Pricing And Non-Pricing Strategies

Pricing and Non-Pricing Strategies
Pricing and Non–Pricing Strategies In beginning to implement pricing and non–pricing strategies
into Bury's work within his business, he must be able to fully understand the economic landscape in
which he is operating. Additionally, he must look into the future at the projected economic factors
that have been slated to appear in the future within the market he operates within in this case, the
market for digitized books. As previously mentioned, Bury having secured a patent that allows his
business to deal without competition from similar businesses has gained the significant advantage of
being able to set the bar in the market in terms of pricing and non–pricing strategies for his product.
In beginning to develop pricing strategies, Bury must understand that the current market in which he
operates is currently is projected to continue booming in the years ahead. This, along with Bury's
monopolistic status in the market opens up the ability for significant growth and financial success
should his company's pricing and non–pricing strategies be successful enough to entice the public
into purchasing. Bury's pricing strategies, as they are not competition–based, allow him the ability to
set the bar in the market regarding price and quality. As Bury's sales have seemingly tapered off in
recent months, and his company still remains a dominant presence in the market for digitized books,
Bury holds the option of implementing the "high–low" pricing strategy, which would seem
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The Widening Income Gap Of Modern America
This paper researches and reviews the widening income gap in modern America, going into detail
about the activist and non–activist viewpoints on this issue. Discussed is the impact it has on the
economy, and the overall wellbeing of the country. Politicians of the political left and right's
opinions and actions they have taken are also touched upon, since it is a hot issue in the 2016
presidential election. Included is an in depth explanation of income inequality, and how it effects the
American economy and the country as a whole. The Income Gap in America Within recent years,
the income gap in America has been rising and becoming a controversial issue. Reactions to income
inequality have been largely split among Americans of different ... Show more content on
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Income inequality is often presented as the percentage of income to a percentage of populations. To
put it simply, wealthy households of the top 1% are holding a greater share of the nation's income
than everyone else. "The United States in particular has much higher rates of income inequality than
other developed countries" (Brooks, 2014). In recent years, economists have debated whether it has
become a hindrance, has had no effect, or has helped sustain the American economy. That is to say
has an increased concentration in the top 1% increased or decreased the economic well being of the
country. There has been debate over the role of progressive taxes, which is taxes that are directly
proportional to income earned, in the combatting income inequality. Finally, a question that often is
central to the debate on income inequality is whether labor markets naturally create imbalance in
wages. In reference to income inequality, one would assert income inequality to be a natural,
unintended consequence of markets for which it is the responsibility of governments to correct.
Activists often argue for the government to meet when markets behave inefficiently, creating
unbalanced concentrations of wealth. Members of the activist group tend to be of the left–leaning or
liberal. This is because liberals tend to follow a method, including a firm belief

Market Forecast
Introduction
As business becomes more increasingly global, it's very important that countries pay close attention
to foreign exchange exposures in order to design ways of implementing appropriate strategies to
properly deal with these types of exposures. In this paper I will attempt to forecast the degree of
transaction, translation and the economic exposure for Russia. I will follow that by forecasting the
degree of these specific areas and analyzing the various techniques used to mitigate these exposures.
The goal of this paper is to identify a few concepts of transaction, translation, and economic
exposure for international operations in Russia.
Economic Exposure It is conventional to classify foreign currency exposures into ... Show more
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Goldman helped the government raise money by selling $1.25 billion in bonds. A few weeks later, it
arranged a complex deal in which short–term debt was exchanged for long–term debt to give Russia
financial breathing room. This business deal resulted in failure when less than a year later, the
Russian government stopped paying what it owed on much of its debt and buyers of the bonds that
Goldman sold now owned nearly
Translation Exposure Translation exposure, also frequently called accounting exposure, refers to the
effect that unanticipated change in exchange rates will have on the consolidated financial reports of
a MNC. Translation or Accounting Exposure equals the difference between exposed assets and
liabilities. The trick is to decide what is exposed and what is not. Four methods of foreign currency
translation have been used in recent years, the current/non–current method, the monetary/non–
monetary method, the
temporal method, and the current rate method. The underlying principle of the current/non–current
method is that assets and liabilities should be translated based on their maturity. The monetary/non–
monetary method is that monetary accounts have a similarity because their value represents a sum of
money whose currency equivalent after translation changes each time the exchange rate changes.
Under the temporal method, monetary

Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers
International Trade is the branch of economics concerned with the exchange of goods and services
with foreign countries. In the context of globalization, International trade has become an even more
important topic now that so many countries have begun to move from state–run to market–driven
economies. Tariff and non–tariff barriers play a large part in this process.
Tariff Barriers
Tariffs are among the oldest forms of government economic intervention. They are most commonly
used as taxes on imports into a country or region. They are put into practice for two clear economic
purposes. They provide revenue for the government and they improve economic returns to firms and
suppliers to domestic industries that face competition from foreign ... Show more content on
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Two common examples are quotas and counter trade, which even though they are considered non
tariff barriers, have the same effect as a tariff, but are only imposed in specific circumstances. Some
non–tariff trade barriers are explicitly permitted in very limited circumstances, when they are
deemed necessary to protect health, safety, or sanitation, or to protect natural resources.
Non–tariff barriers to trade can be:
* State subsidies, procurement, trading, and ownership.
* National regulations on health, safety, employment.
* Product classification.
* Quotas.
* Foreign Exchange: controls and multiplicity.
* Over elaborate or inadequate infrastructure.
* 'Buy national ' policy.
* Intellectual property laws (patents and copyrights).

* Bribery and corruption.
* Unfair customs procedures. (Wikipedia.com, 2005B)
Globalization
A critical shift is occurring in the world economy. The world is moving quickly away from a world
in which national economies are mostly reliant on goods from within their own country; stay
isolated from each other by barriers trade across national borders, and by national differences in
government regulation, culture, and business systems. It is moving toward a world where barriers to
trade across national borders are dropping, perceived distance is shrinking due to advances in
transportation and telecommunications technology, and national economies are

Why The State Is A Weak Player On Public Policy
I argue that the state is a relatively weak player in delivering public policy in contemporary
governance. I make this argument with reference to a program implement after the 1997 economic
crisis in Indonesia. Djiwandono (2006) concludes that the economic crisis in 1997 was caused by
the combination of weak domestic economic and inefficiencies financial structures and "contagion"
forces from external. Specifically, the combination of external shock starting in Thailand in 1997
and the weak Indonesia banking system soon resulted a systemic banking crisis (Omori, 2014). Data
shows that Rupiah depreciated 80% in just less than 12 months, economic growth slumped from 7–
8% annually to negative growth of approximately 14%, inflation hiked from single digits to 80%,
reversed capital flowed by $22 billion, unemployment rose by 5 million and poor people doubled
from 12% to close to 25% (Djiwandono, 2006). On January 15, 1998 Indonesian government
launched a program known as an "Economic Recovery and Reform Program" or "IMF–Plus
Reforms Program". This was a broad program which consisted of some specific programs such as
currency stabilization (Rupiah in term of Dollar), hyperinflation prevention, banking restructuring,
structural reformation, private foreign debt settlement and assistance programs for the poor
(Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia, 2013). The aim of the program is to seize the decline of
Rupiah, to restore market lost confidence in government, to deal with

Kenyas Foreign Policy
FOREIGN POLICY The conduct of foreign policy in Kenya is a prerogative of the Head of State
the Chief Executive (President). These powers are rested in the Presidency by section 16 of the
Constitution of Kenya, Amendment Act No. 28 and in Section 23 of the Constitution. Consequently,
the Chief Executive is the initiator, articulator and director of foreign policy. This applies universally
and is not unique to Kenya. The Foreign Ministry's responsibility is that of advice and execution in
consultation with the President Several individuals, institutions and organizations participate in the
foreign policy formulation and decision–making. From this perspective, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs is only a facilitator, co–ordinator and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Membership to the EAC will enhance political cohesion and stability among the neighbouring states
and thereby contribute to sustainable development of the region. (More information on
http://www.eachq.org) Inter–Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Kenya is a member
of IGAD, comprising of the seven countries of the horn of Africa. The Horn of Africa suffers from
the perennial problem of drought and IGAD has concerted energies in addressing the issue of
drought and development. In 1996, IGAD was revitalized and its mandate expanded to address
issues of conflict and development. Under the IGAD arrangement, Kenya has played a mediating
role in the conflicts of Southern Sudan and Somalia. Kenya's role in these efforts have gained
international recognition and prestige. (More information on http://igad.int) New Partnership for
Africa's Development Kenya supports the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD),
which is a holistic and integrated framework for the sustainable development of the African
continent. It is widely recognized that Kenya's invaluable experience in socio–economic and
development processes will be useful in constructing the

Bus 640 Final Paper
Introduction:
Managers within organizations are faced with the challenges daily of making excellent decisions. In
everyday life we are challenged in making sound decision, decision that will last for a life time. Folk
often wonder after making a decision if it was the right choice, will it affect the people around me,
was this a good choice for my family, and will the decision affect them. In order to be an effective
manager you have to possess the skill of outstanding decision making skills. In order for one to be
successful within their personal life they may also need to possess an understanding of effective
decision making. The decision– making process should be one that makes a positive change. Can the
decision making process work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company must factor in that each of their customers has lifetime value, a greater value than a
small gain made on first sales. With competition in their sector, more penetration pricing would be
appropriate. The penetrating pricing strategy would only make sense to retain customers; the pricing
strategy must realize lifetime value, (University of Phoenix, 2011).
Acer should avoid high price tactics, or selling off their market share. By doing this, they would
retain only a small percentage of the market. Acer currently does not have the capacity to capture a
niche market based on the uniqueness of their products (University of Phoenix, 2011). Their
customers are not willing to pay a much higher price for this new product. In general, most
businesses tend to skew a penetration price too high in an attempt to make more money. Based on
Acer's market, it would make sense to consider cost–plus pricing; they would charge their prices
explicitly with reference to average costs plus a percentage profit mark–up. Predatory pricing and
limit pricing would not be appropriate (McConnell–Brue, 2004).
Acer has a degree of control over its prices and a considerable amount of non–price competitions
exists, which ultimately leads to price discrimination (University of Phoenix, 2011). As such, Acer
should focus on attaining and retaining loyal customers. Their non–pricing strategy should be
focused on the development of products that are unique

Questions On International Trade Liberalisation
rages on, especially after periods of financial crisis, when countries retreat into protectionism due to
the need to protect their domestic economy, encouraging domestic spending and production, and
restraining trade with other nations through tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas and other
restrictive government regulations (Fouda, R. 2012).
At the other end of the scale, we have free trade, a system which favours the exchange of goods and
Nowadays, this is the predominant system in Europe, promoted by the EU both in the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) context and bilaterally with certain regions. There are three basic approaches to
international trade liberalisation. In the first place, we have the international approach, whose
purpose is a multilateral reduction in trade restrictions. The organizational framework in which these
negotiations are conducted is the WTO, which superseded the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT), created after World War II to boost economic recovery (Kreinin, M., 2016).
In the second place, we have open regionalism, in which groups of countries agree to reduce
restrictions on trade both between themselves and with other countries, that is, external
liberalization by trade blocs, although the degree of liberalization on imports from non–member
countries doesn't need to be as high as that for member countries. Within this approach, we can find
the APEC (Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation) that encompasses most of the East Asian

How The Tort Reform Has Impacted Individuals '...
On this film it is showcased through several different cases how the tort reform has impacted
individuals' constitutional and civil rights. It also showcases how large companies and political
leaders have used their power for their own purposes as well as to push legislature to pass through
the White House and become law by financing their campaigns and helping the candidates to win
elections. One of those laws was the caps on punitive damages through tort reform. The first case
that is discussed is Liebeck v. McDonald's Rests or "Hot Coffee" as it is well known for. Stella
Liebeck suffered immense burn damage on her thighs when a coffee from McDonald spilled over
her legs. She needed a surgical operation called skin graft, where a piece of healthy skin is
transplanted to a new site on the body, and other medical assistance that reach over $100,000. She
and her family tried to reach McDonals to get a settlement for the damages, but was welcomed with
denial and lack of cooperation in settlements and coverage for medical expenses, so the family
decided to sue the company for gross negligence. Through the discovery and length of the case it
was discovered that the company had a large number of complains with their coffee. It was also
discovered that the coffee was made to be from 180 to 190 degrees Fahrenheit, which can cause
third degree burns in a few seconds. When it came to allocations, 80% of the blame was placed on
McDonals and the remaining was placed on Stella; this

Reciprocity And Kawelka Relationship
The act of reciprocity, the mutual act of giving and receiving; giving more than you are taking. A
quote that really captures the true meaning of reciprocity is, "People gave with the expectation of
taking and took with the expectation of giving" (Harris 1989). This is seen across many different
cultures and time periods. Nevertheless, they are not all the same, and may not generate equivalent
types of relationships, for social and personal value. In this essay we will look at two separate acts
of reciprocity; how they work, and what they provide. First, a look into the Gebusi sister–exchange,
and then into the Kawelka's moka ceremony. Everyone desires connection, whether that be through
friendships or sexual relations.
Community and the desire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the Kawelka tribe, reciprocity serves as a way of "gaining prestige and shaming rivals"
(Cronk 1988). This form of exchange serves as way of social superiority. Their ritual is called the
moka; this is a very important ceremony to their tribe. "The reason why Ongka so wanted to give his
big moka, is that only by giving can he earn fame and status for his tribe and for him" (Niarn 1974).
The moka ceremony is a formal interaction in which one man gives more than he received from
another, as a pay back of debt, as well as a trump to their social status. However, the return of the
moka cannot happen after a long period of time, doing so immediately would serve as a desire to cut
the strings and end the relationship. It is expected that the debt will be repaid when the time comes,
if it is not the one who has not repaid the debt will lose their support and status as a 'big–man". The
goal of the moka is to eventually become a "big–man", also known as a tribal leader (Cronk 1988).
After one big moka was thrown by Ongka, that included several hundreds of pigs, a truck, thousands
of dollars and more, he told the recipient of his moka, "I have won. I have knocked you down by
giving so much" (Cronk 1988; Nairn

Analysis of Communication and the Transformation of...
Economist (traditional and non traditional) ponders the proper economical characterization and
analysis of this era of information industries. The author, Robert E. Babe address several keys points
through out the first four–chapters of this book. Evaluating money as a true measuring rod for
economist to obtain information concerning value, the place for information in economics using
commodities as signs or indicators in the market, also Interrelations between economic and
communication studies. Babe, present two situations were money could either measure information
and/or carry information concerning the value of information, while using neoclassicism as his
mode (p.10). Using neoclassicism price system principles, which is the most significant method of
communicating relative values to participants in any market. Could it clearly be assumed that money
can be a map for economist? Money itself is a medium of exchange for economist, storing and
measuring valuable information through many markets. Also according to Babe, condense
information can definitely be commoditized exchanging for money in markets. Wouldn't that
inevitably prove that money could be a true measuring rod or map of information in the market? "
This too, as well we see, is a basic premise of neoclassicism, For this second basic premise to hold
true, how–ever, it is required that one be able to specify units of information. If units of information
cannot be specified... then basic neoclassical concepts

Alaska Non Market Environment Essay
This report is in response to your request to conduct an analysis of the non–market environment
issues affecting both the State of Alaska and the Alaska Native Corporations to create an awareness
of the broad range of ways by which the non–market environment, especially the government
policies affects business. Specifically, this study aims to discuss:
1. The dimensions of a non–market environmental issues, stages through which it moves, and the
company's response to changes across various stages;
2. The revenue structure of the State of Alaska and its significance to the current budget shortfall;
and
3. What the economic impact is of Alaska Native Corporations to the state's current economy and
how it contrast to the past.
The current economy is highly dependent on the production of North Slope crude oil. It has been the
backbone of much of Alaska's economic growth, that the drop in oil price from $107.28 the same
month five years ago to $45.69 this month, coupled by the declining oil production has caused the a
deficit in the state budget and a corresponding ripple effect to the economy.
Non–Market Environmental Issues and Life Cycle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To successfully develop a non–market strategy as well as predict whether business decisions will
have an undesired consequence to the non–market actors, managers must be able to comprehend the
dimensions of a non–market environmental issues and how it relates to a firm's national, regional, or
global positioning. The dimensions referred to above

Insurance Of Developing And Developed Economies
Insurance in Developing and Developed Economies
Introduction
Insurance is a contract, represented by a policy, in which an individual receives financial protection
or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company and it plays an essential part in the
global financial sector. Instantly, insurance company operations are important for the banking
industry development, fosters trade and commerce across countries. All these activities are lead to
economic growth and there are impacts that insurance can contribute to economic growth. In
contemporary society, the importance of insurance–growth is increasing rapidly in the aggregate
financial sector in almost every developing and developed country. According to Mark J. Browne,
the world insurance business, which constitutes a significant portion of the service sector, has grown
at a rate of 10% annually since 1950 and this growth rate has far exceeded that of overall world
economic development. This paper will explain new this growth in insurance, insurance industry can
contribute to overall economic growth in both developing and developed countries, albeit in unique
ways for each set. Specifically, the following paper will focus on direct, indirect and induced
economic impacts of life and non–life insurance contribute in both developing and developed
countries.
II. Types of Insurance Insurance companies provide several types of products. Basically, insurance
can divide between life and non–life insurance. The most

Foreign Exchange Rate Sensitivity and Stock Price
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE SENSITIVITY AND STOCK PRICE : ESTIMATING
ECONOMIC EXPOSURE OF TURKISH COMPANIES
INTRODUCTION
Variability in exchange rate is a major source of macroeconomic uncertainity affecting firms. After
the 1970 's, the rapid expansion in international trade and adoption of floating exchange rate regimes
by many countries led to increase exchange rate volatility. The firm 's exposure to exchange rate risk
increased.
In the literature three types of exposure under floating exchange rate regimes are identified;
economic, translation and transaction. Translation and transaction exposures are accounting based
and defined in terms of the book values of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency.
Economic exposure is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His finding did not support that hypothesis. Firms did not benefit from a depreciation of the home
country. On the contrary a significant decline in their market share of industry was found in a
depreciation of the home currency.
Bodner and Gentry (1993) examined industry level exposures for three countries, Canada, Japan and
USA. They revealed that some industries in all three countries had significant exposure.
Choi and Prasad 1995 developed a model and examined the exchange rate sensitivity of 409 US
multinational firms. Their findings indicated that change in exchange rate affected firm value. They
found that 60 percent of firms had significant exchange rate exposure.
Domely and Sheehy (1996) found contemporaneous relation between the foreign exchange rate and
the market value of large exporters in their study.
Miller & Reuer (1998) conducted a study on the implications of differences in strategy and industry
structure for firms ' economic exposures to foreign exchange rate movements. According to their
results, 13–17 % of US manufacturing firms exposed for foreign exchange rate movements. Also
they indicated that foreign direct investment reduces economic exposure to foreign exhange rate
movements.
Glaum, Brunner and Himmet (2000) examined the economic exposure of German corporations to
change in DM/US dolar exchange rate. They found that German firms are significantly exposed to
changes in

Monopolistic Competition
Contents
Question 1.1 – Monopolistic Competitors 3
Question 1.2 Non–price competitors 5
Question 1.3 – Substitutes & Compliments 6 Perfect substitutes as in the Chocolate Industry: 7
Perfect complement 8
Question 2.1 – Structuralist model of the inflation process 9
Question 2.2 – Inflation targeting approach 9
References 9
Question 1.1 – Monopolistic Competitors
Monopolistic competition is a market situation in which there is a large number of sellers and large
number of buyers whereas monopoly means a market situation in which there is only a single seller
or supplier of goods and services in the entire market and large number of buyers. South Africa's
chocolate market is a monopolistic market situation since it has got more than one ... Show more
extensive financial resources or expertise is required to enter a market. (MANCOSA, Economics
Study Guide, 2010)
The impact of monopolistic competition upon the chocolate industry in South Africa is that; there
may be flooding of companies into the market and the firms' individual share of the market may be
drastically reduced resulting in lower profits or economic profits instead of the supernormal profits
that firms so much desire in order to expand or grow. On the other hand, monopolistic competition
compels firms to invest in research and development in order to increase production and operational
efficiency a factor which support economic growth in the country. The quality of service within the
industry will be generally increased not mentioning the lower prices that firms will have to charge
on the chocolates in order to remain in business. The lower prices will then imply that a firm has to
come up with other non–price competing strategies such as product differentiation, advertising,
promotions and so on.
Question 1.2 Non–price competitors
Non–price competition is a marketing strategy "in which one firm tries to distinguish its product or
service from competing products on the basis of attributes like design and workmanship"
(McConnell–Brue, 2002, p. 43.7–43.8). The firm can also distinguish its product offering through
quality of service, extensive distribution, customer focus, or any other sustainable competitive

Economic Liberalization Of The United Arab Emirates
Mona Darwish
Research Paper
Research Question: Has economic liberalization been occurring in the UAE?
Economic Liberalization in the United Arab Emirates
The economy in the United Arab Emirates has experienced substantial increases in the last 40 years.
The UAE's capabilities with the pearling and oil industries have given the region its necessary
budgets to expand so rapidly. The economic policies in the UAE have gone through stages, since the
birth of the region in 1971. Changes in economic welfare of the markets, and privatization policies
are also key aspects in understanding the UAE's economic liberalization and growth. In order to
understand the UAE's economic standard, economic liberalization must be analyzed. The argument
of this paper will discuss how economic liberalization has occurred in the United Arab Emirates and
is continuing to grow. Economic liberalization is the openness of free trade, privatization of public
services, and minimal regulations over markets. Economic growth is the increase in GDP from the
markets. The two terms connect together for the UAE due to the economic growth allowing
economic liberalization to flourish in the region to keep up with the modernity occurring. With
economic growth increasing rapidly, the UAE has felt it necessary to liberalize its economy in order
to diversify its region and allow for more opportunities domestically and internationally. In the
United Arab Emirates, economic liberalization would mean that

Analysis Of Ken Ewert's Moral Criticisms Of The Market
In the article "Moral Criticisms of the Market," Ken Ewert composed an educational article on the
economic system of capitalism to address the moral issues that the "Christian Left" critics had
raised. Christian socialists reprimand the system of the free market for its morals or lack thereof, as
well as the system inherently created an environment where selfishness and impersonal and
individual relations is encouraged, and economic oppression and exploitation of the weak thrives
(Ewert, 1989). First, the Christian Left's rejection of free–market policies stems from the belief that
the economic system promotes individuals to gain benefits at the expense of another. Furthermore,
the demands of a free market can corrupt even a selfless individual by engendering an environment
where one has no other choice but to be self–serving (Ewert, 1989). On the contrary, Ewert (1989),
rebuttals their argument and argues that the free market promotes autonomous, not selfish, behavior
and actions. Moreover, Ewert (1989), does not deny the fact that selfishness is present in the free
market. However, greed can be found in every economic system because ... Show more content on
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In contrast, Ewert (1989), does not view the free market as a type of "survival of the fittest"
economic system, rather, Ewert maintains that an individual in the free market cannot proceed with
any form of a transaction through the use of force or coercion. In fact, the free market system
heavily relies on an agreeable economic exchange between parties (Ewert, 1989). I have concluded
that I agree with Ewert's position on the requirement of producing pleasing offers in the free market.
Besides, in the realm of the free market system, a person must enter into a consensual and beneficial
arrangement in order for all parties involved to receive what they each

Financialization Essay
Working Paper No. 525
Financialization: What It Is and Why It Matters* by Thomas I. Palley
The Levy Economics Institute and Economics for Democratic and Open Societies
Washington, D.C.
December 2007
Paper presented at a conference on "Finance–led Capitalism? Macroeconomic Effects of Changes in
the Financial Sector," sponsored by the Hans Boeckler Foundation and held in Berlin,
Germany, October 26–27, 2007. My thanks to conference participants for their valuable suggestions.
All errors in the paper are my own. Comments may be sent to mail@thomaspalley.com. The Levy
Economics Institute Working Paper Collection presents research in progress by
Levy Institute scholars and conference participants. The purpose of the series is ... Show more
1
There are also indications of increased financial fragility. Internationally, fragility was evident in the
run of financial crises that afflicted the global economy in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and it has
surfaced again in the recent U.S. sub–prime mortgage crisis that spread to Europe.
Furthermore, there are serious reservations about the sustainability of the financialization process.
The last two decades have been marked by rapidly rising household debt–income ratios and
corporate debt–equity ratios. These developments explain both the system's growth and increasing
fragility, but they also indicate unsustainability because debt constraints must eventually bite. The
risk is when this happens the economy could be vulnerable to debt–deflation and prolonged
recession.
These macroeconomic concerns are compounded by concerns about income distribution. Thus, the
era of financialization has witnessed a disconnection of wages
3
from productivity growth, raising serious concerns regarding wage stagnation and widening
income and wealth inequality (Mishel et al. 2007).
The financialization thesis is that these changes in macroeconomic patterns and income distribution
are significantly attributable to financial sector developments. Those developments have relaxed
constraints on access to finance and increased the influence of the financial sector over the non–
financial sector. For households this has enabled greatly

CVS BUSINESS PROPOSAL
Introduction In the United States, CVS is the largest pharmacy retail organization. This company
operates over 6100 retail stores and specialty stores countrywide and has employed over 170,000
workers. There is a necessity of offering a wider range of prescription medication options and
selections system–wide in a struggle for serving the consumer base of CVS Pharmacy more
consistently and effectively. The purpose of this paper is to select a more realistic good or service for
an existing industry. The paper will identify the market structure, along with elasticity of the product
and will also include the way the pricing will relate to elasticity of the product. Furthermore, the
paper will include the way the changes in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rollins, Matthew Perri, 2013).
Marginal Cost & Revenue
A way to determine the quantity of profit maximization is to conclude where marginal revenue
equals marginal costs. Rather than computing the profit for all levels of sales; total revenue and total
variable costs are considered. Marginal revenues and marginal costs are considered in a similar way
like marginal profit, thus defining the amount of change for all sales' levels (Huter, 2012, p.2).
Pricing & Non–Pricing Strategies
CVS needs to think through numerous elements impacting its' business. Pricing strategies, rivals and
their current products, consumer demands and suppliers are examples of these elements. For pricing
strategies, CVS should consider closeouts, discounts, product bundle pricing, penetration pricing,
geographical pricing, and membership or trade pricing. For non–pricing strategies, options
comprise: enhanced service quality, longer opening hours, advertising, and extended warranties
(Kimmons, n.d.). By pricing similar products in a different way they must focus on regional
demographics because geographic pricing enables the maximization of profit. For promoting unique
or new products at provisional price drops, penetration pricing is the most effective. Finally, bundle
pricing and closeouts can be engaged when several

Special Interest Group Theory Vs Public Interest Theory
I. Review Questions – Public Interest vs. Special Interest Theory of Government Policy in Health
Care
1. Contrast the predictions of the public– interest and economic theories of government with regard
to redistributive policies.
There are two general economic models that describe why the government intervenes in market–
based health care, known as public interest theory and special interest group theory. Public interest
theory allows the government to promote the general interest of society as a whole and chose
policies that enhance both efficiency and equity (Santerre & Neun, 2013). The theory predicts that
the public interest is best severed when the government determines market failure and corrects
instances in the market when resources ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the matter of justifying the use of government subsidies for medical education to ensure proper
allocation of resources the argument can be made that if I am required to pay for a service that does
not directly benefit me then an externality occurs. For example, if the state of GA decides to
increase their sales tax and use the additional revenue to target smoking cessation amongst Medicare
users to aid in decreasing the overall cost of healthcare consumption, then I as a non–smoker and
non–Medicare recipient am paying for a service that I directly do not need and gain no value from as
I am not directly involved in the transaction. Because the goal of the subsidy is to create an
incentive for more buyers to engage in a socially beneficial activity (Santerre & Neun, 2013), if I am
already engaged in the socially beneficial activity, paying the cost for other buyers to engage in the
activity through medical education is an otherwise non–beneficial factor. From this perspective, it
can be assumed that the benefit is concentrated on a targeted population, but the general population
at large, a high percentage who are not in the targeted population are incurring costs that will go
uncompensated for in the private market (Santerre & Neun, 2013). The majority of individuals who
do not drive, or do not drive long distances are elderly and have a higher probability of receiving

International Business Case Study
International Business Case Study
Sun Life Financial and Indian Economic Surge
How is the Insurance market in India changing? Why is India an attractive market for investment?
The insurance market in India has undergone significant changes over the past few years
The Insurance Act of 1938 was the first legislation governing all forms of insurance to provide strict
state control over insurance business.
Life insurance in India was completely nationalized on January 19, 1956, through the Life Insurance
Corporation Act. All 245 insurance companies operating then in the country were merged into one
entity, the Life Insurance Corporation of India
1972 – The General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972 nationalized the ... Show more
Liberalization on the Insurance sectors allowed foreign players to enter the market with Indian
partners. India also offered immense possibilities to foreign Insurers since it is the world 's most
populous country having over a billion people.
Indian population comprised of 1.05 billion, savings rate being 26 percent and middle class
population of 300 million, out of which only 110 million were insured. Insurance density in country,
based on per capita premium was just $5 in life insurance segment and $2 in general segment. The
share of life insurance premium to GDP was 1.29 percent.
Sun Life Financials studied the Indian scenario and saw great untapped potential in Indian Insurance
market, economic stability and growth prospects and hence decided to enter Indian Market.
What was the entry mode in India for Sun Financials and why?
Sun Financials entered the Indian market through a joint venture with the Aditya Birla Group. The
joint venture was called Birla Sun Life Insurance Company. The structure and equity pattern was
Indian Rayon and Birla Global Finance Ltd having a stake of 69 percent and 5 percent respectively
while Sun Life Financial held 26 percent.

Sun Life Financials holding was limited to 26 percent because the Indian government set up the
Insurance Regulatory Development Authority ("IRDA") in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Competitive Competition
Competitive markets means strong rivalry amongst firms or companies which are trying to achieve
and outdo each others by increasing their market share, profits and sales by using the methods of
marketing mix which includes prices, products, distributions and promotions. It can also be
described as a spectrum of a purely monopolistic, in which a company is the sole producer of good
and services, this means that a sufficient number of firms or companies are relatively equal to their
sizes, which eventually none of the big competitive companies can influence the market in any way.
The characteristic of fundamental in competitive market is that the existence of the various number
of their buyers and sellers it the market they operate. This will also meant that the vaster the number
of buyers and seller that are presence, the lesser the power of bargaining that the buyers and sellers
will have. Competitive competition demonstrates their characteristic by having the perfect
knowledge that will help minimizing the risk and to limit the role of entrepreneur and also there are
no single firms or organization can influence the market price or market conditions and it is said that
a single firm is said that it can only be a price taker which it can take the price from the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The market leader is the leader of the firms or companies that's has been leading the market value
and customers demand. The market challenger is the rivalry of the market leader, which means the
firm or the company are trying to be one of the market leader or lead the market itself. The market
follower is the one who follows how the market leader and market challenger runs the market and
not challenging the two. A market niche is a market where it focuses only on one main objectives or
products not following the market leader and happy where the firm

Crimes Of Pygmy Case Summary
Question One
Cephu had committed many crimes, one being what is probably one of the most heinous crimes in
Pygmy eyes, and one that rarely occurs. His first and less major sin was to refuse to share and
participate with the other hunters and families. He had gone off to make a camp and fire of his own,
even though the group was supposed to be working together and had a mutualistic relationship. His
other crime was the major one and what everyone in the camp had been waiting for. Not only did he
name a dead woman, an unheard offense but also he denied that she was his mother. Even though
there was only the most distant relationship, and that by marriage, it was equivalent to asserting that
he did not belong to the same group as Ekianga and Manyalibo and the rest. Even though Cephu had
committed a heinous crime, the case was settled simply and effectively. He was ignored and not
offered a chair and had his food taken away from him and was ignored by the men in his camp. All
of these actions may seem small but in the eyes of a Pygmy, none of these actions/punishments were
quickly forgotten. Kelemoke had also committed a very serious crime; he had committed the crime
of incest. Kelemoke tried to take refuge in a hut, but he was turned away with angry remarks, and a
burning log was thrown after him. At this point three girls came running out of Cephu 's camp, right
into the middle of the clearing. They carried knives and were shouting curses at Kelemoke and his
family all while

Reciprocity In The Gift By Marcel Mauss
Reciprocity, a form of economic exchange, is an even relationship in which one person gives, and
the recipient then gives. There are three types of reciprocity: generalized, balanced and negative
(Harris 109). Generalized reciprocity is gift giving without any expectation of an immediate return.
With balanced reciprocity, there is an explicit expectation of an immediate return. Negative
reciprocity occurs when there is an attempt to get someone to exchange something he or she may
not want to give up or when there is an attempt to get a more valued item than you give in return.
This is the basis for any economy, but as humankind has advanced and realized that there is a
chance to possibly receive more than one gives, politics have become the other half of the economy.
When politics get involved with the economy, it is no longer about ... Show more content on
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He explains that there is a moral obligation to give, receive, and return gifts. It is this moral
obligation that is the basis of all societies and becomes paramount in human nature. This practice
cultivates a sense of responsibility for citizens, who feel an obligation to provide for and to be
provided in a community. Gift–giving, though it seems simple, has been the subject of countless
anthropological works, including the discovery of the Potlatch. The Potlatch is a gift–giving practice
among the Kwakiutl, and thanks to its ambiguous nature, it has become a fascinating point of
research for anthropologists (Mauss 5). Although the act of potlatching entails the giving away of
food and wealth in a guest–host setting, it is also used to settle title disputes and validate an
individual's position in the group. The social standing created through gift exchange is a key element
of Mauss' theory and the influence of these theories continue to be a base for anthropologists and
sociologists

The Externalities of Smoking
Introduction
In the past decades, an increasing number of countries have imposed a ban on smoking in public
places, including restaurants and bars. Unlike other regulations of cigarettes such as tax or
promoting ban, this territorial smoking control sparked heated debates. While some argue that the
implementation of this regulation is inefficient and reduce the public welfare (Viscusi, 1994;
Tollison and Wagner, 1992; Lambert, 2006), others claim that smokers do impose negative
externalities to both non–smokers and themselves (Gravelle and Zimmerman, 1994; Hanson and
Logue, 1998).
In this study, by explaining the externalities of smoking, we try to examine the territorial restriction
on smoking using some basic economics words. We explore ... Show more content on
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In Figure 3, the social demand curve is above the private demand curve because the social demand
curve takes into account the consumption externalities of smoking. The gap between the two curves
reflects the negative external benefits of smoking. Same as the external costs of smoking in Figure
2, the equilibrium quantity QMarket is not the optimal quantity. The social optimal quantity
QOptimum is less than the market equilibrium quantity QMarket.
Externalities of Smoking
Combine Figure 2 and Figure 3, we can get the externalities of smoking, which is illustrated by
Figure 4.
In this figure, both the externalities of smoking in supply and demand have been internalised. The
social optimum equilibrium is the intersection of Social Cost Curve and Social Benefit Curve.
The Ban on Smoking in Public Places
In order to deal with the market failure, policy makers can enact some regulations on smoking such
as tax increase on cigarettes, restriction on sales and ban smoking in specific places. All these
regulations on smoking can be classified into two types: price–based policies and non–price–based
polices measures, and ban on smoking in public places is a non–price–based polices (Goel and
Nelson, 2006). How does the restriction in public places works? As we have discussed above, policy
makers can fix the market

Car Rides
In cultural anthropology, reciprocity refers to the non–market exchange of goods or labor ranging
from direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually
expected as in Christmas presents and (delayed exchange) as in the exchange of birthday presents
(Lavenda). The theme that I used in was how do people without cars get rides. I structured my
questions to be about how comfortable people are with asking for a favor, which in this case is a car
ride, and how they made their own informal economy. The informal economy is the diversified set
of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers that are not regulated or protected by the state.
This is achieved when two or more people come o their own agreements with things such as car
rides, without having a central based government authorization. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most common observation that was found was that people with the same gender tend to feel
more comfortable in car rides, and asking for something. There is less tension present and
awkwardness. The most common shared item for an exchange was gas money. All of my
recipients had the same answer for this question. This seems like the most appropriate item for
exchange of a car ride. The part that is conflicting is how much is an appropriate amount for gas is.
The reason that this is most conflicting is because of how much money the recipient has to begin
with to offer, and a little amount was said to be embarrassing. The interesting part is that they all
said that if it a close family relative or best friend they don't bother exchanging because it isn't
necessary per say. Almost all of the recipients call on their close relatives and close friends for car
rides, but if needed, they would ask someone outside their comfort zone, and that is where the gas
money exchange comes

Charles Darwin 's Theory Of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin in his theory of natural selection said the fittest of the fittest will survive, and
year after year China has proven they are the fittest by climbing the economic ladder, as Mark
Schwartz Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs and Chairman of Golden Sachs Asia Pacific, claims in
his speech China's Economic Success and Opportunities, China is coming out of a period of rapid
growth almost ten percent over the last thirty (30) years. In 2013 China's gross domestic product
(GDP) was 9.3 trillion dollars in size the second largest economy on the world and in 2013 China
contributed 28% GDP to the world growth globally (Schwartz). Was this growth due to rapid
industrialization or the implementation of polices using Marxist and Keynesian perspectives or was
it the authoritarian regime? However, it is China's collectivist approach towards socialism that is
responsible for their recent success.
Wing Thye Woo, author of The Real Reasons For China's Growth, believes China's economic
growth could be due to privatization of the economy through experimentation that eventually creates
a market reform. This economic experimentation entails the privatization of most of the state–
owned sector, which would interim reduce legal discrimination faced by non– state and non–
collective forms of ownership. Implies that this privatization would eventually produce a market
economy integrated in the internal division of labor and would increase China's economic opening
to the rest of

Thomas Money Service Business Proposal
Thomas Money Service Business Proposal
Thomas Money Service Inc. established in 1940 with the intent of providing small loans for
household needs. The success of the company has led them to expand their services which include
business loans, business acquisition financing, and commercial real estate loans. In 1946 Thomas
merged with a company that specialized in equipment financing called Future Growth Inc. This
merger, although was a risky move was a proven success for The company as they became a
competitive company in forestry and construction industry with an advantage in the market. For
over 67 years, the company has seen continual growth and financial success. Because of the current
economic conditions this past year the company ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By focusing on the used equipment and liquidating the repossessed units will generate an increase to
marginal revenue since the variable costs for those units do not exist.
The company does not have to stop producing new equipment, but the level of new production need
to follow the economic condition and markets to retain normal profit. In calculating the data
provided additional revenue can be achieved by integrating resource and production efficiency. In
using a series of short–run production analysis and application techniques FGI can maximize profits
using the total revenue and total cost approach. With total revenue of $2,600 and total cost of
$1,050, it produces an economic profit of $1,550 before the law of diminishing returns begins to
affect it negatively. Since fixed cost has maintain the same output level and variable costs fluctuates
at each level increasing at more than $50 dollars, it is recommended that the company look into the
cost of advertisement. Although it is a much needed source to increasing revenue and production
levels, there need to be some other alternatives to advertising during the super bowl events
especially since it is very costly during that event. Other methods of advertisement can be in the
form of newspaper ads, and local TV channels.
Creating Price,

Economic Sustainability And Economic Development
Sustainable.
Often heard used as a marketing buzzword to boost sales or win votes, it is firmly ingrained in the
contemporary public psyche. A term first largely introduced by the 1987 Brundtland Report (by The
World Commission on Environment and Development) who defined and politicized the term
'sustainable development', 'sustainability' has since taken on numerous connotations.
Ecological sustainability refers to the robustness of our ecosystems and the ability to maintain or
enhance our planet's unique biodiversity.
Economic sustainability is defined by Cato as continued economic development while not degrading
our planet's ecology (Cato, 2011), however not all definitions accord such a large role to the
ecological state of our planet. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where environmental problems are concerned, the neoclassical approach does not account for the
market failure that occurs when all individuals are making decisions to achieve their personal
'greatest happiness'. While theoretically this leads to a balanced optimum market; exclusivity, non–
excludability, externalities, imperfect information, inappropriate government regulations and
prisoners' dilemma all prevent the macro–economic market from reaching a true pareto optimum
(Goodland et. al, 1987) as predicted by the paradigm.
In environmental terms, market failure results in an array of impacts of varying significance that are
often amplified by the globalized macro–economy and our planet's vast social inequity.
For example, an externality such as air pollution may not directly affect the consumer, but can have
adverse impacts on the local environment where the product was produced. This impact is often not
reflected in the market value of the product, altering marginal cost curve and undermining the
possibility of reaching an optimal market. In addition, the impacts of market failure often
disproportionately affect the poorest communities and amplify social inequity.
The neoclassical paradigm is thus fundamentally

Emerging Markets : The Main Driver For Global Economy
Emerging markets are considered as the main driver for global economy since Financial Crisis 2008
because emerging markets remained robust as economic growth held mostly steady. Developed
economies, on the other hand, were struggling with the consequences of financial crisis (PwC,
2014). However, developing countries' overall expansion is predicted to fall by 3.8% according to
Credit Suisse Group's latest report (Kennedy, 2015). This is due to government in emerging
countries such as China and India, failure to reform markets and building stronger institutions. In
turn, increased the volatility and uncertainty in their economies' condition and resulted in damaging
investment and future productive capacity (PwC, 2015).
In emerging markets, local governments and other regulatory bodies are far more influential than in
developed–country market systems. Therefore, government policies have significant effects on the
competitive environment that firms operate in and many firms are expanding their efforts to affect
public policy decisions for their own profits and benefits (Hillman and Hitt, 1999). According to
Arnold and Quelch (1998), international businesses that had the early establishment of relationships
and trust with government can result in substantial benefits such as the granting of limited number
of licenses or permits. For example, China has decided to restrict the number of western
multinational companies to which it gives joint–venture permits as well as entry to

Anthropological Research On Relationships Essay
Relationships, social networking, social media, society, all terms that imply cooperation, and a
willingness engage with other people. Several researchers across multiple disciplines have studied
these interactions and proceedings. Some looking to gain insight into why social interactions take
place, and why relationships exist. Others seeking to explain that only certain types of interactions
have value and what those values are. However, no single discipline focuses solely on cooperation,
relationships, or their innerworkings. There are some that try to explain how cooperation and
reciprocal relationships reduce the likelihood of risk in certain situations, and different researchers
have proposed different models to explain this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
195). This is relevant because it helps to better understand the free riding problem, which will be
addressed and defined later on.
Quite a bit of research exists to highlight many types of relationships and how those relationships
have reduced certain risks, or introduced new risks. Many researchers have tried to consider the
uniqueness of the common examples that have been accented in anthropological research, like the
Bantu people and the Basarwa people that Elizabeth Cashdan (1985) discusses. Although not all
researchers have been as successful in identifying risk reduction reciprocity model in cross–cultural
examples, such as Bliege Bird et. al. (2002), which proposed that this could be because of their
treatment of free riders or just that they practice food and resource sharing without any concern for
reducing risk of loss of resources. Either way, as previously mentioned quite a bit of research has
been conducted to identify types of risk reduction reciprocity strategies, and much more research
has been done to examine different types of relationships. Overall, the primary concern of this paper
is going to be trying to identify a relationship or association between the proposed model and the
formation of different types

Economic Sociology
Describe the relationship between economy and society through Karl Polanyi's concept of
Embeddedness. Karl Polanyi is best known for his book The Great Transformation which describes
the great transformation of European civilization from preindustrial world to the era of
industrialization, and the shifts in ideas, ideologies, and social and economic policies accompanying
it. Going back to the English Industrial Revolution, in the 19th century, Polanyi shows how English
thinkers responded to the disruption of early industrialisation by developing the theory of market
liberalism, with its core belief that human society should be subordinated to self–regulating markets.
As a part of the England's leading role as 'workshop of the world', ... Show more content on
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Gain and profit made on exchange never before played an important part in human economy.
Though the institution of the market was fairly common since the later Stone Age, its role was, no
more than incidental to economic life. Polanyi 's intent is to show how sharply this concept differs
from the reality of human societies throughout recorded human history. Before the nineteenth
century, he insists, the human economy was always embedded in society which he calls substantive
economy. The human economy is embedded in institutions, economic and non–economic. The
inclusion of the non–economic is vital (e.g. religion). His purpose was to show how the economy
meshed in with other cultural institutions in different societies at a particular period in time. Polanyi
emphasized the institutedness and social embeddedness of economies. He considered the economy,
in its substantive sense, as 'an instituted process of interaction between man and his environment,
which results in a continuous supply of want–satisfying material means '. He added that, as an
instituted process, '[t]he human economy ... is embedded and enmeshed in institutions, economic
and noneconomic. The inclusion of the noneconomic is vital. For religion or government may be as

Jextra
This assignment is designed to develop learners' ability to evaluate the elements of the macro
environment and its relation to an organisation. Select an organisation which you are familiar with.
Explain the elements of its macro environment and discuss how these element(s) affect your
selected organisation. Recommend improvements that can be made by the organisation in managing
the macro environment effectively. Criteria Description on the selected organisation Description on
the general macro environment elements Identification and discussion on element(s) of macro
environment that affects the selected organisation Recommendations to improve management of the
macro environment in the selected organization 1.0 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Company's segments include Eurasia and Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America,
Pacific, Bottling Investments and Corporate. Consumer needs and demands are constantly evolving
throughout our markets. In order to remain relevant to their consumers they establish clear category
and brand priorities and define focused objectives. They drive innovation by continuously building
on their strong family of brands and introducing new flavors and packages in specific markets. Part
of their innovation process, they are launching existing brands in new markets and re–launching or
reinvigorating existing brands where appropriate. In many of their markets where adults are a
growing segment of their consumer base, they have launched several product innovations to ensure
they meet their expectations and their increased interest in reducing their sugar and calorie intake. In
2008, they launched Coca–Cola Zero, a full–flavor no calorie Coca–Cola beverage highly popular
among adult consumers, which is available in 20 out of our 28 markets. 3.0 General macro
environment elements: There are several elements of macro environments that will effects the
decisions of managers in any organization. The general environment consists of all the background
conditions in the external environment of an organization. The primary elements of the general
environment are discussed further. 3.1 Demographic Environment: Demographics relates to
information about the consumers in

The Accession Of China 's Domestic Economic, Wto, And...
The China case was more long and complex than most accession case due to number of reasons:
firstly, the country is the largest trading nation in the world and second largest sources of the United
States (U.S.) deficit, so it lured a lot attention among all current applicants for joining the WTO. The
accession of China will have a significant impact on these there: the restructuring of China 's
domestic economic, the WTO, and the international trading environment. In addition, the accession
points out many distresses for many scholars ' and policy–makers regarding the advantages,
disadvantages and future of the WTO with or without China. More importantly, the entry of China
into the WTO directly affects accession of another applicant, Taiwan, which has existing unsettled
disputes between both countries. Traditionally, the U.S. has a significant vote within the Working
Party and within the General Council, it is fitting to examine negotiations between China and the
U.S. The biggest obstacles to China 's accession currently are the issues of non–transparency and the
non–market economic structures. China seems very unwilling to make acceptable concessions in the
negotiation process, imposing barriers to U.S. exports, and declining to remove them in the near
term. There are a few cases where political issues is the main cause of delays in the process between
applicants: this had been the case in the past to some extent with the accession of China. China,
because of its position

Reciprocity: The Effect Of Food On Petition
Page
1 of 7
Running head: Reciprocity: the effect of food on petition signing 1Reciprocity: the effect of food on
petition signing Stephanie Garcia, Jeffrey Kemp, Wendy Lopez, Carolyn Mรกrquez, Joselyn
Velasquez.Pasadena City College
Reciprocity: the effect of food on petition signing 2IntroductionIf someone was to give you
something, deep rooted inside of you is a desire to return the favor. This behavior can be explained
by the theory of reciprocity; this theory defines reciprocity as a social norm which first requires that
you accept a favor from someone and in turn you feel obligated to return the favor. The current
study aims to expand on prior research by testing whether individuals act out of self–interest ...
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The experimenter would smile or remain neutral to passersby who were alone and asked if they
would participate in an investigation (Vrugt Vet, 2009). There was an observer off to the side
recording if the participant would smile or remain neutral. The results showed that 50.4% of the
participants who were smiled at would return a smile (Vrugt Vet, 2009). If participants were given
a neutral expression, only 33.3% of participants smiled at the experimenters (Vrugt Vet, 2009).
Further, 31% of the participants who smiled agreed to help in the investigation and only 23% of
those who did not smile helped with the investigation (Vrugt Vet, 2009). In order to broaden the
understanding of reciprocity, this study set out to see if creating a positive emotional feeling would
cause people to feel like they needed to return a favor. The results show a strong support of the
hypothesis that people are more likely to help even if the gift given is a simple smile (Vrugt Vet,
2009). Moving away from a simple gesture to a physical gift, researchers Whatley,Webster, Smith,
and Rhodes (1999) studied how much reciprocation is tied to public or private consequences and if
having received a gift further impacts reciprocation in those situations. Researchers believed that
they would see

Essay Accy
Discussion Question Set #1 – iPhone at Apple (25 points) Lenny Allegretti 1. Which accounting
method best reflects the economic reality? Put another way, which accounting numbers – the GAAP
or non–GAAP numbers best reflects economic reality? [10 points] Economic reality can be defined
as the overall outlook of the economy at a certain point in time. This outlook includes factors such
as interest rates, politics, and speculation. In its Q4 financial results Apple reported both GAAP and
non–GAAP revenue and net profit for the iPhone. Their GAAP results showed 7.9 billion in revenue
and 1.1 billion in net profit. The non–GAAP showed revenue of 11.7 billion and net profit of 2.4
billion. The GAAP results reflect the usage of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Should Apple lobby for their non–GAAP numbers to be sanctioned by FASB? [7.5 points] I
believe that Apple should not lobby for their non–GAAP numbers to be sanctioned by FASB. Apple
decided to use the subscription method due to consumer backlash at an upgrade fee for the iPhone.
Today Apple holds a large portion of the smart phone industry. If a small upgrade fee for the iPhone
was enacted I personally believe it would not affect sales. For example, people pay on average $75–
$100 for their cell phone bill a month; a small $5 one or two time fee would not stray people from
purchasing an iPhone. Therefore, there would be no need to lobby for the non–GAAP numbers
because the new numbers with fees charged for upgrades would be accepted under GAAP. However,
with the industry standard set at free upgrades for the consumer, it may be beneficial for Apple
along with other smartphone companies to lobby for this. Realistically the smartphone market is a
booming market. Time will tell if these companies will decide to lobby to the FASB. Even though I
believe it is not necessary for Apple to do with their current stake in the market; I do believe that it
may occur with the industry standard set. 3. Does it matter if the revenue recognition rule for
smartphones changes? [7.5 points] We have established that there are two methods to recognize
smartphone revenue: time of sale and subscription methods. The company providing the phone has
the option on which one to

Business Case Study: 100PLUS
Introduction
Economics is the production of goods of consumption and wealth transfer, production and access to
research these goods. Market economics to explain how people interact to get what they want or to
accomplish specific goals. Since economics is the driving force of interpersonal communication,
study it often reveals why people and government's behaviour in a particular manner (What is
Economic, n.d.).
Coca–cola and 100 Plus are the substitutes goods. Substitutes are the two good use with the same
purpose and if the price of one increase another good of the demand also increases.
Coca–cola
Coca–Cola's history began in 1886, when Atlanta pharmacist John Pemberton Dr. S., curiosity led
him to create a unique tasting drink that can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Price
The company is the production and pricing policy terms highly interdependent with each other.
Thus, oligopolistic companies do not change the price, but their performance non–price competition.
4. Non–price competition
(a) Advertising
(b) Sales and promotion
(c) Services after sales
(d) Product development / differentials Different between perfect competition and imperfect
competition
Perfect competition is a competitive market, where there are numerous sellers many buyers sell
homogeneous products or services. Imperfect competition is an economic structure, competitive
conditions are not completely fulfilled (Surbhi, 2015).
So Coca – cola and 100 plus is the perfect competition, because both are the large number of buyers
and sellers, and sellers to provide buyers of the same product. It is a hypothetical situation that does
not exist in the real world applicable and there are many players in the market. Both also are the
Seller production or offer the same products. Last both are price takers because both are assumes
that the company will not affect the price of the

Stone Age Economics: Generalized Reciprocity
Reciprocity
In cultural anthropology, a reciprocal exchange is the mutual non–market trade of goods or services
through either generalized, balanced, or negative reciprocity. Marshall Sahlins, an anthropologist,
identified these three types of reciprocity prominent in human society in his book Stone Age
Economics (1972).
Generalized reciprocity is the exchange of goods or labor without the expectation of an immediate
return. Generalized reciprocity is viewed as gift–giving or uninhibited sharing. When a gift is given,
the provider of the gift does not expect the recipient to immediately reciprocate the gift rather the
provider presumes that the recipient will return the favor later on. For example, suppose two friends
are having dinner together. If one friend pays for the other's meal, then it is polite, but not required,
for the friend who's meal was paid for to requite the other's generosity and pay for dinner the next
time. Generalized reciprocity can be useful to strengthen social and personal relationships as it is
typically seen as token of friendship. However, the lack of strict ... Show more content on
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It is an informal system of exchange. For instance, the Aboriginal peoples of Australia use a system
of balanced reciprocity to trade resources. While food was not typically exchanged, stones, ochres,
tools, ceremonial items and other resources (Indigenous Australia) were often traded between
groups. Similar to generalized reciprocity, balanced reciprocity will strengthen social ties as the
return of the gift or labor is based on mutual trust and the possibility of consequence. In contrast,
balanced reciprocity will ideally mean an equal exchange of goods from both parties; however, in
some situations, the reciprocity may be unbalanced resulting in one of the parties receiving more
than the

Women's Precarity Analysis
Consequences of Women's Precarity
The systemic, cyclical nature of precarity for women in the labour market as described above creates
significant negative consequences for individuals, families, and society. Though the consequences
are numerous, a handful are presented here for illustrative purposes of how endemic this issue is.
Low wages/income are an earmark of non–standard/secondary market work. Women (along with
youth and people with lower levels of education) are most likely to be working for minimum wage
(primarily in service–sector jobs) (Galarneau Fecteau, 2016). Lack of a living wage for
secondary labour market jobs factors into the precarity model and economically disadvantages
women/families.
The economic inequality of women's precarity contributes to an even greater issue, their social
inequality. The labour market and neoliberalism, in conjunction with economic austerity and an
extreme decrease in social welfare initiatives (all factors in precarity), contribute to the social
exclusion of women in Canada. Social exclusion – the division between the haves and the have–nots
– is spawned from the barriers (socioeconomic disparities) that prevent individuals or groups full
participation in the social workings of society, and women experience it relative to their level of ...
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Loss of consumer confidence, cost of high turnover, lack of spending in the market, and the
inevitable deprivation of government revenue all harm the ability of the free market to sustain itself
on a model of precarity (Fleury, 2016). The normalization of precarity creates a cycle that will be
even harder to overcome in the future, and perpetuates the gender inequality that already

Pricing And Non-Pricing Strategies

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