Nowadays, there is a demand for novel
drugs to prevent these infections and the emergence
from mutation of microorganisms. Given the rising
incidence of resistance to synthetic antibiotics and in
light of the rising costs of medicines it is well-timed
to search for natural products such as plant derived
antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance of
microorganisms. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius),
in addition to synthetic alternatives, has the potential
of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial properties of
established. For that reason, the research proponents
of this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties
of pandan with the end view of providing low cost
of medications and the prevention of resistance. This research analyzed the in vitro activity of pandan
leaves crude extract against bacterial isolates such as
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853.
About 1 kilogram of freshly collected pandan leaves
was subjected to water distillation and the filtrate
was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude
extract was then used for the phytochemical analysis.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pandan
against the said microorganisms were examined. This
study also determined the stability of pandan as to pH
and temperature.
Nowadays, there is a demand for novel
drugs to prevent these infections and the emergence
from mutation of microorganisms. Given the rising
incidence of resistance to synthetic antibiotics and in
light of the rising costs of medicines it is well-timed
to search for natural products such as plant derived
antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance of
microorganisms. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius),
in addition to synthetic alternatives, has the potential
of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial properties of
established. For that reason, the research proponents
of this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties
of pandan with the end view of providing low cost
of medications and the prevention of resistance. This research analyzed the in vitro activity of pandan
leaves crude extract against bacterial isolates such as
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853.
About 1 kilogram of freshly collected pandan leaves
was subjected to water distillation and the filtrate
was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude
extract was then used for the phytochemical analysis.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pandan
against the said microorganisms were examined. This
study also determined the stability of pandan as to pH
and temperature.
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious diseaseJean Jacques Bernatas
Food safety is also about acquired antimicrobial resistance in big farms, and its spread in the environment. Be a smart consumer, a smart producer, and a smart patient to contributing to get antimicrobial resistance under control.
PROBING INTO THE EDIBLE VACCINES: NEWER PARADIGMS, SCOPE AND RELEVANCEDr Varruchi Sharma
Vaccines are proved to be boon for the prevention of infectious diseases and provide acquired immunity against life threatening infections. The lethality of infectious diseases has decreased due to vaccination as it is one of the safe and effective measure to control various infectious diseases. A protein which acts as the vaccine, present in food and consumed as the internal composition of food is known as the edible vaccine. As the name suggests, the term “Edible vaccines” was first used by Charles Arntzen in 1990 and refers to plants that produce vitamins, proteins or other nourishment that act as a vaccine against a certain disease. These vaccines are capable to stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Edible vaccines have been the newer form of vaccines which have the power to cover the risks associated with conventional vaccines. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines are produced by the incorporation of the selected desired genes into the plants and then modified to produce the encoded proteins, providing immunity for certain diseases. Identification, isolation and characterization of a pathogenic antigen is important for making an edible vaccine. At present edible vaccine are developed for various veterinary and human diseases such as cholera, measles, hepatitis and foot and mouth diseases. Current review highlights the importance of edible vaccines which could prove to be cost effective, efficient and safe and would not require refrigeration, making them more accessible to poor people as compared to traditional vaccines.
Human Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are important enteric pathogens, which affect the stomach and intestines, leading to
gastroenteritis or more commonly called the "stomach flu" or “winter vomiting bug". HuNoVs are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral
route, either by directly infected person-to-person contact or directly via contaminated foods, water and surface areas. The virus is highly
contagious as 10-100 virus particles are sufficient to cause diseases. HuNoVs can spread easily and cause prolonged outbreaks. This is
due to their environmental persistence, high infectivity, being resistance to disinfection and difficulty in preventing transmission.
HuNoVs are the most common causative agent leading to acute gastroenteritis among infectious diseases worldwide and poses a serious
public health problem, especially among children being the most susceptible. In developing countries, the highest cost of medical care
after respiratory infections is listed for acute gastroenteritis. In this study, Norovirus outbreaks, precautions, its identification and
struggles were informed and some suggestions were made about this case.
Depopulation options as welfare indicator for layer systemsHarm Kiezebrink
Egg production systems have become subject to heightened levels of scrutiny. Multiple factors such as disease, skeletal and foot health, pest and parasite load, behavior, stress, affective states, nutrition, and genetics influence the level of welfare hens experience. Although the need to evaluate the influence of these factors on welfare is recognized, research is still in the early stages.
In this paper conventional cages are compared to furnished cages, non-cage systems, and outdoor systems. Specific attributes of each system are shown to affect welfare, and systems that have similar attributes are affected similarly.
Environments such as conventional cages, which limit movement, can lead to osteoporosis, but environments that have increased complexity, such as non-cage systems, expose hens to an increased incidence of bone fractures.
Less is understood about the stress that each system imposes on the hen, but it appears that each system has its unique challenges. Selective breeding for desired traits such as improved bone strength and decreased feather pecking and cannibalism may help to improve welfare.
It appears that no single housing system is ideal from a hen welfare perspective. Although environmental complexity increases behavioral opportunities, it also introduces difficulties in terms of disease and pest control.
One specific circumstance has not been taken into consideration in this paper: how to depopulate the hens in case of an outbreak situation. Emergency control is not an economic parameter to choose a specific production system, but comparing a production system with or without cages, it is clear that it is much easier to depopulate chickens in a system without cages. Without a proper technique to cull the animals in a animal welfare friendly way and to transport the carcasses out of the house mechanically, the chickens are killed and transported manually.
This is not only increasing the risks for humans to get infected, it also influences the risks that animals suffer unnecessary during depopulation. Handling animals during outbreak situations is mostly done by inexperienced responders who have little to no knowledge about animal welfare. Veterinary authorities in charge of the response activities have issues like effectiveness and efficiency to consider.
How to depopulate the chickens in an outbreak situation is an important welfare indicator and the producer of these systems need to be kept responsible for the technical solution.
Harm Kiezebrink
Research Fellow Queensland University /
CEO AVT Europe AB
AVT Applied Veterinary Technologies Europe AB
Address details: c/o INTRED, Södra Hamnen 2,
45142 Uddevalla, Sweden
Phone: +44 7452 272 358
E-mail: harm.kie@gmail.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
More Related Content
Similar to PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED S.AUREUS ISOLATED FROM NASAL PASSAGE OF HEALTHY CATTLE.docx
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious diseaseJean Jacques Bernatas
Food safety is also about acquired antimicrobial resistance in big farms, and its spread in the environment. Be a smart consumer, a smart producer, and a smart patient to contributing to get antimicrobial resistance under control.
PROBING INTO THE EDIBLE VACCINES: NEWER PARADIGMS, SCOPE AND RELEVANCEDr Varruchi Sharma
Vaccines are proved to be boon for the prevention of infectious diseases and provide acquired immunity against life threatening infections. The lethality of infectious diseases has decreased due to vaccination as it is one of the safe and effective measure to control various infectious diseases. A protein which acts as the vaccine, present in food and consumed as the internal composition of food is known as the edible vaccine. As the name suggests, the term “Edible vaccines” was first used by Charles Arntzen in 1990 and refers to plants that produce vitamins, proteins or other nourishment that act as a vaccine against a certain disease. These vaccines are capable to stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Edible vaccines have been the newer form of vaccines which have the power to cover the risks associated with conventional vaccines. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines are produced by the incorporation of the selected desired genes into the plants and then modified to produce the encoded proteins, providing immunity for certain diseases. Identification, isolation and characterization of a pathogenic antigen is important for making an edible vaccine. At present edible vaccine are developed for various veterinary and human diseases such as cholera, measles, hepatitis and foot and mouth diseases. Current review highlights the importance of edible vaccines which could prove to be cost effective, efficient and safe and would not require refrigeration, making them more accessible to poor people as compared to traditional vaccines.
Human Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are important enteric pathogens, which affect the stomach and intestines, leading to
gastroenteritis or more commonly called the "stomach flu" or “winter vomiting bug". HuNoVs are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral
route, either by directly infected person-to-person contact or directly via contaminated foods, water and surface areas. The virus is highly
contagious as 10-100 virus particles are sufficient to cause diseases. HuNoVs can spread easily and cause prolonged outbreaks. This is
due to their environmental persistence, high infectivity, being resistance to disinfection and difficulty in preventing transmission.
HuNoVs are the most common causative agent leading to acute gastroenteritis among infectious diseases worldwide and poses a serious
public health problem, especially among children being the most susceptible. In developing countries, the highest cost of medical care
after respiratory infections is listed for acute gastroenteritis. In this study, Norovirus outbreaks, precautions, its identification and
struggles were informed and some suggestions were made about this case.
Depopulation options as welfare indicator for layer systemsHarm Kiezebrink
Egg production systems have become subject to heightened levels of scrutiny. Multiple factors such as disease, skeletal and foot health, pest and parasite load, behavior, stress, affective states, nutrition, and genetics influence the level of welfare hens experience. Although the need to evaluate the influence of these factors on welfare is recognized, research is still in the early stages.
In this paper conventional cages are compared to furnished cages, non-cage systems, and outdoor systems. Specific attributes of each system are shown to affect welfare, and systems that have similar attributes are affected similarly.
Environments such as conventional cages, which limit movement, can lead to osteoporosis, but environments that have increased complexity, such as non-cage systems, expose hens to an increased incidence of bone fractures.
Less is understood about the stress that each system imposes on the hen, but it appears that each system has its unique challenges. Selective breeding for desired traits such as improved bone strength and decreased feather pecking and cannibalism may help to improve welfare.
It appears that no single housing system is ideal from a hen welfare perspective. Although environmental complexity increases behavioral opportunities, it also introduces difficulties in terms of disease and pest control.
One specific circumstance has not been taken into consideration in this paper: how to depopulate the hens in case of an outbreak situation. Emergency control is not an economic parameter to choose a specific production system, but comparing a production system with or without cages, it is clear that it is much easier to depopulate chickens in a system without cages. Without a proper technique to cull the animals in a animal welfare friendly way and to transport the carcasses out of the house mechanically, the chickens are killed and transported manually.
This is not only increasing the risks for humans to get infected, it also influences the risks that animals suffer unnecessary during depopulation. Handling animals during outbreak situations is mostly done by inexperienced responders who have little to no knowledge about animal welfare. Veterinary authorities in charge of the response activities have issues like effectiveness and efficiency to consider.
How to depopulate the chickens in an outbreak situation is an important welfare indicator and the producer of these systems need to be kept responsible for the technical solution.
Harm Kiezebrink
Research Fellow Queensland University /
CEO AVT Europe AB
AVT Applied Veterinary Technologies Europe AB
Address details: c/o INTRED, Södra Hamnen 2,
45142 Uddevalla, Sweden
Phone: +44 7452 272 358
E-mail: harm.kie@gmail.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED S.AUREUS ISOLATED FROM NASAL PASSAGE OF HEALTHY CATTLE.docx
1. MULTIDRUG RESISTANT LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED S.
AUREUS ISOLATED FROM NASAL PASSAGE OF
HEALTHY CATTLE.
CHAPTER ONE.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Cattle are large-bodied ruminants that feed on pastures and forages or fodder. In Kenya, cattle are
reared primarily for meat which is a veritable source of protein for humans, and for milk. However,
some communities like the Masaai do for prestige. Cattle rearing in Kenya is an old occupation that
is traditionally practiced by Maasai and Pokot both from the Rift valley part of Kenya.
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic gram-positive coccal bacterium and due to a
combination of numerous bacteria immune-evasive strategies which it uses, it is considered a
successful pathogen. The nasal passages are considered to be the major habitat (Kluytmans et al.,
1997; Lowy, 1998; Lowy, 2003) and the biggest supply of S. aureus in people, yet numerous body
locales can harbor this bacterium (Vandenbergh & Verbrugh, 1999). S. aureus is a typical tenant of
the skin (Lowy, 2003; Williams, 1963), and perineum and can likewise be found in the axillae (Ridley,
1959), vagina (Guinan et al., 1982), and the gastrointestinal tract (Williams, 1963). S. aureus strains
are noteworthy human pathogens and are conceivably ready in contaminating any human body
tissue, bringing on everything from skin contaminations to life-debilitating sicknesses. In people, the
diseases brought on by S. aureus can be partitioned into these three sorts in general; shallow sores,
(for example, surgical site and wound contaminations), life and systemic undermining factors, (for
example, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, mind abscesses/wounds, bacteremia, and
meningitis), then toxinoses, (for example, poisonous stun disorder, sustenance harming and singed
skin disorder (Alo et al., 2013; Aires de Sousa et al., 2004; Lowy, 2003). The sign of staphylococcal
contamination is the boils that contain discharge which is made up of dead neutrophils, dead and
living microbes, tissue (necrotic), the lysed host substance and bacterial cells. The
immunocompetent hosts, as a rule, effectively clear the disease and deplete the ulcer, though for the
immunocompromised and sporadically for a sound individual, the contamination might advance to
more profound tissue and turn into a conceivably lethal intrusive contamination (Novick, 2006). It is
still one of the five most common causes of nosocomial infections, often causing postsurgical wound
infections (Bowersox, 1999). S. aureus is likewise known to colonize and contaminate both pets and
animals, including pooches, felines, rabbits, stallions, steers, and pigs (Morgan, 2008). A noteworthy
concern is the nearness of methicillin-safe S. aureus (MRSA) in pets and domesticated animals, as
2. MULTIDRUG RESISTANT LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED S.
AUREUS ISOLATED FROM NASAL PASSAGE OF
HEALTHY CATTLE.
these may fill in as repositories for human colonization, an illustration is MRSA ST398 from pigs
(Weese, 2010).
The unnecessary utilization of antibiotics has prompted to the rise of different medication safe strains
of S.aureus (Lowy, 1998). The Penicillin was presented for curing infections caused by S. aureus in
the 1940s, and adequately diminished mortality and bleakness. Be that as it may, in late 1940s, its
resistance because of the nearness of penicillin’s developed (Eickhoff, 1972). The staphylococci are
extremely fit for advancing imperviousness to the regularly utilized antimicrobials, for example,
erythromycin (Walmark & Finland, 1961), ampicillin (Klein and Finland, 1963), and antibiotic
medication (Eickhoff, 1972). Much of the time, imperviousness to antimicrobial agents is coded for
by qualities carried on plasmids, representing the quick spread of resistant microscopic organisms
(Morris et al., 1998). One purpose behind the proceeding with essential part of S. aureus in illness is
its inclination and propensity to wind up distinctly impervious to antimicrobial (Waldvogel, 2000). S.
aureus is presently the main general reason for nosocomial diseases and, as more patients are dealt
with outside the healing center setting, is an expanding worry in the group (CDC NNIS System,
2001; Diekema, 2001).
The time of medication development and its execution in human and creature wellbeing and
horticulture was started by the revelation of anti-infection agents over 70 years prior. These
disclosures were powerful against organisms consequently were viewed as effective against
pathogenic microorganisms however this achievement was fleeting as they were tempered with in all
cases by the rise of resistant microorganisms (D'Costa et al., 2011). A standout amongst the most
relentless issues confronted by human services benefits far and wide is the expanding
pervasiveness of antimicrobial resistance. This resistance is broadly perceived as a noteworthy
general wellbeing danger and this issue is aggravated by a consistent reducing of the quantity of
new specialists (antimicrobials) entering the clinical practice (D.H, 2000). There is an expanding
worry that some less-alarming infections which were effortlessly treated are currently turning out to
be progressively hard to treat and ailments created by microscopic organisms which are impervious
to antimicrobial agents may set aside a more drawn out time of opportunity to treat successfully
(Butler et al., 2006). In spite of the fact that the issue of multidrug resistance has pulled in the
consideration of medicinal services administrations and the overall population, rates of antimicrobial
3. MULTIDRUG RESISTANT LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED S.
AUREUS ISOLATED FROM NASAL PASSAGE OF
HEALTHY CATTLE.
resistance among healing center and group pathogens have expanded alarmingly amid the previous
decade (NNIS, 2001).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In Kenya, cattle are reared primarily as a source of meat. According to Kuehnnert et al. (2008), Lowy
(1998, 2003), Onanuga & Temedie (2011), Vandenbergh & Verbrugh (1999), Williams (1963), the
nares and the skin of humans and animals may be considered as ecological niche for S.
aureus colonization but this colonization does not frequently result into infection thereby tagging the
bacterium a normal flora of these body parts. S. aureus colonizes the nares and the skin but if there
is an abrasion, lesion or wound in these parts, S. aureus may migrate into the body or blood and
cause infections. These infections are called opportunistic (staphylococcal) infections. Compared to
other pathogens, S. aureus has a high tendency and proneness to become resistant to
antimicrobials (Weese, 2010). This fact, coupled with the constant abuse of drugs and lack of control
in the sales of antibiotics contributes to the increasing problem in multidrug resistance of S.
aureus including methicillin and vancomycin which is considered as the first line of treatment against
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Cuny et al. (2015), Fluit (2012), Johnson
(2011) and Morgan (2008) established that methicillin-resistant S. aureus (a multidrug-resistant
organism) may not only be a nosocomial and community-acquired infection but it could also be a
zoonotic infection as it can be transmitted from animal to human. The presence of multidrug
resistant S. aureus in the nares of cattle poses a threat to cattle herders, butchers, beef
retailers/handlers, and consumers as these cattle are frequently asymptomatic carriers and thus are
considered ‘healthy’. This study may evaluate the prevalence of multiple antibiotic-resistant
livestock-associated S. aureus and suggest possible control for diseases caused by multi-antibiotic-
resistant livestock-associated St. aureus.
1.3 Objective of the Study:
The general objectives of the study were to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant livestock-
associated S. aureus and suggest possible control of staphylococcal infections in humans caused by
livestock-associated S. aureus using the antibiogram of the isolates. The specific objectives are to:
1. isolate and identify S. aureus from the nasal passage of healthy cattle by Gram staining
and biochemical tests (catalase test, slide coagulase test, and fermentation of mannitol);
4. MULTIDRUG RESISTANT LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED S.
AUREUS ISOLATED FROM NASAL PASSAGE OF
HEALTHY CATTLE.
2. determine the antibiogram of the isolates and calculate the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance
Index (M.A.R.I) using the antibiogram of the isolates;
3. determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/disc) of the S. aureus isolates to
vancomycin;
4. determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/ml) of the isolates to flucloxacillin as a
test for methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin.
5. Determine the synergistic medication-safe or additive effect of two antibiotics to suggest
possible control of staphylococcal infection ns in humans caused by multidrug-resistant
livestock-associated S. aureus.
1.4 Research Questions
1. Can S. aureus be isolated and identified from nasal passage of healthy cattle?
2. How is the antibibiogram of S. aureus isolates determined and how are the Multiple Antibiotic
Resistance Index of the isolates calculated using the antibiogram of the isolates?
3. How is the minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/disc) of S. aureus determined?
4. How is the minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/ml) of S. aureus isolated from nasal passage
of healthy cattle to flucloxacillin and vancomycin determined?
5. Are the effects of the combined antibiotics synergistic, additive, or antagonistic?
1.5 Significance of the Study
1. This result may create more antimicrobials and the danger of multidrug-resistant S. aureus in
ruminant flocks.
2. This result may educate the general public on the effect of the negligence of multidrug-
resistant S. aureus in cattle and its effect on the consumption of undercooked beef.
3. The result may suggest possible control of staphylococcal infections in humans caused by
livestock-associated S. aureus.
1.6 Justification for the Study
The study may provide more recent data on multiple antibiotic-resistant S. aureus and suggest
possible control of livestock-associated staphylococcal infections in Kenya.
Fredrick Odoyo Ondiek-Laboratory Technologist-Woodcreek International School.