1. The document outlines a lesson plan for a procedure text on making baked beans omelet.
2. It includes the objectives, materials, steps, and assessment of student comprehension through questions.
3. Key aspects of procedure texts like social function, generic structure, language features, and examples are explained.
Best Practices for Teaching English to Young Learners by Joan ShinVenezuela TESOL
Workshop offered to English Language teachers in Venezuela as part of the Methodology of the ELT Tour 2011-2 organized by VenTESOL and sponsored by the US Embassy
GRIPS Speech Workshop I: intonation and pausingLawrie Hunter
Using TED talks' interactive transcript, the listen-repeat-record-compare cycle can be enhanced if we focus on particular elements of fluency. Here the emphasis is on two important elements, intonation and pausing.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources http://shellyterrell.com/flipped
Best Practices for Teaching English to Young Learners by Joan ShinVenezuela TESOL
Workshop offered to English Language teachers in Venezuela as part of the Methodology of the ELT Tour 2011-2 organized by VenTESOL and sponsored by the US Embassy
GRIPS Speech Workshop I: intonation and pausingLawrie Hunter
Using TED talks' interactive transcript, the listen-repeat-record-compare cycle can be enhanced if we focus on particular elements of fluency. Here the emphasis is on two important elements, intonation and pausing.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources http://shellyterrell.com/flipped
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
3. STANDARD COMPETENCE
8. Mendengarkan
Memahami makna dalam teks lisan fungsional dan
monolog pendek sangat sederhana yang berbentuk descriptive
dan procedure untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungan
terdekat.
10. Berbicara
Mengungkapkan makna dalam teks lisan fungsional dan
monolog pendek sangat sederhana berbentuk descriptive dan
procedure untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungan terdekat
Page 3
4. BASED COMPETENCE
8.2. Merespon makna yang terdapat dalam monolog sangat
sederhana secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima untuk
berinteraksi dengan lingkungan terdekat dalam teks
berbentuk descriptive dan procedure
10.2. Mengungkapkan makna dalam monolog pendek sangat
sederhana dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan secara
akurat, lancar, dan berterima untuk berinteraksi dengan
lingkungan terdekat dalam teks berbentuk descriptive dan
procedure
Page 4
5. INDICATORS
Students mention the social function, generic
structure, and language features of procedure text.
Students answer the questions related to the video.
Students retell the video of procedure of making
something in front of the class.
Page 5
6. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students are able to mention social function,
generic structure, and language features of
procedure text.
Students are able to answer the questions related
to the video they have watched.
Students are able to retell the video using their
own sentences in front of the class orally.
Page 6
9. LEARNING MATERIAL
Use simple present tense
Use temporal conjuntions
Use material clauses
Page 9
LANGUAGE FEATURES
10. LEARNING MATERIAL
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Page 10
Formula of simple past tense
S + Vs/es + O
s/es is added when the subject are HE, SHE, IT, or
NAME OF PERSON
14. Answer these following questions!
1. What does the audio tell you about?
How to make baked beans omelet
2. What season do you need to make it?
Salt, papper, and skim milk
3. What material do you need to make it?
Eggs, baked beans, tomatos, mushroom, vegetable oil
Page 14
15. Answer these following questions!
4. Mention the steps to make it!
Slice the mushroom
Mix all seasons with eggs
Heat baked beans and tomato
Pour the vegetable oil, onion, and mushroom till they’re fragrant
Pour the eggs mixture
Pour the baked beans and tomato mixture
Pour the omelet on the plate
Page 15
16. Answer these following questions!
5. Mention the verbs used in the audio!
Wash, slice, mix, cook, make, push, sprinkle, etc
6. What kind of tense is used in the audio?
Simple present tense
Page 16
17. Let’s check your answers!
1. What does the audio tell you about?
How to make baked beans omelet
2. What season do you need to make it?
Salt, papper, and skim milk
3. What material do you need to make it?
Eggs, baked beans, tomatos, mushroom, vegetable oil
Page 17
18. Let’s check your answers!
4. Mention the steps to make it!
Slice the mushroom
Mix all seasons with eggs
Heat baked beans and tomato
Pour the vegetable oil, onion, and mushroom till they’re fragrant
Pour the eggs mixture
Pour the baked beans and tomato mixture
Pour the omelet on the plate
Page 18
19. Let’s check your answer!
5. Mention the verbs used in the audio!
Wash, slice, mix, cook, make, push, sprinkle, etc
6. What kind of tense is used in the audio?
Simple present tense
Page 19
20. Complete this table!
Page 20
Social function
Generic Structure Goal e.g. making baked beans omelet
Material 1.
2.
3.
Etc
Steps 1.
2.
3.
Etc
Language Features Simple present tense
Temporal conjuntions
Material clause