Intravenous fluids, in general are used as I.V drips for patients in nursing homes and hospitals suffering from acute dehydration or considerable debilitating conditions. These I.V fluids replanish the body fluids. Though a number of I.V fluids are there, generally three types of I.V fluids are used in hospitals as I.V drips. They are as follows:-

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ENGINEERS INDIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE
4/54, Roop Nagar, Delhi-110007 (India)
Phone: 9289151047, 9811437895, 9811151047
E-mail: eiri@eiriindia.org
Website: www.eiriindia.org
MEDICAL IV SOLUTION/FLUID
[EIRI/EDPR/4758] J.C.: 2978INR, 2978US$
Intravenous fluids, in general are used as I.V drips for patients in nursing homes
and hospitals suffering from acute dehydration or considerable debilitating
conditions. These I.V fluids replanish the body fluids. Though a number of I.V
fluids are there, generally three types of I.V fluids are used in hospitals as I.V
drips. They are as follows:-
1. Dextrose injection fluid
2. Dextrose and sodium chloride injection fluid
Types of IV Fluid
Crystalloid: Balanced salt/electrolyte solution; for msa true solution and is
capable of passing through semi permeable membranes. May be isotonic,
hypertonic or hypotonic. Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl), Lactated Ringer’s, Hypertonic
saline (3, 5, & 7.5%), Ringer’s solution. However, hypertonic solutions are
considered plasma expanders as they act to increase the circulatory volume via
movement of intracellular and interstitial water into the intravascular space.
Colloid: High-molecular-weight solutions, draw fluid into intravascular
compartment via on cotic pressure (pressure exerted by plasma proteins not
capable of passing through membranes on capillary walls).Plasma expanders, as
they are composed of macromolecules, and are retained in the intravascular
space.

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Free H2O solutions: provide water that is not bound by macromolecules or
organelles, free to passthrough.D5W (5% dextrose in water), D10W, D20W, D50W,
and Dextrose/crystalloid mixes. Blood products: whole blood, packed RBCs, FFP,
Cryoprecipitate, platelets, albumin. Essentially all colloids.
IVF can supply 3 things: fluid, electrolytes, & calories. In the non stressed, fasting
state, the 150g per day inD5W at 125ml/h can provide enough carbohydrate to
limit proteolysis. The most common uses for IVF: Acutely expand intravascular
volume in hypovolemic states correct electrolyte imbalances Maintain basal
hydration

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF IV FLUID
COMMONLY USED IV FLUIDS
HOW INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS ARE CREATED
IV FLUID/ELECTROLYTE THERAPY
KEY TERMS
DEXTROSE
DEXTROSE SALINE INJECTION
PROPERTIES
TABLE I: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF D-GLUCOSE
TABLE 2: SOLUBILITY OF DEXTROSE IN WATER
IV FLUID FOR METABOLIC PATIENT
0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE 10% GLUCOSE 500ML BAG
0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE 10% GLUCOSE 500ML BAG
0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE 5% GLUCOSE 500ML BAG
0.18% SODIUM CHLORIDE 10% GLUCOSE 500ML BAG
REQUIREMENTS OF RAW MATERIALS
TABLE I: REQUIREMENT FOR DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE
INTRAVENOUS FLUID COMPOSITION
CRYSTALLOIDS

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DEXTROSE
NORMAL SALINE
HARTMANN’S SOLUTION
COLLOIDS
IV BAGS MARKET
MEDICAL FLUID BAG MARKET
COVID-19 IMPACT
MEDICAL FLUID BAGS MARKET SHARE
SOURCE OF MACHINES TECHNOLOGY
USES AND APPLICATION
SOME GENERAL INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS
SPECIFICATION OF INDIAN PHARMACOPEIA ON I.V FLUIDS DEXTRAN
INJECTION
DEXTRAN 110 INJECTIONS
SODIUM CHLORIDE AND DEXTROSE INJECTION
IDENTIFICATION:-
ASSAY:
BASIC RAW MATERIALS
REQUIREMENTS OF RAW MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATIONS
WATER FOR INJECTION
HDPE PHARMA GRADE LAMINATE/ PLASTIC ROLL
LABELING
IDENTIFICATION

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HEAVY METALS
COMPOSITION OF IV FLUID
COMPOSITION OF COMMON IV FLUID (MEQ/L)
COMPOSITION OF IV FLUIDS
COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL I.V. FLUID AVAILABLE
LARGE VOLUME PARENTERAL PREPARATION
SOME EXAMPLES OF LVPS INCLUDE SOLUTIONS CONTAINING:
ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
MILLIEQUIVALENT (MEQ)
IN PLASMA;
NOURISHING SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLES:
PLASMA EXPANDERS
DEXTRANS:
HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN:
PLASMA PROTEIN FRACTION:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR IV BAGS
IT INVOLVES STEPS:-
IV BAG PRODUCTION
RAW MATERIAL SAMPLING AND DISPENSING
THE PRODUCTION OF IV SOLUTION PRODUCTION LINE CONSISTS OF FIVE
MAIN PHASES:

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IV BAG PRODUCTION OPTIONS
IV BAG SEMI AUTOMATIC MANUFACTURING PROCESS
LABELLING
IV BAG FULL AUTOMATIC MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PRODUCTION PROCEDURE FOR PARENTERAL DRUGS
THE MANUFACTURING OF PARENTERALS INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING STEPS;
PRODUCTION FACILITIES AND CONTROLS:
1. CLEAN-UP AREA:
2. PREPARATION AREA:
3. ASEPTIC AREA:
4. QUARANTINE AREA:
5. FINISHING & PACKAGING AREA:
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED FOR PARENTERAL PREPARATION:
CLASSIFICATION OF CLEAN ROOMS:-
ASEPTIC PROCESSING:-
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF I.V. FLUID (FFS TECHNOLOGY)
A TYPICAL FFS PROCESS WORKS AS FOLLOWS:
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
PROCESS IN DETAILS
1. DISTILLED WATER PREPARATION
2. SOLUTION PREPARATION
3. INJECTION BLOW MOULDING

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4. MOULDING PROCESS
5. FILLING PROCESS
6. SEALING PROCESS
7. MOULD OPENING PROCESS
FILTRATION AND FILLING:-
STERILIZATION:-
QUALITY CONTROL:-
THE WHOLE PROCESS CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING STEPS:-
SWOT ANALYSIS
FORM FILL SEAL TECHNOLOGY
1. FORM-FILL-SEAL TECHNOLOGY:-
1.5 FILTRATION (MEMBRANE):-
LIST OF MACHINERY IV BAG PRODUCTION FORM FILL AND SEAL MACHINE
IV BAG PRODUCTION (IV PRODUCTION AND PACKING)
IV BAG EMPTY PRODUCTION LINE
THE PRODUCTION OF I.V. SOLUTION PRODUCTION LINE CONSISTS OF 5 MAIN
PHASES:
1. WATER PURIFYING
2. DISTILLATION
3. SOLUTION FILLING
4. STERILIZATION
5. PACKING
A TYPICAL FFS PROCESS WORKS AS FOLLOWS.

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SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
SUPPLIERS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE (I.P. GRADE)
SUPPLIERS OF DEXTROSE
ADDRESSES OF PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF STERILIZING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF PM METER
SUPPLIERS OF LABELING MACHINES
SUPPLIERS OF TANKS
SUPPLIERS OF BOILER
SUPPLIERS OF FILTER PRESS
SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF MIXER
EMPTY IV BAG MANUFACTURER AND SUPPLIER IN INDIA
SUPPLIERS OF COMPLETE PLANT AND MACHINERY
CONSULTANT OF TURNKEY PROJECT SUPPLIER OF THE PLANT AND
MACHINERY
CLEAN ROOM SUPPLIERS

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APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

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COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 24,000 Bags/Day
Land & Building (5000 sq.mt.) Rs. 2.96 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 5.27 Cr
Working Capital for 3 Months Rs. 7.14 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 16.22 Cr
Rate of Return 27%
Break Even Point 56%