This study intended to investigate frameworks of principals’ managerial skills for conflict resolution in some Secondary Schools in Fako Division of South West Region of Cameroon. The specific objective of the study elicits the views of principals’ managerial skills to resolve conflicts in secondary schools. The study employed a case study research design and interviewed 10 principals were selected randomly. The study used an interview guide for data collection. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis for the qualitative study. Findings revealed that proper managerial skills are important in enhancing friendliness amongst teaching staff in school. When conflicts are well managed, teachers are more conscious with the performance of their jobs. The proper management of conflicts in schools has the potential of reducing school dropouts and enhancing school effectiveness. A framework for the development of managerial skills of principals towards conflict resolution is vital for the improvement of a positive school climate. The study was limited by the fact that the socio political climate at the time of the study prevented the collection of a wide variety of data. Secondly, another limitation was the fact that the researcher did not sample the opinion of students who are very much at the centre of school conflicts. Based on the findings, the study therefore recommended that principals and teachers should be regularly given professionally related workshops and seminars on conflict reduction and management in schools. The interactions of all members of the school should be clearly defined and restricted to avoid the crossing of boundaries and hurting others both consciously and unconsciously. Principals and teachers should adopt a realistic framework for the development of personal conflict resolution skills. Ndeh Judith Magha | Frederick Ebot Ashu "Principal’s Managerial Skills for Conflict Resolution in Secondary Schools in Fako Division, Southwest Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60014.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/60014/principal’s-managerial-skills-for-conflict-resolution-in-secondary-schools-in-fako-division-southwest-cameroon/ndeh-judith-magha
Classroom Conflict Management Strategies and Students’ Competency Development...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of classroom conflict management strategies on student teachers' competency development in Fako Division, Cameroon. The study used a survey design and mixed methods to collect data through questionnaires and interviews. It found that conflict management strategies like problem-solving negotiations, smoothing and withdrawing had a significant positive correlation with teaching competency, while forcing/win-lose had a negative correlation. The study concluded that teaching conflict management skills can help improve students' teaching competencies if appropriate strategies like problem-solving and compromising are used to resolve conflicts.
Conflict Management Styles of School Administrators of Rural State Universiti...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the conflict management styles of school administrators at rural state universities in the Philippines. A survey was administered to administrators and faculty/staff to determine how each group perceived the administrators' styles. The majority of both groups perceived the administrators as "avoiders" who stay away from conflict issues and people involved to maintain harmony. However, there were some significant differences between how each group viewed the administrators' use of compromising, accommodating, controlling, and collaborating styles. The study provides insight into handling conflicts in academic institutions in rural areas.
Principals Leadership Styles and Its Effects on Students’ Academic Achievemen...ijtsrd
Leadership is widely regarded as a key factor in accounting for differences in the success with which schools foster the learning of their students. Indeed, the contribution of effective leadership is largest when it is needed most there are virtually no documented instances of troubled schools being turned around in the absence of intervention by talented leaders. While other factors within the school also contribute to such turnarounds, leadership is the catalyst. But there is much yet to be learned about who provides such leadership, how it is productively distributed across the school system e.g., state, district, school and classroom and what stimulates its development. Dr. Mbonteh Vivian Mbole Nkong "Principals Leadership Styles and Its Effects on Students’ Academic Achievement in South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49710.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/49710/principals-leadership-styles-and-its-effects-on-students’-academic-achievement-in-south-west-region-of-cameroon/dr-mbonteh-vivian-mbole-nkong
The Impact of School Location on the Effectiveness of Secondary School Admini...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of school location on the effectiveness of public secondary school administrators in Cameroon. The study used a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data through a questionnaire and qualitative data through interviews. The findings showed that over half of administrators were satisfied with their school's location, and school location had a significant and strong positive effect on administrative effectiveness. Administrators at schools in less conducive locations reported lower effectiveness. The conclusion was that school location impacts administrator effectiveness, so school locations should be made safe and conducive.
This document summarizes a study on conflict management and school leadership. The study interviewed 8 school principals in South Africa to understand their experiences with and approaches to conflict management. It found that the principals felt unprepared for dealing with conflict and saw it as something to be avoided. However, one principal noted that conflict can sometimes be necessary to change school culture. The principals agreed that conflict negatively impacts teaching and learning. The study highlights the need for principals to receive training in conflict management.
Harmony in Higher Education Through Life Skills Training in Balancing Home, S...ijtsrd
In the dynamic landscape of higher education, college students encounter many challenges as they strive to balance the demands of their personal and professional lives. This research paper analyses into the pivotal role of life skills training in fostering harmony among college students, enabling them to successfully navigate both realms complexities. By examining the current state of higher education and the evolving expectations placed on students, this study seeks to underscore the importance of equipping individuals with essential life skills. Through a comprehensive literature review, this research identifies gaps in existing knowledge and positions life skills training as a critical intervention. The methodology section outlines the research design, participants, and data collection methods employed to investigate the impact of life skills training on college students. The results section presents key findings, utilizing tables and graphs to elucidate patterns and trends. In the discussion, the interpretation of results is presented, drawing connections to previous research and highlighting implications for both academia and student development. The conclusion synthesizes the researchs main contributions and proposes avenues for future exploration in this vital area. This research serves as a valuable resource for educators, administrators, and policymakers aiming to enhance the holistic development of college students and cultivate a harmonious balance between personal and professional pursuits in the higher education landscape. Dr. Antony Joseph Nirappel | Dr. Kirti Diddi "Harmony in Higher Education: Through Life Skills Training in Balancing Home, Societal and Workplace Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61259.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/61259/harmony-in-higher-education-through-life-skills-training-in-balancing-home-societal-and-workplace-life/dr-antony-joseph-nirappel
Conflict among teachers in junior high schools in a developing countryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the causes and effects of conflict among teachers in junior high schools in Ghana. The study found that the dominant personal cause of conflict was differences in perception, while the dominant structural cause was sharing of common and limited resources. It also found that the negative effects of conflict were higher than the positive effects, and that the most common conflict management strategy adopted by teachers was integrating, while compromising was the least adopted strategy. The document provides background information on conflict in organizations, the potential causes and effects of conflict, and different approaches to managing conflict.
Conflict among teachers in junior high schools in a developing countryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the causes and effects of conflict among teachers in junior high schools in Ghana. The study found that the dominant personal cause of conflict was differences in perception, while the dominant structural cause was sharing of common and limited resources. It also found that the negative effects of conflict were higher than the positive effects, and that the most common conflict management strategy adopted by teachers was integrating, while compromising was the least adopted strategy. The document provides background information on conflict in organizations, the potential causes and effects of conflict, and different approaches to managing conflict.
Classroom Conflict Management Strategies and Students’ Competency Development...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of classroom conflict management strategies on student teachers' competency development in Fako Division, Cameroon. The study used a survey design and mixed methods to collect data through questionnaires and interviews. It found that conflict management strategies like problem-solving negotiations, smoothing and withdrawing had a significant positive correlation with teaching competency, while forcing/win-lose had a negative correlation. The study concluded that teaching conflict management skills can help improve students' teaching competencies if appropriate strategies like problem-solving and compromising are used to resolve conflicts.
Conflict Management Styles of School Administrators of Rural State Universiti...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the conflict management styles of school administrators at rural state universities in the Philippines. A survey was administered to administrators and faculty/staff to determine how each group perceived the administrators' styles. The majority of both groups perceived the administrators as "avoiders" who stay away from conflict issues and people involved to maintain harmony. However, there were some significant differences between how each group viewed the administrators' use of compromising, accommodating, controlling, and collaborating styles. The study provides insight into handling conflicts in academic institutions in rural areas.
Principals Leadership Styles and Its Effects on Students’ Academic Achievemen...ijtsrd
Leadership is widely regarded as a key factor in accounting for differences in the success with which schools foster the learning of their students. Indeed, the contribution of effective leadership is largest when it is needed most there are virtually no documented instances of troubled schools being turned around in the absence of intervention by talented leaders. While other factors within the school also contribute to such turnarounds, leadership is the catalyst. But there is much yet to be learned about who provides such leadership, how it is productively distributed across the school system e.g., state, district, school and classroom and what stimulates its development. Dr. Mbonteh Vivian Mbole Nkong "Principals Leadership Styles and Its Effects on Students’ Academic Achievement in South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49710.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/49710/principals-leadership-styles-and-its-effects-on-students’-academic-achievement-in-south-west-region-of-cameroon/dr-mbonteh-vivian-mbole-nkong
The Impact of School Location on the Effectiveness of Secondary School Admini...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of school location on the effectiveness of public secondary school administrators in Cameroon. The study used a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data through a questionnaire and qualitative data through interviews. The findings showed that over half of administrators were satisfied with their school's location, and school location had a significant and strong positive effect on administrative effectiveness. Administrators at schools in less conducive locations reported lower effectiveness. The conclusion was that school location impacts administrator effectiveness, so school locations should be made safe and conducive.
This document summarizes a study on conflict management and school leadership. The study interviewed 8 school principals in South Africa to understand their experiences with and approaches to conflict management. It found that the principals felt unprepared for dealing with conflict and saw it as something to be avoided. However, one principal noted that conflict can sometimes be necessary to change school culture. The principals agreed that conflict negatively impacts teaching and learning. The study highlights the need for principals to receive training in conflict management.
Harmony in Higher Education Through Life Skills Training in Balancing Home, S...ijtsrd
In the dynamic landscape of higher education, college students encounter many challenges as they strive to balance the demands of their personal and professional lives. This research paper analyses into the pivotal role of life skills training in fostering harmony among college students, enabling them to successfully navigate both realms complexities. By examining the current state of higher education and the evolving expectations placed on students, this study seeks to underscore the importance of equipping individuals with essential life skills. Through a comprehensive literature review, this research identifies gaps in existing knowledge and positions life skills training as a critical intervention. The methodology section outlines the research design, participants, and data collection methods employed to investigate the impact of life skills training on college students. The results section presents key findings, utilizing tables and graphs to elucidate patterns and trends. In the discussion, the interpretation of results is presented, drawing connections to previous research and highlighting implications for both academia and student development. The conclusion synthesizes the researchs main contributions and proposes avenues for future exploration in this vital area. This research serves as a valuable resource for educators, administrators, and policymakers aiming to enhance the holistic development of college students and cultivate a harmonious balance between personal and professional pursuits in the higher education landscape. Dr. Antony Joseph Nirappel | Dr. Kirti Diddi "Harmony in Higher Education: Through Life Skills Training in Balancing Home, Societal and Workplace Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61259.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/61259/harmony-in-higher-education-through-life-skills-training-in-balancing-home-societal-and-workplace-life/dr-antony-joseph-nirappel
Conflict among teachers in junior high schools in a developing countryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the causes and effects of conflict among teachers in junior high schools in Ghana. The study found that the dominant personal cause of conflict was differences in perception, while the dominant structural cause was sharing of common and limited resources. It also found that the negative effects of conflict were higher than the positive effects, and that the most common conflict management strategy adopted by teachers was integrating, while compromising was the least adopted strategy. The document provides background information on conflict in organizations, the potential causes and effects of conflict, and different approaches to managing conflict.
Conflict among teachers in junior high schools in a developing countryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the causes and effects of conflict among teachers in junior high schools in Ghana. The study found that the dominant personal cause of conflict was differences in perception, while the dominant structural cause was sharing of common and limited resources. It also found that the negative effects of conflict were higher than the positive effects, and that the most common conflict management strategy adopted by teachers was integrating, while compromising was the least adopted strategy. The document provides background information on conflict in organizations, the potential causes and effects of conflict, and different approaches to managing conflict.
The Decision Making Skills of Principals and the Teacher Turnover A Qualitati...ijtsrd
The study dealt on the decision making skills of the principals and their related behaviors as perceived by the teachers pertaining to teacher turnover as documented in the qualitative or mixed methods studies. This study used qualitative analysis implementing the SPIDER framework. The goal of this framework was to locate related research articles that reported empirical findings on the principal leadership and decision making skills to the teachers’ turnover. It was heavily dependent on the researcher’s analytic and integrative skills and personal knowledge of the social context where the data was collected. Through a systematic review, the heterogeneity between the studies was minimized which included study regions, authorship collaboration, databases and their uniform resource locator URL , design, and participants and sample size. The examined studies suggested that principals need to understand, that in order to retain qualified teachers, they need to appreciate, respect, empower, and support them in a positive school culture. It was noted that principals have to focus well on creating a positive, supportive environment in their schools as people oriented leaders. The study highlighted teachers’ perceptions of the principals based on their leadership behavior and decision making skills that impacted their position to remain or leave the institution. Cherrie N. Paniamogan "The Decision Making Skills of Principals and the Teacher Turnover: A Qualitative Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52727/the-decision-making-skills-of-principals-and-the-teacher-turnover-a-qualitative-systematic-review/cherrie-n-paniamogan
Application of Appropriate Learning Strategies and Development of Competencie...ijtsrd
This study examined the relationship between application of appropriate learning strategies and development of competencies in students of the University of Bamenda UBa . A correlational survey research design, with a quantitative approach for data collection was used. The target population of this study consisted of all undergraduate and Master students, while the accessible population was made up of students selected from six Schools using both probability and non probability sampling techniques. A sample size of 254 students, derived from the Krejcie and Morgan’s Table for sample size calculation, participated in this study. Data obtained were analysed descriptively and inferentially using tables, charts, frequencies, percentages, and multiple response sets. The Spearman’s Rho correlation test was used to test the lone specific research hypothesis. The aim was to find out the level of relatedness between application of appropriate learning strategies and development of competencies in students. Findings showed that, there is a significant and positive relationship between application of appropriate learning strategies and development of competencies in students P 0.027 R= 0.139 . Therefore, the study concluded that adequate application of appropriate learning strategies by students in their environment have significant positive effects on the development of their competencies. Based on the finding, it was recommended that there is need for a competence based curriculum to consolidate students’ self confidence towards success in a task, while avoiding a negative self fulfilling prophecy about learners. Also, there is need for contextual teaching and learning to ensure a connection between what is taught in school and what obtains in real life situations. Kunike Tieme | Chongwain Lilly Oyoma Jehovah "Application of Appropriate Learning Strategies and Development of Competencies in Students of the University of Bamenda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50326.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50326/application-of-appropriate-learning-strategies-and-development-of-competencies-in-students-of-the-university-of-bamenda/kunike-tieme
Exploring the state of leadership effectiveness of tertiary institutions in g...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the leadership effectiveness of leaders at two tertiary institutions in Ghana. The study examined the leadership styles used as well as the leadership energy and effectiveness. Data showed that leaders at both institutions adopted a team leadership style with concerns for organizational goals and staff well-being. The conclusion was that there is effective leadership with high energy that motivates staff. Recommendations encourage high concern for production, staff, and institutions to achieve goals and objectives sustainably.
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014William Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national and international refereed, blind-reviewed academic journals. NFJ publishes articles academic intellectual diversity, multicultural issues, management, business, administration, issues focusing on colleges, universities, and schools, all aspects of schooling, special education, counseling and addiction, international issues of education, organizational behavior, theory and development, and much more. DR. WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS is Editor-in-Chief (Since 1982). See: www.nationalforum.com
Collaboration skills and critical thinking skills are two real-life competencies in the 21st century. These two skills are believed to be related to one another. However, research on the magnitude of the correlation between the two skills is rarely investigated. Empowerment of these two skills cannot be separated from the learning model. This study analyzes the relationship between collaboration and critical thinking skills through the ethnoECLIPSE learning model and conventional learning. This correlation study involved 240 biology students from various universities in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java Provinces, Indonesia. Collaboration skills data was obtained through peer-to-peer rating scales, while critical thinking skills data was collected through essay tests. Data was analyzed by using simple linear regression. The research results showed collaboration skills significantly correlate with students’ critical thinking skills. The contribution of collaboration to critical thinking skills is higher when applying the ethnoECLIPSE learning model (86.9%) than in conventional learning (48.2%). Then, the regression equation formed from both learning is parallel but not coincident. The ethno-ECLIPSE learning model can be the right choice and is highly recommended for achieving learning goals, especially increasing collaboration and critical thinking skills of pre-service teacher.
Strategies applied by the board of management to enhance students academic pe...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategies applied by Boards of Management (BoM) to enhance student academic performance in secondary schools in Mandera County, Kenya. It finds that most BoM members lack formal education and management skills, resulting in challenges like lack of monitoring, political interference, and mismanagement that negatively impact student performance. The document recommends that BoM members be appointed based on merit and receive management training, and that communication and resource utilization be improved to enhance student academic performance.
Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Privat...ijtsrd
The organizational conflicts among employers and employees in tertiary institutions most especially public institutions has remained a recurring spike in Nigeria that undermine the overall performance of lecturers and students outcomes in the institutions. The specific objective of this research is to investigate the extent of significant differences in organizational justice among lecturers in public and private universities in relation to academic staff commitment in tertiary institutions in South South States in Nigeria which is also in line with the research question and hypothesis. The research adopted a descriptive survey research design, the population of the study is 400. Factorial analysis of variance was used to test hypothesis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20. Cronbach alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The findings revealed that there is level of significant differences in interactional justice in relations to lecturer students relationship between academic staff in public and private universities in South South Nigeria, in conclusion equitable distribution of resources, fair procedures for job decisions, with appropriate allocation of resources and fair communication of decisions will result in high academic staff performance towards higher academic excellence. The researcher recommends among others that management of both public and private universities should come out with supportive policies as a way of promoting interactional justice toward maintaining lecturer student relationship which can be done through integrating the philosophy of target education programme established in 1990 by Aumua and Drake 2002 . Musah Ishaq | Prof. Lilian O. Orogbu | Dr. Ndubuisi-Okolo Purity U. ""Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Private Tertiary Institutions in South-South States of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30205.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/30205/organizational-justice-and-academic-staff-performance-among-public-and-private-tertiary-institutions-in-south-south-states-of-nigeria/musah-ishaq
This document summarizes a study that examined teachers' perceptions of collaboration at two South African schools that received an award for being inviting schools. The study used Hord's model of professional learning communities to assess collaboration. Hord's model includes five dimensions: shared leadership, shared vision and values, individual and shared learning, shared practices, and supportive conditions. The results showed that teachers perceived collaboration was present at both schools based on the five dimensions being evident. The study validated that Hord's model is consistent with the assumptions of Invitational Education theory regarding collaboration being a cooperative activity.
Informational Communication and Leadership Aspect Influence of College Deans ...ijtsrd
This paper examined the informational communication and leadership aspect influence of college deans in a rural state university in Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines. It made use of 83 sample research participants, all are faculty members in the eight 8 academic units of the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus, who answered the instruments lifted from the study of Jennifer de Guia. The results indicate that the informational communication and leadership aspect of the academic heads are influential. Leah A. de Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. de Asis-Estigoy | Amador A. Estigoy "Informational Communication and Leadership Aspect Influence of College Deans in a Rural State University" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47997.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47997/informational-communication-and-leadership-aspect-influence-of-college-deans-in-a-rural-state-university/leah-a-de-asis
ESPOUSED ART OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES AND ENGAGEMENT OF ACADEMIC STAFF O...IAEME Publication
Conflict is ubiquitous irrespective of business, society and country. The nature of
conflict management strategies followed by managers is partly influenced by the
context, personal characteristics, cultural and family background. But conflict has
different dimensions. With an objective of spreading higher education in Nigeria at
present 75 private universities are working. Most of the universities try to follow a
structured organizational system as competition is there. As a result, diagnostic
process requires different approaches depending on context. It is against this that the
study examined espoused art of conflict management styles and engagement of
academic staff. For primary data, copies of questionnaire were distributed to various
categories of academic staff of different private universities. Besides that, a structured
questionnaire (see appendix-1) has been used. A scale of preference (1 to 5) has been
used for the close-ended questions. The analyses were done through the use of the
SMART Partial Least Square (PLS). In foremost cases the top management of the
private universities is found to use the collaborating style with contingency leadership
approach. The collaborative approach helps them to identify a common ground to
solve the problem. This common ground helps to build an atmosphere where the
parties involved in conflict gain a sense of victory. The emerging leaders and top
managers in this sector should follow these strategies to become successful. A further
research could be conducted with a same view in the public universities of Nigeria to
improve the conflict situation of these universities.
ACTION RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF CLASS SIZE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN HIGHE...Justin Knight
This document summarizes an action research study on the impact of class size on teaching and learning employability skills in higher education. The study analyzed data from 184 engineering students attending a course on employability skills in India. Through questionnaires and analysis, the study found that large class sizes had a negative impact on teaching and learning employability skills, which require individual attention. Students reported feelings of anonymity and a lack of attention in large classes. The document concludes that for skills-based courses, smaller class sizes are preferable to allow adequate resources, time and attention for each student.
Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills through Reflective Writing Intervention am...iosrjce
The study that fed this article investigates the progress/development of critical thinking skills through
a reflective writing intervention. It is hypothesized in the study that metacognitive processes underlying
reflective writing and critical thinking interweave. In other words, when students think critically or write
reflectively they tend to use the same cognitive skills as writing in general is a circuit of thinking. Hence, It has
been empirically proven that Reflective writing is a pedagogical strategy, among others, that enhances Critical
Thinking skills of undergraduate students majoring in business, marketing and Finance. Reflective Writing
productions of thirty Moroccan Business College Juniors were assessed, evaluated and scored over on
academic term. The assessment was performed according to the Assessment Rubric for Critical thinking Skills
which was originally designed within the Quality Enhancement plan (QEP) initiative, Georgia State University
2009. Current findings were very significant as the six critical thinking skills defined in the rubric proved major
progress
Knowledge Sharing of Management Undergraduatesijtsrd
Lack of knowledge sharing is one of the major issues haunting the university students in Sri Lanka. Knowledge sharing represents a social dilemma where a rational individual may decide to freeride on others knowledge contributions. As knowledge sharing is a social dilemma it is important to investigate the factors affecting for individual's knowledge sharing intention. Theory of Planned Behavior is an ideal theory to understand why people choose to share knowledge in some contexts not in others. Present study investigates how attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and personality of students affect their intention and behavior to share the knowledge. Menaka Gamage | Pradeep Henegedara ""Knowledge Sharing of Management Undergraduates"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25176.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/25176/knowledge-sharing-of-management-undergraduates/menaka-gamage
A critical look at issues of conflict in academic staff promotion in ghanaian...Alexander Decker
This document discusses issues of conflict that can arise in the criteria and procedures for academic staff promotions in Ghanaian public universities. It identifies three main criteria for promotions - teaching, research/publications, and service. While research is increasingly emphasized, some argue teaching should be the primary focus given the educational mission of universities. The implementation of vague or inconsistently applied criteria and lack of transparency in promotion decisions can breed misunderstandings. Appeals processes and alternative dispute resolutions are used to address conflicts, but not all dissatisfied applicants utilize these options. Overall, balancing collegiality with accountability in evaluations, clarifying criteria, and improving communication around procedures could help minimize tensions over promotions.
A critical look at issues of conflict in academic staff promotion in ghanaian...Alexander Decker
This document discusses issues of conflict that can arise in the criteria and procedures for academic staff promotions in Ghanaian public universities. It identifies three main criteria for promotions - teaching, research/publications, and service. While research is increasingly emphasized, some argue teaching should be the primary focus given the educational mission of universities. The implementation of vague or inconsistently applied criteria and lack of transparency in procedures can breed misunderstandings and doubts. Various resolution mechanisms for promotion-related conflicts like appeals processes and mediation are discussed, but not all dissatisfied applicants utilize these options. Overall, the text examines tensions between administration and faculty regarding promotions and calls for improved evaluation programs and enlightenment on policies and processes to minimize strife.
Distributed leadership involves sharing leadership responsibilities throughout an organization. There are several reasons why distributed leadership is effective: it improves student outcomes and organizational effectiveness; builds commitment among staff; and is considered ethical as it engages all stakeholders in decision-making. Distributed leadership distributes leadership to key people in the organization and complements the roles of both formal leaders and informal teacher leaders.
The document discusses various aspects of curriculum development including research on local and international curriculum development, contextualization, indigenization, and localization of curriculum. It provides definitions and examples for each topic. Research on local curriculum development includes studies on the Basic Education Curriculum 2002 in the Philippines and factors affecting the quality of education. Research on international curriculum examines programs between countries/schools and frameworks for internationalizing curriculum. Contextualization involves linking teaching to students' interests and environment. Indigenization develops curriculum internally using indigenous knowledge as the primary source. Localization relates curriculum content and teaching to the local community context.
Cleus B. Reamico
University of Santo Tomas – Legazpi
Graduate School
Rawis, Legazpi City, Philippines
Abstract: One of the special ethical principles that must be practiced in an educational institution is that all
teachers should improve their professional knowledge and skills so that their performance will better serve others.
One application of this ethical standard is awareness of the issues and trends in education, specifically in
educational planning. The issues and trends in educational planning that students are aware of are: lack of gadgets
and internet connection problems under administrative planning; blended learning, personalized learning,
experiential learning, adaptive learning, bite-sized learning, gamification, socio-emotional learning, genius hour,
and STEAM curriculum under academic curriculum or curricular planning; budgetary concerns, lack of facilities,
and teacher shortage under administrative planning; drop-out rates, self-care, self-reliance, and digital citizenship
under instructional planning; social divide, brain drain, socio-economics, and COVID19 adaptation under cocurricular planning. Since seminars do take the lead in the source of information of students, it is only but
important that these topics be given more attention since educational ethics is the heart of the teaching profession.
Keywords: (Education / Ethics / Planning / Issues / Trends / Awareness).
Organizational Climate and Job Anxiety of Primary School Teachers with Specia...ijtsrd
The workload that teachers have to take on has a negative impact. Organizational culture is very important to provide teachers with comfortable working conditions. Otherwise, the organizational culture may deteriorate, leading to poor working conditions and teachers feeling insecure about their jobs. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of workload and organizational climate on job insecurity among primary school teachers in Coimbatore. This study attempted to clarify the relationship between organizational climate and job insecurity among elementary school teachers. The sample consisted of 60 randomly selected teachers from various public and private elementary schools. Various tools measuring organizational climate and job insecurity were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using t tests and person coefficient correlations. As a result, 43.3 of the respondents had a moderate organizational climate, 40 of the respondents had a good organizational climate, and 16.7 of the respondents had a poor organizational climate. 43.3 of respondents indicated that the organizational culture was poor. Those with low levels of job insecurity, those with moderate job insecurity 40 , and those with high levels of job insecurity 17 . Dr. P. Srilekha | Mr. K. Vishwaraghavan "Organizational Climate and Job Anxiety of Primary School Teachers with Special Reference to Coimbatore District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59999.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59999/organizational-climate-and-job-anxiety-of-primary-school-teachers-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-district/dr-p-srilekha
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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The Decision Making Skills of Principals and the Teacher Turnover A Qualitati...ijtsrd
The study dealt on the decision making skills of the principals and their related behaviors as perceived by the teachers pertaining to teacher turnover as documented in the qualitative or mixed methods studies. This study used qualitative analysis implementing the SPIDER framework. The goal of this framework was to locate related research articles that reported empirical findings on the principal leadership and decision making skills to the teachers’ turnover. It was heavily dependent on the researcher’s analytic and integrative skills and personal knowledge of the social context where the data was collected. Through a systematic review, the heterogeneity between the studies was minimized which included study regions, authorship collaboration, databases and their uniform resource locator URL , design, and participants and sample size. The examined studies suggested that principals need to understand, that in order to retain qualified teachers, they need to appreciate, respect, empower, and support them in a positive school culture. It was noted that principals have to focus well on creating a positive, supportive environment in their schools as people oriented leaders. The study highlighted teachers’ perceptions of the principals based on their leadership behavior and decision making skills that impacted their position to remain or leave the institution. Cherrie N. Paniamogan "The Decision Making Skills of Principals and the Teacher Turnover: A Qualitative Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52727/the-decision-making-skills-of-principals-and-the-teacher-turnover-a-qualitative-systematic-review/cherrie-n-paniamogan
Application of Appropriate Learning Strategies and Development of Competencie...ijtsrd
This study examined the relationship between application of appropriate learning strategies and development of competencies in students of the University of Bamenda UBa . A correlational survey research design, with a quantitative approach for data collection was used. The target population of this study consisted of all undergraduate and Master students, while the accessible population was made up of students selected from six Schools using both probability and non probability sampling techniques. A sample size of 254 students, derived from the Krejcie and Morgan’s Table for sample size calculation, participated in this study. Data obtained were analysed descriptively and inferentially using tables, charts, frequencies, percentages, and multiple response sets. The Spearman’s Rho correlation test was used to test the lone specific research hypothesis. The aim was to find out the level of relatedness between application of appropriate learning strategies and development of competencies in students. Findings showed that, there is a significant and positive relationship between application of appropriate learning strategies and development of competencies in students P 0.027 R= 0.139 . Therefore, the study concluded that adequate application of appropriate learning strategies by students in their environment have significant positive effects on the development of their competencies. Based on the finding, it was recommended that there is need for a competence based curriculum to consolidate students’ self confidence towards success in a task, while avoiding a negative self fulfilling prophecy about learners. Also, there is need for contextual teaching and learning to ensure a connection between what is taught in school and what obtains in real life situations. Kunike Tieme | Chongwain Lilly Oyoma Jehovah "Application of Appropriate Learning Strategies and Development of Competencies in Students of the University of Bamenda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50326.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50326/application-of-appropriate-learning-strategies-and-development-of-competencies-in-students-of-the-university-of-bamenda/kunike-tieme
Exploring the state of leadership effectiveness of tertiary institutions in g...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the leadership effectiveness of leaders at two tertiary institutions in Ghana. The study examined the leadership styles used as well as the leadership energy and effectiveness. Data showed that leaders at both institutions adopted a team leadership style with concerns for organizational goals and staff well-being. The conclusion was that there is effective leadership with high energy that motivates staff. Recommendations encourage high concern for production, staff, and institutions to achieve goals and objectives sustainably.
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014William Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national and international refereed, blind-reviewed academic journals. NFJ publishes articles academic intellectual diversity, multicultural issues, management, business, administration, issues focusing on colleges, universities, and schools, all aspects of schooling, special education, counseling and addiction, international issues of education, organizational behavior, theory and development, and much more. DR. WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS is Editor-in-Chief (Since 1982). See: www.nationalforum.com
Collaboration skills and critical thinking skills are two real-life competencies in the 21st century. These two skills are believed to be related to one another. However, research on the magnitude of the correlation between the two skills is rarely investigated. Empowerment of these two skills cannot be separated from the learning model. This study analyzes the relationship between collaboration and critical thinking skills through the ethnoECLIPSE learning model and conventional learning. This correlation study involved 240 biology students from various universities in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java Provinces, Indonesia. Collaboration skills data was obtained through peer-to-peer rating scales, while critical thinking skills data was collected through essay tests. Data was analyzed by using simple linear regression. The research results showed collaboration skills significantly correlate with students’ critical thinking skills. The contribution of collaboration to critical thinking skills is higher when applying the ethnoECLIPSE learning model (86.9%) than in conventional learning (48.2%). Then, the regression equation formed from both learning is parallel but not coincident. The ethno-ECLIPSE learning model can be the right choice and is highly recommended for achieving learning goals, especially increasing collaboration and critical thinking skills of pre-service teacher.
Strategies applied by the board of management to enhance students academic pe...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategies applied by Boards of Management (BoM) to enhance student academic performance in secondary schools in Mandera County, Kenya. It finds that most BoM members lack formal education and management skills, resulting in challenges like lack of monitoring, political interference, and mismanagement that negatively impact student performance. The document recommends that BoM members be appointed based on merit and receive management training, and that communication and resource utilization be improved to enhance student academic performance.
Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Privat...ijtsrd
The organizational conflicts among employers and employees in tertiary institutions most especially public institutions has remained a recurring spike in Nigeria that undermine the overall performance of lecturers and students outcomes in the institutions. The specific objective of this research is to investigate the extent of significant differences in organizational justice among lecturers in public and private universities in relation to academic staff commitment in tertiary institutions in South South States in Nigeria which is also in line with the research question and hypothesis. The research adopted a descriptive survey research design, the population of the study is 400. Factorial analysis of variance was used to test hypothesis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20. Cronbach alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The findings revealed that there is level of significant differences in interactional justice in relations to lecturer students relationship between academic staff in public and private universities in South South Nigeria, in conclusion equitable distribution of resources, fair procedures for job decisions, with appropriate allocation of resources and fair communication of decisions will result in high academic staff performance towards higher academic excellence. The researcher recommends among others that management of both public and private universities should come out with supportive policies as a way of promoting interactional justice toward maintaining lecturer student relationship which can be done through integrating the philosophy of target education programme established in 1990 by Aumua and Drake 2002 . Musah Ishaq | Prof. Lilian O. Orogbu | Dr. Ndubuisi-Okolo Purity U. ""Organizational Justice and Academic Staff Performance among Public and Private Tertiary Institutions in South-South States of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30205.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/30205/organizational-justice-and-academic-staff-performance-among-public-and-private-tertiary-institutions-in-south-south-states-of-nigeria/musah-ishaq
This document summarizes a study that examined teachers' perceptions of collaboration at two South African schools that received an award for being inviting schools. The study used Hord's model of professional learning communities to assess collaboration. Hord's model includes five dimensions: shared leadership, shared vision and values, individual and shared learning, shared practices, and supportive conditions. The results showed that teachers perceived collaboration was present at both schools based on the five dimensions being evident. The study validated that Hord's model is consistent with the assumptions of Invitational Education theory regarding collaboration being a cooperative activity.
Informational Communication and Leadership Aspect Influence of College Deans ...ijtsrd
This paper examined the informational communication and leadership aspect influence of college deans in a rural state university in Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines. It made use of 83 sample research participants, all are faculty members in the eight 8 academic units of the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus, who answered the instruments lifted from the study of Jennifer de Guia. The results indicate that the informational communication and leadership aspect of the academic heads are influential. Leah A. de Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. de Asis-Estigoy | Amador A. Estigoy "Informational Communication and Leadership Aspect Influence of College Deans in a Rural State University" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47997.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47997/informational-communication-and-leadership-aspect-influence-of-college-deans-in-a-rural-state-university/leah-a-de-asis
ESPOUSED ART OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES AND ENGAGEMENT OF ACADEMIC STAFF O...IAEME Publication
Conflict is ubiquitous irrespective of business, society and country. The nature of
conflict management strategies followed by managers is partly influenced by the
context, personal characteristics, cultural and family background. But conflict has
different dimensions. With an objective of spreading higher education in Nigeria at
present 75 private universities are working. Most of the universities try to follow a
structured organizational system as competition is there. As a result, diagnostic
process requires different approaches depending on context. It is against this that the
study examined espoused art of conflict management styles and engagement of
academic staff. For primary data, copies of questionnaire were distributed to various
categories of academic staff of different private universities. Besides that, a structured
questionnaire (see appendix-1) has been used. A scale of preference (1 to 5) has been
used for the close-ended questions. The analyses were done through the use of the
SMART Partial Least Square (PLS). In foremost cases the top management of the
private universities is found to use the collaborating style with contingency leadership
approach. The collaborative approach helps them to identify a common ground to
solve the problem. This common ground helps to build an atmosphere where the
parties involved in conflict gain a sense of victory. The emerging leaders and top
managers in this sector should follow these strategies to become successful. A further
research could be conducted with a same view in the public universities of Nigeria to
improve the conflict situation of these universities.
ACTION RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF CLASS SIZE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN HIGHE...Justin Knight
This document summarizes an action research study on the impact of class size on teaching and learning employability skills in higher education. The study analyzed data from 184 engineering students attending a course on employability skills in India. Through questionnaires and analysis, the study found that large class sizes had a negative impact on teaching and learning employability skills, which require individual attention. Students reported feelings of anonymity and a lack of attention in large classes. The document concludes that for skills-based courses, smaller class sizes are preferable to allow adequate resources, time and attention for each student.
Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills through Reflective Writing Intervention am...iosrjce
The study that fed this article investigates the progress/development of critical thinking skills through
a reflective writing intervention. It is hypothesized in the study that metacognitive processes underlying
reflective writing and critical thinking interweave. In other words, when students think critically or write
reflectively they tend to use the same cognitive skills as writing in general is a circuit of thinking. Hence, It has
been empirically proven that Reflective writing is a pedagogical strategy, among others, that enhances Critical
Thinking skills of undergraduate students majoring in business, marketing and Finance. Reflective Writing
productions of thirty Moroccan Business College Juniors were assessed, evaluated and scored over on
academic term. The assessment was performed according to the Assessment Rubric for Critical thinking Skills
which was originally designed within the Quality Enhancement plan (QEP) initiative, Georgia State University
2009. Current findings were very significant as the six critical thinking skills defined in the rubric proved major
progress
Knowledge Sharing of Management Undergraduatesijtsrd
Lack of knowledge sharing is one of the major issues haunting the university students in Sri Lanka. Knowledge sharing represents a social dilemma where a rational individual may decide to freeride on others knowledge contributions. As knowledge sharing is a social dilemma it is important to investigate the factors affecting for individual's knowledge sharing intention. Theory of Planned Behavior is an ideal theory to understand why people choose to share knowledge in some contexts not in others. Present study investigates how attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and personality of students affect their intention and behavior to share the knowledge. Menaka Gamage | Pradeep Henegedara ""Knowledge Sharing of Management Undergraduates"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25176.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/25176/knowledge-sharing-of-management-undergraduates/menaka-gamage
A critical look at issues of conflict in academic staff promotion in ghanaian...Alexander Decker
This document discusses issues of conflict that can arise in the criteria and procedures for academic staff promotions in Ghanaian public universities. It identifies three main criteria for promotions - teaching, research/publications, and service. While research is increasingly emphasized, some argue teaching should be the primary focus given the educational mission of universities. The implementation of vague or inconsistently applied criteria and lack of transparency in promotion decisions can breed misunderstandings. Appeals processes and alternative dispute resolutions are used to address conflicts, but not all dissatisfied applicants utilize these options. Overall, balancing collegiality with accountability in evaluations, clarifying criteria, and improving communication around procedures could help minimize tensions over promotions.
A critical look at issues of conflict in academic staff promotion in ghanaian...Alexander Decker
This document discusses issues of conflict that can arise in the criteria and procedures for academic staff promotions in Ghanaian public universities. It identifies three main criteria for promotions - teaching, research/publications, and service. While research is increasingly emphasized, some argue teaching should be the primary focus given the educational mission of universities. The implementation of vague or inconsistently applied criteria and lack of transparency in procedures can breed misunderstandings and doubts. Various resolution mechanisms for promotion-related conflicts like appeals processes and mediation are discussed, but not all dissatisfied applicants utilize these options. Overall, the text examines tensions between administration and faculty regarding promotions and calls for improved evaluation programs and enlightenment on policies and processes to minimize strife.
Distributed leadership involves sharing leadership responsibilities throughout an organization. There are several reasons why distributed leadership is effective: it improves student outcomes and organizational effectiveness; builds commitment among staff; and is considered ethical as it engages all stakeholders in decision-making. Distributed leadership distributes leadership to key people in the organization and complements the roles of both formal leaders and informal teacher leaders.
The document discusses various aspects of curriculum development including research on local and international curriculum development, contextualization, indigenization, and localization of curriculum. It provides definitions and examples for each topic. Research on local curriculum development includes studies on the Basic Education Curriculum 2002 in the Philippines and factors affecting the quality of education. Research on international curriculum examines programs between countries/schools and frameworks for internationalizing curriculum. Contextualization involves linking teaching to students' interests and environment. Indigenization develops curriculum internally using indigenous knowledge as the primary source. Localization relates curriculum content and teaching to the local community context.
Cleus B. Reamico
University of Santo Tomas – Legazpi
Graduate School
Rawis, Legazpi City, Philippines
Abstract: One of the special ethical principles that must be practiced in an educational institution is that all
teachers should improve their professional knowledge and skills so that their performance will better serve others.
One application of this ethical standard is awareness of the issues and trends in education, specifically in
educational planning. The issues and trends in educational planning that students are aware of are: lack of gadgets
and internet connection problems under administrative planning; blended learning, personalized learning,
experiential learning, adaptive learning, bite-sized learning, gamification, socio-emotional learning, genius hour,
and STEAM curriculum under academic curriculum or curricular planning; budgetary concerns, lack of facilities,
and teacher shortage under administrative planning; drop-out rates, self-care, self-reliance, and digital citizenship
under instructional planning; social divide, brain drain, socio-economics, and COVID19 adaptation under cocurricular planning. Since seminars do take the lead in the source of information of students, it is only but
important that these topics be given more attention since educational ethics is the heart of the teaching profession.
Keywords: (Education / Ethics / Planning / Issues / Trends / Awareness).
Organizational Climate and Job Anxiety of Primary School Teachers with Specia...ijtsrd
The workload that teachers have to take on has a negative impact. Organizational culture is very important to provide teachers with comfortable working conditions. Otherwise, the organizational culture may deteriorate, leading to poor working conditions and teachers feeling insecure about their jobs. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of workload and organizational climate on job insecurity among primary school teachers in Coimbatore. This study attempted to clarify the relationship between organizational climate and job insecurity among elementary school teachers. The sample consisted of 60 randomly selected teachers from various public and private elementary schools. Various tools measuring organizational climate and job insecurity were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using t tests and person coefficient correlations. As a result, 43.3 of the respondents had a moderate organizational climate, 40 of the respondents had a good organizational climate, and 16.7 of the respondents had a poor organizational climate. 43.3 of respondents indicated that the organizational culture was poor. Those with low levels of job insecurity, those with moderate job insecurity 40 , and those with high levels of job insecurity 17 . Dr. P. Srilekha | Mr. K. Vishwaraghavan "Organizational Climate and Job Anxiety of Primary School Teachers with Special Reference to Coimbatore District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59999.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59999/organizational-climate-and-job-anxiety-of-primary-school-teachers-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-district/dr-p-srilekha
Similar to Principal’s Managerial Skills for Conflict Resolution in Secondary Schools in Fako Division, Southwest Cameroon (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD60014 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 5 | Sep-Oct 2023 Page 920
According to Fullan (2005) managerial skills is the
ability to plan, control, organize and direct the
operations of an educational enterprise for the
purpose of achieving the target objectives set for the
educational system as a whole. Fullan sees
managerial skills as the competencies required for
effective and efficient planning, staffing, organizing,
coordinating, controlling and decision-making. The
ability, knowledge and experience required to
accomplish management tasks are known as
managerial skills. Managerial skills of school
principals, thus, refer to their ability to successfully
plan, organize, co-ordinate, control, make decisions
and initiate actions to aid the effective management of
schools. Managerial skills are high priority issues for
many people concerned with education these days
such as human relation skills, conceptual skills,
technical/leadership skills, communication skills,
decision making skills, disciplinary skills, organizing
skills (Ebot-Ashu, 2020). It is not surprising, then,
that so many authors have provided insights about
such skills for school administrator in resolving
conflicts. Principals’ managerial skill will be
explained in details indicating the three aspects of
principal’s managerial skills such as Human Relations
Skill, Conceptual Skills and Technical Skills in
chapter two under review of literature. Coercion is
another managerial skill (Ebot-Ashu, 2020). Coercion
means that parties use violence or other physical
action or supernatural means to compel parties to
accept a particular outcome or conclusion. The parties
could resort to the use of the supernatural means such
as witchcraft or prayers, or resort to physical violence
such as using force to seize another party’s
belongings as compensation for the conflict (Young,
2004). Young notes that although in some cases
coercion might help to resolve interpersonal conflicts
in most cases it only goes further to heighten the
conflict by exposing the parties to physical
confrontations like hitting, slapping and fisting that
might end up in severe injuries on the parties, making
it very ineffective.
Conflict is derived from the Latin word “conflictus”,
meaning “striking together”. According to Hornby
(1995), conflict is a serious disagreement, struggle
and fight arising from differences of opinions, wishes,
needs, values and interests between and among
individuals or groups. Conflict can also occur within
an individual. Conflict within an individual, also
called intrapersonal conflict, happens when two or
more values perspectives and opinions are
contradictory in nature and have not been aligned or
agreed upon, when one is not living according to
one’s values; when one’s perspective are threatened;
or when there is discomfort from fear of the unknown
or from lack of fulfilment. This is the view of
McNamara, 2006; Schermerhon (1984), on his part
defines conflict as disagreement that exists in a social
situation over issues of substance (substantive conflict
and/or emotional antagonisms emotional conflicts).
Mitchell (1981), says conflict has a structure
consisting of three parts: attitudes, behaviours and
situations. The model below shows how those parts
interact, thus creating conflict.
Figure 1 Mitchell’s Model of Conflict Structure
Source: Mitchell (1981)
The above model shows that situations can impact
behaviours and attitudes and vice versa. This
therefore, means that a situation can influence the
behaviour and the attitude of someone; behaviour can
influence the attitude and a situation and an attitude
can also alter one’s behaviour and subsequently. For
example, a situation impacting behaviour can be seen
when an ambitious teacher or principal fails to obtain
excellent results for his subject or school in the G.C.E
exams. Mitchell (1981) makes allusion to a case
where a teacher continually hates the vice principal
because he imposed an unfavourable timetable on
him.
Section one of this paper is the general introduction,
has introduced the subject area and summarized the
literature that has influenced this study. It has also
contained the issues associated with undertaking
research of this nature and setting the rational for this
study.
Statement of the Problem
To meet the challenges of educational standard and
higher expectations of education in Cameroon, the
issue of conflict in secondary schools has to be
treated appropriately. When looking at the arena in
which schools operate and the vast number of people
who inhabit and work either directly or indirectly on
the education of the students and the daily running of
schools, it is easy to see conflict often arise. Within
the school system, the various stakeholders
(administrative staff, students, teachers, parents,
school boards and community members) have varying
problems, needs, views, demands and expectations
(Mitchell, 1981; Hornsby, 1995). These differences or
Situation
Behaviour Attitudes
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expectations create room for conflict in schools, some
of which include teachers falling out with their head
of departments and other colleagues’ because of
unfavourable schedules given to them; teachers
threatening principals because they have forwarded
their names to higher authorities for sanctions; vice
principals bullying at teachers for constant absence
from classes; distribution of work among personnel,
financial resources and issues, in and out of class
teaching activities and practices, rewards,
punishment, assessment practices, use of power-
authority, being late for class, political views,
negative attitudes of some personal, passing grade
levels and scoring system, issues regarding the
legislation, dress code, assignments and placements
for staff and distribution of resources, unauthorized
absenteeism of some teachers, personal ambitions,
parents attacking or detaining teachers for
‘maltreating’ their children in school; and parents
opposing administrators over increases of fees or
mismanagement of PTA funds.
Where conflict exists, there is a dysfunctioning of the
institution, disharmony and other negative
occurrences with attendances, problems of poor
teachers’ participation and output with corresponding
poor result among students. These have serious
consequences on the internal and external efficiency
of the establishment as a whole and the development
of the nation in general.
Given the prevalence of these conflicts and their
profound effect on staff output and students’
academic performance, principals of secondary
schools are required to effectively use their
managerial skills to combat this situation. Educational
research, particularly in the field of conflict
resolution, has discovered that conflicts, if not
resolved well, may have negative effects on the
school, particularly on school climate as found out by
previous research ( Schawtz, 1980; Leithwood and
Hellinger, 2002). Most performance problems result
from conflicts between staff members. Unresolved
interpersonal conflict represents the largest effect of
productivity, yet it remains largely unrecognized.
This subsequently affects the morale, input and
productivity of most schools. It is for this reasons
that, this study is out to investigate Principals’
Managerial Skills and Conflict resolution in
Secondary Schools in Fako Division, South-West
Region of Cameroon.
Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study is to elicits the views of
principals’ managerial skills to resolve conflicts in
secondary schools. The study employed a case study
research design and interviewed 10 principals were
selected randomly to develop a framework on
principals’ managerial skills in conflict resolution in
selected secondary schools in Fako Division
Research Question
The above objectives are translated in to a targeted
research question. This research question will inform
the framework of this study and guide the
methodological approach of the research study. This
research question is delineated below in relation to
the corresponding research objectives to understand
what frameworks can be developed to assist
principals improve their managerial skills to resolve
conflict in secondary schools in Fako Division?
Justification of the Study
The study is justified by the fact that little empirical
and theoretical data available on the topic principals’
managerial skills and conflict resolution in secondary
schools in Fako Division, South-West Region of
Cameroon. However, a reasonable amount of data
focused only on conflict resolution in secondary
schools and fails to inform about principals’
managerial skills and conflict resolution in schools.
As a consequence, there is a clear need for further
research to examine principals’ managerial skills
(human relation skill, conceptual skill, and technical
skill) and conflict resolution in secondary schools in
Fako Division, South-West Region of Cameroon.
Many studies have been conducted in relation to
school management and leadership in Cameroon.
Some of these studies include that of Etomes and
Molua (2018), on strategies for enhancing the
productivity of secondary school teachers in the south
west region, that of Dze-Ngwa (2014), on peace and
citizen participation toward internal cohesion in
Cameroon and that of Tsewah (2014), on the role of
women in conflict solving in Cameroon, just to
mention a few. However, the findings of these
researchers did not fulfil the requisites of the study on
hand. That is, principals’ managerial skills and
conflict resolution in secondary schools. Even if there
exist any, it is mostly in public secondary schools
with very little done as far as private and lay-private
schools are concerned. Therefore, studies like this are
important especially as such studies can provide
important findings that can fill the gaps which other
studies have not in the area of principal managerial
skills and conflict resolution in secondary schools.
Significance of the Study
This study is believed to have great significant to the
government, principals and other schools’
administrators in secondary schools, teachers,
students and the entire educational community.
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To the Educational system, this research work aims at
sensitizing teachers, principals, discipline masters,
educators and policy makers on the need to introduce
conflict and conflict resolution programmers in
secondary schools and universities as part of their
curriculum. Seminars and retraining programmers for
staff members should be organized by the
government and other educational agencies such as
Non-Governmental Organizations featuring courses
on interpersonal conflict resolution. Thus, it educated
and enlightened the educational community on
conflict and conflict resolution strategies and other
concerns that should be considered in bridging the
gap between theory and practice.
To the government, this study will provide an
insightful on the causes of conflict in secondary
schools and how the school administrators can exhibit
sound managerial skills to resolve such conflicts. This
therefore, will help the government in training
schools’ administrators and teachers in both pre-
service and in-service training programs on how to
develop managerial skills for effectively handling of
conflict in schools, thus promoting effective teaching
and learning in secondary schools. Secondly, the
study also may be useful to policy makers in
understanding principals’ capability in managing
conflicts in schools.
To principals and other secondary school
administrators, this study will enable them to keep a
high level of professional spirit and a good moral
standard of the school. Schools’ principals will learn
through the findings of this study how to adopt and
exhibit managerial skills that will sustain a good
working environment for teachers and an enabling
environment, free of conflicts for learners to learn.
This study will also be significant to principals in that
it wants to comprehend the role of school principals
as they work in challenging situations where there are
conflict situations. In addition, this study’s findings
may be of great potentialities to principals in
understanding challenges they face in managing
school conflicts and how they can manage conflicts in
school.
To the teachers of secondary schools and other
teachers, this study will help provide them with a
conducive environment to execute their duties,
especially when principals exhibit managerial skills
necessary for effective conflict resolution in
secondary schools. This will provide an enabling
environment for effective collaboration between
teachers, students and administrators, hence, effective
teaching
Unmanaged conflicts can create dysfunctional
schools which deprive students from their rights to
education. Therefore, this study will be of great
significance to secondary school students in that it
will provide enough reasons why the government and
other school administrators should provide an
enabling school environment, free of conflicts for
students to study.
Lastly, to the educational community at large, this
study will contribute knowledge on existing literature
related to conflicts in school contexts. The study will
also lay foundations for further studies in the field of
education management and conflict resolution.
Summary and Outline of the Study
This paper is divided into four remaining sections.
Section two, review of related literature, will discuss
the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that
informs the study. Literature from a wide range of
relevant topics is synthesized in order to provide a
fuller understanding of this research domain. Section
three will look at the research methodology,
addressing issues such as research design, area of the
study, population of the study, instrument used for
data collection, validation of such instruments and
administration, procedure for data analyses and
ethical considerations. In section four, the findings
from the field will be presented according to research
question while section five will deal with discussing,
conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for
further research.
Literature Review
This section reviews literature that is related and
relevant to the study under theoretical and conceptual
review.
Theoretical Review
Theoretically, this study examines the parameters of
conflict and management theory relevant to
principals’ managerial skill and conflict resolution
among staff members in secondary schools. The
following theories and their implications to this study
have been reviewed in this section. They include the
Scientific Management Theory (Frederick Wilson
Taylor’s, 1911) and the Conflict Resolution Theory
(Burton, 1980)
Scientific Management Theory by Frederick
Wilson Taylor (1911)
The implication or relevance of this Taylor’s theory
to this study is that, the role of leaders (principals)
managerial skills in decision-making process is
important. Decisions are made to increase efficiency
and a good working conflict-free environment in the
Taylor model. Social systems such as schools often
confront ambiguous situations like conflict among
staff members, students and administrators requiring
flexibility on the part of the principals to use their
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managerial skills to take decisions (Ebot-Ashu, 2020;
Robins & Hall, 1996; Abbass, 1997). There can be no
“one best way or skill.” They said when confronted
with decision-making in a complex social
organization, political power can be expected to
influence coalitions and because conflicting interests
create disorder, cause disagreement, bargaining, and
struggle for position. All aforementioned effects of
political power in a complex social organization are
unacceptable and unthinkable in the rational model
represented by Taylor (Ebot-Ashu, 2020; Okoye,
2007; Young, 2004). But when confronted with
decision-making in a social organization like the
school, principals are expected to influence
collaboration, reduce conflicting interests and create
order. Frederick Taylor strongly believed that the
Scientific Management approach would solve
conflicts between workers and managers, and that the
approach had the potential of highly increasing the
productivity of organizations.
Conflict Resolution Theory by Burton (1980)
This theory is relevant to this study in that, it brings
out the different approaches and strategies of conflict
resolution as explained by Burton. To this study, the
traditional approaches to conflict resolution in schools
have largely been on mediation and negotiation with
the principal being the judge (Hornsby, 1995;
Tervaskis and Keller, 1994; Mitchell, 1981). Conflict
resolution by Chinda (2015) is the reduction,
elimination, or termination of all forms of conflicts.
According to Chinda (2015), conflict resolution
strategies require negotiations, bargaining, mediation
and arbitration. Burton notes that; problem solving
considers individual and group needs as identity and
recognition, as well as institutional changes that are
required to satisfy these needs. Principals should
therefore recognize and understand the needs and
viewpoints of his or her staff members to effectively
know how to handle their problems using the right
method. These approaches will only work when the
conflicting parties are amenable to negotiation and
have something tangible, they are able to bargain.
Conceptual Review
The researcher will then proceed to examine
conceptual literature according to research questions
of the study.
Principals’ Managerial Skills to Resolve Conflicts
in Secondary Schools
As a matter of fact, conflict is considered to be a
phenomenon in every organization; it is impossible to
be avoided but it is possible to be managed when a
principal diagnoses the symptoms of conflict
(Mitchell, 1981; Hanson, 1991). The proper
management of conflict will contribute towards the
prosperity of the organization (Hornby, 1995).
Nobody can deny the relationship between conflict
and other variables, whether negative or positive that
may affect the organizations at all; but if it is handled
well, it will create fruitful and innovative competition
among the organization's members (Niklas, 2005;
Schawtz, 1980; MarlGary & O’Leary, 2000)
Accordingly, there is an urgent need that this conflict
should be managed. The poor management of conflict
can generate significant bad costs that will occur in
terms of disappointment, discouragement, employees
turn over and low productivity. In addition, such
conflict will lead to lose of time and financial costs as
legal suits can be incurred. It is so important to
recognize the conflict and its dimension in order to
manage it properly and then to improve and guide the
organization in achieving its objectives (Ford, 2007;
Leithwood & Hallinger, 2002; Niklas, 2005; Garry
and O’Leary, 2000)
Shanka (2017), of the Department of Educational
Planning and Management, Wolaita Sodo University,
Ethiopia, conducted a study on Conflict resolution
and Resolution Strategies between Teachers and
School Leaders in Primary Schools of Wolaita Zone,
Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to investigate
various strategies used to manage and resolve conflict
between teachers and school leaders in government
primary schools of Wolaita zone. The study employed
a descriptive survey design where both quantitative
and qualitative approaches were used to correct and
analyse data, concurrently. From six districts, ten
schools were selected using both simple random and
purposive sampling so as to include schools
sponsored by Wolaita Development Association.
Subjects for this study included 146 teachers and 50
department heads that were randomly selected to
respond to the questionnaires. Participants for
interview included 10 principals, 10 vice-principals,
and 20-unit leaders and 30 parent and teachers’
association members. Data were analysed using
descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, means
and standard deviations), and inferential statistics (t-
test) using SPSS software version 20. Findings
indicated that major causes of conflict were either;
institutional, work or leadership related. Major
conflict resolution strategies included; building
leadership skills, following rules and regulations.
embracing change, wise allocation of recourses,
involvement in decision making, providing
opportunities for training, and understanding
individual differences and roles, in case of disputes,
techniques included; discussions, punishing, forcing,
compromising, avoidance, and ignorance. This study
concluded that school leaders need to understand the
sources of conflicts and have a mechanism in place
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for staff to voice their concerns. Additionally, leaders
need to continuously build leadership competences,
be open to change, involve and provide staff with
opportunities for growth. Besides, schools’ leaders
should look for ways to acquire and expand funding
sources.
Figure 2: The Principal’s Managerial Competence in Establishing a Creative School
Source: Yulia and Achadi (2020)
The above figure shows that HR, the principal of SMP Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta, is highly competent, in
that she can bring betterment in the school management. The principals of the school succeeded in changing
the school management into a creative school. HR, the headmistress, applies three managerial competences at
school. The conceptual competence is actualized in the innovations and new ideas in arranging the school
development involving the stakeholders (Ebot-Ashu, 2020; Robins and Hall, 1996). Through technical
competence, the principal applies a new paradigm based on informational technology in all aspects of learning.
Interpersonal competence is shown by building trust and collaboration with the school members to achieve the
school’s goals (Okoye, 2007’; Etomes and Molua, 2018). The principal’s competence has brought success and
achievements of the school, such as the provision of the facilities and infrastructures as well as opening bilingual
classes, excellent classes, information and communication technology class at each level. Furthermore, the
school achieved several awards, such as the healthiest school in 2005, the first winner of the school library in the
province in 2012, and national Adiwiyata (environmental education) in 2013 (Saraswati, 2018). Besides, the
students in the school also achieve various awards, both national and international (Anugrah, 2019).
The research reveals that the principal’s managerial competence consists of conceptual, technical, and
interpersonal competencies to actualize a creative school, the principal applied six ways; those are establishing
the vision and mission, implementing the networking-based innovative program, implementing responsive
management, building productive culture, improving the quality of the human resources, and building the
collaboration as well as humanizing the subordinates (Ebot-Ashu, 2020; Abbass, 1997). Building the vision and
mission as well as implementing a networking-based innovative program is included in the conceptual
competence of a principal in establishing a creative school. Meanwhile, responding to changes, building a
productive culture, and improving human resources quality is the technical competence of the principal (Etomes
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and Molua, 2018; Tsewah, 2014). The principal’s interpersonal competencies are shown in building the
collaboration with and humanizing the subordinates with trust and respect. The research helps the parties
involved in school development, such as the educational board.
Because of diverse and varied definitions of conflict, attitudes towards it and images of its role are also varied.
Conflict in schools takes different forms; for example, teachers seem reluctant to obey the principals, they do not
seem to follow rules or accept extra work, they do not easily get along with their principals. These different
forms of conflict are discussed below, with focus on their main differences, beginning with intrapersonal
conflict.
Intrapersonal Conflict, which occurs within an individual, often involves some form of goal conflict or cognitive
conflict. Goal conflict exists for individuals when their behaviour results in outcomes that are mutually exclusive
or have compatible elements (both positive and negative outcomes) (Mitchell, 1981; Konard, 1988).
Intrapersonal conflict can be in the various forms. It could be in the form of approach-approach conflict, a
situation in which a person has a choice between two or more alternatives with positive outcomes. Next is
avoidance-avoidance conflict. Interpersonal conflict involves two or more individuals rather than one individual.
Two managers competing for the same promotion, two executives maneuvering for a larger share of corporate
capital examples of conflict between individuals are legion and quite familiar (Hanson, 1991; Schawtz, 1980).
Interpersonal conflicts may be caused by many reasons. Interpersonal conflict could be caused by personality
differences. Naturally, some people have difficulty in getting along with each other. This is purely a
psychological problem which has nothing to do with their job requirements or formal interactions.
Intragroup conflict can also take the dimension of inter-Group Conflict. An organization is a collection of
individuals and groups. As the situation and requirements demand, the individuals form various groups. The
success of the organization as a whole depends upon the harmonial relations among all interdependent groups,
even though some intergroup conflicts in organizations are inevitable. The idea is to study intergroup behaviours
within an organization so that any conflict can be recognized and dealt with by the management. Intra-
Organizational Conflict has four types: vertical conflict, horizontal conflict, line-staff conflict and role conflict.
Although these types of conflict can overlap, especially with role conflict, each has distinctive characteristics
(MarkGary and O’Leary, 2000).
Conflict resolution minimizes the negative outcomes of conflict and promotes the positive outcomes of conflict
with the goal of improving learning in a school (Rahim, 2002, p. 208). In fact, the better educators and students
understand the nature of conflict, the better they are to manage conflicts constructively ( 1988; Konard, 1988;
Mitchell, 1981; Young, 2004). Moran (2001) sees conflict resolution as “a philosophy and a set of skills that
assist individuals and groups in better understanding and dealing with conflict as it arises in all aspects of their
lives” (Hanson, 1991; Niklas, 1980; Mitchell, 1981).
Scholars in the field of conflict have proposed many conflict resolution or resolution strategies that can be used
in handling conflicts in an organization. Some of them (as limited to this study) include: Negotiation, Coercion,
Adjudication, Mediation, Collaboration, and Arbitration.
Conflict resolution is a measure taken when conflict arises between two people, society, organization, or
community. The concept of conflict resolution has been viewed by different scholars. Niklas (2005) argues that
conflict resolution means changing destructive conflicts into constructive conflicts. It implies a method desired
to develop peaceful means finally ending a state of conflict. For other scholars such as Schartz (1980), conflict
resolution is the process of resolving a dispute or conflict, by providing each side’s needs and adequately
addressing their interest so that they are satisfied with the outcome. (McGarry and O’Leary, 2000) state that
conflict resolution is a stage in the handling of conflicts. Through conflict resolution, a cooperative atmosphere
is created for promoting opportunities and movement directed towards non-violence, reconciliation or basic
clashing interest.
Developing an effective strategy for conflict resolution in secondary schools requires the involvement of
corporate level of management, which stipulates strategies to cope with any hazardous situation when it happens
in the education enterprise working in harmony and unity and in patterns of conflict resolution strategy. That
means all stakeholders in the education industry should have common purpose and focus on strategies for
conflict resolution in the school (Leithwood & Hallinger, 2002) hence, the various conflict resolution strategies
proposed by scholars in the field of conflict resolution include: compromise, collaboration, Negotiation,
accommodation, coercion, confrontation, reconciliation, control of rewards, and climate of trust, formal
authority, effective communication and avoidance.
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Olaleye and Arogundade (2013) argued that different strategies to resolve conflicts may lead to either desirable
or undesirable outcomes depending on their effectiveness or ineffectiveness, respectively. Effective management
strategy may result in desirable outcome such as smooth management, enhanced discipline, and effective
management of time, team spirit, and effective use of resources, achievement of goals, good relationships and
great value by stakeholders. However, when an ineffective management strategy is used, undesirable outcomes
such as strikes, demonstrations, destruction of property, poor performance, emotional stress, and misallocation
of resources, absence and frustration may occur (Abdul. 2013). School principals therefore, must know the
different types of conflict resolution strategies to their fingertips in order to choose the strategy that best suits the
situation at hand using their managerial skills.
Equally important is compromising. According to Abdul (2013) the times when the compromising mode is
appropriate are when you are dealing with issues of moderate importance, when you have equal power status, or
when you have a strong commitment for resolution. Principals usually use this style of conflict resolution as a
temporary solution when there are time constraints. Principals choose this style when it is important to satisfy
some of their interests, but not all of them.
Denohue & Kott (1992) maintains that interpersonal conflict or conflict among staff members can be resolved
constructively and peacefully through effective communication skill of the school heard. This is known as
mediation. Using this interpersonal skill therefore, conflicting parties are put together to resolve their differences
through a third-party mediator who is the principal. The principal assists the warring parties to replace their
competitive win-lose view of their conflict with a more cooperative win-win outcome. Mediation is the process
whereby an acceptable third party who has limited or no authoritative decision-making power assists conflicting
parties to resolve their conflict through promoting conciliation and facilitating negotiations (Morgenthau, 1980;
Denohue & Kott, 1992). As with Negotiation and Mediation leaves the decision-making power primarily in the
hands of the conflict parties. They enter into a voluntary agreement which they themselves and not the mediator
implement (Rubbin, 1990; Denohue & Kott, 1992). Thus, making it very effective since the conflict parties are
not forced but are guided to decide for themselves. Principals stand as the major person actively involved in the
conflict resolution process of their schools. Therefore, principals should use their managerial skills in selecting
and effectively using the right resolution strategy to resolve conflict among staff members.
The collaborating mode is high assertiveness and high cooperation. Collaboration has been described as putting
an idea on top of an idea in order to achieve the best solution to a conflict. The best solution is defined as a
creative solution to the conflict that would not have been generated by a single individual. With such a positive
outcome for collaboration, most of the principals preferred to use it when managing conflicts with their teachers.
However, collaborating takes a great deal of time and energy. Therefore, the collaborating mode should be used
when the conflict warrants the time and energy (Abdul, 2013). In related research by Tosi (1986) four styles on
managing conflicts were identified as competition, collaboration, compromise, avoidance and accommodation.
The strategy identified by Meyer (1994) was effective communication which he described as the best because it
would make the group aware of the kind of communication which could lead to problem solving.
Summarily, this section has examined literature that is related and relevant to this study under the theories that
explain principals’ managerial skills and conflict resolution in an organization. Equally the study analysed.
conceptual review, where the concepts of principals’ management skills and conflict resolution have been
discussed. The next section will examine the research methodology of the study.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This section presents the methodology used for this study and is organized under the following sub headings;
research design, area of the study, population of the study, sample and sampling techniques, the instruments
utilized to collect data, validity and reliability of the instruments, administration of the instruments, procedure
for data analysis and ethical considerations.
Research Design
The research design employed for this study was a case study design. The researcher’s decision to use case study
research design is because the aim of the study is to develop a framework for principals’ managerial skills can be
used to manage conflicts in schools be describing the subjects of the research without focusing on why the
phenomenon occurs or happens like that. Principals’ views will be elicited and described just the way there are
given. The rationale for using case study research design is that you can focus on specific and interesting case
(Yin, 1994; Yin 2003; Yin, 2009). This may be an attempt to test a theory with a typical case or it can be a
specific topic that is of interest (Yin, 2003). Case studies can generate new and unexpected findings, as well as
test and refine existing theories (Yin, 2009).
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Qualitative method is used to understand principal’s beliefs, experiences, attitudes, behavior, and interactions
concerning the topic under study. It generates non-numerical data. The integration of qualitative research into
intervention studies is a research strategy that is gaining increased attention across disciplines. Qualitative
studies give you a unique depth of understanding which is difficult to gain from a closed question survey.
Qualitative research equally aims to get a better understanding through firsthand experience, truthful reporting,
and quotations of actual conversations from principals themselves (Miles & Huberman, 1994; Denscombe,
2003). It aims to understand how the participants derive meaning from their surroundings, and how their
meaning influences their behavior. Quantitative research used random sampling. The sample size of this study
was made up of 10 principals gotten from selected schools from all the three targeted sub divisions, determined
by the Krejcie and Morgan chart. There was an almost equal representation of males (52%) and females (48%)
in the study area. The findings show that 48.5% of the respondents were female and (51.5%) were male. This
implies that the male population of principals is dominantly represented than the population of female.
Interview Guide
Qualitatively, an interview guide was used to gather data through direct verbal interaction with participants. The
researchers used an interview because interview is particularly useful for getting the story behind the participant
experience.
Interview Guide Design
The interview was administered to 10 personnel drawn from the sample. The interview guide covers a single
objective with questions formulated under the main research question to help answer the research problem. The
interview guide answered key questions such as; Is framework of principal’s managerial skills necessary for
effective conflict resolution? How do principals plan to effectively implement the framework of managerial
skills in resolving conflict? What other managerial skills of principals can be important to resolve conflicts in
schools? If conflicts in schools are not properly managed, what are some of the outcomes?
Validation of the Interview Guide
Validity and reliability of the interview guides was ensured by using a framework of four criteria (as a part of the
constructivism paradigm paralleling validity and reliability in quantitative research) proposed by Guba and
Lincoln (1994), to ensure ‘trustworthiness’. These include credibility, transferability, dependence, and
conformability.
Credibility involves establishing that the results are credible or believable from the perspective of the
participants in the research. Credibility will be ensured by the extent of respondents’ concordance to the findings
as it will be presented to them for confirmation, congruence, validation and approval. Transferability refers to
the degree to which the results can be generalized or transferred to the other context or setting. This will be
achieved by thoroughly and extensively describing the process adopted for the researcher to follow.
Dependability is concerned with the fact that we will obtain the same results if we could observe the same thing
twice. This was ensured by keeping an extensive and detailed record of the process for the researcher to replicate
to ascertain the level of dependability. Conformability refers to the degree to which the results could be
confirmed or corroborated by others.
Reliability of the Interview Guide
The instrument was proven valid through gross examination of the open-ended questions by colleagues and
principals to check its relationship with the research objective of the study. Some questions were reframed to
avoid ambiguity for specificity of the questions to the respondents. Trust worthiness and credibility of the open-
ended questions were attended by the supervisor and the supervisee and questions were found valid and reliable
to collect data.
Method of Data Collection
The interview guide was administered through the collection of an authorization letter from the University of
Buea to prove that the researcher is a student and also to have access to collect data from respondents. The
researcher made use of a tape recorder with the permission from the interviewees. The researcher used the
standardized, semi-structured, open-ended interview guide (with a pre-determined list of questions being asked
to each respondent in order to minimize the possibility of bias) to collect data from the respondents. The
interview allowed explanation of the interviewee’s views about the variable under study. The responses to the
questions would be left open and the respondents would be free to give responses the way he/she finds most
fitting. The outlined questions were meant to guide and make sure that the research objective is covered.
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Method of Data Analysis
Data collected with the interview guide was analysed thematically under themes and opinions of respondents.
The qualitative data was analysed thematically whereby respondents’ direct statements were grouped under key
concepts or themes. Each of these data-collection efforts was undertaken in order to obtain a wide range of
opinions and perspectives in order to establish how a framework can be developed to assist principals improve
their managerial skills to resolve conflict in secondary schools in Fako Division?. To develop both internal and
external validity, the specific analytical technique of pattern coding was adopted. When all collected data was
available in textual format, data could be methodologically analyzed. In pattern coding, principals’ words were
compared with the researcher’s interpretation within theoretical conceptual frameworks. Wherever possible,
however, a wide range of quotations from literature, semi-structured interviews with principals were used. The
interviews with principals in Fako Division of Cameroon are presented thematically using emergent themes
which are dealt with individually in turn using relevant codes e.g., P8SHUtt87 or P2SBUtt23. The first part of
the code identifies the principal, school the meeting took place. Thus, P8SHUtt87 refers to interview transcript
analysis from Principal No 8 (P8) in School H (SH), Utterance 87 and P2SBUtt23 refers to analysis from
Principal 2 (P2), School B (SB), Utterance 23 (Utt23) in the interview transcript.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical consideration and obligations are very important in any research. Therefore, after the preparation of the
data collection instrument, administrative authorization was obtained from the supervisor and the vice/Dean in
charge of research, to enable the researcher has access to data. All participants were not required to mention their
names and did provide information that makes the suspicious on data sources.
The researchers took consent from participants before they took part, meaning that, they knew exactly what they
were asked to do, and what the risks and benefits were, before taking part. The participants were informed of
who exactly the researchers are, where the researchers are coming from and what the researchers are doing. As
such, the researchers in adhering to ethical issues guarantees anonymity and acknowledge all the consulted
works used in the study.
Presentation of Findings
This section presents findings gotten from research study. The findings have been presented according to the
main research question: Framework of Principals’ Managerial Skills to Resolve Conflict in Secondary Schools
in Fako Division?
Table 1: Principals’ Managerial Skills is Necessary for Effective Conflict Resolution
Source: The Researchers (2022)
Table 1 above presented the findings gathered in regards to whether principals’ framework of managerial skills
is necessary for effective conflict resolution in school. As shown, a majority of the respondents mentioned that
principals should build up a policy to effectively solve conflict in school as explained, “… bring up a design a
layout on how you will use to tackle opinions from parties in conflict so that you will diagnose and bring forth
creative solutions”. In the same light, some respondents mentioned how it is necessary for schools to have a
conflict resolution policy to effectively manage serene atmosphere. In this way teachers will feel involved and
become effective in their job.
Interview Question Themes Grounding Quotation
Is framework of
principal’s
managerial skills
necessary for
effective conflict
resolution?
Lay out
Framework
actions
A necessity
3
2
“….bring up a policy layout on how you will use
to tackle opinions from parties in conflict so that
you will diagnose and bring forth ‘emmh’
creative solutions” (P8SHUtt87)
“Of course of course it is because conflict have to
be effectively managed for a serene atmosphere”
(P2SBUtt23)
“very necessary if you like I said earlier like
seriously you don't set an example you are not a
role model you are sitting in an Avenue then you
find yourself in difficulties struggling to create
the problem that you have neglected because of
your managerial skills”(P3SCUtt34)
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Table 2 Showing How Principals’ Plan to Effectively Implement Framework of Managerial in
Resolving Conflict
The Researchers (2022)
Table 2 above presented the findings gathered in regards to how principals’ plan to effectively implement
framework of managerial skills in resolving conflict in school. As indicated, a majority of the respondents
acknowledged the fact that Convene meetings will help principals’ plan to effectively resolve conflict as
explained, “Yes most at times I do convened meetings, disciplinary meetings, staff meetings and why not
general meetings that involves school prefects” and “every school stakeholder will be aware on the need for
peace education in our school milieu and to bring forth measures to tackle conflict”. To foster peace education
was a theme from an interviewee that, “….counsellors I use the guidance counsellors they talk to students they
talk to colleagues about conflict”, furthermore, some respondents made mention of counselling which explained
that, “I think in this ‘ehh’ text you need to constantly be in touch with your personnel’s constant, braising not
giving room for let me use the word grievances yes to delay being ‘ehh’ acting promptly and also be proactive
that which reduce conflict”. To add, a respondent made mention that principals’ should make understanding of
frame work to effectively resolve conflict as explained that, “…planning has to go with first of all acceptance
and first of all understanding the frameworks understanding the conflict itself and looking for various ‘emmmh’
possible solutions”.
Table 3 Showing Other Type of Managerial Skills Principals’ Can Use to Resolve Conflict in School
Source: The Researchers (2022)
Interview
Question
Themes Grounding Quotation
How do
principals plan
to effectively
implement the
framework of
managerial
skills in
resolving
conflict?
Convene
meetings
Foster peace
education
Counselling
Understanding
of frame work
3
1
2
1
“Yes most at times I do convened meetings, disciplinary
meetings, staff meetings and why not general meetings
that involves school prefects” (P1ASFUtt47)
“ every school stakeholder will be aware on the need for
peace education in our school milieu and to bring forth
measures to tackle conflict” (P10SJUtt 89)
“….counselors I use the guidance counsellors they talk
to students they talk to colleagues about
conflict”(P3SCUtt56)
“I think in this ‘ehh’ text you need to constantly be in
touch with your personnels constant, braising not giving
room for let me use the word grievances yes to delay
being ‘ehh’ acting promptly and also be proactive that
which reduce conflict” (P4SDUtt53)
“…planning has to go with first of all acceptance and
first of all understanding the frameworks understanding
the conflict itself and looking for various ‘emmmh’
possible solutions” (P5SEUtt 66)
Interview
Question
Themes Grounding Quotation
What other
managerial
skills of
principals can
be important
to resolve
conflicts in
schools?
Technical
managerial skill
Interpersonal
managerial
skills
Many strategies
2
2
1
“because technical managerial skill does not necessarily
means operating machines but it gives you that upper
urge to be technical to be critical whenever you are
handling conflict within parties or among teachers in
conflict” (P1SAUtt 21)
“In this case I think eh technical managerial skills will do
the job”
“understanding the teachers individual needs personal
needs in resolving conflict also understanding the
differences that exist between all the teachers”
(P2SBUtt17)
“There are most of them that you can implement
depending also on your local realities” (P3SCUtt 37).
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Table 3 above presented the findings gathered in regards to other type of managerial skills principals can use to
resolve conflict in school. The respondents brought up other types of managerial skills that can be used by
principals to resolve conflict in school. Some respondents pointed that principals could use technical managerial
skill as explained by the respondents that, “because technical managerial skill does not necessarily means
operating machines but it gives you that upper urge to be technical to be critical whenever you are handling
conflict within parties or among teachers in conflict”. Respondents also acknowledged that principals could also
use interpersonal managerial skill to resolve conflict in school as said, “In this case I think eh technical
managerial skills will do the job” and to “understanding the teacher’s individual needs personal needs in
resolving conflict also understanding the differences that exist between all the teachers”. Conclusively, a
respondent added that many strategies are available for principals to use in resolving conflict in school, there are
most of them that you can implement depending also on your local realities”.
Table 4 Showing What Should Principals’ Do to Effectively Resolve Conflicts in School
Source: The Researchers (2022)
Table 4 above presented the findings on what should principals do to effectively resolve conflicts in school.
Respondents brought up the point that in other to effectively resolve conflict, principals’ should seek advice as
explained that, I am always objective when I say this is this and I think critically before giving decisions at times
I go back to my subordinates to seek advice from them because I am not phantom of knowledge”, in the same
lane, a respondent added that principals’ should be proactive as said, “School principals must also learn to be
proactive in avoiding conflict you must not even give the opportunity of conflicts to occur before start thinking
of resolving them they must put every condition necessary to avoid conflict”.
Also, a respondent indicated that, principals’ should learn to control their anger when resolving conflict as
explained that, “school principals must also learn to control their emotions and temperaments when they are
dealing with issues of teachers conflict because it is when the school or the teachers are faring well that the
school also will perform well”, while some respondents vindicated that, principals’ should be effective
communicators as mentioned that, I mentioned about communication when I said when there is absence of
communication there is misunderstanding and when there is misunderstanding conflicts are bound to arise”. To
end it, respondents said that principals’ talk to one on one to effectively resolve conflict among them, “I think
they should call on students from time to time through assembly and try to caution them.
Interview
Question
Themes Grounding Quotation
What must
school
principals do
to effectively
resolve
conflicts in
school
Seek advice
Proactive
Control anger
Effective
communication
Talk to students
1
1
1
1
1
I am always objective when I say this is this and I think
critically before giving decisions at times I go back to
my subordinates to seek advice from them because I am
not phantom of knowledge” (P1SAUtt42)
“School principals must also learn to be proactive in
avoiding conflict you must not even give the opportunity
of conflicts to occur before start thinking of resolving
them they must put every condition necessary to avoid
conflict” (P2SBUtt 29)
“school principals must also learn to control their
emotions and temperaments when they are dealing with
issues of teachers conflict because it is when the school
or the teachers are faring well that the school also will
perform well” (P3SCUtt 39)
“I mentioned about communication when I said when
there is absence of communication there is
misunderstanding and when there is misunderstanding
conflicts are bound to arise” (P4SDUtt 44)
“I think they should call on students from time to time
through assembly and try to caution them” (P4SD49)
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Table 5: Showing the Outcomes of Improper Management of Conflict in School
Source: The Researcher (2022)
Table 5 above presented the findings on the outcomes of improper management of conflict in school. With
regards to the repercussions, respondents pointed out the issue of creating school tension which said that, “…like
teachers will be at loggerhead with other teachers there will be tension in the school environment”, most
respondents said that there will be violence in school as reported that, “I think there will be outburst of violence
in institutions which may lead to fighting and it can even cause lives we have heard of teachers losing their life
in school” ‘emmmh’ when conflict are properly managed tension among colleagues will reduced but if not
managed they will be tension among colleagues, students and why not even tension between teachers and
students”. In effective teaching was one of the negative impact of unresolved conflict in school as mentioned by
respondents who explained that, “first of all teaching will not be effective because when the teachers have
conflict among themselves they will either not be coming to school absenteeism of the teacher or they may come
to school and not teach in class”. Meanwhile a respondent clued that, it will led to school delinquency as said,
“…So there will be a lot of delinquency a lot of absences of duties a lot of negligence in fact it's tantamount to
chaos”. Finally, a respondent added that, unresolved conflict will Reduce the quality of teaching as explained by
the respondent that, “the effect of this is that the school will not perform well educational exams or classroom
exams or whatever level of exams they are writing and all of these goes to reduce the quality of education”. In
this way principals’ should try by all possible means to completely resolve conflict in school in other to avoid
the occurrence of violence in school.
Summary of Findings
Table 6 Summary of Findings
S/N Research Question Major Findings
4
What frameworks can be developed to assist
principals improve their managerial skills to
resolve conflict in secondary schools in Fako
Division?
Majority of the respondents acknowledged the
fact that Convene meetings will help principals’
plant to effectively resolve conflict as explained
respondent made mention that principals’ should
make understanding of frame work to effectively
resolve conflict
Source: The Researchers (2022)
Interview
Question
Themes Grounding Quotation
If conflicts in
schools are not
properly
managed, what
are some of the
outcomes?
School
Tension
Violence in
school
Ineffective
teaching
school
Delinquency
Reduce the
quality of
teaching
1
3
1
1
1
“…like teachers will be at loggerhead with other teachers
there will be tension in the school environment”
(P6SFUtt72)
“I think there will be outburst of violence in institutions
which may lead to fighting and it can even cause lifes we
have heard of teachers losing their life in school” ‘emmmh’
when conflict is properly managed tension among
colleagues will reduced but if not managed they will be
tension among colleagues, students and why not even
tension between teachers and students” (P8SHUtt 89)
“…There will be some scandal a lot of vandalism among
the students and even the teachers” (P2SBUtt37)
“first of all teaching will not be effective because when the
teachers have conflict among themselves they will either
not be coming to school absenteeism of the teacher or they
may come to school and not teach in class” (P9SIUtt89)
“…So there will be a lot of delinquency a lot of absences
of duties a lot of negligence infact it's tantamount to chaos”
(P10SJUtt110)
“the effect of this is that the school will not perform well
educational exams or classroom exams or whatever level of
exams they are writing and all of these goes to reduce the
quality of education” (P8SHUtt 90)
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Discussion of Findings
The discussion of findings was done in accordance with the specific research questions as stated in chapter one
but in the form of themes. Discussion for each research question was with the support of the existing literature as
reviewed in chapter two to bring out how principals’ managerial skills enhance conflict resolution in secondary
schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon.
Principals Managerial Skills to Resolve Conflicts in Secondary Schools in Fako Division?
This research question sought to propose a realistic and suitable framework for conflicts management in
secondary schools. As shown in both the literature and findings found that most principals think the availability
of a framework for conflict resolution helps to build up a layout relevant for solving various conflicts that come
up within their schools (Shanika, 2017; Ebot-Ashu, 2020; Abbass, 1997; Etomes and Molua, 2018; Tsewah,
2014; Olaleye ^ Arogundade, 2023). They equally believe that with a good framework for conflicts
management, there will be better conflicts management within schools, hence a more serene atmosphere for
learning. These findings are in line with those of Tjosvold (1991) who concluded that conflict is an important
part of thinking, watching, performing and managing in an organization (Niklas, 2005; Ford, 2007). In this
context, it has been known that conflict is an organizational reality and in there are the people who lead up to the
conflict and have different characters, understandings, value judgment, world-view, objectives, attitudes, beliefs,
personalities, roles communication skills and interests every organization (Mitchell, 1981; Hanson, 1991). These
conflicts and divergences cause various conflicts in the social and organizational life and can respond to
changes, help build productive culture and improve human resources quality if well managed (Tsewah, 2014;
Etomes and Molua, 2018).
Regarding the effective planning for conflict resolution for teachers, this study found that most principals believe
that in order to effectively plan for conflicts resolution, they need to engage in a lot of activities including the
convening of meetings with staff and parents. This study equally found that principals think it is a necessity for
them to constantly advocate for peace in all their activities within the school. They equally need to consistently
engage in counselling with all parties and stakeholders of the school. In these cases the principal is force to use
different conflict resolution strategies like compromise, collaboration, negotiation, and accommodation
suggested by (Kinard, 1988; Mitchell, 1981; Young, 2004). Both the literature and finding are in line with
Taytok (2003) who found that conflicts increase much when the works intersect, become complex and
ambiguous and it is supposed to work for long hours. Thus, conflict is one the most important and the most
urgent subjects that require to be attended to limit coercion, confrontation, reconciliation, control of rewards and
merits, build trust, build formal authority, effective communication and avoidance of burnout (Young, 2004;
McGarry &O’ Leary, 2000)
The literature and finding agreed for principals to be slow to anger, have a clear understanding of the emotional,
social and psychological characteristics of the members of their school; building collaboration by humanizing
subordinates with trust and respect.. They must equally talk calmly and nicely to students and be proactive in
order to avoid the occurrence of conflicts within the school (Hanson, 1991; Schawtz, 1980; Shanika. 2017).
These findings are similar to those of Soner (2016) who realized that according to the perception of the
principals and teachers, the way of doing things is at first rank among the reasons for conflicts in school.
Individual differences and management dimensions succeed it respectively. When the data obtained concerning
resolution strategies are examined, it is seen that the most common resolution strategy used is reconciliation
integration, effective communication, skill development of subordinates, avoidance; and compromise and
domination succeed this respectively (Abdul, 2013; Denohue and Kott, 1992). It is striking that the avoidance
precedes reconciliation strategy in the ranking. Mediation through facilitating negotiation (Morgenthau, 1980;
Denohue &Kott, 1992) were also deemed valuable.
Conclusion
This study concludes that principals in secondary schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon
have a good knowledge of numerous skills needed in resolving conflicts in schools. Equally, the study concludes
that principals are very knowledgeable of the conceptual, human relations and communication skills needed for
conflict resolution in schools. This study found that most principals prefer the use of human relations as well as
communication skills in resolving conflicts in schools. The study equally concludes that principals believe that
proper conflict resolution begins with identification of the problem that produced the conflict. The study
concludes that principals’ decision as to which measures to implement in resolving conflicts depends on the
proper analysis of the conflict situation and the resources and technical knowhow to manage conflict.
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Regarding the importance of managerial skills for conflict resolution, the study concludes that good managerial
skills and practices are relevant for managing school conflicts and hence improvement in school effectiveness.
This study concludes that proper managerial skills are important in enhancing friendliness amongst teaching
staff in school. It also concludes that when conflicts are well managed, teachers are more conscious with the
performance of their jobs. This study equally concludes that the proper management of conflicts in schools has
the potential of reducing school dropouts and enhancing school effectiveness.
The study equally concludes that a framework for the development of managerial skills of principals towards
conflict resolution is vital for the improvement of a positive school climate. Such a framework should include a
proper understanding of the conflict, a survey of all available options in resolving the conflict, a selection of the
most sustainable option in resolving the conflict and an in-situ application and monitoring of the chosen option
in the resolution of the conflict.
Contributions to Knowledge
In line with making contribution to theory and practice of conflict resolution in schools, this study has proposed
a tri-phasic practical and realistic framework for the development of conflict resolution skills for principals and
other members of the education family. The study has equally provided evidence on the fact that principals in the
South West Region of Cameroon have relevant conceptual and theoretical knowledge on the management of
conflicts in secondary schools. The study has reduced the gap that existed in terms of research-based evidence
on the various approaches used by principals to resolve conflicts within schools in the South West Region of
Cameroon. As part of the contribution to knowledge, this study presents figure 3 as proposed models for better
conflict resolution in secondary schools according to the research objectives
Principals’ Managerial Skills to Resolve Conflicts in Secondary Schools in Fako Division.
Figure 3 Proposed Framework for Conflict resolution
Source: The Researcher (2022)
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As shown on figure 3 above, a framework for the
development of conflict resolution is necessary for
principals. In the above proposed framework, the
principal places himself at the centre of all school
activities, including the conflicts that abound. He
must understand the typologies and dynamics of
conflicts that are expected to occur within and
without the school. He must understand the various
conflicting groups in the school and their various
points of contention that can result to conflicts.
After proper understanding of the various parties that
are prominent sources of school conflicts, the
principal develops a tri-phasic approach to conflict
resolution. In the first phase, the principal first
attempts to understand the source of the conflicts. He
endeavours to understand the psychological, social,
emotional or ecological roots of the conflict. In the
second phase, the principal surveys the various
options available for resolving the conflict at hand.
He is expected to understand which option works best
for all parties and for the good of the school. In the
third phase, after considering the most advantageous
option, the principal then applies the option in attempt
to resolve the on-going conflict. He is expected to
monitor the progress of the option and control it in a
manner such that it has a long-lasting effect in
resolving the conflict
Recommendations of the Study
Based on the findings of the study, the following
recommendations are made;
Principals and teachers should be regularly given
professionally related workshops and seminars
aimed and reducing the occurrence and
management of conflicts in schools. These
workshops and seminars should incorporate
conceptual, theoretical and human relations skills
needed for conflicts management.
The interactions of all members of the school
should be clearly defined and restricted to avoid
the crossing of boundaries and hurting others both
consciously and unconsciously.
Principals and teachers should adopt a realistic
framework for the development of personal
conflict resolution skills.
Limitations of the Study
A research work of this nature definitely had
constraints. Only those directly affected by the
conflict were used for the study. Many individuals
and educational institutions such as Lay Private and
Mission schools were not directly involve due to time
constraints and the limited scope of the study.
There were also limitations in the study which were
methodological (cross sectional and descriptive
survey research design), small sample size as not the
entire South West Region was sampled, and validity
and reliability concerns.
Also, with the socio-political unrest in the South-
West and North-West Regions of the country, the
researcher found it so difficult to meet affected
persons. Thus, the researcher had to go to the homes
and offices of the respondents to administer the
questionnaires and issue the interviews.
Equally, the study failed to sample the opinion of
students, who are usually affected by conflicts within
the school. It is believed that if students were sampled
for the study, their experience would provide more
meaningful information on the management of
conflicts within the school
Suggestions for Further Research
The study suggests that more research be conducted
in the following areas
Investigating the effective implementation of
conceptual, human relations and communication
skills for conflict resolution by principals in
secondary schools.
Examining principals’ individual professional
development efforts to improve conflict
resolution in secondary schools.
Investigating the relevance of conflict resolution
as an indicator of school positive climate.
Survey of the common frameworks used by
principals for conflict resolution on in secondary
schools.
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