Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a common childhood disorder and is primarily caused by deficiency of energy, protein, and micronutrients. PEM manifests as underweight (low body weight compared with healthy peers), stunting (poor linear growth), wasting (acute weight loss), or edematous malnutrition (kwashiorkor).
Clinical signs and symptoms of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) include the following:
Poor weight gain.
Slowing of linear growth.
Behavioral changes - Irritability, apathy, decreased social responsiveness, anxiety, and attention deficits.
shubham gupta malnutrition case study.pptxPranshuSahu13
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to deficiencies in macronutrients like protein and energy. It manifests clinically as kwashiorkor, marasmus, or marasmic kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema, growth failure, and mental changes in children aged 1-3 years. Marasmus involves extreme wasting in children under 2 years. Treatment involves dietary supplementation with protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals as well as managing infections and infestations. Various supplementary feeding programs in India aim to improve nutrition, including the mid-day meal program, special nutrition program, and Balwadi feeding program.
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to deficiencies in energy and protein. It affects children, women, and adult males from disadvantaged communities. The main forms are kwashiorkor, marasmus, and marasmic kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema, growth failure, and mental changes in children aged 1-3 years after weaning. Marasmus occurs in children under 2 years and involves extreme wasting. Treatment involves providing a diet with adequate energy and protein, vitamin/mineral supplements, oral rehydration for diarrhea, and infection control. Supplementary feeding programs aim to improve nutrition, including mid-day meals in schools, special nutrition programs for vulnerable groups, and balwadi
This document summarizes key information about malnutrition. It defines malnutrition as an imbalance between nutrient intake and demand that impacts growth and function. There are two main types of protein-energy malnutrition discussed - marasmus caused by lack of calories and marasmus caused by lack of protein. Globally, 149 million children are stunted and 45 million wasted. In Nepal, 43% of children under 5 are malnourished. Clinical features and treatment strategies are described for different forms of malnutrition. The document concludes with details of an innovative community nutrition project in Nepal aimed at preventing malnutrition through education and use of local foods.
Protein Energy Malnutrition (nepal).pptxNabinBist8
This document presents information on Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). It begins with defining malnutrition and the different forms of undernutrition, including PEM. It then discusses the three main forms of PEM: Marasmus caused by calorie deficiency, Kwashiorkor caused by protein deficiency, and Marasmic Kwashiorkor having features of both. Risk factors, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies for PEM are also outlined. The document concludes with discussing government programs in Nepal aimed at preventing malnutrition, such as the Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan and Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition.
This document discusses protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), also known as protein calorie malnutrition, which commonly affects children in India between 6 months and 3 years old. PEM occurs when children do not consume enough food, or food that is deficient in protein or calories. The two main types of PEM are kwashiorkor and marasmus. Kwashiorkor is caused by insufficient protein intake with adequate calories and results in edema, skin discoloration, and enlarged liver. Marasmus is caused by deficiencies in all macronutrients and occurs in children under 1 year old, causing growth retardation, muscle wasting, and a shrunken abdomen. PEM can be treated by providing a nutritious, high-protein liquid
This document discusses protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and its effects on oral health. It begins by defining nutrition and malnutrition, explaining the types of malnutrition including undernutrition and overweight/obesity. It then discusses protein, its roles, requirements, and digestion/absorption. PEM, or protein deficiency combined with calorie deficiency, is described as being caused by direct factors like inadequate food intake and indirect factors like infection. The main types of PEM - kwashiorkor, marasmus, and marasmic-kwashiorkor - are explained in terms of their causes, signs, and oral manifestations. Laboratory findings for kwashiorkor are also outlined. Overall PEM is presented as a significant health problem in developing countries and
shubham gupta malnutrition case study.pptxPranshuSahu13
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to deficiencies in macronutrients like protein and energy. It manifests clinically as kwashiorkor, marasmus, or marasmic kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema, growth failure, and mental changes in children aged 1-3 years. Marasmus involves extreme wasting in children under 2 years. Treatment involves dietary supplementation with protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals as well as managing infections and infestations. Various supplementary feeding programs in India aim to improve nutrition, including the mid-day meal program, special nutrition program, and Balwadi feeding program.
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to deficiencies in energy and protein. It affects children, women, and adult males from disadvantaged communities. The main forms are kwashiorkor, marasmus, and marasmic kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema, growth failure, and mental changes in children aged 1-3 years after weaning. Marasmus occurs in children under 2 years and involves extreme wasting. Treatment involves providing a diet with adequate energy and protein, vitamin/mineral supplements, oral rehydration for diarrhea, and infection control. Supplementary feeding programs aim to improve nutrition, including mid-day meals in schools, special nutrition programs for vulnerable groups, and balwadi
This document summarizes key information about malnutrition. It defines malnutrition as an imbalance between nutrient intake and demand that impacts growth and function. There are two main types of protein-energy malnutrition discussed - marasmus caused by lack of calories and marasmus caused by lack of protein. Globally, 149 million children are stunted and 45 million wasted. In Nepal, 43% of children under 5 are malnourished. Clinical features and treatment strategies are described for different forms of malnutrition. The document concludes with details of an innovative community nutrition project in Nepal aimed at preventing malnutrition through education and use of local foods.
Protein Energy Malnutrition (nepal).pptxNabinBist8
This document presents information on Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). It begins with defining malnutrition and the different forms of undernutrition, including PEM. It then discusses the three main forms of PEM: Marasmus caused by calorie deficiency, Kwashiorkor caused by protein deficiency, and Marasmic Kwashiorkor having features of both. Risk factors, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies for PEM are also outlined. The document concludes with discussing government programs in Nepal aimed at preventing malnutrition, such as the Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan and Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition.
This document discusses protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), also known as protein calorie malnutrition, which commonly affects children in India between 6 months and 3 years old. PEM occurs when children do not consume enough food, or food that is deficient in protein or calories. The two main types of PEM are kwashiorkor and marasmus. Kwashiorkor is caused by insufficient protein intake with adequate calories and results in edema, skin discoloration, and enlarged liver. Marasmus is caused by deficiencies in all macronutrients and occurs in children under 1 year old, causing growth retardation, muscle wasting, and a shrunken abdomen. PEM can be treated by providing a nutritious, high-protein liquid
This document discusses protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and its effects on oral health. It begins by defining nutrition and malnutrition, explaining the types of malnutrition including undernutrition and overweight/obesity. It then discusses protein, its roles, requirements, and digestion/absorption. PEM, or protein deficiency combined with calorie deficiency, is described as being caused by direct factors like inadequate food intake and indirect factors like infection. The main types of PEM - kwashiorkor, marasmus, and marasmic-kwashiorkor - are explained in terms of their causes, signs, and oral manifestations. Laboratory findings for kwashiorkor are also outlined. Overall PEM is presented as a significant health problem in developing countries and
The document discusses nutrition and malnutrition in India. It notes that India has a large population with many people living in rural areas with low socioeconomic status and illiteracy. From a nutritional perspective, most Indians are undernourished, with only a small group being well-fed. Common nutritional deficiencies in India include protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin A deficiency. The causes of malnutrition are multi-factorial and include poverty, lack of awareness, population growth, and cultural influences. The document outlines various types of undernutrition and overnutrition, their signs and symptoms, and prevention strategies. It also discusses several government programs aimed at improving nutrition.
Malnutrition can present as undernutrition or overnutrition. Undernutrition includes wasting, stunting, and underweight as well as micronutrient deficiencies. Overnutrition refers to overweight and obesity. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is defined by weight-for-height z-scores less than -3 or the presence of bilateral pitting edema. Children with SAM have undergone reductive adaptation which impacts multiple body systems and alters their metabolism. Proper assessment, classification into outpatient or inpatient care, and management according to WHO protocols is needed to stabilize and treat SAM. Treatment follows 10 steps over time and includes emergency care, therapeutic feeding, medication, and monitoring for complications.
PEM LBW PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION LOW BITH WEIGHT Dr. Anuj Singh
Public health nutrition aims to maintain optimal nutritional status in populations through prevention of nutrition-related illnesses. Low birth weight (LBW) and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are significant public health problems. LBW is associated with short and long-term health consequences. PEM results from inadequate food intake and infections and is measured by weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height. PEM prevention includes antenatal nutrition, breastfeeding promotion, immunization, and food supplementation programs. Early detection and treatment of PEM and infections are also important.
This document provides an overview of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). It begins with definitions of malnutrition and indicators used to measure it. SAM is defined as very low weight-for-height, mid-upper arm circumference below 115mm, or nutritional edema. The major forms are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Epidemiology data shows millions of children worldwide suffer from SAM. Causes include insufficient food intake, poor nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and infectious diseases. Diagnosis involves assessing weight-for-age, mid-upper arm circumference, and presence of edema. Treatment follows three phases- stabilization, transition, and rehabilitation-with feeding protocols, infection treatment, and micronutrient supplementation. Prevention
This document outlines key information about malnutrition including definitions, causes, clinical forms, assessment, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a cellular imbalance between nutrient supply and demand. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) includes marasmus (severe wasting), kwashiorkor (edema with reasonable caloric intake), and intermediate states. Causes include inadequate dietary intake, infections, and socioeconomic factors. Clinical assessment involves medical history, exam, anthropometry, and labs. Treatment focuses on stabilization, infection treatment, micronutrient supplementation, and gradual refeeding every 2-3 hours.
Undernutrition in Children was presented. The key points are:
1. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) affects children worldwide and manifests as kwashiorkor (protein deficiency), marasmus (calorie deficiency), or marasmic kwashiorkor (severe protein and calorie deficiencies).
2. Clinical features of kwashiorkor include edema, poor growth, and mental changes while marasmus presents with extreme muscle wasting.
3. Management involves nutritional rehabilitation with diets providing adequate calories and protein, micronutrient supplementation, oral rehydration, infection control, and supplementary feeding programs.
The poverty rate in India is impacting the economy and Malnutrition (Undernutrition) is a consequence of poverty. There are various ways to combat malnutrition including SAM management strategies along with various ongoing nutrition improvement programs focusing on maternal and child health.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p
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FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP
HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9
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COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A
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#PEM, #HEALTH,#NEW,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein and calories. It includes conditions like marasmus, kwashiorkor, and intermediate states. PEM is characterized by wasting of muscle and tissue in marasmus or edema and liver damage in kwashiorkor. Common causes are improper complementary feeding, lack of breastfeeding, poverty, and infection. PEM has a high prevalence in children under 5 years old and is a major public health problem in India due to high mortality and long-term health effects. Treatment involves resolving medical issues, restoring nutrition, and ensuring rehabilitation through dietary management and nutrition education.
This document discusses various nutritional problems including protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and eating disorders. Protein-energy malnutrition manifests as kwashiorkor or marasmus depending on whether there is edema or wasting. Common micronutrient deficiencies in India are vitamin A deficiency which can cause blindness, and anemia. Prevention strategies include breastfeeding, immunization, supplementation, and food fortification. The document provides details on the causes, risk groups, clinical features and management of various nutritional problems.
The document discusses India's major problem with malnutrition and proposes solutions. It notes that India is home to many hungry and malnourished people, especially children, and malnutrition contributes to over a third of child deaths in India. It recommends a three-pronged approach - agricultural reforms to promote nutritious crops, providing nutrition supplements to those in need, and creating public awareness about proper nutrition. Specific proposals include distributing supplements through anganwadis, schools, nutrition programs, and engaging NGOs and corporations via CSR initiatives. Extensive awareness campaigns targeting mothers, hospitals, and using various media are also suggested.
This document summarizes key aspects of nutrition, including the seven major classes of nutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fiber, and vitamins and minerals. It discusses the normal nutrition requirements of children, including exclusive breastfeeding for six months and the introduction of complementary foods thereafter. It also covers protein energy malnutrition disorders like marasmus and kwashiorkor, as well as methods for preventing malnutrition like growth monitoring, immunizations, and India's Integrated Child Development Services program.
Chronic diarrhea in children can be caused by a variety of conditions including post-enteritis malabsorption, celiac disease, toddler's diarrhea, and giardiasis. Post-enteritis malabsorption results from mucosal damage following an infection and causes malabsorption and lactose intolerance. Management involves micronutrients, adequate calories, and easily digestible foods. Celiac disease is an immune-mediated reaction to gluten that causes villus atrophy and malabsorption. Eliminating gluten from the diet is critical for recovery. Toddler's diarrhea is common in 1-2 year olds and resolves as the child grows. Giardiasis spreads through ingestion of cyst
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to a range of pathological conditions caused by insufficient protein and calories. It most commonly affects infants and young children. The main forms of PEM are kwashiorkor, marasmus, nutritional dwarfing, underweight, and stunting. Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema and skin changes and is caused by low protein intake with adequate calories. Marasmus involves severe wasting and is caused by low energy intake. PEM is a major global issue, affecting over 1/3 of the world's population, especially in Asia and Africa. Causes include poverty, poor hygiene, frequent infections, and inappropriate feeding practices. Treatment involves medical care, dietary management with nutrient-dense foods
CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION IN EMERGENCIES SITUATIONKanikaRastogi13
the presentation is about occurrence or causes of malnutrition in children during the disaster or emergencies situation. the content are:
Introduction of emergencies situation.
Malnutrition
Types of malnutrition occur in emergencies
Causes of malnutrition
Disorders due to malnutrition
prevention
Nutritional Problems in Public Health.pptxSanjeevDavey1
This document discusses several nutritional problems in public health, including:
- Low birth weight, protein energy malnutrition, xerophthalmia, nutritional anemia, iodine disorders, endemic fluorosis, and lathyrism.
- Low birth weight is an important public health issue as it is associated with higher risks of mortality, developmental issues, and other health problems. Prevention focuses on improving nutrition and health of women during pregnancy.
- Protein energy malnutrition includes conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor and is caused by inadequate dietary intake of protein and energy. Prevention involves improving access to nutritious foods, treating infections, and nutritional rehabilitation programs.
- Several micronutrient deficiencies
The document discusses nutrition in preschool children ages 1-6. Key points include:
- Growth rates decrease in preschoolers, leading to less appetite and intake.
- Common nutritional problems are protein-energy malnutrition, iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency.
- Nutrient needs include adequate energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients for growth and development.
- Factors like family environment, media, illness can influence children's food intake. Feeding problems may occur and require intervention.
Nutritional deficiency disorders in childrenkiran kaur
This document discusses various nutritional deficiency disorders, including:
1. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), which can manifest as kwashiorkor or marasmus. PEM is classified by severity.
2. Vitamin deficiencies like vitamins A, D, E, K, and various B vitamins. Deficiencies can cause conditions like rickets, night blindness, anemia, and dermatitis.
3. Mineral deficiencies are also discussed. Prevention focuses on balanced diets, supplementation, and treating underlying illnesses. Management involves rehabilitation centers, hospitalization, dietary changes, and vitamin/mineral administration.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
The document discusses nutrition and malnutrition in India. It notes that India has a large population with many people living in rural areas with low socioeconomic status and illiteracy. From a nutritional perspective, most Indians are undernourished, with only a small group being well-fed. Common nutritional deficiencies in India include protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin A deficiency. The causes of malnutrition are multi-factorial and include poverty, lack of awareness, population growth, and cultural influences. The document outlines various types of undernutrition and overnutrition, their signs and symptoms, and prevention strategies. It also discusses several government programs aimed at improving nutrition.
Malnutrition can present as undernutrition or overnutrition. Undernutrition includes wasting, stunting, and underweight as well as micronutrient deficiencies. Overnutrition refers to overweight and obesity. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is defined by weight-for-height z-scores less than -3 or the presence of bilateral pitting edema. Children with SAM have undergone reductive adaptation which impacts multiple body systems and alters their metabolism. Proper assessment, classification into outpatient or inpatient care, and management according to WHO protocols is needed to stabilize and treat SAM. Treatment follows 10 steps over time and includes emergency care, therapeutic feeding, medication, and monitoring for complications.
PEM LBW PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION LOW BITH WEIGHT Dr. Anuj Singh
Public health nutrition aims to maintain optimal nutritional status in populations through prevention of nutrition-related illnesses. Low birth weight (LBW) and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are significant public health problems. LBW is associated with short and long-term health consequences. PEM results from inadequate food intake and infections and is measured by weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height. PEM prevention includes antenatal nutrition, breastfeeding promotion, immunization, and food supplementation programs. Early detection and treatment of PEM and infections are also important.
This document provides an overview of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). It begins with definitions of malnutrition and indicators used to measure it. SAM is defined as very low weight-for-height, mid-upper arm circumference below 115mm, or nutritional edema. The major forms are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Epidemiology data shows millions of children worldwide suffer from SAM. Causes include insufficient food intake, poor nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and infectious diseases. Diagnosis involves assessing weight-for-age, mid-upper arm circumference, and presence of edema. Treatment follows three phases- stabilization, transition, and rehabilitation-with feeding protocols, infection treatment, and micronutrient supplementation. Prevention
This document outlines key information about malnutrition including definitions, causes, clinical forms, assessment, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a cellular imbalance between nutrient supply and demand. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) includes marasmus (severe wasting), kwashiorkor (edema with reasonable caloric intake), and intermediate states. Causes include inadequate dietary intake, infections, and socioeconomic factors. Clinical assessment involves medical history, exam, anthropometry, and labs. Treatment focuses on stabilization, infection treatment, micronutrient supplementation, and gradual refeeding every 2-3 hours.
Undernutrition in Children was presented. The key points are:
1. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) affects children worldwide and manifests as kwashiorkor (protein deficiency), marasmus (calorie deficiency), or marasmic kwashiorkor (severe protein and calorie deficiencies).
2. Clinical features of kwashiorkor include edema, poor growth, and mental changes while marasmus presents with extreme muscle wasting.
3. Management involves nutritional rehabilitation with diets providing adequate calories and protein, micronutrient supplementation, oral rehydration, infection control, and supplementary feeding programs.
The poverty rate in India is impacting the economy and Malnutrition (Undernutrition) is a consequence of poverty. There are various ways to combat malnutrition including SAM management strategies along with various ongoing nutrition improvement programs focusing on maternal and child health.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
CHANEL PLAYLIST-
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs
CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg
FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP
HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A
ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S...
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139...
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu...
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#PEM, #HEALTH,#NEW,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein and calories. It includes conditions like marasmus, kwashiorkor, and intermediate states. PEM is characterized by wasting of muscle and tissue in marasmus or edema and liver damage in kwashiorkor. Common causes are improper complementary feeding, lack of breastfeeding, poverty, and infection. PEM has a high prevalence in children under 5 years old and is a major public health problem in India due to high mortality and long-term health effects. Treatment involves resolving medical issues, restoring nutrition, and ensuring rehabilitation through dietary management and nutrition education.
This document discusses various nutritional problems including protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and eating disorders. Protein-energy malnutrition manifests as kwashiorkor or marasmus depending on whether there is edema or wasting. Common micronutrient deficiencies in India are vitamin A deficiency which can cause blindness, and anemia. Prevention strategies include breastfeeding, immunization, supplementation, and food fortification. The document provides details on the causes, risk groups, clinical features and management of various nutritional problems.
The document discusses India's major problem with malnutrition and proposes solutions. It notes that India is home to many hungry and malnourished people, especially children, and malnutrition contributes to over a third of child deaths in India. It recommends a three-pronged approach - agricultural reforms to promote nutritious crops, providing nutrition supplements to those in need, and creating public awareness about proper nutrition. Specific proposals include distributing supplements through anganwadis, schools, nutrition programs, and engaging NGOs and corporations via CSR initiatives. Extensive awareness campaigns targeting mothers, hospitals, and using various media are also suggested.
This document summarizes key aspects of nutrition, including the seven major classes of nutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fiber, and vitamins and minerals. It discusses the normal nutrition requirements of children, including exclusive breastfeeding for six months and the introduction of complementary foods thereafter. It also covers protein energy malnutrition disorders like marasmus and kwashiorkor, as well as methods for preventing malnutrition like growth monitoring, immunizations, and India's Integrated Child Development Services program.
Chronic diarrhea in children can be caused by a variety of conditions including post-enteritis malabsorption, celiac disease, toddler's diarrhea, and giardiasis. Post-enteritis malabsorption results from mucosal damage following an infection and causes malabsorption and lactose intolerance. Management involves micronutrients, adequate calories, and easily digestible foods. Celiac disease is an immune-mediated reaction to gluten that causes villus atrophy and malabsorption. Eliminating gluten from the diet is critical for recovery. Toddler's diarrhea is common in 1-2 year olds and resolves as the child grows. Giardiasis spreads through ingestion of cyst
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to a range of pathological conditions caused by insufficient protein and calories. It most commonly affects infants and young children. The main forms of PEM are kwashiorkor, marasmus, nutritional dwarfing, underweight, and stunting. Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema and skin changes and is caused by low protein intake with adequate calories. Marasmus involves severe wasting and is caused by low energy intake. PEM is a major global issue, affecting over 1/3 of the world's population, especially in Asia and Africa. Causes include poverty, poor hygiene, frequent infections, and inappropriate feeding practices. Treatment involves medical care, dietary management with nutrient-dense foods
CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION IN EMERGENCIES SITUATIONKanikaRastogi13
the presentation is about occurrence or causes of malnutrition in children during the disaster or emergencies situation. the content are:
Introduction of emergencies situation.
Malnutrition
Types of malnutrition occur in emergencies
Causes of malnutrition
Disorders due to malnutrition
prevention
Nutritional Problems in Public Health.pptxSanjeevDavey1
This document discusses several nutritional problems in public health, including:
- Low birth weight, protein energy malnutrition, xerophthalmia, nutritional anemia, iodine disorders, endemic fluorosis, and lathyrism.
- Low birth weight is an important public health issue as it is associated with higher risks of mortality, developmental issues, and other health problems. Prevention focuses on improving nutrition and health of women during pregnancy.
- Protein energy malnutrition includes conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor and is caused by inadequate dietary intake of protein and energy. Prevention involves improving access to nutritious foods, treating infections, and nutritional rehabilitation programs.
- Several micronutrient deficiencies
The document discusses nutrition in preschool children ages 1-6. Key points include:
- Growth rates decrease in preschoolers, leading to less appetite and intake.
- Common nutritional problems are protein-energy malnutrition, iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency.
- Nutrient needs include adequate energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients for growth and development.
- Factors like family environment, media, illness can influence children's food intake. Feeding problems may occur and require intervention.
Nutritional deficiency disorders in childrenkiran kaur
This document discusses various nutritional deficiency disorders, including:
1. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), which can manifest as kwashiorkor or marasmus. PEM is classified by severity.
2. Vitamin deficiencies like vitamins A, D, E, K, and various B vitamins. Deficiencies can cause conditions like rickets, night blindness, anemia, and dermatitis.
3. Mineral deficiencies are also discussed. Prevention focuses on balanced diets, supplementation, and treating underlying illnesses. Management involves rehabilitation centers, hospitalization, dietary changes, and vitamin/mineral administration.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Protein Energy Malnutrition.pptx
1. TOPIC : PEM (SIGN AND SYMPTOMS,
TREATMENT)
BSC FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
(SEM-IV)
Subject: Community Nutrition
E- CLASS ASSIGNMENT
2. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
• Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is the deficiency of macronutrients or
energy and protein in the diet.
• It is a nutritional disorder, which affects all the segments of population like
children, women and adult males particularly from the backward and
downtrodden communities.
Clinical forms
o Kwashiorkor
o Marasmus
o Marasmic kwashiorkor
Sub-clinical forms
Underweight
Wasting
Stunting
Different Types of PEM
3. KWASHIORKOR
• Kwashiorkor is an African word, meaning a "disease of the displaced
child", who is deprived of adequate nutrition.
• Mostly in children between the ages of 1 and 3 years, when they are
completely weaned (taken off the breast).
• The three essential manifestations or signs of kwashiorkor are:
1. Oedema (swelling of feet)
2. Growth failure, and
3. Mental changes.
4. CLINICAL SIGNS OF KWASHIORKOR IN DETAIL
Oedema: accumulation of fluid in the tissues.
• Usually begins with a slight swelling in feet gradually spreading up the legs. Later, hands
and face may also have oedema.
Poor growth: Growth retardation is the earliest manifestation.
• The child will be lighter and shorter than its normal peers of same age and weigh about
80% or less of their normal peers.
• Sometimes, in cases of gross swelling, the body weight may be relatively higher. The
child will also be wasted (thinner). The child's arms and legs will appear thin as a result
of wasting.
Mental changes: kwashiorkor child has no interest in the surrounding.
• The child will also be irritable and prefers to stay at one place and in one position.
5. OTHER SIGNS WHICH MAY BE PRESENT ARE
Hair changes: In kwashiorkor, the hair loses its healthy sheen and becomes silkier and
thinner. It takes coppery red colour (referred to as 'discoloured hairy).
• You could easily pluck small tufts of hair without causing any pain (referred to as easy
pluck ability) just by passing your hands through the hair.
Skin changes: In many cases, dermatosis (changes in skin) is seen.
• Such changes are common in areas of friction.
Moon face: The cheeks may seem swollen with fluid or fatty tissue and often be
slightly sagging.
Micronutrient deficiencies: Almost all the children manifest anaemia (due to iron
deficiency) of some degree.
• Eye signs of vitamin A' deficiency are also common.
• Manifestations of vitamin B complex deficiency are also noted in many cases.
6.
7. MARASMUS
• Marasmus is common in children below the age of 2 years.
• The marasmic children are so weak that they may not have even
energy to cry, which most often is barely audible.
• The child is extremely wasted with very little subcutaneous fat
with the skin hanging loosely particularly over the buttocks.
• Oedema is absent and there are no skin and hair changes.
• However, frequent diarrhoeal episodes leading to dehydration and
micronutrient deficiencies of vitamin A, iron and B-complex are
common.
8. • Signs and Symptoms of Marasmus
• Extreme muscle wasting - "skin and
bones"
• Loose and hanging skin folds
• Old man's or monkey faces
• Absolute weakness
9. MARASMIC KWASHIORKOR
• Sometimes, in areas where PEM is common, malnourished children exhibit the
features of both kwashiorkor and marasmus. Such changes could occur during the
transition from one form of severe PEM to another.
• These children will have extreme wasting of different degrees (representing
marasmus) and also oedema (a sign of kwashiorkor).
• They may also man
• Signs and symptoms of Marasmic Kwashiorkor
• Extreme muscle wasting - "skin and bones"
• Loose and hanging skin folds
• Old man's or monkey's face
• Absolute weakness
• Oedema
10. BIOCHEMICAL SIGNS SPECIFIC TO PEM
Biochemical Changes Marasmus Kwashiorkor
Serum albumin Normal or slightly decreased low
Urinary urea per g of
the creatinine
Normal or decreased low
Urinary Hydroxyproline Index low low
Serum free amino acid ratio Normal Elevated
Anaemia May be observed Common iron and folate
deficiency may be associated
Pancreatic secretions Reduced enzymatic activity Reduced enzymatic activity
11. TREATMENT
Diet
• Treatment of cases of kwashiorkor or marasmus involves mainly providing appropriate
nutrition support. The child should receive a diet that provides adequate amounts of
energy and protein. Both of these are required in larger quantities than normal.
The child should be given the following concentrations:
• Energy : 170 - 200 kcal per kg of body weight
• Protein : 3 - 4 g/kg of body weight
Vitamin and mineral supplements
• All cases of severe PEM require multivitamin preparation to meet the increased
demands during recovery.
• Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (100 mg) may be given daily to correct anaemia.
12. Oral rehydration
• Since diarrhoea is very common in severe PEM, correction of dehydration is the first step
in the treatment.
• Home made (salt-sugar mixture) or commercial oral rehydration solution (ORS) can be
administered to correct dehydration.
• Intravenous fluids are required only in severe dehydration.
Control of infections and infestations
• Appropriate antibiotics should be started immediately since infections are the immediate
cause of death in many children.
• Children with intestinal infestations Like giardiasis and ascariasis should be treated.
"prevention is better than cure". So it becomes extremely
important that we make sincere efforts to prevent and control PEM
13. SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAMMES
• Food supplementation programmes have a very important role to play to combat
malnutrition.
• The aim of these supplementary feeding programmes is to improve the nutritional status
of vulnerable groups through distribution of food supplements.
Following supplementary feeding programmes :
1. National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (Mid Day
Meal Programme)
2. Special Nutrition Programme
3. Pradhan Mantri's Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)
4. Balwadi Feeding Programme
5. Composite Nutrition Programme, and
6. Applied nutrition programme
14. MID DAY MEAL PROGRAMME
• The National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education commonly
known as Mid Day Meals Scheme was launched in August, 1995
• The mid day meal programme is one of the most important ongoing feeding
programmes
• organized by the Department of Education not only to improve nutritional status of
school children but also to attract poor children to school.
Objectives
• The programme is intended to give a boost to universalization of primary education
by increasing enrolment, retention and attendance and simultaneously impacting
upon nutritional status of students in primary classes.
15. SPECIAL NUTRITION PROGRAMME
• The Special Nutrition Programme was launched by the Central Social Welfare Board
(CSWD) in 1970-71.
• The aim of the programme was to provide supplementary nutrition to children,
pregnant women and nursing mothers belonging to the weaker sections of the
society.
• The main component of the programme was food supplementation.
• The supplement consisted of 300 Kcal and 10 g protein for children and 500 Kcal
and 25 g protein for Pregnant- lactating women. Feeding of the beneficiaries was
undertaken for 300 days a year.
• In addition to supplementary feeding, the scheme also included periodic health
check ups for the beneficiaries.
16. PRADHAN MANTRI'S GRAMODAYA YOJANA (PMGY)
• In order to achieve the objective of sustainable human development at the village
level, a new initiative in the form of Pradhan Mantri's Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) has
been introduced in the Annual Plan 2000-01.
• Schemes related to health, nutrition, education, drinking water, housing and rural
roads are undertaken within this programme
• The PMGY has two components: Prograrmmes for rural connectivity with 50 percent
allocation, and other programmes of primary health, primary education, rural
shelter, rural drinking water and nutrition with the remaining 50 percent allocation.
17. BALWADI FEEDING PROGRAMME
• Like the Special Nutrition Programme , the Balwadi Feeding Programme was also
launched in 1970-71.
• Although the Special Nutrition Programme is no longer in operation, the Balwadi
Feeding Programme remains one of the ongoing programmes -implemented
through the voluntary organizations.
• The beneficiaries of the programme include preschool children attending the
Balwadi. The services provided under the programme are supplementary feeding,
regular health check-ups, immunization, habit formation and socialization through
games and recreation.
• The nutrition programme also has an educative value as it brings together several
children of the same age and is expected to inculcate good habits and help children
develop taste for different types of foods.
18. COMPOSITE NUTRITION PROGRAMME
• The Composite Nutrition Programme was a feeding programme launched by the
Department of Community Development, with the main objective of providing
nutrition education to the masses.
• The core of the programme was nutrition education and its particular application
through demonstration feeding.
• The programme had five components:
1. Nutrition education through mahila mandals
2. Encouragement of economic activities of mahila mandals ,
3. Strengthening 'the supervisory machinery for women's programme
4. Training of associate women workers, and
5. Demonstration feeding
19. APPLIED NUTRITION PROGRAMME
• The Applied Nutrition Programme was one of the first national nutrition programmes
launched in 1963 through the Community Development Department,
• Aimed at improving the nutrition of lactating and pregnant women and children.
• The programme was developed 'to educate rural people about how they can increase and
improve their food supply through their own efforts'.
The main objectives of the programme were:
1. To encourage production of body-building foods (such as eggs, fish, milk etc.) and
protective foods (such as vegetables, fruits), and
2. To provide nutrition education, so as to promote consumption of the body-building
protective foods by mothers and children.