Project Oxygen aims to develop technologies that enable pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech recognition and knowledge access to help users accomplish tasks. It also includes system technologies like stationary and portable devices (Enviro21s and Handy21s) that are connected by dynamic networks. These integrated technologies work together using principles of distribution, semantics, adaptation and privacy to address human needs. The goal is to develop an open software system sponsored by DARPA that can better serve users through continued innovation.
Project Oxygen aims to develop integrated technologies that address human needs through pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech recognition and automation that help users perform tasks, as well as system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) that deliver the user technologies anywhere. The technologies work together with themes of distribution, semantics, adaptation and privacy in mind. The goal is to develop an integrated software system through DARPA and industry partners' work.
Oxygen is a project that aims to develop integrated technologies to enable pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech and vision recognition to allow natural interaction. It also includes system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s) to provide universal access to computing power. E21s are stationary devices that can be embedded in homes, offices, and vehicles to sense the environment and interact with users. H21s are portable devices that users can customize. N21s allow devices and services to be identified by how users intend to use them rather than just location. Together these technologies aim to distribute computing power anywhere users need it.
23496302 project-oxygen in word from scribdamit243881
Project Oxygen aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech and vision recognition to allow natural communication, as well as automation, personalized knowledge access, and collaboration tools. The system technologies are stationary embedded devices (E21s) and portable handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s). E21s are embedded in homes, offices, etc. and can control the local environment, while H21s are portable but can offload tasks to nearby E21s. N21s allow devices and resources to be identified by intent rather than location and enable collaboration between devices. [/SUMMARY]
Oxygen is a software system that aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech/vision recognition and automation/collaboration tools to help users perform tasks. The system technologies include stationary Enviro21 devices embedded in homes/offices/cars and handheld Handy21 devices that provide computing power anywhere. These devices are connected through dynamic networks that allow users to access information and services securely from any location. Oxygen seeks to develop these technologies to better serve human needs through distributed, mobile, and adaptive computing.
The document summarizes Project Oxygen, which aims to create pervasive, human-centered computing. It discusses Oxygen's integrated technologies, including stationary and handheld devices (E21s and H21s) that provide universal computation and communication. Dynamic networks (N21s) connect these devices and support resource discovery, security, and adaptation. Oxygen's software architecture uses abstraction, specification, and persistent storage to support modular and adaptable components that can achieve users' goals by configuring available services.
Project Oxygen aims to make computation pervasive and freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices called H21 and embedded devices called E21. These devices would communicate through a wireless network called N21. The goal is to make interaction more natural and human-centered through speech and gestures rather than typing or clicking. Technologies involved include device technologies, network technologies, software technologies, and perceptual technologies for vision and speech. Challenges include making the system pervasive, embedded, nomadic, adaptable, powerful yet efficient, intentional, and eternal. Potential applications include business, medicine, and education. The project is sponsored by several companies but has not yet been fully realized.
This document describes Project Oxygen, which aims to make computation human-centered by making it freely available everywhere through various integrated technologies. It discusses the vision of ubiquitous computing, the user and system technologies like speech/vision recognition and adaptive software. It outlines the intelligent room and handheld devices that are being developed, and how networks and perpetual interaction techniques will allow natural human communication with these systems. The challenges of developing a fully embedded, nomadic, adaptable and eternal computing system are also mentioned.
Project Oxygen aims to create a human-centered computing environment where computation is freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices. It seeks to allow users to communicate naturally using speech and gestures rather than requiring interaction on computers' terms. The project involves developing technologies like handheld and embedded devices (H21 and E21), self-configuring networks (N21), and speech, vision, automation and collaboration tools to realize this vision. Several challenges around pervasive, embedded, nomadic and adaptive computing must be addressed. The project is a $50 million multi-company effort started in 1999, but key concepts like N21 and INS remain difficult to implement practically.
Project Oxygen aims to develop integrated technologies that address human needs through pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech recognition and automation that help users perform tasks, as well as system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) that deliver the user technologies anywhere. The technologies work together with themes of distribution, semantics, adaptation and privacy in mind. The goal is to develop an integrated software system through DARPA and industry partners' work.
Oxygen is a project that aims to develop integrated technologies to enable pervasive, human-centered computing. It includes user technologies like speech and vision recognition to allow natural interaction. It also includes system technologies like embedded devices (E21s) and handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s) to provide universal access to computing power. E21s are stationary devices that can be embedded in homes, offices, and vehicles to sense the environment and interact with users. H21s are portable devices that users can customize. N21s allow devices and services to be identified by how users intend to use them rather than just location. Together these technologies aim to distribute computing power anywhere users need it.
23496302 project-oxygen in word from scribdamit243881
Project Oxygen aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech and vision recognition to allow natural communication, as well as automation, personalized knowledge access, and collaboration tools. The system technologies are stationary embedded devices (E21s) and portable handheld devices (H21s) connected by dynamic networks (N21s). E21s are embedded in homes, offices, etc. and can control the local environment, while H21s are portable but can offload tasks to nearby E21s. N21s allow devices and resources to be identified by intent rather than location and enable collaboration between devices. [/SUMMARY]
Oxygen is a software system that aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through integrated user and system technologies. The user technologies include speech/vision recognition and automation/collaboration tools to help users perform tasks. The system technologies include stationary Enviro21 devices embedded in homes/offices/cars and handheld Handy21 devices that provide computing power anywhere. These devices are connected through dynamic networks that allow users to access information and services securely from any location. Oxygen seeks to develop these technologies to better serve human needs through distributed, mobile, and adaptive computing.
The document summarizes Project Oxygen, which aims to create pervasive, human-centered computing. It discusses Oxygen's integrated technologies, including stationary and handheld devices (E21s and H21s) that provide universal computation and communication. Dynamic networks (N21s) connect these devices and support resource discovery, security, and adaptation. Oxygen's software architecture uses abstraction, specification, and persistent storage to support modular and adaptable components that can achieve users' goals by configuring available services.
Project Oxygen aims to make computation pervasive and freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices called H21 and embedded devices called E21. These devices would communicate through a wireless network called N21. The goal is to make interaction more natural and human-centered through speech and gestures rather than typing or clicking. Technologies involved include device technologies, network technologies, software technologies, and perceptual technologies for vision and speech. Challenges include making the system pervasive, embedded, nomadic, adaptable, powerful yet efficient, intentional, and eternal. Potential applications include business, medicine, and education. The project is sponsored by several companies but has not yet been fully realized.
This document describes Project Oxygen, which aims to make computation human-centered by making it freely available everywhere through various integrated technologies. It discusses the vision of ubiquitous computing, the user and system technologies like speech/vision recognition and adaptive software. It outlines the intelligent room and handheld devices that are being developed, and how networks and perpetual interaction techniques will allow natural human communication with these systems. The challenges of developing a fully embedded, nomadic, adaptable and eternal computing system are also mentioned.
Project Oxygen aims to create a human-centered computing environment where computation is freely available everywhere through configurable generic devices. It seeks to allow users to communicate naturally using speech and gestures rather than requiring interaction on computers' terms. The project involves developing technologies like handheld and embedded devices (H21 and E21), self-configuring networks (N21), and speech, vision, automation and collaboration tools to realize this vision. Several challenges around pervasive, embedded, nomadic and adaptive computing must be addressed. The project is a $50 million multi-company effort started in 1999, but key concepts like N21 and INS remain difficult to implement practically.
The document discusses Project Oxygen, a research project aimed at developing technologies for pervasive and human-centered computing. It describes the challenges of creating a computing system that is embedded, nomadic, adaptable, and eternal. The project focuses on developing device technologies like intelligent spaces (E21) and mobile devices (H21), network technologies (N21), and user technologies including speech and visual interfaces. It provides examples of prototypes developed, including an intelligent room capable of voice recognition and identifying faces, as well as a mobile device. The goal of the project is to realize Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing integrated naturally into people's daily lives.
This document provides an overview of Project Oxygen, which aims to embed computation into everyday human life through pervasive and human-centered computing technologies. It describes several key technologies being developed, including intelligent spaces (E21) that can understand speech and gestures, mobile devices (H21) that are lightweight and customizable, and networks (N21) that allow devices to automatically discover and collaborate with each other. The goal is for computation to be seamlessly integrated and accessible anywhere, through technologies like knowledge access and automation. Project Oxygen is moving closer to realizing Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing.
Oxygen aims to enable pervasive, human-centered computing through a combination of user technologies like speech and vision recognition, and system technologies that deliver these user technologies through devices in homes, offices, cars, and handheld devices. The Oxygen technologies work together with a focus on distribution and mobility of people, resources and services; semantic content over just words; adaptation and change; and privacy of information personalities. Oxygen is being developed through collaboration between DARPA, industry partners, researchers and students to continually improve and better serve human needs.
1. HomeOS is an operating system that aims to provide a unified platform for managing smart home devices and developing applications that can control these devices.
2. It presents all network devices in the home as peripherals connected to a central "logical PC" to simplify management and enable cross-device applications.
3. HomeOS addresses challenges like heterogeneity across homes, limited support for third-party devices/applications, and difficulties with incremental growth through a layered architecture and protocol-independent interfaces.
The document discusses the DEUS project which aims to develop wireless services and networks with easy deployment and use. It studies applications in cultural events, indoor guidance, and senior mobility support. The challenges include collecting and analyzing sensor data, developing intelligent reasoning software, and designing intuitive user interfaces. The project evaluates concepts using proof of concept tests and uses cases for senior tracking and guided tours. [/SUMMARY]
This document describes a smart home automation project using voice recognition and an Android application. The project uses a microcontroller and Bluetooth module to receive voice commands from the Android app and control electrical appliances like lights and fans. When a user issues a voice command through the app, the Bluetooth module receives the command and sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the appliances based on the command. The system allows users to control multiple loads securely using voice recognition on a mobile device without needing a separate remote control.
White Paper - Tracking Assets and Workers in ConstructionJulia McNally
This white paper looks at how Iknaia uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to track and monitor workers and assets in the construction industry, where other traditional technologies such as GPS and Wireless signals are not available.
Mobile computing allows users to access network services and applications from portable devices anywhere and anytime. It involves wireless communication technologies that power mobile phones, tablets, laptops and other devices. These devices run mobile operating systems like Android and iOS that optimize for limited resources while providing full functionality. Mobile computing has many applications including emergency response, vehicle telematics, e-commerce, industrial automation, home assistance, office productivity and more. It represents a natural evolution of computing towards ubiquitous access through portable, connected devices.
Syslog Technologies is a technology solutions and services provider founded in 2005. It has over 8 years of experience providing customized IT solutions, development and education services, and staffing to various industries. It offers training programs conducted by industry experts on topics such as cloud computing, networking security, mobile computing, and wireless sensor networks. The company aims to train and place students and professionals through both academic projects and industry-oriented training.
This document discusses mobile computing. It begins by defining mobile computing as human-computer interaction that allows transmission of data, voice and video via wireless devices without a fixed connection. It then discusses mobile communication, hardware, and software. For mobile hardware, it describes devices like smartphones, tablets, and PDAs. For mobile software, it discusses how software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. It also covers advantages of mobile computing like location flexibility and enhanced productivity, as well as limitations like range/bandwidth and security standards. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and components of mobile computing.
What is Ubiquitous Computing?
Ubiquitous computing (alias: Pervasive Computing) is a paradigm in which the processing of information is linked with each activity or object as encountered. It involves connecting electronic devices, including embedding microprocessors to communicate information. Devices that use ubiquitous computing have constant availability and are completely connected.
Ubiquitous computing focuses on learning by removing the complexity of computing and increases efficiency while using computing for different daily activities.
Ubiquitous computing is also known as pervasive computing, everyware and ambient intelligence.
This document discusses a proposed system for allowing IT professionals to remotely access their office computers from mobile phones using cellular technology. It describes how the system would work, including using SHA-1 encryption to securely transmit data between the mobile device and PC. The system is intended to make remote desktop sharing more convenient and accessible for traveling IT professionals.
Project Oxygen aims to make computation as freely available as oxygen in the air. It envisions a future where generic handheld and embedded devices called H21 and E21 are connected through a wireless network N21. These devices would allow natural communication using speech and gestures without needing to type or learn computer interfaces. The technologies developed under Project Oxygen include device technologies for the H21 and E21, network technologies for the N21, software technologies, and perceptual technologies for speech and vision. Challenges include making the system pervasive, embedded, nomadic, adaptable, powerful yet efficient, intentional and eternal. While started in 1999, Project Oxygen remains a vision that has not yet been fully realized due to the difficulties in
The document discusses wireless network solutions for improving outdoor connectivity on campuses. It describes how one industrial customer used a mesh AP 7181 and TEAM Express solution to (1) streamline device functionality for workers without losing interoperability, (2) improve network coverage outdoors cost-effectively, and (3) ensure the network could support advanced applications like video. The combination of these solutions allowed workers to use a single device for communications and accessing job applications while maintaining interoperability with other devices. This improved productivity and reduced costs compared to workers carrying multiple devices.
Title: The Symphony of Integration: Seamless Technology in Modern Office Design Ideas
In the ever-evolving landscape of modern office design, technology has become an integral component, enhancing functionality, connectivity, and overall efficiency. The challenge lies in seamlessly integrating technology to create a harmonious and productive workspace. This blog explores strategies and considerations for achieving seamless technology integration in modern office design ideas, ensuring that the digital infrastructure enhances, rather than disrupts, the workplace experience.
Open911 is a reference architecture for developing cloud-based applications to support mobile devices. It was designed to help first responders manage emergencies by collecting maps, reports, photos, and videos on a cloud platform accessible from mobile devices and web applications. Open911 uses a hybrid cloud with Google and custom services. It provides coordinated views of emergency data to command centers through a web interface and to first responders in the field using a mobile app. The architecture aims to simplify app development and deployment across clouds and devices.
Design of an embedded speech centric interface for applications in handheld t...Ecwayt
(1) The document proposes designing an embedded speech-centric interface for applications in handheld terminals.
(2) Portable devices like mobile phones and PDAs are now ubiquitous, but their small size makes many applications difficult to use as there is limited space for buttons or menus.
(3) Voice-enabled interfaces provide an effective solution by taking advantage of these devices' inherent capabilities and small size to efficiently manage applications.
Design of an embedded speech centric interface for applications in handheld t...Ecwayt
(1) This document discusses the design of a speech-centric interface for applications on handheld devices.
(2) As handheld devices have limited space for buttons and menus, voice-enabled interfaces provide an effective solution to control applications and take advantage of these devices' small sizes.
(3) The proposed system designs an embedded speech interface for handheld terminals to allow controlling home appliances via speech commands, making it easier for disabled users to operate appliances without needing to physically access control boards.
Design of an embedded speech centric interface for applications in handheld t...Ecwaytech
(1) The document proposes designing an embedded speech-centric interface for applications in handheld terminals.
(2) As portable devices like phones and PDAs have become ubiquitous, there is a need for more accessible interfaces due to their small sizes limiting physical buttons and menus.
(3) Voice-enabled interfaces provide an effective solution by taking advantage of these devices' inherent capabilities while overcoming size constraints.
The document summarizes key telecom trends including the growth of connected devices and machines, big data challenges, cloud computing advances, emerging applications, and the evolution of networks towards more intelligent, automated, and distributed architectures. Major technology directions include the internet of things, content-centric networking, heterogeneous networks, virtualization, and the changing role of telecom operators.
Digital cameras store images digitally rather than on film. There are two main types: point-and-shoot and SLR. Image quality is measured in megapixels. To take a picture, the camera focuses, sets exposure, and exposes the image sensor to light. The image is processed, compressed, and stored on removable memory. Images can be transferred to a computer, edited, printed, distributed electronically, or backed up for long-term storage.
305-DAYANANDA SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC)
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumarswamy Layout , Bangalore-78
Academic year 2022-23
Name of Student:- Akash Bhanadari . G
Activity Name:- Primary memory
Roll number:- 04
Department:- Computer science engineering
Semester:- 1st
Course: - Fundamentals of computer
Collection of Data/ submission(5)
Full fill Roles and Duties (5)
Quality of work (5)
Presentation(5)
Total Marks (20)
Signature of Course
Co-ordinator
Signature of programme
Co-Ordinator
CERTIFICATE
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The document discusses Project Oxygen, a research project aimed at developing technologies for pervasive and human-centered computing. It describes the challenges of creating a computing system that is embedded, nomadic, adaptable, and eternal. The project focuses on developing device technologies like intelligent spaces (E21) and mobile devices (H21), network technologies (N21), and user technologies including speech and visual interfaces. It provides examples of prototypes developed, including an intelligent room capable of voice recognition and identifying faces, as well as a mobile device. The goal of the project is to realize Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing integrated naturally into people's daily lives.
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1. HomeOS is an operating system that aims to provide a unified platform for managing smart home devices and developing applications that can control these devices.
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The document discusses the DEUS project which aims to develop wireless services and networks with easy deployment and use. It studies applications in cultural events, indoor guidance, and senior mobility support. The challenges include collecting and analyzing sensor data, developing intelligent reasoning software, and designing intuitive user interfaces. The project evaluates concepts using proof of concept tests and uses cases for senior tracking and guided tours. [/SUMMARY]
This document describes a smart home automation project using voice recognition and an Android application. The project uses a microcontroller and Bluetooth module to receive voice commands from the Android app and control electrical appliances like lights and fans. When a user issues a voice command through the app, the Bluetooth module receives the command and sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the appliances based on the command. The system allows users to control multiple loads securely using voice recognition on a mobile device without needing a separate remote control.
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Syslog Technologies is a technology solutions and services provider founded in 2005. It has over 8 years of experience providing customized IT solutions, development and education services, and staffing to various industries. It offers training programs conducted by industry experts on topics such as cloud computing, networking security, mobile computing, and wireless sensor networks. The company aims to train and place students and professionals through both academic projects and industry-oriented training.
This document discusses mobile computing. It begins by defining mobile computing as human-computer interaction that allows transmission of data, voice and video via wireless devices without a fixed connection. It then discusses mobile communication, hardware, and software. For mobile hardware, it describes devices like smartphones, tablets, and PDAs. For mobile software, it discusses how software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. It also covers advantages of mobile computing like location flexibility and enhanced productivity, as well as limitations like range/bandwidth and security standards. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and components of mobile computing.
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Ubiquitous computing (alias: Pervasive Computing) is a paradigm in which the processing of information is linked with each activity or object as encountered. It involves connecting electronic devices, including embedding microprocessors to communicate information. Devices that use ubiquitous computing have constant availability and are completely connected.
Ubiquitous computing focuses on learning by removing the complexity of computing and increases efficiency while using computing for different daily activities.
Ubiquitous computing is also known as pervasive computing, everyware and ambient intelligence.
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. Project Oxygen
THE APPROACH
INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES THAT ADDRESS
HUMAN NEEDS
Oxygen enables pervasive, human-centered computing through a
combination of specific user and system technologies.
Oxygen’s user technologies directly address human needs. Speech
and vision technologies enable us to communicate with Oxygen as if
we’re interacting with another person, saving much time and effort.
Automation, individualized knowledge access, and collaboration
technologies help us perform a wide variety of tasks that we want to do
in the ways we like to do them.
Oxygen’s system technologies dramatically extend our range by
delivering user technologies to us at home, at work, or on the go.
Computational devices, called Enviro21s (E21s), embedded in our homes,
offices, and cars sense and affect our immediate environment. Hand-held
devices, called Handy21s (H21s), empower us to communicate and
compute no matter where we are. Dynamic networks (N21s) help our
machines locate each other as well as the people, services, and resources
we want to reach.
Oxygen’s user technologies include:
The Oxygen technologies work together and pay attention to
several important themes:
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2. Project Oxygen
• Distribution and mobility — for people, resources, and services.
• Semantic content — what we mean, not just what we say.
• Adaptation and change — essential features of an increasingly
dynamic world.
• Information personalities — the privacy, security, and form of our
individual interactions with Oxygen.
Oxygen is an integrated software system that will reside in the
public domain. Its development is sponsored by DARPA and the Oxygen
Alliance industrial partners, who share its goal of pervasive, human-
centered computing. Realizing that goal will require a great deal of
creativity and innovation, which will come from researchers, students,
and others who use Oxygen technologies for their daily work during the
course of the project. The lessons they derive from this experience will
enable Oxygen to better serve human needs.
USER TECHNOLOGIES
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3. Project Oxygen
SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
DEVICES AND NETWORKS
People access Oxygen through stationary devices (E21s) embedded
in the environment or via portable hand-held devices (H21s). These
universally accessible devices supply power for computation,
communication, and perception in much the same way that wall outlets
and batteries deliver power to electrical appliances. Although not
customized to any particular user, they can adapt automatically or be
modified explicitly to address specific user preferences. Like power
outlets and batteries, these devices differ mainly in how much energy
they can supply.
E21 STATIONARY DEVICES
Embedded in offices, buildings, homes, and vehicles, E21s enable
us to create situated entities, often linked to local sensors and actuators,
that perform various functions on our behalf, even in our absence. For
example, we can create entities and situate them to monitor and change
the temperature of a room, close a garage door, or redirect email to
colleagues, even when we are thousands of miles away. E21s provide
large amounts of embedded computation, as well as interfaces to camera
and microphone arrays, thereby enabling us to communicate naturally,
using speech and gesture, in the spaces they define.
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4. Project Oxygen
E21s provide sufficient computational power throughout the
environment
• To communicate with people using natural perceptual resources, such
as speech and vision,
• To support Oxygen's user technologies wherever people may be, and
• To monitor and control their environment.
E21s, as well as H21s, are universal communication and
computation appliances. E21s leverage the same hardware components
as the H21s so that the same software can run on both devices. E21s differ
from H21s mainly in
• Their connections to the physical world,
• The computational power they provide, and
• The policies adopted by the software that runs on the devices.
CONNECTIONS TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD
E21s connect directly to a greater number and wider variety of
sensors, actuators, and appliances than do H21s. These connections
enable applications built with Oxygen's perceptual and user technologies
to monitor and control the environment.
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5. Project Oxygen
An E21 might control an array of microphones, which Oxygen's
perceptual resources use to improve communication with speakers by
filtering out background noise. Similarly, it might control an array of
antennas to permit improved communication with nearby H21s that, as a
result of a better signal-to-noise ratio, use less power. Multiple antennas
mounted on the roof of a building, as well as incoming terrestrial lines,
connect through E21s to high-bandwidth, local-area N21 networks.
Through the N21 network, an E21 can connect unobtrusively to
H21s in the hands or pockets of people in an intelligent space. It can
display information on an H21 display in a person's hand or on a nearby
wall-mounted display; it may even suggest that the person step a few
feet down the hall.
H21 HAND-HELD DEVICES
Users can select hand-held devices, called H21s, appropriate to the
tasks they wish to perform. These devices accept speech and visual input,
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6. Project Oxygen
can reconfigure themselves to perform a variety of useful functions, and
support a range of communication protocols. Among other things, H21s
can serve as cellular phones, beepers, radios, televisions, geographical
positioning systems, cameras, or personal digital assistants, thereby
reducing the number of special-purpose gadgets we must carry. To
conserve power, they may offload communication and computation onto
nearby E21s.
Handheld devices, called H21s, provide flexibility in a lightweight
design. They are anonymous devices that do not carry a large amount of
permanent local state. Instead, they configure themselves through
software to be used in a wide range of environments for a wide variety of
purposes. For example, when a user picks up an anonymous H21, the
H21 will customize itself to the user's preferred configuration. The H21s
contain board-level antennas that enable them to couple with a wireless
N21 network, embedded E21 devices, or nearby H21s to form
collaborative regions.
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7. Project Oxygen
H21s, like E21s, are universal communication and computation
appliances. They leverage the same hardware components as the E21s so
that the same software can run on both devices. H21s differ from E21s
mainly in
• Their connections to the physical world,
• The computational power they provide, and
• The policies adopted by the software that runs on the devices.
CONNECTIONS TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD
Because handheld devices must be small, lightweight, and power
efficient, H21s come equipped with only a few perceptual and
communication transducers, plus a low-power network to extend the I/
O devices to which it can connect. In particular, H21s are not equipped
with keyboards and large displays, although they may be connected to
such devices. Through the N21 network, an H21 can connect
unobtrusively to nearby, more powerful E21s, which provide additional
connections to the physical world. The H21 contains multiple antennas
for multiple communications protocols that depend on the transmission
range, for example, building-wide, campus wide, or point-to-point.
NETWORK AND SOFTWARE INFRASTRUCTURE
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8. Project Oxygen
People use Oxygen to accomplish tasks that are part of their daily
lives. Universally available network connectivity and computational
power enable decentralized Oxygen components to perform these tasks
by communicating and cooperating much as humans do in
organizations. Components can be delegated to find resources, to link
them together in useful ways, to monitor their progress, and to respond
to change.
N21 NETWORKS
N21s support dynamically changing configurations of self-
identifying mobile and stationary devices. They allow us to identify
devices and services by how we intend to use them, not just by where
they are located. They enable us to access the information and services
we need, securely and privately, so that we are comfortable integrating
Oxygen into our personal lives. N21s support multiple communication
protocols for low-power local, building-wide, and campus-wide
communication, enabling us to form collaborative regions that arise,
adapt, and collapse as needed.
MESC
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9. Project Oxygen
Flexible, decentralized networks, called N21s, connect dynamically
changing configurations of self-identifying mobile and stationary
devices. N21s integrate different wireless, terrestrial, and satellite
networks into one seamless internet. Through algorithms, protocols, and
middleware, they
• Configure collaborative regions automatically, creating topologies and
adapting them to mobility and change.
• Provide automatic resource and location discovery, without manual
configuration and administration.
• Provide secure, authenticated, and private access to networked
resources.
• Adapt to changing network conditions, including congestion, wireless
errors, latency variations, and heterogeneous traffic (e.g., audio, video,
and data), by balancing bandwidth, latency, energy consumption, and
application requirements.
COLLABORATIVE REGIONS
Collaborative regions are self-organizing collections of computers
and/or devices that share some degree of trust. Computers and devices
may belong to several regions at the same time. Membership is dynamic:
mobile devices may enter and leave different regions as they move
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10. Project Oxygen
around. Collaborative regions employ different protocols for intra-space
and inter-space communication because of the need to maintain trust.
RESOURCE AND LOCATION DISCOVERY
N21 networks enable applications to use intentional names, not just
location-based names, to describe the information and functionality they
are looking for. Intentional names support resource discovery by
providing access to entities that cannot be named statically, such as a full
soda machine or to the surveillance cameras that have recently detected
suspicious activity.
N21 networks integrate name resolution and routing. Intra-space
routing protocols perform resolution and forwarding based on queries
that express the characteristics of the desired data or resources in a
collaborative region. Late binding between names and addresses (i.e., at
delivery time) supports mobility and multicast. Early binding supports
high bandwidth streams and anycast. Wide-area routing uses a scalable
resolver architecture; techniques for soft state and caching provide
scalability and fault tolerance.
N21 networks support location discovery through proximity to
named physical objects (for example, low-power RF beacons embedded
in the walls of buildings). Location discovery enables mobile devices to
access and present location-specific information. For example, an H21
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11. Project Oxygen
might help visitors navigate to their destination with spoken right-left
instructions; held up next to a paper or an electronic poster of an old talk,
it could provide access to stored audio and video fragments of the talk;
pointed to a door, it could provide information about what is happening
behind the door.
SECURITY
A collaborative region is a set of devices that have been instructed
by their owners to trust each other to a specified degree. A collaborative
region that defines a meeting, for example, has a set of trust and
authorization rules that specify what happens during a meeting (how
working materials and presentation illustrations are shared, who can
print on the local printer). Typically, trust rules for a meeting do not
allow participants to write arbitrary information anywhere in the region.
However, once users know what the trust rules are, they can introduce
their devices into the meeting's collaborative region, with confidence that
only the expected range of actions will happen, even if the details of the
interactions are left to automatic configuration.
Resource and location discovery systems address privacy issues by
giving resources and users control over how much to reveal. Rather than
tracking the identity, location, and characteristics of all resources and
users at all times, these systems accept and propagate only the
information that resources and users choose to advertise. Self-certifying
names enable clients of discovery systems to trust the advertised
information.
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12. ADAPTATION
N21 networks allow devices to use multiple communication
protocols. Vertical handoffs among these protocols allow H21 devices to
provide seamless and power efficient connectivity across a wide range of
domains, for example, building-wide, campus wide, and point-to-point.
They also enable applications to adapt to changes in channel conditions
(e.g., congestion and packet loss) and in their own requirements (e.g., for
bandwidth, latency, or reliability). They provide interfaces to monitoring
mechanisms, which allow end-host transport agents to learn about
congestion or about packet losses caused by wireless channel errors. This
enables end-to-end resource management based on a unified congestion
manager, which provides different flows with "shared state learning" and
allows applications to adapt to congestion in ways that accommodate the
heterogeneous nature of streams. Unlike the standard TCP protocol,
which is tuned for bulk data transfers, the congestion manager efficiently
handles congestion due to audio, video, and other real-time streaming
applications, as well as to multiple short connections. N21 networks
provide interfaces to control mechanisms, which enable applications to
influence the way their packets are routed.
SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
Oxygen’s software architecture supports change above the device
and network levels. The software architecture matches current user goals
with currently available software services, configuring those services to
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13. Project Oxygen
achieve the desired goals. When necessary, it adapts the resulting
configurations to changes in goals, available services, or operating
conditions. Thereby, it relieves users of the burden of directing and
monitoring the operation of the system as it accomplishes their goals.
USER TECHNOLOGIES
Several important technologies harness Oxygen’s pervasive
computational, communication, and perceptual resources to advance the
human-centered goal of enabling people to accomplish more with less
effort.
SPOKEN LANGUAGE, SKETCHING AND VISUAL CUES
Spoken language and visual cues, rather than keyboards and mice,
define the main modes of interaction with Oxygen. By integrating these
two technologies, Oxygen can better discern our intentions, for example,
by using vision to augment speech understanding through the
recognition of facial expressions, gestures, lip movements, and gaze.
These perceptual technologies are part of the core of Oxygen, not just
afterthoughts or interfaces to separate applications.
They can be customized quickly in Oxygen applications to make
selected human-machine interactions easy and natural. Graceful
switching between different domains (e.g., from a conversation about the
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14. Project Oxygen
weather in Rome to one about airline reservations) supports seamless
integration of applications.
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15. Project Oxygen
KNOWLEDGE ACCESS
Individualized knowledge access technologies offer greatly
improved access to information — customized to the needs of people,
applications, and software systems. Universal access to information is
facilitated through annotations that allow content-based comparisons
and manipulations of data represented in different formats and using
different terminologies. Users may access their own knowledge bases,
those of friends and associates, and other information publicly available
on the Web.
The individualized knowledge access subsystem supports the
natural ways people use to access information. In particular, it supports
personalized, collaborative, and communal knowledge, "triangulating"
among these three sources of information to find the information people
need. It observes and adapts to its users, so as to better meet their needs.
The subsystem integrates the following components to gather and store
data, to monitor user access patterns, and to answer queries and interpret
data.
DATA REPRESENTATION
The subsystem stores information encountered by its users using
an extensible data model that links arbitrary objects via arbitrarily named
arcs. There are no restrictions on object types or names. Users and the
system alike can aggregate useful information regardless of its form (text,
speech, images, video). The arcs, which are also objects, represent
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16. Project Oxygen
relational (database-type) information as well as associative (hypertext-
like) linkage. For example, objects and arcs in A's data model can
represent B's knowledge of interest to A—and vice versa.
DATA ACQUISITION
The subsystem gathers as much information as possible about the
information of interest to a user. It does so through raw acquisition of
data objects, by analyzing the acquired information, by observing
people's use of it, by encouraging direct human input, and by tuning
access to the user.
AUTOMATIC ACCESS METHODS
The arrival of new data triggers automated services, which, in
turn, obtain further data or trigger other services. Automatic services
fetch web pages, extract text from postscript documents, identify authors
and titles in a document, recognize pairs of similar documents, and
create document summaries that can be displayed as a result of a query.
The system allows users to script and add more services, as they are
needed.
HUMAN ACCESS METHODS
Since automated services can go only so far in carrying out these
tasks, the system allows users to provide higher quality annotations on
the information they are using, via text, speech, and other human
interaction modalities.
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17. AUTOMATED OBSERVERS
Subsystems watch the queries that users make, the results they
dwell upon, the files they edit, the mail they send and receive, the
documents they read, and the information they save. The system exploits
observations of query behavior by converting query results into objects
that can be annotated further. New observers can be added to exploit
additional opportunities. In all cases, the observations are used to tune
the data representation according to usage patterns.
AUTOMATION
The automation subsystem provides technologies for
encapsulating objects, both physical and virtual, so that their actions can
be automated. It also provides scripting technologies that automate new
processes in response to direct commands, or by observing, imitating,
and fine-tuning established processes.
BASIC AUTOMATION OBJECTS
Basic automation objects are "black boxes" of low-level actions that
can be managed by higher-level automation processes. The objects can be
either physical or virtual. A basic physical object senses or actuates a
physical entity—it may sense the temperature or whether an office door
is open, and it may crank up the heat or send an image to a display. A
basic virtual object collects, generates, or transforms information—it may
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18. extract designated items from incoming electronic forms, operate on
them in a designated manner, and send the results to a particular device.
A common intelligent interface connects basic physical objects to the
network. The interface consists of a chip containing a microprocessor, a
network adapter, main memory, and non-volatile storage. It makes
different sensors, actuators, and appliances more powerful, provides
device status information, reduces the bandwidth they require, and
downloads commands and new low-level software.
Any software object can be a basic virtual object. Electronic forms are
particularly common basic virtual objects, because they serve as
convenient "interfaces" for exchanging information among people and
organizations.
CONTROL OVER COMBINED OBJECTS
The automation architecture provides mechanisms for composing
modular components, such speech, vision, and appliances, and for
controlling their behavior based on user scripts. The architecture allows
distributed objects (or agents) to refer to one another by function and
capability, without respect to their location. Objects communicate using a
universal streaming data "bus" standard. They can move around, be re-
connected dynamically, and seamlessly resume previously established
connections with one another. The scripting language enables users to
specify easily and rapidly the tasks they wish to automate.
The automation subsystem uses a top-level watch-reason-automate
"loop" to monitor and filter information of interest to the automation
process, to select appropriate automation regimes for given tasks, and to
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19. implement those regimes. The scripting language enables users to
customize automation regimes in response to context changes and other
factors too complicated to handle automatically, either in the original
script or in the watch-reason-automate loop.
COLLABORATION
The collaboration subsystem uses the knowledge access subsystem
and the automation subsystem to support collaboration. The
collaboration subsystem adds to the "semantic web" of the knowledge
access subsystem by recording the context of human-to-human
interactions. It informs the automation and knowledge access subsystems
when we are engaged in a collaborative task so that the responses of
these subsystems can be tailored appropriately to all those participating
in the task.
MAINTAINING COLLABORATION CONTEXT
The collaboration subsystem uses the individualized knowledge
access subsystem to represent and acquire information about human
interactions, for example, by using the vision subsystem to determine
who is present at a discussion and to observe physical gestures, by using
the spoken language subsystem to track what people say to each other,
and by observing human interactions with software applications. The
collaboration subsystem remembers how a group arranges its workspace,
and it creates virtual work places for distributed groups. It maintains the
context of each collaborative group in an individualized knowledge
database, so that it can be recalled to continue the discussion at a future
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20. Project Oxygen
time or in another place. Automated observers track features of interest
to the collaboration and add to the knowledge database. Semantic links
in the database maintain the history of the discussion and identify issues,
alternative courses of action, arguments for and against each alternative,
and resolutions to pursue particular alternatives. Human input helps
guide the indexing process, by identifying critical decisions and linking
them to the rationale behind them.
AUTOMATING COLLABORATIVE TASKS
The collaboration subsystem uses the automation subsystem,
together with Bayesian techniques for analysis and knowledge-based
techniques for process management, to act as a coordinator and mediate
interactions among members of a collaborative team. It knows the
interests, organizational roles, and skills of all team members, and it
understands the application domain within which the team functions.
For example, it tracks action items within the group and dependencies
with other groups, retrieving relevant information and bringing it to the
attention of the most appropriate individuals. The collaboration system
plays the role of an active participant, noticing tasks that need to be
undertaken, noticing when information required for those tasks has been
developed, and making conclusions when appropriate.
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SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES
Project Oxygen's software architecture provides mechanisms for
• Building applications using composable, distributed components,
• Customizing, adapting, and altering component behavior,
• Replacing components, at different degrees of granularity, in a
consistent fashion,
• Person-centric, rather than device-centric, security, and
• Disconnected operation and nomadic code.
Oxygen's software architecture relies heavily on abstraction to
support change through adaptation and customization, on specification to
support components that use these abstractions, and on persistent object
stores with transactional semantics to provide operational support for
change.
ABSTRACTION
Computations are modular, as is storage. Abstractions characterize
components that carry out computations and objects used in
computations. In Oxygen, abstractions support the use of adaptable
components and objects by providing
• Application access to components traditionally hidden beneath
intervening layers of software, so as to observe and influence their
behavior.
• Intent-based interfaces, not just syntax or address-based interfaces, so
as to facilitate component and object use, adjustment, replacement,
and upgrade.
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• Stream-oriented interfaces that treat speech, vision, and sensor data as
first-class objects, so as to enable compilers to manage low-level
pipelining concurrency and multithreaded programs to adjust their
behavior correctly at runtime in response to changes in the number of
streams or the interactions among them.
• Constraint and event abstractions, which separate computation from
control, trigger what is processed when, and provide flexibility for
modifying behavior at runtime without compromising system
integrity.
• Cutpoints, so as to provide safe fallbacks and to enable "eternal
computation".
SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications make abstractions explicit, exposing features to other
system components. In Oxygen, specifications support adaptation and
change by providing information about
• system configurations, to determine what modules and capabilities
are available locally,
• module repositories, to provide code over the network for installation
on handheld and other devices,
• module dependencies, to support complete and consistent
installations or upgrades,
• module capabilities, to support other components and applications in
scripting their use, and
• module behavior, to support their safe use through a combination of
static and runtime checks.
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23. Project Oxygen
PERSISTENT OBJECT STORE WITH TRANSACTIONAL
SEMANTICS
Code, data objects, and specifications reside in a common object-
oriented store, which supports all Oxygen technologies (i.e., user,
perceptual, system, and device technologies). Object-orientation helps
maintain the integrity of the store by restricting updates to those
performed by methods in the store. The store has transactional semantics,
which enables concurrent access, rollback and recovery, and consistent
updates to modules and data. It also operates efficiently, using
techniques such as optimistic concurrency, pre-fetching, and lazy
updates and garbage collection, which defer the costs of modifying the
store as long as possible or until there is time to spare.
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24. Project Oxygen
HOW DOES OXYGEN WORK
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25. Project Oxygen
The figure showing h21-n21-e21 communications.
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26. Project Oxygen
PERCEPTUAL TECHNOLOGIES
SPEECH
The spoken language subsystem provides a number of limited-
domain interfaces, as well as mechanisms for users to navigate
effortlessly from one domain to another. Thus, for example, a user can
inquire about flights and hotel information when planning a trip, then
switch seamlessly to obtaining weather and tourist information. The
spoken language subsystem stitches together a set of useful domains,
thereby providing a virtual, broad-domain quilt that satisfies the needs of
many users most of the time. Although the system can interact with users
in real-time, users can also delegate tasks for the system to perform
offline.
The spoken language subsystem is an integral part of Oxygen's
infrastructure, not just a set of applications or external interfaces. Four
components, with well-defined interfaces, interact with each other and
with Oxygen's device, network, and knowledge access technologies to
provide real-time conversational capabilities.
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27. Project Oxygen
SPEECH RECOGNITION
The speech recognition component converts the user's speech into
a sentence of distinct words, by matching acoustic signals against a
library of phonemes—irreducible units of sound that make up a word.
The component delivers a ranked list of candidate sentences, either to the
language-understanding component or directly to an application. This
component uses acoustic processing (e.g., embedded microphone arrays),
visual clues, and application-supplied vocabularies to improve its
performance.
LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING
The language understanding-component breaks down recognized
sequences of words grammatically, and it systematically represents their
meaning. The component is easy to customize, thereby easing integration
into applications. It generates limited-domain vocabularies and
grammars from application-supplied examples, and it uses these
vocabularies and grammars to transform spoken input into a stream of
commands for delivery to the application. It also improves language
understanding by listening throughout a conversation—not just to
explicit commands—and remembering what has been said.
Lite speech systems, with user-defined vocabularies and actions,
can be tailored quickly to specific applications and integrated with other
parts of the Oxygen system in a modular fashion.
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28. Project Oxygen
LANGUAGE GENERATION
The language generation component builds sentences that present
application-generated data in the user's preferred language.
SPEECH SYNTHESIS
A commercial speech synthesizer converts sentences, obtained
either from the language generation component or directly from the
application, into speech.
VISION
The visual processing system contains visual perception and visual
rendering subsystems. The visual perception subsystem recognizes and
classifies objects and actions in still and video images. It augments the
spoken language subsystem, for example, by tracking direction of gaze of
participants to determine what or whom they are looking at during a
conversation, thereby improving the overall quality of user interaction.
The visual rendering subsystem enables scenes and actions to be
reconstructed in three dimensions from a small number of sample images
without an intermediate 3D model. It can be used to provide macroscopic
views of application-supplied data.
Like the spoken language subsystem, the visual subsystem is an
integral part of Oxygen's infrastructure. Its components have well-
defined interfaces, which enable them to interact with each other and
with Oxygen's device, network, and knowledge access technologies. Like
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29. Project Oxygen
lite speech systems, lite vision systems provide user-defined visual
recognition, for example, of faces and handwritings.
OBJECT RECOGNITION
A trainable object recognition component automatically learns to
detect limited-domain objects (e.g., people or different kinds of vehicles)
in unconstrained scenes using a supervised learning technology. This
learning technology generates domain models from as little information
as one or two sample images, either supplied by applications or acquired
without calibration during operation. The component recognizes objects
even if they are new to the system or move freely in an arbitrary setting
against an arbitrary background. As people do, it adapts to objects, their
physical characteristics, and their actions, thereby learning to improve
object-specific performance over time.
For high-security transactions, where face recognition is not a
reliable solution, a vision-based biometrics approach (e.g., fingerprint
recognition) integrates sensors in handheld devices transparently with
the Oxygen privacy and security environment to obtain cryptographic
keys directly from biometrics measurements.
ACTIVITY MONITORING AND CLASSIFICATION
An unobtrusive, embedded vision component observes and tracks
moving objects in its field of view. It calibrates itself automatically, using
tracking data obtained from an array of cameras, to learn relationships
among nearby sensors, create rough site models, categorize activities in a
variety of ways, and recognize unusual events.
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30. CHALLENGES
To support highly dynamic and varied human activities, the
Oxygen system must master many technical challenges. It must be
pervasive—it must be everywhere, with every portal reaching into the
same information base;
embedded—it must live in our world, sensing and affecting it;
nomadic—it must allow users and computations to move around
freely, according to their needs;
adaptable—it must provide flexibility and spontaneity, in response to
changes in user requirements and operating conditions;
powerful, yet efficient—it must free itself from constraints imposed by
bounded hardware resources, addressing instead system constraints
imposed by user demands and available power or communication
bandwidth;
intentional—it must enable people to name services and software
objects by intent, for example, "the nearest printer," as opposed to by
address;
eternal—it must never shut down or reboot; components may come
and go in response to demand, errors, and upgrades, but Oxygen as a
whole must be available all the time.
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31. Project Oxygen
CONCLUSION
Widespread use of Oxygen and its advanced technologies will
yield a profound leap in human productivity — one even more
revolutionary than the move from mainframes to desktops. By enabling
people to use spoken and visual cues to automate routine tasks, access
knowledge, and collaborate with others anywhere, anytime, Oxygen
stands to significantly amplify human capabilities throughout the world.
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32. Project Oxygen
REFERENCES
1. IEEE Spectrum March 2002
2. WWW.LCS.MIT.EDU
3. WWW.AI.MIT.EDU
4. WWW.GLOBAL.ACER.COM
5. WWW.DELTACA.COM
6. WWW.HP.COM
7. WWW.NOKIA.COM
8. WWW.RESEARCH.PHILIPS.COM
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33. Project Oxygen
ABSTRACT
In the future, computation will be human-centered. It will be freely
available everywhere, like batteries and power sockets, or oxygen in the
air we breathe. It will enter the human world, handling our goals and
needs and helping us to do more while doing less. We will not need to
carry our own devices around with us. Instead, configurable generic
devices, either handheld or embedded in the environment, will bring
computation to us, whenever we need it and wherever we might be. As
we interact with these "anonymous" devices, they will adopt our
information personalities. They will respect our desires for privacy and
security.
New systems will boost our productivity. They will help us
automate repetitive human tasks, control a wealth of physical devices in
the environment, find the information we need (when we need it,
without forcing our eyes to examine thousands of search-engine hits),
and enable us to work together with other people through space and
time.
It must be accessible anywhere. It must adapt to change, both in
user requirements and in operating conditions. It must never shut down
or reboot —components may come and go in response to demand, errors,
and upgrades, but Oxygen as a whole must be available all the time.
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34. Project Oxygen
CONTENTS
1. THE APPROACH 1
2. SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES 3
3. USER TECHNOLOGIES 13
4. SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES 20
5. HOW DOES OXYGEN WORK? 23
6. PERCEPTUAL TECHNOLOGIES 25
7. CHALLENGES 29
8. CONCLUSION 30
9. REFERENCES 31
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35. Seminar Report ’03 Project Oxygen
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my sincere gratitude towards Prof. P.Sukumaran
Head of Department for giving us his invaluable knowledge and
wonderful technical guidance
I express my thanks to Mr. Muhammed Kutty our group
tutor and also to our staff advisor Ms. Biji Paul for their kind co-
operation and guidance for preparing and presenting this seminar.
I also thank all the other faculty members of AEI
department and my friends for their help and support.
Dept. of AEI MESCE Kuttippuram
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