterally rotating the arm. ULTT3 (ulnar nerve bias) assesses the cubital tunnel by having the patient flex their elbow while the examiner controls their hand and arm. Precautions, variations, and positioning are discussed to properly perform and interpret the tests.
This document describes three upper limb tension tests (ULTT1, ULTT2, ULTT3) used to assess the cervical spine and brachial plexus. ULTT1 involves abducting, supinating, and laterally rotating the shoulder while extending the elbow and wrist. ULTT2 adds shoulder depression while extending the elbow and laterally rotating the arm. ULTT3 (ulnar nerve bias) assesses the cubital tunnel by having the patient flex their elbow while the examiner controls their hand and arm. Precautions are described and variations discussed, including assessing different angles of abduction. The tests aim to isolate tensions and identify symptoms to determine involved structures.
Finkelstein's test is used to detect de Quervain's tenosynovitis by reproducing pain in the wrist during ulnar deviation when the thumb is flexed and fingers closed over it. Phalen's test increases pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel by flexing the wrists to reproduce paraesthesiae in the median nerve distribution, indicating carpal tunnel syndrome. Tinel's test elicits paraesthesiae or pain in the median nerve distribution by tapping over the carpal tunnel to aid in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome.
1. The document discusses various musculoskeletal modalities including casts, splints, braces, traction, and external fixators. It describes their uses, types, and nursing management.
2. Specific types of casts, splints and braces are defined along with general nursing care such as circulation checks, pain management, and education.
3. Traction is described as applying a pulling force to immobilize or position body parts, and different types include skin, skeletal, and balanced suspension traction.
The document discusses post-operative management of tendon transfers and flexor/extensor tendon injuries. It outlines 3 phases of postoperative treatment: 1) immobilization, 2) activation of the transfer, and 3) strengthening/return to function. Specific protocols are provided for each phase including exercises, splinting, and precautions. Common tendon transfers are also reviewed for different nerve injuries along with prerequisites and rehabilitation guidelines.
This document discusses hip disorders and treatment techniques including muscle energy technique (MET), soft tissue technique, and Mulligan technique. It provides details on hip anatomy, ligaments, muscles and movements. It then describes MET techniques for various muscles like the quadriceps, illiopsoas, hamstrings, adductors, and tensor fascia lata/iliotibial band. Soft tissue techniques like effleurage, stripping, pin and stretch, and friction are explained. Specific conditions like piriformis syndrome, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, trochanteric bursitis, and anterior/posterior/lateral pelvic tilts are addressed with relevant soft tissue techniques.
The document discusses ankle sprains, including lateral and medial ligament sprains. It describes the objectives of reviewing ankle sprain grades, examination, and physiotherapy management. It provides details on the lateral ligament complex, most commonly injured anterior talofibular ligament, and grades sprains from I to III. For medial sprains, it describes the deltoid ligament complex. The document outlines examination, various treatment phases including RICE, range of motion exercises, strengthening, and return to function. It also includes sample MCQs related to ankle sprains.
The Modified Ashworth Scale is a clinical measure of muscle spasticity in patients with neurological conditions. It is a 6-point scale ranging from 0-4 where lower scores represent normal muscle tone and higher scores represent increased spasticity or resistance to passive movement. The document provides detailed instructions on administering the Modified Ashworth Scale for assessing spasticity in the ankle plantar flexors, knee flexors, elbow flexors, and wrist flexors by standardizing limb positioning, stabilization, and movement during testing.
Assessment of shoulder injuries in primary care Monis Khan
1. The document discusses common shoulder injuries seen in primary care including AC joint separations, clavicular fractures, shoulder dislocations, and proximal humeral fractures.
2. It provides details on the mechanism of injury, physical exam findings, appropriate imaging, management guidelines, and potential complications for each condition.
3. Special tests are described to clinically assess the rotator cuff muscles and identify injuries to the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
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1. 1 | Cox® Technic Protocols
Protocol for Cox® Technic Hands‐On Portions of Cox® Courses (7/21/14)
step‐by‐step guide instructions for treating patients with
Cox® Technic Flexion Distraction & Decompression Spinal Manipulation
prepared by James M. Cox, D.C., D.A.C.B.R.
NOTE: This guide does not preclude hands‐on training nor study of the full protocols presented in the textbook. Please see the textbook, Low Back Pain:
Mechanism, Diagnosis, Treatment, 7th edition, published by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2011, for the full explanation and rationale for Cox® Technic Flexion
Distraction & Decompression Spinal Manipulation and the diagnostic workup leading to a treatment plan for each patient you treat. This set of notes serves as a
simple guide of the protocols for training.
I. LUMBAR SPINE ‐ Protocol I and II Instructions
1. Patient Positioning Sequence
Check that locks are secure.
Assist patient onto table:
o tighten abdomen and buttocks
o assist patient onto table
o have arms rest on arm rests
Check patient Placement
o ASIS 2” forward on thoracic piece
o adjust ankle rest
Set spring tension / power balance for caudal section
2. Tolerance Testing (to determine the appropriate means to induce distraction decompression and secure the patient during
adjustment)*
*NOTE: Start at L1 and work down the lumbar spine to avoid engaging a level below a disc herniation if sciatica is present. You may
tolerance test starting at L5‐S1 and move cephalward if no sciatica is present.
Release Flexion‐Extension Lock
Central Distraction Testing – by means of tiller bar only
o IF PAIN LATERALIZES, ice, acupressure, etc., only for a day or two.
o spinous process contact
o downward table movement till occiput extends or 2”
o hold for 4 seconds
o test L1 level and test caudally one level at a time to the lowest lumbar segment
Lateral Distraction Testing – by means of holding each ankle only
o IF PAIN LATERALIZES WITH HOLDING ANKLES, then only move the table with the tiller bar as in central testing.
o spinous process contact
o hold ankle (first uninvolved, then involved)
o downward table movement till occiput extends or 2”
o hold 4 seconds
o test L1 level and test caudally one level at a time to the lowest lumbar segment
Test with cuff on–by means of ankle cuffs
o IF PAIN LATERALIZES WITH THE CUFF ON, then only move the table and control the patient by holding the ankles as in
lateral testing.
o spinous process contact
o hold ankle (first uninvolved, then involved)
o downward table movement till occiput extends or 2”
o hold 4 seconds
o test L1 level and test caudally one level at a time to the lowest lumbar segment
NOTE: Muscle resistance in the form of spasm is palpated for. If any such sign is present, do not use Cox® Technic flexion‐distraction. If the
patient reports pain on tolerance testing with the cuffs on, adjust without the cuffs. If the patient reports pain on tolerance testing while the
ankle is held, adjust without holding the ankle which allows just the weight of the legs to be the tractive force. If the patient reports pain on
tolerance testing with no tractive force (no ankle holding or cuffs), ice alone, trigger point, acupressure, alternating hot/cold and massage may
be called for until local irritation reduces to allow distraction with no signs of discomfort.
3. Palpatory Contact for Increasing Local Soft Tissue and Interspinous Tension
Place third digit at the interspinous space to be manipulated.
The second and fourth digits contact adjacent muscles.
Distract the table until the interspinous space feels taut under your fingertip.
At this taut point the doctor will contact the spinous process with the thenar or thumb‐index contact. It is this taut point that is
the starting position for all further table movement for distraction and range of motion of the intervertebral disc and facet
joints.
2. Align the doctor hand contact parallel with the spine in a cephalward direction. Do not contact the spinous with a perpendicular
2 | Cox® Technic Protocols
pressure with the contact hand; it is a cephalward pressure.
Apply distraction with or without the ankle cuff depending upon patient tolerance results.
The end point of distraction is the interspinous process space feeling elastic resistance.
When releasing distraction, return to the taut point only.
4. PROTOCOL I: Treatment of Sciatic Patients / pain extends below the knee
Prepare the patient as follows:
o Patient Positioning
o Tolerance Testing
o Cuff on (or off if patient experiences pain with cuff on or as tolerance testing directs)
o Move ankle rest caudally until taut, and lock it in place.
o Disengage flexion‐extension lever.
o Apply palpatory contact to set treatment start point.
Apply 3 twenty‐second distraction sets.
o 5 pumps of 4 seconds each with F/D or long‐y‐axis
o Depth of caudal distraction = occiput extension or 2”
Trigger Point Application: Between each 20‐second session, treat appropriate trigger point(s) of the affected dermatome (ex:
L5 sciatic nerve in gluteus, back of thigh, popliteal fossa, leg, ankle and foot).
5. PROTOCOL II: Treatment of Non‐Sciatica Patient (or sciatic patients who have 50% relief) / no pain below knee Full Facet ROM
Prepare the patient as follows:
o Patient Positioning
o Tolerance Testing
o Cuff On (or off if patient experiences pain with cuff on or as tolerance testing directs)
o Move ankle rest caudally until taut, and lock it in place.
a. Flexion
Disengage flexion‐extension lever.
Apply palpatory contact to set new taut treatment start point.
Make spinous process contact with thenar or finger/thumb. (Hand contact applied in a cephalward direction.)
Lift spinous process cephalad as table flexes.
Apply one second velocity flexion movements.
Amplitude and dosage are applied to patient pain and tolerance levels.
Stop caudal table flexion as occiput extends or 2” of downward table movement.
Movement is smooth, rhythmical, oscillatory motion.
Return table to neutral position and secure locks OR leave unlocked for lateral flexion.
b. Lateral Flexion
Perform under distraction using flexion (or long‐y‐axis as appropriate and/or comfortable).
Disengage levers for flexion and lateral flexion.
Apply palpatory contact to set taut new treatment start point in flexion. (Hand contact applied in a cephalward
direction.)
Apply flexion to occiput extension or 2” of downward table movement.
Hold spinous process between index finger and thumb or use thenar contact.
Apply 1 second velocity lateral flexion movements to each side (right and left).
Amplitude and dosage applied to patient pain and tolerance levels.
Resist spinous process with thumb or index finger.
Movement is smooth, rhythmical, oscillatory.
Return table to neutral position and secure locks OR leave unlocked for circumduction.
c. Circumduction
Perform from neutral starting position (no taut starting position set).
This motion couples flexion/distraction and lateral bending, and it may even combine with long‐y‐axis as appropriate
or comfortable.
Grasp spinous process between thumb and index finger or use palmar thenar contact. (Hand contact applied in a
cephalward direction.)
Apply 2 second movements to right and then to left.
Amplitude and dosage applied to patient pain and tolerance levels.
Movement is a smooth, rhythmical, oscillatory motion.
Return the table to neutral position, and secure all locks.
d. Extension
Release flexion‐extension lever.
Contact SP between index‐thumb or palmar contact.
3. 3 | Cox® Technic Protocols
Apply anterior pressure as table comes into extension.
Apply one second repetitions (10 for test).
Amplitude and dosage applied to patient pain and tolerance levels.
Movement is a smooth, rhythmical, oscillatory motion.
Return table to neutral position, and secure all locks.
6. Getting Patient off Table / Ending Adjustment session
Return table to horizontal/neutral position.
Check that all locks are secure.
Remove ankle cuffs, if used.
Assist patient off the table (instruct patient to push up off of the arm rests). This step also allows you to share tips on how to
get out of bed at home and such.
II. CERVICAL SPINE ‐ Protocol I and II Instructions
The textbook Neck, Shoulder, Arm Pain: Mechanism, Diagnosis, Treatment, 3rd ed., is recommended for cervical spine care.
The addition of long y axis for cervical spine distraction adjusting offers a more controlled, safer application.
IMPORTANT NOTES:
o Cervical spine adjusting is performed without the occipital restraint system.
o All ranges of motion are done in conjunction with long y axis distraction.
o The contact hand on the spine moves parallel with the instrument’s cervical axial distraction with the same force and velocity.
o Each movement is performed to the barrier of elastic resistance as determined by the doctor’s tissue tension sense and taken
then slightly beyond that barrier. Patient tolerance is monitored at all times.
1. Patient Positioning Sequence
Have the patient lie with the specific area to be treated over the division between the cervical and thoracic pieces.
The eyes may rest in the eye‐cutouts.
If there is need for more length of the headpiece, unlock the headpiece long‐y‐axis feature, position the head, then lock it.
2. Tolerance Testing
*NOTE: Start at C1 and tolerance test each level of the cervical spine to C7.
Contact cervical spinous process‐transverse process with one hand while long‐y‐axis traction with the cervical headpiece is
applied with the other hand on the traction handle at the head of the table. The headpiece and your hand contact move in
parallel.
(Alternative Plan if the patient expresses lateralization of pain: Use the patient’s headweight as the traction force only
so that very gentle distraction is given if the hand contact causes pain.)
Repeat with each cervical spine level, holding each spinous process‐transverse process segment for 4 seconds.
Ask patient if he/she feels any pain in the neck shoulder, arm or thoracic spine.
NOTE: Muscle resistance in the form of spasm is palpated for. If any such sign is present, do not use distraction.
Instead use trigger point, acupressure, alternating hot/cold and massage until local irritation reduces to allow
distraction with no signs of discomfort.
Test the next level moving caudad.
3. PROTOCOL I: Treatment of Radiculopathy Patients / pain extends below the elbow
NOTE: Only long y axis distraction (with an optional slight degree of flexion set at a comfort level for the patient) is
used to treat acute radiculopathy.
Prepare the patient for treatment, and perform tolerance testing.
Apply long‐y‐axis distraction to set treatment start point which is the point of tautness of the interspinous space.
Apply 3 twenty‐second distraction sets
o 5 pumps of 4 seconds each with F/D or long‐y‐axis
Trigger Point Application: Between each 20‐second session, treat appropriate trigger points of the affected dermatome.
4. PROTOCOL II: Treatment of Non‐Radicular Patients (or radicular patients who have 50% relief) / no pain extends below the elbow)
Prepare the patient for treatment, and perform tolerance testing.
4. 4 | Cox® Technic Protocols
a. Long‐Y‐Axis Axial Distraction
o Grasp the spinous‐transverse process of the vertebra at the level of distraction motion desired. (ex: Grasp C5 to move
the C5 segment.)
o Release the axial distraction lock.
o Standing at the side of the instrument, gently push the headpiece axially using the ball handle and the vertebra
contracted with the doctor’s hand until tissue tension sense notes the barrier of elastic resistance (the treatment
start point).
o Go slightly beyond the barrier of elastic resistance, carefully monitoring patient tolerance.
o The contact hand and the instrument’s motion guided by the cervical tiller bar move parallel.
o Gently bring back to neutral.
o Move to the next level, and repeat.
b. Lateral Flexion
o Grasp the spinous‐transverse process of the vertebra at the level of lateral flexion motion desired.
o Unlock the lateral flexion lock.
o Move the headpiece into long y axis distraction.
o Laterally flex to the left first, then the right.
o Stabilize the transverse process away on the side of lateral headpiece flexion with the contact hand as the level to be
laterally flexed is brought into lateral flexion by the headpiece motion.
o Laterally flex the headpiece until tissue tension sense notes normal physiological motion.
o Gently bring back to neutral.
o Move to the next level, and repeat.
c. Circumduction (a combination of lateral flexion and flexion movement)
o Grasp the spinous‐transverse process of the vertebra at the level of circumduction motion desired.
o Unlock the flexion and lateral locks.
o Move the headpiece into long y axis distraction.
o Circumduct to the left, then to the right.
o Circumduct the headpiece until tissue tension sense notes normal physiological motion.
(This is a strong movement and important to regain mobilization of the cervical facets.)
o Gently bring back to neutral.
o Move to the next level, and repeat.
d. Extension
o Grasp the arch of the spinous‐transverse process of the vertebra at the level of extension motion desired.
o Unlock the flexion‐extension lock.
o Extend the headpiece until tissue tension sense notes normal physiological motion.
o Gently bring back to neutral.
o Repeat as necessary at each joint level. Move to the next level, and repeat.
e. Rotation
o Grasp the spinous‐transverse process of the vertebra at the level of rotation motion desired.
o Unlock the rotation lock.
o Move the headpiece into long‐y‐axis distraction.
o Rotate to the left, then to the right.
o Rotate the headpiece until tissue tension sense notes normal physiological motion by holding the arch securely while
the segment rotates.
o Gently bring back to neutral.
o Move to the next level, and repeat.
5. Ending The Adjustment Session
o Return table to neutral position.
o Check that all locks are secure.
o Remove occipital restraint, if used.
o Instruct patient to push up on the arm rests.
o Assist patient to upright position.
5. 5 | Cox® Technic Protocols
III. THORACIC SPINE Protocols
1. Using Lumbar Attended Automated Axial Distraction
o Apply ankle cuffs, if appropriate.
o Allow the table to axially distract per your control during the distraction adjustment and open the joint space. Move up the
thoracic spine, as appropriate.
o Using the footswitch
Use a two‐handed contact of the spinous process at the appropriate level.
Tap the foot/tapeswitch to allow the table to move axially.
Release the foot/tapeswitch to allow the table to return to neutral.
o Using the finger button
Use a one‐handed contact of the spinous at the appropriate level.
With the free hand, tap the finger button on the tiller bar beneath the ball handle to allow the table to move
axially.
Release the finger button to allow the table to return to neutral.
o Using the control box
On the box on the side of the table,
Set the time for the table to run in auto mode.
Set the distance for distraction while you adjust the patient.
Use a two handed contact of the appropriate spinous process at the appropriate level.
NOTE: A high‐velocity, low‐amplitude adjustment may be given during lumbar attended automated axial distraction as just
described. This can be applied at any desired level of thoracic spine according to patient need and tolerance in a gentle, non‐force
manner.
2. Using Cervical Axial Distraction Section –
o OPTION 1 ‐ Manually Applied
Apply the occipital restraint system to stabilize the head.
Stand at the head of the table.
Use a palmar contact on the spinous below the thoracic segment to be distracted
Pull on the ball handle of the cervical headpiece to distract the segment to the point of elastic resistance. Move
slightly beyond that point, minding at all times patient tolerance.
Gently return to neutral.
Move caudad to the next thoracic spinous, and repeat.
o OPTION 2 ‐ Applied in Conjunction with Automated Axial Distraction Caudally
Apply the occipital restraint.
Allow the table to axially distract the caudal section. Adjust the thoracic spine while
Using the footswitch
Use a two‐handed contact of the spinous at the appropriate level.
Tap the foot/tapeswitch to allow the table to move axially.
Release the foot/tapeswitch to allow the table to return to neutral.
Using the control box
On the box on the side of the table,
o Set the time for the table to run in auto mode.
o Set the distance for distraction while you adjust the patient.
Use a two handed contact of the appropriate spinous at the appropriate level.
NOTE: A high‐velocity, low‐amplitude adjustment may be given during thoracic attended automated axial distraction as just
described. This can be applied at any desired level of thoracic spine according to patient need and tolerance in a gentle, non‐force
manner.
IV – Automated Long‐Y‐Axis Distraction Applications
A. Lumbar Spine ‐ Attended Automated Axial Distraction (non‐sciatica patients only or a sciatica patient who has attained 50% relief of pain)
Prepare patient for treatment, and perform tolerance testing.
Using the footswitch
The “auto/manual” selector must be in the “MAN(ual)” mode on the caudal tiller bar.
Apply ankle cuffs, if appropriate from tolerance testing.
Make the contact with the spinous process at the level desired – with both hands or with one hand and rest the free hand
on the ball handle.
Touch the foot/tapeswitch with your foot.
Allow the table to distract as far as necessary to open the joint space.
6. 6 | Cox® Technic Protocols
Release the foot/tapeswitch to allow table to come back to neutral.
Make the next contact with the spinous process at the next level desired & repeat procedure.
Using the finger button (on the caudal tiller bar at the back of the bar beneath the ball handle)
The “auto/manual” selector on the tiller bar must be in the “MAN(ual)” mode on the caudal tiller bar.
Apply ankle cuffs, if appropriate.
Make the contact with the spinous process at the level desired with one hand.
Rest the other hand on the ball handle comfortably enough that the middle finger is in reach of the button.
Touch the button with your finger.
Allow the table to distract as far as necessary to open the joint space.
Release the button to allow the table to come back to neutral.
Make the next contact with the spinous process at the next level desired & repeat procedure.
Using the control box
The “auto/manual” selector on the tiller bar must be in the “AUTO” mode on the caudal tiller bar.
Apply ankle cuffs, if appropriate.
Set the control box on the side of the table,
Set the time for the table to run in auto mode.
Set the distance for distraction while you adjust the patient.
Push the “start” button on the front of the control box.
Starting at L5S1 and working up the lumbar spine, make a two‐handed contact or one‐handed contact (with the free hand
resting on the ball handle) with the spinous process at the appropriate level(s).
Once each level has been distracted, ranges of motion may be combined with axial distraction, per instructions as
explained in Steps 5a, b, c, and d of the LUMBAR SPINE section (page 2), as appropriate for the patient and his/her condition.
Always first distract the spinal segment, then go into the ROM desired.
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Circumduction
B. Unattended Automated Axial Distraction (non‐sciatica patients only) – Full Spine Adjusting
The “auto/manual” selector on the tiller bar must be in the “AUTO” mode on the caudal tiller bar.
Apply ankle cuffs, if appropriate, OR apply the occipital restraint, if appropriate (not both at one time).
Set the control box on the side of the table:
Set the time for the table to run in auto mode.
Set the distance for distraction while you adjust the patient.
Show the patient where the “patient emergency stop button” is under the right armrest. Explain that it can be pushed if the patient
feels pain during the session.
Allow the table to deliver an unattended traction therapy session as setup.
Check in on the patient during the session.
The thoracic restraint belt can be positioned and used to apply specific level unattended long‐y‐axis distraction.
Special Cox® F/D and distraction adjustment procedures demonstrated in lecture and video include
• Side lying F/D and distraction adjusting for patients who cannot lie prone to include pregnancy
• scoliosis treated in the prone, supine, side lying postures for Cox procedures
• supine scoliosis (adolescent and degenerative)
• compression defects of osteoporosis
• hyperkyphosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine
• spondylolisthesis
• retrolisthesis
• osteoporosis
• DISH
• spinal stenosis
• aged spine conditions
REFERENCES:
Lumbar Spine and Thoracic Spine Techniques:
Low Back Pain: Mechanism, Diagnosis, Treatment, 7th ed, published by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2011.
Cervical and Thoracic Spine Techniques:
Neck, Shoulder, Arm Pain: Mechanism, Diagnosis, Treatment, 3rd ed, 2005, privately published, 1‐800‐441‐5571.
Mechanisms of table descriptions per features on The Cox®8 Table by Haven Innovation. www.coxtable.com