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Proposal hao final
- 1. Hao Wu Supervisors: Dr. Appel , Dr. Hu February 20, 2012
- 2. Overview Introduction: Cockroach, the Dubia Cockroaches Part I: Instar determination Part II: Temperature-dependent development Part III: Parental care Question?
- 3. Cockroaches (Blattodea) 1 Locomotion: Ground, Water and Air 2 Diets: Omnivores (or unknown) 3 Reproduction: Great diversity Oviparity A, Oviparity B Ovoviviparity A, Ovoviviparity B Viviparity The Classical Cockroach Phylogeny of McKittrick (1964) 4 Sociality: Solitary, Subsocial, Eusocial (termites) 5 Relation to Humans: Pests, Pet Diet, Pet, Medicine
- 4. The Dubia Cockroaches, Blaptica dubia (Blaberidae) Locomotion: Ground Diets: Omnivores Reproduction: Ovoviviparity A Oothec a of the Dubia Cockroaches, Photo courtesy of Charles Stephen Sociality: Subsocial (Parental Care) Relation to Humans: Pet, Pet Diet Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blaptica- Dubia-cockroaches-x3-male-female-juvenile-v2.jpg
- 5. The Dubia Cockroaches as food for pets Excellent, protein-rich diet for insect eating pets Various lizards, turtles, and snakes Spiders
- 6. Why the Dubia Cockroaches,Blaptica dubia (Blaberidae)? 1. High nutrition value Nutrition analysis for common feeder insects Sample Protein(%) Fat (%) Fiber(%) Ash(%) B.dubia 35.60 6.75 3.25 2.01 B.lateralis 36.50 5.31 2.19 1.95 Meal Worms 21.00 15.52 2.01 1.18 Crickets 18.50 6.26 2.09 1.29 G.portentosa 26.70 5.05 5.62 1.37 Source: http://doubleds.org/newfeederpg.html
- 7. Why the Dubia Cockroaches, Blaptica dubia (Blaberidae)? Aroliar pad 2.Can not climb Arolium smooth surfaces 3. Without odor 4. Inactive Fig. 1 Pretarsus of Smoky brown Cockraoches, Photo courtesy of Jie Wang Almost no research on the Dubia cockroaches, little research on Blaberidae Fig. 2 Pretarsus of Dubia Cockraoches, Photo courtesy of Jie Wang
- 8. Part I Instar determination using Gaussian mixture model Three types of development in insects Source: The Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd
- 9. Part I Instar determination using Gaussian mixture model Objective: Find the general method to determine instars of the Dubia cockroach Hypothesis: Gaussian mixture model can be used as a general method in instar determination Methods: 1. Get a sample of N(N>1000) in the Dubia Cockroaches population 2. Measure the width of the head, the pronotum width and length Data Analysis: Gaussian mixture model
- 11. Part I Instar Determination using Gaussian Mixture Model EM Algorithms => N = 470
- 12. Part II Temperature-dependent development Objective: Find the ideal temperature range for the development of the Dubia cockroaches Hypothesis: 30°C~35°C will be the best temperature range Method: Diagram of Experiment Design Data Analysis: Life stage Model r2 … Linear regression L1 Expect Outcome: L2 Expect Outcome: … Ln Ltotal
- 13. Part III Parental care effect Objective: Determine if parental care affects development of the Dubia Cockroaches Hypothesis: The presence of parents affects development of the Dubia Cockroaches Method: Compare the difference of the head width, the pronotum width and length, and the weight Diagram of Experiment Design difference in the first two weeks. Compare the difference of the development pattern (the development of each instar and the instar numbers) Data Analysis: ANOVA
- 14. Acknowledgement Supervisors: Dr. Appel, Dr. Hu Committee member: Dr. Peng Zeng Lab colleagues
Editor's Notes
- This is the outline of my presentation. Firstly, Some facts about blattodea and the Dubia Cockroaches are reviewed. Secondly, I will introduce the three parts of my project. After this, you can ask me some questions or kindly give me some advice.
- Cockroaches are amazing creatures.The reproduction behaviors of cockroaches are diverse and interesting, and can be categorized in 3 types and 5 sub-types. Oviparity means they lay eggs externally. Oviparity means that the mother roach lay egg mass in a enclosed case, named ootheca. It is the same with chicken. But, the egg are enclosed in the Oothecaie, egg case. 2. Ovoviviparity. The eggs are formed and retain in the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch. 3. Viviparity are just like human. In the order of Blattodea, all Blattidae,Cryprocercidea and Polyphagidae, some Blattellidae are Oviparity. A few Blattellidae and most Blaberidae are Ovoviviparity A. A few of Blaberidae is Ovoviviparity B. Only one species, in Diplopterinae is viviparity. Some entomologists think the reproduction behaviors reflect the evolution of cockroaches.The sociality of cockroaches also has great diversity. Generally, about 30 cockroaches in a total of more than 3000 are pests, but some are also very popular pet diet and can even be kept as pet. In china, they are used as medicine. That is to say, people even eat them.
- (point at the male )This is the dubia cockroaches I study. This is the male adult (with full wings or macropterous). The dubia cockroaches are dimorphic. This is the female, without wings (or apterous). The last one is the nymph. Their reproduction is Ovoviviparity A. it means that egg case are formed but retract to the brood sac of the mother until they are ready to born. (you can see the Ootheca from the picture.)
- Dubia cockroaches are popular as a pet food in the world, such as in USA, China, and Japan.
- Why the dubia cockroaches are so popular? And why we study them?Firstlly, they have a high nutrition value. Form Nutrition analysis of common feeder insects, we can see that dubia cockroaches is one of the best. The first one is dubia cockroaches. The second is also a cockroaches, which I will study later. the last one is the hissing cockroaches.
- The other important character is that they don’t have developed aroliar pad as many other cockroaches. (In the first picture, it is the pretarsus of smoky brown cockroaches. And the second is the dubia cockroaches.) As a result, they can not climb smooth surfaces. They are inactive, without odor. These are also advantages over other feeder insects. Unfortunately, we know little about the Blaberidae and no research on the dubia cockroaches. Actually, most information we know about them is from pet lovers’ observation. Even the nutrition analysis are done by a pet lovers.
- My first project is Instardetermination.This graph showsthe major type of insect development. The dubia cockroach is in the second type. They are incomplete metamorphosis. Insect has exoskeleton. Their growth are discontinous. After egg hatching, a nymph must shed its exoskeleton (namely “molt”) in order to grow into a new instar, until maturity. The increment in size occurs between two successive instar. The majority of insect have determinate number of instar. The number of instars an insect undergoes depends on the species. In some situation the environmental conditions also is an important factor.
- The objective is very direct. The method is that: firstly, Get a sample of N(N>1000) in the Dubia Cockroaches population and then Measure the width of the head, the pronotum width and length, and the body weight of each nymph. Finally, we use the Gaussian mixture model to cluster the data.
- Let’s have a look at the basic Gaussian mixture model. As it is shown on the upper left picture, we have two groups of data which are normally distributed, but they are mixed together. However, we want to know the mean and variance of each distribution. As shown on the upper right picture. To express it in math, It is that there is a function g(x), which have two components f1 and f2. The problem is to get information about f1 and f2 using the observation of g. Fortunately, this problem is well solved by statisticians.
- We come back to our instar determination problem. Because the discontinous growth of exoskeleton of insects, it reasonable to make an assumption that the measurements of sclerotized structure in each instar should be normally distributed. So for a given insects, we have several normal distribution mixed together. Such as the plot in the left which is the preliminary data I get so far. It might be more than 2, but it is also a mixture of Gaussian distribution. The upper right is the general version of Gaussian mixture model. We can use the EM algorithms to get the mean and standard deviation. i.e., if we get enough measurements of an insects, we can get the average and standard deviation of each instar.
- The second part of my project is to study the Temperature-dependent development of dubia cockroaches. The method is shown in the diagram of experiment design. We have 10 randomly chosen neonates in every half gallon jar with enough water and food supply. 6 temperatures are set up. In each temperature, we have 6 replicates. The molt time of every nymph will be record in a daily basis. Linear regression will be used in the data analysis.
- The last part is to study the parental care effect of the dubia cockroaches. From my previous experience, the neonates can develop independently without the presence of the parents. But the effect of the presence of parent is not clear. So, the objective is to address it. The experiment design is shown in the diagram. In every half gallon jar, there are 10 randomly chosen neonates form the same brood. In the two treatments, one more female or male will be added respectively. Also , there are 6 replicates. Finally, anova will be used to compare the effects.
- It is my honor to be the student of Dr.Appel and Dr. Hu. Thank Dr. Zeng for being my committee member and Lab colleagues for collaboration.