Promoting Green buildings

Green Buildings
• As professional, your duty is to make value addition to yourself
and your environment
• United Nations Framework– Convention on Climate Change:
---Urban areas responsible for 70% of global energy consumption
and CO2 emission
--By 2030—82 billion sqm (900bsqft)- an area equal to 60% of
total stock of world will be built
--by 2050 building sector to phase out CO2( Zero carbon built
environment)
• Buildings critical to address ecological concern
• Going green is a necessity and imperative to ensure sustainable
tomorrow
• Each building unique, requiring different options to make them
green
• Together we can make the difference

Sustainable Development--Green
Buildings Practices
 The concept of sustainable development traced to energy crisis and environmental
pollution concerns of 1960s/ 1970s
 Rachel Carson book, “Silent Spring”, published in 1962, is considered first initial efforts to
describe sustainable development as related to green building.
 Green building movement in U.S. originated from-- need and desire for more energy
efficient / environmentally friendly construction practices.
 Motives for building green--environmental, economic, and social benefits.
 Modern sustainability initiatives -- integrated and synergistic design to both new
construction and in retrofitting of existing structures.
 Sustainable design, approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice
employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.
 Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce
and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health.
 It often emphasizes taking advantage of :
 renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and
photovoltaic equipment, and
 using plants and trees through green roofs,rain gardens,
 reduction of rainwater run-off.
 using low-impact building materials
 using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to
enhance replenishment of ground water.

Green BuildingsThe buildings in which we
 live,
work, and
play
protect us from nature's extremes
yet they also affect our health and environment in countless ways.
All building activities including designing, construction, use, re-
furbishment, ,demolition and re-construction directly/indirectly
impact the environment
Considerable reduction of energy consumption, green house gas
emission by built environment possible-- by changing the way the
buildings are designed, constructed and operated and-- the way our
cities are planned, designed and constructed/ managed
Considering the environmental impact of buildings which is becoming
more apparent, a new field called "green building" is gaining
momentum
For promoting sustainability, It is essential to make Green all buildings
used as places of working, living, studying, shopping, healthcare,
entertainment

DESIGNING SMART BUILDINGS
•Built environment has significant impact on environment and
consumption of resources, accounting for:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome.
• 50% of global warming is the outcome of built environment.
•Majority of existing buildings have low concern with energy conservation.
•Considering the enormous quantity of existing built space / space to be
added the energy/ environment implications can be critical.
•Buildings need to be designed with utmost care and consideration for
energy/ sustainability—Green Buildings

THE WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO SHOWS THAT BUILDINGS AND
CONSTRUCTION CONSUME THE MAJOR SHARE OF THE GLOGAL ENERGY
ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN
•Globally, developed world major consumer of energy.
•Energy consumption in developing world low.
Category Population Energy Used
Developed world 22% 70%
Developing world 78% 30%
Energy Consumption in developing world increasing due to
rapid industrialization, globalization, liberalization
China/USA consume-3.5/11 times energy per capita as
compared to India
 50% energy consumed by buildings. Construction
consumes 5% whereas 45% of energy used for
heating/cooling/ lighting of building.
Building energy component is largest with greatest
potential for conservation.
Possibility of reduction to the extent of 50% to 70% by using.
Known concepts of energy efficient technologies.
Using integrated approach to creating built environment.
Evolving climatic responsive building designs
Retro fitting of existing buildings.
Designing green buildings

Defining Green Buildings
• There are many definitions of what a green building is or
does.
• Definitions may range from
-- a building that is “not as bad” as the average building in
terms of its impact on environment or
--one that is “notably better” than the average building,
--to one that may represent a regenerative process where
there is actually an improvement and restoration of the site
and it’s surrounding environment

•Green buildings--called sustainable building, low energy
building, green construction
• i) Green building refers to :
• * a structure and
• * using of processes
• - that are environmentally responsible and
• - resource-efficient
• - throughout a building's life-cycle:
• - from
• -siting to design,
• - construction,
• - operation,
• -maintenance,
• -renovation, and demolition

ii) A Green building is an:
- environmentally sustainable building,
- designed, constructed and operated
- to minimise the total environmental impacts
iii) A green building is one
- which uses less water,
- optimises energy efficiency,
- conserves natural resources,
-generates less waste

 iv) USA Environment PROTECTION Agency defines Green,
or sustainable, building as the practice of creating and
using healthier and more resource-efficient models of:
 construction
 renovation
 operation,
maintenance and
 demolition.

• .
• v) A Green building is one :
Whose construction and lifetime operation, assure the healthiest
possible environment while representing the most efficient and least
disruptive use of:
- land,
- water,
- energy and
- resources
• vi) The ideal “Green” project:
Preserves and restores habitat that is vital for sustaining life and becomes
a net producer and exporter of :
• resources,
• materials,
• energy and
• water
rather than being a net consumer

•Green Building is a building-
• Which has minimum impact on the immediate and global environment
so that its construction and its subsequent operation
has minimum adverse impact on ecology where it is placed.
•Green Buildings create environment with following attributes.
–Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing comfort levels.
–Reduced depletion of natural habitats and biodiversity
–Reduced air and water pollution with efficient use of water.
–Limited waste generation due to reduce, recycling/ reuse.
–Reduced pollution loads
–Reduced Green House Gas emissions
–Effective Controls and Building Management System
–Use of Non-Toxic & Recycled Materials
–Effective use of existing Landscape
–Adoption of Cost -effective and environment friendly technologies
–Increased user productivity
–Saves money

Objectives of Green Buildings
• Promoting Energy Efficiency
• Using Renewable Energy
• Ensuring Water Efficiency
• Using Environmentally Preferable Building Materials and Specifications
• Using local materials
• Promoting Waste Reduction
• Promoting Toxics Reduction
• Ensuring Indoor Air Quality
• Promoting Smart Growth and
• Promoting Sustainable Development
 (Sustainability defined as meeting the needs of present generations without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs)
 Buildings typically last 30-50 years, and it is much less expensive and time-
consuming to design for energy efficiency than to retrofit a building later
• ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating systems for
the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings which was
Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council.

Reducing environmental impact
Green building practices aim to---- reduce the
environmental impact of building.
 Construction almost always degrades a Site
To minimise environmental impact options are:
i) no building - preferable to green building, in terms of
reducing environmental impact.
ii) Building should be as small as possible.
iii) Not to promote sprawl, even when most energy-
efficient, environmentally sound methods used in
design and construction.

Buildings account for a large amount of land.
 According to National Resources Inventory,
approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2
) of land in
United States is developed.

•Green Building helps in :
•40-50% saving in energy
•20-30% saving in water consumption
•35% Reduction in carbon emission
•8000-12000 Tons of Co2 per million Sq. ft. of building
•About 3 MW saving in connected electric load per million Sqft building
• Reduction of 70% waste to facilitate easy handling
•Release of treated waste water to reduce load on municipal water
handling plants
•Enhance brand image attracting national and international companies
•Better returns due to higher rents
•Benefits to State :
•Reduction of electric demand
•Reduction in solid waste
•Reduction in water requirement/ Reduction in waste water
•Financial benefits, Environmental benefits, Social benefits

•A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services
Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings
with following attributes;
-- Buildings cost less to operate
-- have excellent energy performance
-- occupants more satisfied with overall building than those in
typical commercial buildings.
- Buildings more Eco- friendly

Advantages of Green Building
Cost
Very often green building is considered to be expensive
 However it saves much more money from the moment of creating during its
lifetime as ordinary buildings.
 works with any kind of green structures – office buildings, schools, churches,
factories and others type of buildings.
Designing/ building green structures cost approximately the same as regular
buildings.
Even higher in cost a little bit--because of some special requirements,--during
usage save so much energy ---money spent on its creation will return at least
10 times.
Californian Sustainable Building Task Force carried out a study in 2003.
According to study even 20% of investment into green building will elaborate
10 times more saving.
So there is no significant difference in prices.
A green building can be expensive as much as a conventional building.

 Material efficiency
 Green buildings built from :
 green,
 rapidly renewable,
 non-toxic,
 reusable and
 recyclable materials --lumber, bamboo, straw, recycled metal/stone, sheep wool,
 compressed earth block, concrete, cork etc.
 Temperature Regulation
 Urban heat islands are elevated temperatures mostly in urban areas,
 formed mostly on surfaces
 where permeable /moist became impermeable and dry due to some buildings, roads
etc.
 Urban heat island effect is caused mostly by the heat holding properties of tall
buildings
 urban (often toxic) materials – asphalt, concrete.
 It can be compensated by more green areas around the buildings such as :
 -green roofs and

. Indoor air quality
 constructing green buildings --great emphases put on ventilation system.
 It can be powered in different ways – passively, naturally or mechanically.
 building should have a properly designed ventilation system to have a filtered
and cleaner air.
 During construction low or zero emission materials are used.
 Most materials used for ordinary buildings are toxic,
 some of them radiate gases or include volatile organic compounds.
 It has a bad influence on occupant’s health and productivity.
 According to US Environmental Protection Agency indoor air pollution can be 2-
5 times worse than outdoor air quality.
 It can cause early asthma and other respiratory disease.
 It is provoked by radon gas that’s found in conventional buildings.
 Control of air quality involves the control of dampness.
 If ventilation from bathrooms, kitchen /isolated rooms is bad--it can lead to
mold growth/dust mites / emergence of other bacteria.
 To avoid effective ventilation system is not always enough; well-insulated
building envelop is also needed.

 Indoor environment quality
 poor air quality/ other circumstances –
 poor lightening,
 temperature variances,
 furniture,
 carpeting,
 pesticides,
 paints and
 high concentration of pollutants
 --cause different diseases – headaches, dermatological problems, allergies etc.
 environmentally friendly green building create healthier atmosphere.
 • Maintenance
 Green buildings need less maintenance.
 most green buildings don’t require exterior painting so often.
 natural sources used during its construction,
 they are not destroyed so quickly.

 Improved Employee Attendance and Productivity
Natural lightening,
good ventilation,
 healthy circumstances
--all influence health of green structures’ occupants.
 People are becoming less sick,
 they are more productive and
 their impact on work is more high and effective.
 A study made in Seattle among 31 green buildings showed that in :
-LEED-certified buildings
the absence of employee was decreased into 40 percent.
Another research showed 30 percent less sick days
 plus a 10 percent growth income per employee.
This way green office is more attractive and retaining for employees.

• Higher Property Value
Green buildings have low energy cost.
 Their use of gas/ water/ energy is highly reduced.
 Building can keep a high sale value if it contains sustainable
components.
Green building can be easily tuned into a net zero building.
 A net zero building or zero energy home is an active house.
Instead of spending money on it, you can earn money with
it.
 These buildings have almost zero consumption.
 Moreover they can create more energy than they need,
 they can supply energy(electricity) back into the electrical
grid.

 Tax benefits
Tax provisions are initiated to improve energy efficient green buildings.
It is supported on local, state and federal level.
In the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008, PL 110-185 (ESA), the Housing
Assistance Tax Act of 2008, PL 110-289 (HATA), the Emergency Economic
Stabilization Act of 2008, PL 110-343 (EESA), and the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009, PL 111-5 (ARRA) you can find what kind of estate
they are included.
• Improved Retail Sales
 Survey in state of California proved that :
if stores are lighted with skylights/natural light,
the personage of sale is increased into 40%.
 The conclusion is that retailers using daylight can reduce their electrical costs.

Disadvantages of Green Building
 Air-cooling features
Particular cooling components that control precisely the
indoor temperature in green buildings don’t exist.
The only thing that influences-- it is natural ventilation,
which cannot be regulated.
• Location
To amend sun exposure, green building may need a correct
structural orientation.
 It influences how natural light enters the building,
how to shade some part of it.
 As far as the building contains recycled resources --the
location of the building-- affected by the land’s humidity/
the circumstance of the surrounding area.

 Green roofs
Green roofs consist of several layers
 plus a vegetation layer,
 culture medium,
 drainage,
 isolation,
waterproofing membrane, and
 roof support.
 Green roofs heavier than simple once,
--roof’s strength should be improved
--in order to construct this type of roof correctly.
• Cost
Many believe that the cost of green building is cost-prohibitive.
You need to invest a lot of money.
However later with energy saving possibilities the invested money may come
back.

 Low indoor quality
 Green buildings are eco-friendly and healthy,
 too much emphases put on sealing them.
 This isolation may cause indoor pollution.
 It can be harmful to the health of the occupants.
 Damage to health can also caused by fluorescent lights.
 Their radiation in isolated places can lead to health problems.
 All advantages / disadvantages are:
 environmental,
 economic and
 social.
 They are influenced mostly by cost, energy efficiency and influence to our health.
 Advantages of green building are impressive--there are still some restrictions.
 designers/project managers should look through all the requirements for green
building.
 for all disadvantages we can find a solution.
 to achieve a good result --don’t forget to consult a professionally qualified team.

International Efforts for Climate Change
• IPCC Assessment Report
• IPCC established by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic
information concerning climate change, its potential effects and options for adaptation
and mitigation.
• Climate Change 2007-- Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
• UNEP and Climate change
• United Nations Environment Program UNEP works to facilitate the transition to low-
carbon societies, support climate proofing efforts, improve understanding of climate
change science, and raise public awareness about this global challenge.
• GHG Indicator
• The Greenhouse Gas Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas
Emissions for Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations
• Agenda 21
• Agenda 21 -- programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable
development.
• Providing for comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and
locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which
humans impact on the environment.
• The number 21 refers to the 21st century

Life Cycle Assessment
A life cycle assessment (LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on
environmental, social and economic concerns by assessing a full range
of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a process:
-- from extraction of raw materials through materials processing,
manufacture, distribution, use, repair, maintenance, disposal or
recycling.
Impacts considered include embodied energy(energy consumed by
processes associated with production of a building, from mining/ processing
of natural resources to manufacturing, transport and product delivery.)
global warming potential, resource use, air /water pollution and waste.
In green building recent trends indicate shift away from
a--- prescriptive approach, (which assumes that certain prescribed
practices are better for the environment,) toward the scientific
evaluation of actual performance
Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the
environmental impacts of buildings but it is not yet mandatory
requirement of green building rating systems and codes,.

Life Cycle Assessment
 LCA - often perceived as overly complex/ time consuming for
regular use by design professionals, research organizations such
as BRE in the UK and the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute
in North America are working to make it more accessible.
In the UK, the Green Guide to Specifications offers ratings for
1,500 building materials based on LCA.
In North America, the ATHENA® Eco Calculator for
Assemblies provides LCA results for several hundred common
building assembles based on data generated by its more complex
parent software, the ATHENA® Impact Estimator for Buildings.
 The Eco-Calculator is available free at www.athenasmi.org.)
 Athena software tools useful early in the design process when
material choices have far-reaching implications for overall
environmental impact.
 Allow designers to experiment with different material mixes to
achieve the most effective combination.

Approaching Green Building Design
The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the
 concept and design stages.
Concept stage- major step in a project life cycle, as it has the largest
impact on cost and performance.
 In designing environmentally optimal buildings,
-- objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with
all life-cycle stages of the building project.
Building as a process -- not as streamlined as an industrial process and
---varies from one building to the other, never repeating
Buildings are much more complex products--- comprising of number of
materials and components ----each constituting various design
variables to be decided at the design stage.
 A variation of design --- affect the environment during all the building's
relevant life-cycle stages.

Green Buildings Design/ Practices
*Green building design involves :
--finding balance between building and the sustainable
environment.-
- Requires close cooperation of the design team--the
Architects, Engineers, and Client at all project stages.
• Town Planners to contribute to energy reduction by
evolving layout plans with energy as focus, making best use
of sun and wind
• Green Building practice expands and complements the
classical building design concerns of:
- economy,
-utility,
-durability,
-comfort.

Buildings Design Approach to Sustainability -
•Design process plays significant role in creating built env./ sustainable
development to be evolved based on
• various climatic zones
• sun path movements
• annual wind directions along with rainfall.
. Building envelope poses biggest challenges in selection of building material/,
technologies and practices.
• Must be combination of natural/ man-made materials with:
•-- least embodied energy and
•-- also based on use of renewable resources.
•Trade-off between choice of materials/ technologies and their effect on
environment has to be balanced
•. As a holistic approach, efforts should be made towards: Encouraging and
harnessing --building materials:
a out of agricultural, industrial and bio-wastes.
b. Environment-friendly and cost-effective.
c. Making building construction indigenous/ adaptable to climatic zones of India.
d. Encouraging use of traditional technologies and local vernacular architecture
and construction practices blended with the modern technology applications.

Buildings Design Approach to Sustainability -
a)Adopt passive architectural design strategies to create:
Energy Efficient Design and Processes
 climate sensitive buildings,
with higher thermal comfort and
 lower energy consumption.
b) Effective site planning through
-- orientation of the building according to sun angle, and
wind direction.
c) Reduce hard paved areas on the site and try to retain the mature
trees as many as possible.
d) Identify the climatic zone of the site according to the NBC-2005
and then prepare the design strategies.
e)Use of low energy or passive heating or cooling measures help to
ensure the overall thermal comfort of the building.
•

Design Approach to Sustainability –Site Planning
Site Design and Development
a) Establish if there are any protection areas such as:
 floodplains; forest department areas;
water bodies such as sea, lakes, rivers, wetlands, tributaries and/or streams;
 public parks and recreation areas (unless otherwise used for the purpose of
thepark); and
 agricultural land (unless serving and agriculturally related purpose such as
storage, processing, transport, etc.) and
b) demonstrate that no critical natural resource impacted by project and/or
dredging operations;
c) Establish the degree to which the existing soil at site and hydrology has
been disturbed prior to development and demonstrate various site erosion
protection measures taken including:
-- measures to preserve top soil and
-- existing vegetation,
--minimize soil disturbance.

.• d) A well-planned and optimally oriented building relates well to its site and the climate.
This maximizes opportunities for :
--. Passive solar heating when heating is needed.
--- Solar heat gain during winters.
•-- Natural ventilation when needed.
•. High-quality day lighting throughout the year.
e). Carefully planned building placement shall also minimize:
•-- storm water runoff,
•-- habitat disturbance,
•-- protect open space, and
•-- reduce the risk of soil - erosion.
f)Trees are an important factor in passive solar design as they can both provide:
•-- needed shade on a summer day and
• natural light when it is needed most.
• Deciduous trees planted on the south side will:
•-- lose their leaves in the winter and
•-- allow natural light to enter the house,
•-- while evergreen trees planted on the north side will provide shade from the summer
sun.

 . Building Orientation and Shading
a) The building shall be oriented with the
 -- long sides facing north and south whenever site /location permit such
orientation.
 b) Balconies and open terraces should be built on the south side of the house,
where
direct sunlight will permit their use for more hours during the day and more
days
during the year.
 c) Garage, store rooms and other areas that are less frequently used should be
situated at the northern part of the house, where they will act as buffers against
cold winter winds
 .d) Another environmental factor that should be considered in the planning of
building
orientation and positioning is prevailing winds--- which are the winds that blow
predominantly from a single, general direction over a particular point.
 e) Data for these winds can be used to design a building that can:
 -- take advantage of summer breezes for passive cooling and
 -- shield against adverse winds that can further chill interior on an already cold
winter day.
•

 .
d) For maximum solar gain, a building should be located:
 -- near the site's southern boundary to reduce the shading from neighboring
properties, and also provide sunny outdoor space.
 However, best location for solar access will vary from site to site depending on—
 -- site shape,
 --orientation
 -- topography,
 -- shading from trees
 -- neighbouring buildings.
e) External shading of south façade during the peak summer season with horizontal
projections and
 providing vertical shading to prevent direct solar radiation and glare due to low
altitude sun angles, especially on the eastern and western facades.
f) Orient buildings and design shading devices to optimize use of solar energy., day
lighting and cross- vent
•

Traditional Buildings In India
Traditional buildings were energy efficient because
architecture depended on climate and traditions of places.
Buildings in the hot and dry regions, had corridors
directing the wind to cool naturally.
 In wet regions, structures used natural light and breeze,
Some examples are:
Hawa Mahal - Articulated windows providing cool breeze in
a desert area[11]
Golkonda - Ventilation designed to let in fresh cool breeze,
in spite of summer.[12]
Traditional building practices utilized in constructing the
Dhyanalinga-- Mud mortar stabilized with lime, sand, alum
and some herbal additives used in construction

Traditional Buildings In India- Hawa Mahal

Traditional Buildings In India-Golkunda

Indian Economy, energy,
carbon
India has seen strong economic growth in recent
years. In 2007,
 Gross domestic product was US$1.1 trillion
Fourth largest economy in the world at $4.7
trillion (IMF, 2008).
 Fifth largest energy consumer in 2006
 India emitted 1,293.2 Mt of carbon emissions, or
4.4% of the global total that year (EIA, 2008).

Indian Building Sector
Construction -- major economic driver in India
between 2004 and 2005
6 % share of GDP
 employing 35 millions(1/6th
working population) in 2011-12
-- about 22 msqm were added for commercial buildings, and
-- 19 million square meters for residential buildings.
Most new commercial buildings equipped with air
conditioning
According to International Energy Agency (IEA), the
buildings sector accounted for the largest share of India’s final
energy use between 1995 and 2005

Indian Building Sector
In 2005, Building sector consumed47% of total
energy
Industrial sector consumed 28% of the total.
Residential buildings accounted for (93%) of the total
building energy use the same year (IEA, 2007).
Air conditioning and lighting were top two energy
end users within the buildings sector.
Studies indicated that energy efficient lighting, air
conditioning and electrical systems could save about
20% of the energy used in existing buildings
Simulation studies indicate new buildings can save
up to 40% of energy with design interventions and

Changing construction perceptions

Designing Green Buildings
 Practices / technologies employed in green building constantly evolving and may differ
from region to region, fundamental principles remains almost same, which include:
 Optimum Site Planning
 Structure design efficiency
 Energy efficiency,
 Water efficiency,
 Materials efficiency
 Indoor environmental quality enhancement,
 Operations and maintenance optimization and
 Waste and toxics reduction.
 The essence of green building is optimization of these principles.
 On aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of
designing a building that is in harmony with nature-- natural features and resources
surrounding the site.
 Key steps in designing sustainable buildings:
 specify 'green' building materials from local sources,
 reduce loads--- optimize systems--- generate on-site renewable energy.

Approach to Sustainability

2.1. The design process plays a significant role in creating built environment respecting
all
principles of sustainable development.
2.2. The various climatic zones like hot-dry, warm-humid, composite, temperate and
cold
climates as well as sun path movements and annual wind directions along with rainfall
are the vital statistics data which need to be considered while designing a project.
2.3. The building envelope creates harmonious development when neighbourhood poses
one of the biggest challenges in selection of building materials, technologies and
practices. It may be a combination of natural and man-made materials with least
embodied energy and also leading to use of renewable resources. The trade-off
between choice of the materials and technologies and their effect on environment
has to be balanced. As a holistic approach, all efforts should be made towards:
a. Encouraging and harnessing building materials out of agricultural, industrial and
bio-wastes.
b. Environment-friendly and cost-effective.
c. Making building construction more indigenous, more adaptable to climatic zones
of India.
d. Encouraging the use of traditional technologies and local vernacular architecture
and construction practices which may be blended with the modern technology
applications.

Energy Efficient Design and Processes
3.1. Adopt passive architectural design strategies to create climate
sensitive buildings,
with higher thermal comfort and lower energy consumption.
3.2. Effective site planning through orientation of the building
according to sun angle, and
wind direction.
3.3. Reduce the hard paved areas on the site and try to retain the
mature trees as many as
possible.
3.4. Identify the climatic zone of the site according to the NBC-2005
and then prepare the
design strategies.
3.5. Use of low energy or passive heating or cooling measures help to
ensure the overall
thermal comfort of the building.


Establish if there are any protection areas such as
floodplains; forest department
areas; water bodies such as sea, lakes, rivers, wetlands,
tributaries and/or streams;
public parks and recreation areas (unless otherwise
used for the purpose of the
park); and agricultural land (unless serving and
agriculturally related purpose such as
storage, 1.1. processing, transport, etc.) and
demonstrate that no critical natural
resource is impacted by the project and/or dredging
operations;

. Establish the degree to which the existing soil at site and hydrology has been
disturbed
prior to development and demonstrate various site erosion protection measures taken
including measures to preserve top soil and existing vegetation, minimize soil
disturbance.
4.3. A well-planned and optimally oriented building relates well to its site and the
climate.
This maximizes opportunities for :
4.3.1. Passive solar heating when heating is needed.
4.3.2. Solar heat gain during winters.
4.3.3. Natural ventilation as needed.
4.3.4. High-quality day lighting throughout the year.
4.4. Carefully planned building placement shall also minimize storm water runoff,
habitat
disturbance, protect open space, and reduce the risk of soil - erosion.
4.5. Trees are an important factor in passive solar design as they can both provide
needed
shade on a summer day and natural light when it is needed most. Deciduous trees
planted on the south side will lose their leaves in the winter and allow natural light to
enter the house, while evergreen trees planted on the north side will provide shade
from the summer sun.

.

DESIGNING GREEN BUILDINGS
The optimum design solution is one that effectively
emulates all of the natural systems and conditions of
the pre-developed site-after development is complete.
•Adopting integrated approach to building design for
reducing energy in buildings involve :
Site planning- planning with nature making use of
site potential –location, shape, size, orientation,
accessibility, vegetation, surroundings, topography,
physical barriers, bye-laws, zoning, electric lines , future
development, soil, wind direction, services, land use ,
view etc
Evolving minimum energy consumption building
envelop design.
Promoting higher order of building efficiency.
Integration of renewable energy sources to
generate energy on site.
Selection of ecologically sustainable/ low energy
materials.
Using eco- friendly construction methodologies.
Effective water and waste management.
Innovative options used for heating, cooling,
lighting and ventilation.

Integrated Design Process
Climatic Zones In India-
Hot and Dry Climate Zone
Warm and Humid Climate Zone
Moderate / Temperate Climate Zone
Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate Zone
Composite Climate Zone
All the above zones have their :
--specific requirements with regard to light, heat, ventilation
and thermal comfort
 --accordingly require different design strategies
regarding building envelop,
HVAC, lighting ,
 fenestration,
 performance standards

Hot and Dry Climate Zone-
Comfort requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings
Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation
Reduce Heat Gain
Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building
Increase thermal resistance Insulation of building envelope
Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) Massive structure
Decrease air exchange rate
(ventilation during the day)
Smaller windows openings, night ventilation
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/lobbies/balconies/verandahs
Increase shading External surfaces protected by overhangs, fins
and trees
Increase surface reflectivity Pale colour, glazed china mosaic tiles etc.
Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower Solar Heat Gain Co-
efficient-SHGC and provide shading for windows.
Minimize glazing in East and West
Promote Heat Loss

Warm and Humid Climate Zone
Reduce Heat Gain
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation of wall insulation
Reflective surface of roof
Increase buffer spaces Balconies and verandahs
Increase shading Walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs,
fins and trees
Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide
shading for windows. Minimize glazing in East
and West
Promote Heat Loss
Increase air exchange rate (ventilation during
night-time)
Ventilated roof construction, courtyards/
wind tower and arrangement of openings
Decrease humidity levels Dehumidifiers/desiccant cooling

Moderate/Temperate Climate Zone
Reduce Heat Gain
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation and East and West wall
insulation
Increase shading East and West
Walls, glass surfaces
protected by overhangs, fins and trees
Promote Heat Loss
Increase air exchange rate (ventilation) Courtyards and arrangement of openings

Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate Zone- Comfort
requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings
Reduce Heat Loss
Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building. Use of
trees as wind barriers.
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation, wall insulation and double
glazing
Increase thermal capacity (Time Lag) Thicker walls
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/Lobbies
Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping and reducing air
leakage.
Increase surface absorption Darker colours
Promote Heat Gain
Reduce shading Wall and glass surfaces
Trapping heat Sun spaces/green houses/trombe walls
etc.

Composite Climate Zone-
Reduce Heat Gain in Summer and Reduce Heat Loss in Winter
Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building. Use of trees as wind
barriers.
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation, wall insulation
Increase thermal capacity (Time Lag) Thicker walls
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/Balconies
Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping (
Increase shading Walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and
trees
Increase surface reflectivity Pale color, glazed chins mosaic tiles, etc.
Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for
windows. Minimize glazing in East and West
Promote Heat Loss in Summer/Monsoon
Increase air exchange rate (Ventilation) Courtyards/wind towers/arrangement of openings
Increase humidity levels in dry summer Trees and water ponds for evaporative cooling
Decrease humidity in monsoon Dehumidifiers/desiccant cooling

Site Analysis- Location
i)Understanding Site –
• most critical in design process
•. Detailed site analysis needed to--
- Record
--Evaluate information on the site and its surroundings
----understand the various features which will be important during
the design
ii)Location
First aspect that one needs to look at----
• Where is the site located?
• How is the site approached?
• What is the name of the street, the road etc on which the site is
located?
• How far away is the major junction?

Site Analysis- Orientation
iii)Orientation is position/positioning of site with
relation to the points of the compass or other specific
directions
•Orientation of site plays important role in siting of the
building.
When combined with:
•-- wind direction and
•-- sun path
would give a good idea as to how the building /
design should be oriented so as to :
--optimize the design.
•The orientation along with sun path will also determine
the placement of rooms inside buildings.

Site Analysis- Wind Direction
.
iv) Wind Direction
Most of the locations will have a
general major direction from which
the wind comes.
• However, this will not
always hold true and will vary from
location to location.
• For designing a
climatologically responsive
building----
it will be important to consider the
direction of the wind so that it can
be channelized through the
interiors.

Site Analysis-Soil Conditions
vi) SOIL
Soils vary from place to place.
• Their properties also vary according to the type of
soil.
-Sandy soil,
- clayey soil,
--laterite etc
all have different properties– load bearing, water
retentivity /absorption, homogeneity
-- which impact the design of the building.
•Soil conditions are important from structural point
of view while designing buildings.

Site Analysis-Soil Conditions
Sandy soils are dry, nutrient deficient and fast-draining. They have little (or no) ability to
transport water from deeper layers through capillary transport.
The loamy soil of the plain dries quickly and is then very hard, but when wet becomes at
once a hopeless morass. Silt is granular material of a size somewhere between sand
and clay whose origin is quartz . Silt may occur as a soil or as sediment mixed
in suspension with water- such as a river. It may exist as soil deposited at bottom of a
water body. Silt typically non-sticky, plastic feel, has a floury feel when dry, and slippery
feel when wet.

Site Analysis-Topography
vii) Topography –
--refers to the slope and level
of the land whether
--- land is flat/plain or
--- sloping/ undulating
•For designing--a sloping site will
be more challenging.
• If a site is sloping, the exact slope can be
interpreted from a detailed Contour map.
•The locations and spacing of contour play a
big role in the siting of the building.
• Always better to design buildings along with
contours,
• integrating contours into design reduces
unnecessary cutting and filling of soil.

Site Analysis-Vegetation & Natural
Features
•Viii) Vegetation and Natural Features
•Natural vegetation present on the site is very important.
• Every good design will
-- integrate
---highlight &
---accentuate
in design Natural vegetation to create perfect harmony.
•Vegetation comprises of-- trees, flora and fauna present on the site.
•These should be marked on site plan so that it will assist during the design
stage along with the;
--location, ---
-- type of trees,
-- size of the trees,
--diameter or
- spread of the branches/ heights etc
should be identified

Site Analysis-Precipitation &
Hydrology
ix) Hydrology and Precipitation:
•Amount of rainfall and
• Time period during which the rainfall occurs/ site receives
---are to be found out.
•The Relative Humidity of place also has to be found out to
--determine the moisture content in the atmosphere.
• Higher relative humidity suggests a humid climate, for
which cross circulation of wind at the body level is a must for
comfort.
• A lower relative humidity will suggest a dry climate

Site Analysis- Infrastructure Facilities
x) Infrastructure
•Infrastructure facilities refer to services present in the
vicinity of Site.
• Major facilities to be considered are :
-- water supply,
-- Storm water drainage ,
-- Waste disposal,
-- Electricity supply
- Roads
-Communication network etc.
• They are important while planning / zoning in the site
for :
--promoting economy and
--making optimum use of services

Site Analysis-Land Use/Visual
linkages
xi)Surrounding land uses & buildings –
. For optimum design solution —
--surrounding land uses and
--buildings
.need close focus and consideration
• Incompatible landuses may lead to creation of issues in the
design.
•Height and setbacks of adjoining buildings important in ensuring
•--flow of air and
--- sunlight.
xii) Prominent Vision lines / Visual linkages –
•Important element s in the design process.
• Views to the site as well as the views from the site need careful
consideration, while designing.

Site Planning
.
i) Site planning / design requires Architect to consider broad range of
concerns in the synthesis of a design concept.:
---physical aspects of the site
--vision or program of the client,
---designer’s own creative inclination,
-- concerns of the community
---interests of the end user.
--- zoning /bye-laws requirements -- to regulate the density and geometry of
development, road widths ,parking and drainage requirements,
--- natural resource( protection )areas.
ii) Neighbourhood Character
Starting point for any design should be:
-Comprehensive understanding/appreciation of the context
-balancing of neighbourhood character
--strategic planning objectives
--understanding of proposed development
--- relationships to the surrounding public setting/ neighbouring properties
-- any identified strategic issues relating to the site ( Airport, defence installations,
protected zone, prohibited zone CRZ))

Site Planning
.
iii) Physical Characteristics
Site planning incorporate an accurate description of:
• Shape, size, orientation of the site and easements.
• Levels and contours of the site and the difference in levels between the site and
surrounding properties.
• The location and height of existing buildings on the site and surrounding properties.
• The use of surrounding buildings, including location of habitable rooms.
• The location of private open space of surrounding properties and the location of trees,
fences and other.
• Landscape elements.
• Solar access to the site and surrounding properties.
• Street frontage features such as poles, street trees, footpaths and kerb crossovers
•location of shops, public transport services and public open space within walking
distance.
• Movement systems through and around the site.
• Any other notable feature or characteristic of the site or surrounding areas.
• Constraints and opportunities such as heritage places.
• Current access to direct sunlight in summer and winter.
• Demarcating the zone of development
•Reducing/minimizing total impervious area.

Site Planning Principles
.
iv) Site and Slopes
• Good designing follow grades and run along ridge lines.
• Steep site slopes often require increased cut and fill, if building are sited
using conventional methods of designing
• If incorporated into the initial subdivision/layout process-- slope can be
asset to the development.
• For areas with rolling terrain with dissected ridges-- use multiple
short branch cul-de-sacs off collector streets.
v) Use Site Finger-printing
• Site finger-printing (minimal disturbance techniques) can be used to:
-- further reduce the limits of clearing and grading
--minimizing the hydrologic impacts.
Site fingerprinting includes:
-- restricting ground disturbance by
-- indentifying the smallest possible area --clearly delineated on the
site.
-- Reduce paving and compaction of highly permeable soils.

.
vi) Minimizing damage/harm
--Make no changes to the site that will degrade the surrounding environment.
---Promote projects on sites -where previous disturbance /development presents
an opportunity to regenerate ecosystem services through sustainable design.
vii) Precautionary Principle
Be cautious in making decisions that could:
-- create risk to human and environmental health.
--- cause irreversible damage.
-- Examine the full range alternatives
– including no action
-- be open to contributions from all affected parties.
viii)Design with nature and culture
Create and implant designs that are responsive to :
-economic,
-environmental, and
-cultural conditions with respect to :
-- local, regional, and global context.

.
ix)Planning New Pedestrian Links –to promote Pedestrianization and minimising
vehicular traffic
x) Use a decision-making hierarchy of preservation, conversation, and
regeneration
Maximum and mimic the benefits of ecosystem services by :
--preserving existing environmental features
--conserving resources in a sustainable manner, and
--regenerating lost or damaged ecosystem services.
xi) Provide regenerative systems as intergenerational equity
Provide future generations with :
-- sustainable environment
--supported by regenerative systems and
-- endowed with regenerative resources.
xii) Support a living process
Continuously revaluate assumptions and values and adapt to demographic and
environmental change.
xiii) Use a system approach- systematic thinking approach
Understand and value the relationships in an ecosystem and use a approach:
-- that reflects and sustains ecosystems services;
--re-establish the integral and essential relationship --between natural processes and
human activity.

Site Planning-impact of buildings

Survey Plan of Site---Points for consideration
(i) Survey plan should be prepared to the scale
ii) Scale indicated on the drawing.
(iii) Site Dimensions/Angles/diagonals, as measured during survey should only be
indicated in the plan.
Iv) Any dimension indicated on the basis on ‘scaled out’ form -- may lead to confusion/
complication while drawing plans etc.
(v) Survey Plans should contain ‘key plan’ indicating board features of the surroundings.
Vi) R.O.W. of the roads-- if any surrounding the plot should also be given.
(vii) Reference to zone of Master Plan of the area should be given.
(viii) Detailed information about existing services (i.e. Water supply, Sewerage, Drains,
Electricity) to be given.
(ix) Location and size of trees / any other obstacle (like Electric over head line) in
the plot to be given.
(x) Reference to land area, Revenue Khasra No. etc. ,as handed over to be given.
Xi) Compare the land area as handed over and area of land as worked out on the basis
of survey -- reconcile the discrepancy, if any.
Xi) Detailed calculation of areas of land on the basis of survey to be given in the plan itself
under “notes”
.
Surveying the Site

Surveying the Site
xii) Name plate of drawing should be of standard size and should indicate
following:
(a) Name of Division/group/company.
(b) Name of work.
(c) Name & Signature of the Person/s who has /have done the survey.
(d) Date of Survey.
(e) Name & Signature of the Person/s who has /have prepared and
checked the plans.
(f) Scale..
(g) Drawings No. (as recorded in the Drawing Register ).
(h) North Line to be clearly indicated.
(i) Legend/Symbols should be indicated properly.
.

Building Envelope
The interior of the house personifies the private world;
the exterior of it-- is part of the outside world.- Stephen Gardiner
 The Building envelope/ building enclosure is the:
--- physical separator between the interior and the exterior
environments of a building.
-- Serves as the outer shell to help maintain the indoor
environment together with the mechanical conditioning
systems) and facilitate its climate control
. Components of the envelope are typically:
-----walls, floors, roofs, fenestrations and doors.
Fenestrations are opening in the structure including:
 windows,
skylights,
 clearstories, etc.

Building Envelope
“The area that separates conditioned space form
unconditioned space or the outdoors.
 Building envelope includes all components of a
building that enclose conditioned space.
Building envelope components separate
conditioned spaces from unconditioned spaces
or from outside air.”
It serves as the outer shell to protect the indoor
environment as well as to facilitate its climate
control.”

Building Envelope
 According to Institute of Structural Engineers -- the building envelope is the
first line of defence against the undesirable external impact on the building.
 Building envelope,--being the first line of defence,--a passive strategy is
important in achieving building sustainability
Building Envelop ---critical for designing green/sustainable buildings for the
reasons :
i Impact on environment on building envelope and the impact of building
envelope on the environment.
ii Being interface between the internal environment and the external
environment
iii Regulates the interactions between the building and the environment.
iv Protects building against the undesirable external environmental conditions
such as carbon emission, pollution, climate change etc.
v provides indoor conditions suitable for human activities

Building Envelope- ECB Code
•Energy Conservation Building Code aims to improve energy
performance of building envelopes
•It aims to improve energy performance in new buildings through:
--better building design
- day lighting and
-natural ventilation.
-- integration of construction practice and local conditions
• In ECBC, the building envelope should comply with the mandatory
provisions –
•Building designers can also use the whole building performance
provisions of the code or
• compensate high performance in one area of compliance, such as
the envelope, with somewhat lower performance in another (for
example, lighting).

Building Envelope
 . Building envelope design is a specialized area of architectural design
 Functions of the building envelope include:
 • Support
 • Control
 • Finish
 The Control function is the core of good performance-
-rain control,
- air control,
-heat control,
 Control of air flow is important to ensure:
-- indoor air quality
-- control energy consumption,
-- avoid condensation and
-- to provide comfort.
Building Envelop affect building insulation ,

Building Envelope-Relationship
to existing Buildings

Building Envelope-Relationship
to existing Buildings
Height and Massing
Building height can reinforce an area's character.
 Appropriate building height is derived from local context,
--street conditions and character
objectives for an area specific design
--the protection of view lines,
--the natural features of an area,
-- solar access to the public realm

Building Envelope-Height and
Massing

Building Envelope-Height and Massing
Street Setbacks
The setback of buildings from a street edge affects how uses relate to the
public space of the street.
Front setbacks, are also an important aspect, Setbacks add to the apparent
breadth of the adjoining street and provide space for plantings.
Relationships to Adjoining Buildings
The proximity of buildings to each other:
 affects the amenity of spaces inside the building,
 quality of space between buildings,
 visual and acoustic privacy and
 solar access to private and shared open spaces.
The challenge is to provide appropriate separation between buildings to--
maximize light,
 air and outlook
while meeting strategic planning goals and respecting neighbourhood

Building Envelope- View/privacy
. Views to and from Residential Units
Views onto and across streets and other public spaces are
encouraged.
 For the frontages , the design of each building (or the use of
blinds or other screening devices) is to deal with issues of
privacy.
Views from one building into adjoining buildings are, generally
not acceptable,
 design of new buildings is expected to limit intrusion into the
privacy of existing properties.
The location and design of buildings, and open spaces must be
carefully orchestrated to maintain reasonable levels of privacy for
adjacent development

Improvement of Existing Building
Envelope
Optimal performance (and reduced energy demand) depends on a high-
performance building envelop.
Improving building envelope and reduction in outside air infiltration into
existing building can be achieved by:
--- promoting tightness of openings
---plugging leakages
---Adding extra insulation
--- Upgrading insulation of Windows.
--upgrading the equipment in an existing structure,
A tight, insulated shell includes:
-- thermally efficient windows and doors,
--creates an environment that enables ultimate control of conditioned air and
ventilation demand

Efficiency of Building Envelope
 Efficiency and Building Envelope
The U-factor- rating given to a window based on how much heat loss it
allows ( U symbol of internal energy)
 U-factors generally range from 0.2 (very little heat loss) to 1.2 (high heat loss).
 The U-factor is the inverse of the R-value of a window, which measures a window’s insulating value.
 High R-value is same as a low U-factor, and means that a window does not allow much heat to escape.
 U-factor measures heat loss from a window. .
 The lower the number, the better the performance of the assembly
 A poorly-made window cannot get a low U-factor.
 Single-pane windows are about 1.0 and double-panes are about 0.4.
 If you live in a colder climate, or find that you are always heating your home, buying windows with
a low U-factor is a good way to save energy and money.
 The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) offers reliable U-factor ratings for windows
 Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC) measures how window limits radiant heat gain that is
caused by sunlight.
 Radiation is transmitted directly to occupied space and lessens the heating load or increases the
cooling load.
 SHGC expressed as number between 0 and 1
 fraction denotes how much radiation makes it into occupied space. Window with an SHGC 0.35
admit 35 % of the radiant heat that hits the window and reflect 65 %
 -this metric determines how clear the glass is

Efficiency of Building Envelope

R -Value of Materials
R' stands for thermal resistance.
The R-value depends on the type of material, its density and thickness.
Tiny air particles trapped in the insulating material resist the movement of heat (and
cold). The higher the R-value, the better the insulation is at reducing heat flow
R value--Definition--measure of the resistance of an insulating or building
material to heat flow, expressed as R-11, R-20, and so on; the higher the number,
the greater the resistance to heat flow.
All building materials ( walls, floor, ceiling, loft or roof components) have known R-
Values.
R-Value of a material can vary depending on the ‘mode’ of heat transfer you are trying
to block (radiant or conductive);
For different seasons it can be advantageous to use materials with different qualities to
suit whether you want to:
 stop heat getting out (Winter)
or heat getting in (Summer).
Higher the R-Value of a material the better an insulator it is
 but this usually also implies higher costs.
Degree of external temperature range need to deal with where you live.

Building Envelope-Passive
Solar –R values
Passive Solar & R Value
Value is quite important in passive solar building design,
 knowing the correct R-Values for the external walls, floors and
ceilings is key in working out what is termed ‘Skin Losses’; i.e.
Skin Loss --amount of heat that gets lost from the passive solar
building to the surrounding environment.
 R-Value is its direct measure of its resistance to transferring
energy or heat;
 The higher the figure ,better it is at resisting energy transfer,
 Easier it is to maintain a difference in temperatures across it for
a longer time.

Designing Building EnvelopeBuilding Orientation-
Ideal to optimize square shaped plan in alignment with
cardinal directions-if site permits
For Tropics- optimum location of building would be
orienting building with longer axis in north-south direction
Orientation of building determined in physical context with
the site and features
Adjoining buildings and landforms play important role in
campus/building planning
High rise buildings in close proximity compromise—
--day light in the interior spaces
--prevent natural ventilation
--Re-radiate absorbed heat to increase energy consumption
in new building

Designing Building Envelope
 Consider Value of solar radiation-both direct and diffused
—on al surfaces during summer/winter
In designing avoid orientation with highest solar radiation-
in hot zones
Trees/shrubs planted in response to climate/site
requirement
Tree serve as filters to cool and prevailing hot winds
Trees can also be used as shelter/shade to prevent harsh
winds/heat
Trees increase site permeability-using gravel instead of
tar/asphalt
Windows—positioned along North- South facades with
adequate shading to prevent heat gain
Well shaded windows on South enable passive heating in

Orientation/Location of approach/entry
-Building entrances positioned away from direct impact of
adverse site/climatic conditions
Sheltered from winds and direct radiations to avoid heat
gain in building
Air Inlets
--wind flow pattern studied before designing air inlets
--High density/High rise buildings disrupt winds by creating
wind shadows areas- up to 15 times their height
-space between buildings optimized to ensure clear/healthy
ventilation
-- Air quality studied for checking quality of air for ventilation

STACK EFFECT
PROPER ORIENTATION

Building Facia /skin;
Facia must respond to local climatic conditions
Extrusions including-balconies/ verandahs /external corridors
can serve as effective shading devices and prevent heat gain in
summers
Elevations can be broken up into smaller elements to reduce
overall surface area exposed to direct solar radiation
Local traditional architectural practices studied/understood to
respond better to local/regional climate
Building Proportions:
Surface to volume ratio and perimeter to area ratio- largely
determine potential to exploit solar passive design features
effectively
Both these ratios must be kept minimum in hot climates to
achieve design efficiency

In cold climates –high surface to volume ratio-coupled with
attached sun spaces/ solaria- help capture heat and passively
heat the interior spaces
Compact plans with properly zoned interior spaces can
generate efficient/low energy architecture—keeping buffer
spaces such a stairwells/ toilets/stores/garages on the side of
maximum heat gain.
Topography/adjoining built area/ natural forms require
elevations to be treated differently in comparison to what
climate demands
Where adjoining buildings block the light/ ventilation-
provide larger windows/air inlets on façade
For reducing energy intensive systems for light/ ventilation–
buildings to be planned to allow maximum possible ingress
of natural light and ventilation to all occupied spaces.

Day lighting maximized with
-- optimal visible sky component in all occupied spaces-
-- through making windows opening into occupied spaces
--free from obstructions that may block the clear view of sky
from them-
-- including building/trees etc
Under ideal conditions-
 lowest floor window should subtend an angle
-- not greater than 22.5 degree with the
-- top of the adjoining building/ object
-- This angle ensures ideal distance for sound natural
ventilation

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Designing Traditional Vs Green Buildings
Traditional Approach vs Integrated Green Building Approach
TB-Involvement of project members limited to their trade &
specialisation
GB- Project members involved right from beginning to help
shape the design and planning process
TB- Project gets more intensive as it progresses-Less time
spent in beginning
GB-Project starts intensively with more time spent in
meetings/discussions
TB– Decisions made by few stakeholders- owners,architect,
contractor
GB—Decisions made by team based on research,
discussions, brainstorming sessions

Designing Traditional Vs Green Buildings
TB- A linear process adopted
GB—Integrated system thinking approach adopted
TB-Focus is to reduce upfront capital cost
GB—Aim is to reduce long term O&M costs by using highly
efficient systems
TB—Systems considered in isolation leading often to over-
designing/over-sizing
GB- Building performance used to assess impact of each system
individually/collectively to create optimum design
TB- Project members undertake limited responsibilities
GB-Members share equal responsibilities /work jointly
TB-Linear process ends when construction of project is
completed
GB- Design approach emphasizes performance of

Energy efficiency- Embodied &Operating energy
Green buildings often include measures to reduce
energy consumption both —
 embodied energy required to extract, process,
transport and install building materials and
operating energy to provide services such as
heating and power for equipment.
 High-performance buildings use less operating
energy,
 embodied energy assumed much greater
importance – may make up as much as 30% of
overall life cycle energy consumption.
 Buildings built with wood have lower embodied
energy than built with brick, concrete, or steel.

Energy efficiency- Embodied energy

Energy efficiency- Embodied &Operating energy

Energy efficiency- Embodied Energy

Reducing Embodied Energy
Using rapidly renewable raw materials for manufacturing products—bamboo,
eucalyptus, rubber, poplar, jute etc- small diameter trees that can be
harvested in a short span of 10 years’ or less
--Using waste materials /waste generated from manufacturing processes
--Using recycled contents-
i) Pre-consumer/post-industrial cycled contents—products produced as result
of manufacturing process
ii) Post- consumer recycled contents—contents generated after the product s
are disposed off at the end of their life- Gypsum board partition, ceramic tiles,
terrazzo flooring
--Using non-toxic raw materials
--using products which are durable, requiring low maintenance, generate
minimum waste during manufacturing
--- Salvaging timber and wood products – antique furniture
Composite wood products—hard boards, block boards, particle board,
veneered panels
--products using --agro waste, industrial waste,-- fibrous gypsum plaster

Reducing Embodied Energy
Avoiding High embodied energy materials- cement, concrete, steel etc-
increase depletion of natural resources/contribute to increased generation of
co2
Using Less energy intensive materials and technologies including;
--Pre- stressed slab- leads to 25% lighter than conventional RCC- less
materials and decrease in load
--Perforated brick masonry -comprises of high strength hollow bricks with
perforations to 50-60% which can act as sound/ heat insulators
--Stabilised compressed earth blocks– bricks made of mud+ stabilised with
5% cement lime- compacted in block making machines without burning-
economical , energy saving, simple to manufacture
Pre-cast hollow concrete blocks- cavities in blocks provide better thermal
insulation- also donot need external/internal plastering
--Pre-Cast Stone Blocks– larger than normal bricks- manufactured by using
waste stone pieces + lean cement concrete- enable using local materials
Rat Trap Bond– saves 25% bricks+ 40% mortar
Composite Ferro Concrete System:-- Reduces thickness of walls and allows

Energy efficiency- Operating energy
To reduce operating energy , designers use details that –
--reduce air leakage through the building envelop
Specify high-performance windows
Provide extra insulation in walls, ceilings and floors.
Using Passive solar building design in low-energy homes.
 Orient windows and walls and place awnings (a sheet of canvas or other
material stretched on a frame and used to keep the sun or rain off a window,
door way ), porches,
 Effective window placement (daylighting) to provide more natural
light and reduce need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water
heating further reduces energy costs.
Intelligent use of landscape—trees, shade windows /roofs during the
summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter
On site generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind
power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the
environmental impact of the building
 Power generation is generally most expensive feature .

Energy efficiency- Insulating Roofs/walls
Technical Tips For Roofs and Walls
• Additional insulation cost pays back in energy savings-resulting
from correct sizing HVAC equipment to reduced cooling loads.
 Insulation of walls important for reducing conduction losses
particuarly where there is significant difference between inside
and outside temperature.
 Many types of insulations available--few prevent air movement
and moisture movement into and out of the conditioned space.
 Infiltration and ex-filtration is the unwanted air movement
through a building and is caused by a pressure difference (air
move form high pressure to a lower pressure).
Limiting air infiltration and ex-filtration is key to improving
energy efficiency.
 Optimize insulation by applying it to the outside of the wall
components to minimize thermal bridging.

Reducing Heat Islands
---
--
Heat Island- an urban area having higher average temperature than its rural
surroundings owing to greater absorption, retention/ generation of heat by its
buildings, pavements, and human activities.
Reducing hard paving/surfaces-- to minimise heat island effect
•Cool Roof– Roof absorb lot of heat- dark coloured roof can heat up to 7 C
degree hotter than ambient temperature- light coloured increase just 2-3 C
•Provide lighter paint
•Cool/Light coloured facades– similar to roof- easily heat up-- with high
surface reflectivity- HVAC load can be reduced by 7.5%
•Green Roofs and Walls- reduce heat gain/ heat loss due to-
•Evaporation leading to low heat island effect
•Acts as insulator to heat
•Reduce energy consumption of the buildings
• Creating High Albedo( Reflective) walkways and streets by– making them
of light coloured aggregate to minimise surrounding temperature
•Shaded Surfaces– streets and walkways– people to walk and to park cars
•Pervious Paving– Pervious surfaces can minimize storm water runoff–
absorb moistures—reduce air temperature
•Planting Trees– shading building facades/pavements to reduce heat gain,
helps mitigating heat island effect. An average tree offers a cooling effect in
atmosphere equivalent to about 5 air-conditioners

Day Lighting
Aims of Good Lighting
Good lighting necessary for all buildings -has three primary
aims-- i. To promote work /other activities carried within the
building;
ii To promote the safety of the people using the building;
iii To create a pleasing environment for the occupants and a
sense of their well-being.
Daylighting
The primary source of day lighting is the sun.
The light received by the earth from the sun consists of two
parts, i. direct solar illuminance and
ii. sky illuminance.
For the purposes of daylighting design, direct solar illuminance
shall not be considered
 only sky illuminance shall be taken as contributing to

Day Lighting
. General Principles of Openings to afford Good Lighting
Generally, taller openings give greater penetrations--- and
broader openings give better distribution of light.
Broader openings may be equally/ more efficient, provided their
sills are raised by 300 mm to 600 mm above the working plane.
 It is preferable that some area of the sky at an altitude of 20° to
25° should light up the working plane.
For a given penetration--number of small openings properly
positioned adjacent or opposite walls will give better distribution
of illumination than a single large opening.
Unilateral lighting from side openings will, in general, be
unsatisfactory if the effective width of the room is more than 2 to
2.5 times the distance from the floor to the top of the opening.
Openings on two opposite sides give greater uniformity of
internal daylight illumination, especially when room is 7 m or

Day lighting
Effective day lighting strategies should include a
combination of the following strategies:
-- Exterior shading: Overhangs and vertical fins
block direct sun and can bounce reflected light
into interior spaces.
---Interior light distribution: Light shelves,
diffusers, or reflective surfaces move the light
further back into the space.
 Day lighting controls: Automatic or manual
controls dim or turn-off electric lighting when
there is sufficient daylight.

Light Shelf-A light shelf is a horizontal surface that reflects daylight deep into a building. Light
shelves are placed above eye-level and have high-reflectance upper surfaces, which reflect daylight onto the ceiling and
deeper into the space

Day Lighting
 Cross-lighting with openings on adjacent walls tends to increase
the diffused lighting within a room.
Openings in deep / recessed, tend to minimize glare effects.
Openings to be provided with Chajjas ,louvers, baffles or other
shading devices to exclude, as far as possible,;
--direct sunlight entering the room.
translucent glass panes (opal or matt) surfaced by grinding,
etching or sandblasting, con-figurated or corrugated glass,
tinted glass and glass blasts

Artificial Lighting
Artificial Lighting
Artificial lighting may have to be provided
a) where the recommended illumination levels have to be
obtained by artificial lighting only,
b) to supplement day lighting when the level of illumination falls
below the recommendedvalue, and
c) where visual task may demand a higher level of illumination.
 Artificial Lighting Design for Interiors
For general lighting purposes, the recommended practice is to
design for a level of illumination on the working plane for Office
on the basis of the recommended levels for visual tasks is 300-750
lux

Lighting Levels Indoor
Common and Recommended Light Levels Indoor
Outdoor light level is approximately 10,000 lux on a clear day.
 In the building, in the area closest to windows, the light level may be reduced
to approximately 1,000 lux.
In the middle area its may be as low as 25 - 50 lux.
 Additional lighting equipment is often necessary to compensate the low
levels.
Earlier light levels were in the range 100 - 300 lux for normal activities. Today
common light level is in the range 500 - 1000 lux - depending on activity.
 For precision/ detailed works, the light level may even approach 1500 - 2000
lux
Measuring Units Light Level - Illuminance
Illumenance is measured in foot candles (ftcd, fc, fcd) (or lux in the metric SI
system).
 A foot candle is actually one lumen of light density per square foot
1 lux = 1 lumen / sq meter = 0.0001 phot = 0.0929 foot candle (ftcd, fcd)
1 phot = 1 lumen / sq centimeter = 10000 lumens / sq meter = 10000 lux

Lighting standard
Activity
Illumination
(lux, lumen/m2
)
Public areas with dark surroundings 20 - 50
Simple orientation for short visits 50 - 100
Working areas where visual tasks are only occasionally performed 100 - 150
Warehouses, Homes, Theaters, Archives 150
Easy Office Work, Classes 250
Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries, Show Rooms,
Laboratories
500
Supermarkets, Mechanical Workshops, Office Landscapes 750
Normal Drawing Work, Detailed Mechanical Workshops, Operation
Theatres
1,000
Detailed Drawing Work, Very Detailed Mechanical Works 1500 - 2000
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size for
prolonged periods of time
2000 - 5000
Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual tasks 5000 - 10000
Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast and
small size
10000 - 20000
e

Energy efficiency– Day Lighting
.
Rules of thumb to maximize day-lighting without compromising
thermal performance are as follow:
• Know the true north orientation of the site and include it on all
plan drawings.
• If the site allows, the first attempt at building placement should
be with the long axis running east-west.
• Minimize apertures on the east and especially the west.
Low sun angles for these orientations makes shading extremely
difficult without blocking the entire window.
Keep window-to-wall ratio between 0.30 and 0.40.
Higher WWR will require careful handling.
• Develop initial thoughts about shading strategy and glazing type.
• Determine whether your project budget will allow consideration
of a light shelf or exterior projecting shading elements.

.

Sun pipe
Sun Pipes used to lit
basement,
Viswa Syamalam, IGBC Platinum

Energy efficiency- windows
• Begin window design with both interior consideration and
exterior appearance simultaneously.
Place windows primarily to provide view and light.
 Identify which occupant task best benefit from daylight
before laying out task locations on floors.
Put tasks requiring low, uniform light levels or with periodic
occupancy (e.g.telephone closet) in the building core.
Keep interior finishes light-coloured.
 Discuss day-lighting concepts with lighting designer or
consultant to ensure optimisation of the electric lighting
design process.
• Built a simple model and view it outdoors for lighting
quality and glare..

Energy efficiency Choose between dual-pane and single-pane glazing.
 This is the critical first decision in glazing selection.
 Although higher in first cost, dual-pane insulating glazing typically improves comfort
in perimeter zones, improves acoustic performance,
 Single-pane glazing with exterior shading can be effective in mild climates.
 Select a moderate visible transmittance for glare control (50-70% is good starting point,
depending on visual tasks, window size and glare sensitivity;
 Larger the windows --more critical the glare control--lower the desirable visible
transmittance).
 • Balance the conflict between glare and use light. If glare is an anticipated problem,
 If an architectural solution to glare is not possible ---then select a glazing visible
transmittance ---that is a compromise between glare and light.
 A visible transmittance as low as 25% may still provide adequate daylight.
 Window size and glazing selection can trade off with each other.
 Larger window area requires lower visible transmittance; smaller windows requires
high visible transmittance.
 A good target value for effective aperture is between 0.30 and 0.40.

Energy efficiency
Don’t assume that dark glass provides good solar control.
Dark glazing can block more light than heat, and therefore only
minimally reduce cooling load.
Dark glass can produce gloomy interior atmosphere and may
affect productivity and absenteeism.
Now a days Solar control is available in much clearer glazing.
 Don’t count on glazing alone to reduce heat gain and
discomfort.
If direct solar beams come into the building
--they still create a mechanical cooling load and
-- discomfort for occupants in their path.
Exterior shading combined with a good glazing selection is the
best window strategy.
Interior shading options can also control solar heat gain.

Energy efficiency- Double/Triple Glazed windows

Implications of Built Environment


Facts about Water Somewhere between 70 and 75 percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
 Much more fresh water is stored under the ground in aquifers than on earth’s surface
 The earth is a closed system- meaning that it rarely loses or gains extra matter.
 The same water that existed on the earth millions of years ago is still present today.
 The total amount of water on the earth is about 326 million cubic miles .
 Of all the water on the earth, humans can use only about three tenths of a percent of
this water. Such usable water is found in groundwater aquifers, rivers, and freshwater
lakes.
 The United States uses about 346,000 million gallons of fresh water every day.
 The United States uses 80 percent of its water for irrigation and thermoelectric power.
 The average person in the United States uses anywhere from 80-100 gallons of water
per day. Flushing the toilet actually takes up the largest amount of this water.
 Approximately 85 percent of U.S. residents receive their water from public water
facilities. The remaining 15 percent supply their own water from private wells or other
sources.
 Pure water ( hydrogen and oxygen atoms) has a neutral pH of 7, which is neither acidic
nor basic.
 Water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid including sulphuric acid.1
 Wherever it travels, water carries chemicals, minerals, and nutrients with it.

Facts about Water
 Water is the most important resource in the world.
 68.7% of the fresh water on Earth is trapped in glaciers.1
 30% of fresh water is in the ground.1
 1.7% of the world’s water is frozen and therefore unusable.1
 The length of the side of a cube which could hold the Earth’s estimated total volume of
water in km = 1150.10
 780 million People lack access to an improved water source.4
 85% of the world population lives in the driest half of the planet.13
 In one day, 200 m work hours are consumed by women collecting water for families.4
 1/3 what the world spends on bottled water in one year could pay for projects providing
water to everyone in need.4
 Unsafe water kills 200 children every hour.4
 Water weighs about 8 pounds a gallon.5
 The freezing point of water lowers as the amount of salt dissolved in at increases. With
average levels of salt, seawater freezes at -2 °C (28.4 °F).
 Water expands by 9% when it freezes.8
 About 6,800 gallons of water is required to grow a day’s food for a family of four.3
 To create one pint of beer it takes 20 gallons of water.313
 ,
300 tons of water are required to manufacture 1 ton of steel.15
5

Facts about Water Roughly 70 percent of an adult’s body is made up of water.
 At birth, water accounts for approximately 80 percent of an infant’s body weight.
 A healthy person can drink about three gallons (48 cups) of water per day.
 Drinking too much water too quickly can lead to water intoxication.
 Water intoxication occurs when water dilutes the sodium level in the bloodstream and
causes an imbalance of water in the brain
 While the daily recommended amount of water is eight cups per day, not all of this
water must be consumed in the liquid form. Nearly every food or drink item provides
some water to the body.
 Soft drinks, coffee, and tea, while made up almost entirely of water, also contain
caffeine.
 Caffeine can act as a mild diuretic, preventing water from travelling to necessary
locations in the body.
 By the time a person feels thirsty, his or her body has lost over 1 percent of its total
water amount.
 The weight a person loses directly after intense physical activity is weight from water,
not fat
 .

Facts about Water
 70% of the human brain is water.5
 80% of all illness in the developing world is water related.
 Up to 50% of water is lost through leaks in cities in the developing world.
 In Nairobi urban poor pay 10 times more for water than in New York.6
 In some countries, less than half the population has access to clean water.7
 $260 billion is the estimated annual economic loss from poor water and sanitation in
developing countries.
 The average cost for water supplied to a home in the U.S. is about $2.00 for 1,000
gallons, which equals about 5 gallons for a penny.8
 A person can live about a month without food, but only about a week without water.8
 Children in the first 6 months of life consume seven times as much water per pound as
the average American adult.
 United States draws more than 40 billion gallons (151 million liters) of water from the
Great Lakes every day—half of which is used for electrical power production.12

Facts about Water Agriculture accounts for ~70% of global freshwater withdrawals (up to 90% in some
fast-growing economies).
 American use 5.7 billion gallons per day from toilet flushes.15
 Each day, we also lose a little more than a cup of water (237 ml) when we exhale it.17
 By 2025, water withdrawals are predicted to increase by 50 percent in developing
countries and 18 percent in developed countries.1895
 Two-thirds of the world’s is projected to face water scarcity by 2025, according to the
United Nations.42
 A water-efficient dishwasher uses as little as 4 gallons per cycle but hand washing
dishes uses 20 gallons of water.20
 It takes more than twice the amount of water to produce coffee than it does tea.21
• There have been 265 recorded incidences of water conflicts from 3000 BC to 2012.2
• It takes seven and a half years for the average American residence to use the same
amount of water that flows over the Niagara Falls in one second (750,000 gallons).34
 263 rivers either cross or demarcate international political boundaries.3
 A 0.3 pound burger requires 660 gallons of water.
 1 slice of bread requires 11 gallons of water.--
1 apple requires 18 gallons of water.--
1 pound
of chocolate requires 3,170 gallons :

Facts about Water If the entire world’s water were fit into a 4 liter jug, the fresh water available for us
would equal only about one tablespoon.23
 Over 90% of the world’s supply of fresh water is located in Antarctica.23
 Water regulates the Earth’s temperature.23
 The average swimming pool takes 22,000 gallons of water to fill.24
 It takes about 70 gallons of water to fill a bathtub.229
 65% of freshwater withdrawals in China are used for agriculture.29
 Freshwater withdrawals for agriculture exceed 90% in many countries: Cambodia 94%,
Pakistan 94%, Vietnam 95%, Madagascar 97%, Iran 92%, Ecuador 92%.29
 If everyone in the US flushed the toilet just one less time per day, we could save a lake
full of water about one mile long, one mile wide and four feet deep.30
 If everyone in the US used just one less gallon of water per shower every day, we could
save some 85 billion gallons of water per year.30
 In a 100-year period, a water molecule spends 98 years in the ocean, 20 months as ice,
about 2 weeks in lakes and rivers, and less than a week in the atmosphere.31
 There is more fresh water in the atmosphere than in all of the rivers on the planet
combined.
 If all of the water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere fell at once, distributed evenly, it
would only cover the earth with about an inch of water.34
 An

Standards of Public Services/Amenities

Water Management
 Key drivers of water demand and
consumption:
--Rapid growth of population
--Increased Urbanization
Increased per capita income
 high consumption life style
-Industrialization
-- Water intensive fixtures
--Water intensive agriculture crop

Water Management
a)We're wasting and polluting what water we have.
Up to 30% of fresh water supplies are lost due to leakage in developed
countries, and in some major cities, losses can run as high as 40% to 70%.
90% sewage /70% of industrial wastes in developing countries are discharged
into water courses without treatment, often polluting the usable water supply
b) How does using our water wisely make a difference?
Water is a limited resource.
What each of us does in the world, how we live, does make a difference.
 As we learn the value of clean, safe water and how scarce it truly is, we can
take steps to protect it and to get it to people who lack access today.
 Nearly 1 billion people, mostly in developing world, have no access to safe
water?
More than double this number - about 2.4 billion - have no access to any form
of improved sanitation facilities.
.

Water conservationWater conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities made
to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource, to protect the water
environment, and to meet current and future human demand. Population,
household size, and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used.
Factors such as climate change will increase pressures on natural water
resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.[1]
The goals of water conservation efforts include:
i. Ensuring availability of water for future generations.
 ii. withdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem does not exceed its natural
replacement rate.
Iii.Energy conservation. Reducing--Water pumping, delivery and waste water
treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy----In some regions
of the world over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water
management.
Iv. Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use to preserve fresh water
habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, and to reduce the need to
build new dams and other water diversion infrastructures.
.

Water Management According to the EPA, "water efficiency is the:
 -- smart use of our water resources
 --through water-saving technologies
 Using water efficiently to ensure reliable water supplies today and
 -- for future generations.“
 The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that
 -- United States uses more than 400 billion gallons of water per day.
 building operations including landscaping accounts for 47 billion gallons/day-12% of total water
use.
 As residential, commercial, industrial, and other development expands,
 -- so does the use of the limited potable water supply, water that is suitable for drinking.
 Most buildings rely on municipal sources of potable water to meet their needs, from flushing
toilets to washing and landscape irrigation.
 High demand strains supplies and under extreme conditions necessitates water rationing.
 large amounts of wastewater overwhelm treatment facilities,
 untreated overflow can contaminate rivers, lakes, and the water table with bacteria, nitrogen,
toxic metals, and other pollutants
 To avoid this damage to the ecosystem, additional municipal supply and treatment facilities must
be built, at public cost.
 Water pumping and treatment-- both to and away from the project- to be voided – as they require
energy, whose production generates additional greenhouse gas emissions.

Water efficiency
Reducing consumption/protecting water quality key objects of sustainable
building
 Critical issue of water consumption -- in many areas, demands on supplying
aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself.
 Maximise facilities which have dependence on water that is collected, used,
purified, and reused on-site.
 Protection/ conservation of water may be accomplished by;
-- designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing /for
washing of the cars.
 Waste-water minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-
low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.
 Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and
increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site..
 use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use- for irrigation --will
minimize demands on the local aquifer.
Large commercial buildings with water/ energy efficiency can qualify for LEED
Certification.

Water Management Strategies
a) Promoting Green building to encourages :
 -innovative water-saving strategies
 --that help projects use water wisely.
b) Following integrated process to begin assessing:
 -- existing water resources,
 -- opportunities for reducing water demand, and
 -- alternative water supplies.
c) Promoting effective water strategies include:
 Installing efficient plumbing fixtures.
 Using non-potable water.
 Installing sub-meters.
 Choosing locally adapted plants.
 Using Xeri-scaping. --a landscaping method developed especially for arid/semi-arid
climates that utilizes water-conserving techniques -- use of drought-tolerant plants,
mulch, and efficient irrigation
 --Xeriscaping (often incorrectly spelled zero-scaping or xeroscaping) is landscaping
and gardening that reduces / eliminates the need for supplemental water from
irrigation
 Selecting efficient irrigation technologies.

Water Management
Optimizing water usage :
Water efficient fixtures
i)Water efficient W Cs-
 gravity tank WC- conventional system use 13.5 liters/flush whereas low flush uses 6
liters and latest ultra low flush uses 3 liters-saving of 40-50%
 -Flush valve operate more efficiently than gravity tanks- create electronic flush system
 -Aim is to create waterless toilets
 ii) Urinal
 -- Conventional urinals use 7.5-11 liters/flush, innovated flush system reduce water to
0.4 liters or more—Zero water urinals/ waterless urinals, Timed flush system ,Sensor
controlled automated system,
 iii) Faucets-
 Conventional faucet uses 15 liters of water/ minute– low flow faucets use 2liters/minute
 Iv) Shower Heads– conventional showerheads generally use 11-26 liters/minute
Which can be replaced by low flow shower heads using 9 liters/min or even less-
----use narrow sprayer and effective mix of air and water

Water efficiency
 Fundamental Principles of Green Building and Sustainable Site Design
Water Quality and Conservation Key Principles:
i Preserve the existing natural water cycle
Ii. Design site and buildings such that they closely emulate the
site’s natural “pre-development” hydrological systems.
iii Emphasis placed on retention of storm water and on-site
infiltration and ground water recharge- using methods that
closely emulate natural systems.
iv Minimize the unnecessary and inefficient use of potable water
on the site
v maximize the recycling and reuse of water, including
-harvested rainwater,
--storm water, and
--gray water.

Promoting Green buildings

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