General Chemistry 2_IMF and Properties of Liquids.pptxKristelJoySomera
This power point presentation focuses on the different intermolecular forces that binds molecules in order for solids to remain solids or liquid to remain liquids. This presentation also presents the different properties of liquid that can be explained through the concept of intermolecular forces. It also contains simple activities to test the understanding of the learners on the lesson.
Experimental Questions 1- Which types of compounds have the strongest.docxtodd401
Experimental Questions 1. Which types of compounds have the strongest intermolecular forces? How can certain physical properties give an indication of the strength of intermolecular forces of compounds? 2. 3. Relate molecular polarity to the intermolecular forces of the molecule. 4. Relate intermolecular forces of the molecule to physical properties such as evaporation and viscosity.
Solution
1. The strongest intermolecular force is hydrogen bonding. Thus the compounds that can form H- bonds each other have the strongest intermolecular forces.
2. When intermolecular forces increases the molecules fells greater attraction among themselves. This means we have to supply more energy to separate them. This result in higher in the physical property. Thus if stronger intermolecular forces are existing we can expect that boiling point , melting point for that sample will increase. Again in case of freezing we have to restrict the movements of the molecules.Thus when stronger forces are there there are already some restriction in the movements and so freezing point is higher. In other words we can say that molecules where there is lower intermolecular forces we have to lower the temperature more to freeze it.
3. When polarity of the molecules increases this gives greater intermolecular forces and thus higher physical properties. This is because each molecular dipole allign themselves with others in such. a way that
(+)vely charged part attract the (-)vely charged part and this result long range intermolecular forces. This gives higher intermolecular forces.
4. Evaporation means escape of molecules from the liquis phase. When there is strong intermolecular force exists this means the molecules attract each other more. Thus escape from liquid phase is less. But when intermolecular force is weaker then molecules can escape easily. This means lower the intermolecular force higher the evaporation rate.
Again Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. When attraction is more among the molecules they resist the flow of other molecules. This implies higher viscosity. For example ethanol , CH3CH2OH, has the viscosity 1.07 mPa.s and ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH , has 16.2 mPa.s. We can see that in case of ethanol there is only one OH group. But in case of ethylene glycol there is 2 OH group that can form strong H bonding. This results higher attraction among ethylene glycol moecules and so higher viscosity.
.
The Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in Matter is one of the important topic in Grade 12, General Chemistry 2 subject. In here, it includes topics that discusses theory of solids and liquids, the different intermolecular and intramolecular forces such as covalent and ionic bonds, dipole- dipole, hydrogen bonds, london dispersion,
General Chemistry 2_IMF and Properties of Liquids.pptxKristelJoySomera
This power point presentation focuses on the different intermolecular forces that binds molecules in order for solids to remain solids or liquid to remain liquids. This presentation also presents the different properties of liquid that can be explained through the concept of intermolecular forces. It also contains simple activities to test the understanding of the learners on the lesson.
Experimental Questions 1- Which types of compounds have the strongest.docxtodd401
Experimental Questions 1. Which types of compounds have the strongest intermolecular forces? How can certain physical properties give an indication of the strength of intermolecular forces of compounds? 2. 3. Relate molecular polarity to the intermolecular forces of the molecule. 4. Relate intermolecular forces of the molecule to physical properties such as evaporation and viscosity.
Solution
1. The strongest intermolecular force is hydrogen bonding. Thus the compounds that can form H- bonds each other have the strongest intermolecular forces.
2. When intermolecular forces increases the molecules fells greater attraction among themselves. This means we have to supply more energy to separate them. This result in higher in the physical property. Thus if stronger intermolecular forces are existing we can expect that boiling point , melting point for that sample will increase. Again in case of freezing we have to restrict the movements of the molecules.Thus when stronger forces are there there are already some restriction in the movements and so freezing point is higher. In other words we can say that molecules where there is lower intermolecular forces we have to lower the temperature more to freeze it.
3. When polarity of the molecules increases this gives greater intermolecular forces and thus higher physical properties. This is because each molecular dipole allign themselves with others in such. a way that
(+)vely charged part attract the (-)vely charged part and this result long range intermolecular forces. This gives higher intermolecular forces.
4. Evaporation means escape of molecules from the liquis phase. When there is strong intermolecular force exists this means the molecules attract each other more. Thus escape from liquid phase is less. But when intermolecular force is weaker then molecules can escape easily. This means lower the intermolecular force higher the evaporation rate.
Again Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. When attraction is more among the molecules they resist the flow of other molecules. This implies higher viscosity. For example ethanol , CH3CH2OH, has the viscosity 1.07 mPa.s and ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH , has 16.2 mPa.s. We can see that in case of ethanol there is only one OH group. But in case of ethylene glycol there is 2 OH group that can form strong H bonding. This results higher attraction among ethylene glycol moecules and so higher viscosity.
.
The Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in Matter is one of the important topic in Grade 12, General Chemistry 2 subject. In here, it includes topics that discusses theory of solids and liquids, the different intermolecular and intramolecular forces such as covalent and ionic bonds, dipole- dipole, hydrogen bonds, london dispersion,
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. QUARTER 3 QUARTER 4
Properties of Liquids Entropy
Phase Changes Chemical Equilibrium
Solutions Acid-Base
Energy Changes Redox Reactions
Rate of Reaction and
Collision Theory
General Chemistry 2
5. “Does high temperature affect the survival of the
coronavirus ?”
• Areas with low temperature could increase the rate of
spread of related diseases caused by coronavirus
compared to tropical countries
• It can be inferred that the activity of the virus is affected
by temperatre.
6. • Likewise, solids and liquids are affected by
temperature. The physical properties of
liquids and solids such as temperature is
greatly due to the intermolecular forces
present between molecules.
Other properties that are also affected by it are
• surface tension
• Viscosity
• vapor pressure
• and molar heat of vaporization
7. Effect of Intermolecular forces to some
Physical Properties
1. Surface tension is the amount of energy required to
stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High
surface
tension
11.3
The molecules at the surface of a liquid are pulled in all
directions. Directions like downward and sideways not upward
or away from the surface, however if the hydrogen bonds are
disrupted, the surface tension will decrease.
8. The force of the surface tension of the water balances
the basilisk lizard`s weight helping it to walk on water.
9. Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules
11.3
Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules
Adhesion
Cohesion
attracted to glass
attracted to each other
2. Capillary Action
10. Figure 1a shows the water molecules are attracted to other
molecules which is the molecules of the beaker
figure 1b is more on adhesion wherein the Hg molecules did
not get attracted to the walls of the beaker.
11. 3. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
11.3
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High
viscosity
12. Which of these compounds has
the highest intermolecular
forces?
Which is more viscous hexane
and decane?
13. Which of these compounds has
the highest intermolecular
forces?
Glycerol -more build-up hydrogen bond.
Higher IMF the more viscous it is.
Another point to consider is the size of the
molecule, a liquid that has a long chain of
hydrocarbon has the greater intermolecular
attraction.
Which is more viscous hexane
and decane?
14. 4. Vapour Pressure
Which figure below do you think will have
more molecules to turn into gaseous state
at STP condition?
15. 4. Vapour Pressure
Which figure below do you think will have
more molecules to turn into gaseous state
at STP condition?
acetone - its molecules easily escape from liquid to
gases and if this happens this would mean that the interaction
between molecules of acetone is weak. Since it is a closed jar,
the amount of escaped gas molecules will now create a
particular amount of pressure. The pressure that is created by
these bouncing molecules of acetone is called vapor pressure.
16. 5. Molar Heat of Vaporization ( Hvap)
When we say boiling point, it is the temperature at which the
liquid converts into gas. Meaning it is the temperature
where the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external
pressure (at equilibrium point). This explains why water
boils or why liquid boils.
Now, for the water molecule to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at
100 degrees Celsius, this requires an energy which is called
molar heat of vaporization.
boiling point increases the amount of energy
required to vaporize also increases.
17. Remember:
Matter escapes into different phases their
properties also change and these properties
are influenced by the way they get attracted
to one another.
