The document provides an overview of key terms and events related to the civil rights movement in the United States. It defines terms like prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination. It also discusses the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities between 1910-1930, citing new job opportunities, mechanization of agriculture, Jim Crow laws and boll weevils as key drivers. Additionally, it describes the Harlem Renaissance as a cultural flowering of African American arts in the early 20th century concentrated in Harlem, New York.
Overturn the Culture of Violence and Rapeapscuhuru
This document discusses the history and current prevalence of sexual violence and its relationship to colonialism, capitalism, and imperialism. It argues that (1) rape and sexual violence were systematically used against indigenous and African peoples during colonization and slavery to establish wealth and power for Europe and the U.S., and (2) capitalism continues the oppression of women and minorities through normalization of sexual violence in media and perpetuation of violence against imprisoned African populations in the U.S. It calls for solidarity in struggles against imperialism and organizing to achieve liberation, reparations, and economic power for African people worldwide.
The Crisis of Imperialism and the Future of Humanityapscuhuru
Analysis of root causes of today's economic crisis and the way forward. This presentation was developed by Penny Hess, Chairwoman of the African People's Solidarity Committee (APSC), white people organizing solidarity with the African liberation movement. APSC works under the leadership of the Uhuru Movement, led by the African People's Socialist Party. For more information, visit http://www.apscuhuru.org or http://www.uhurunews.com.
Rwandan genocide could have been stopped with as few as 5,000 troops, saving at least 300,000 African lives. Not only did Clinton refuse to, he blocked other countries and the United Nations from rescue efforts.
The document summarizes the history of oppression and civil war in El Salvador. It describes how nearly all the land was controlled by wealthy elites for decades, leading peasant farmers like Magdaleno to join the FMLN guerilla movement out of inability to feed their families. The civil war was sparked by violence at the funeral of Archbishop Romero, who had begged the US to stop supporting the military junta carrying out human rights abuses. During the war, US-trained paramilitary death squads committed atrocities like the El Mozote Massacre that killed over 800 civilians.
This document discusses the prejudice and discrimination faced by many groups throughout American history. It outlines how slaves, African American soldiers, Native Americans, Japanese immigrants, Chinese immigrants, women, homosexuals, and children all experienced unfair treatment and hostility due to factors such as their race, religion, gender or age. The document provides historical examples and definitions of prejudice and discrimination.
The arms-of-the-octopus-english-versionRizky Faisal
The document discusses symbols and signs that allegedly indicate a global conspiracy being carried out by a secretive New World Order group consisting of Freemasons and Jews. Some of the signs and symbols mentioned include the all-seeing eye on the US dollar and various Masonic symbols found on the Great Seal of the United States. The document suggests these symbols point to a plot to establish a global dictatorship and destroy freedom.
Slavery came under attack during the American Revolution. While Massachusetts abolished slavery, other Northern states implemented gradual emancipation laws. However, the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revitalized slavery in the South. Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison advocated for the immediate end of slavery through publications like The Liberator, but their provocative stances also pushed some moderates towards the anti-slavery cause. The 1850 Fugitive Slave Law required Northerners to aid in the capture of runaway slaves, angering them and strengthening opposition to slavery. Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin depicted the cruelty of slavery and increased Northern antipathy towards
The document provides an overview of key terms and events related to the civil rights movement in the United States. It defines terms like prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination. It also discusses the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities between 1910-1930, citing new job opportunities, mechanization of agriculture, Jim Crow laws and boll weevils as key drivers. Additionally, it describes the Harlem Renaissance as a cultural flowering of African American arts in the early 20th century concentrated in Harlem, New York.
Overturn the Culture of Violence and Rapeapscuhuru
This document discusses the history and current prevalence of sexual violence and its relationship to colonialism, capitalism, and imperialism. It argues that (1) rape and sexual violence were systematically used against indigenous and African peoples during colonization and slavery to establish wealth and power for Europe and the U.S., and (2) capitalism continues the oppression of women and minorities through normalization of sexual violence in media and perpetuation of violence against imprisoned African populations in the U.S. It calls for solidarity in struggles against imperialism and organizing to achieve liberation, reparations, and economic power for African people worldwide.
The Crisis of Imperialism and the Future of Humanityapscuhuru
Analysis of root causes of today's economic crisis and the way forward. This presentation was developed by Penny Hess, Chairwoman of the African People's Solidarity Committee (APSC), white people organizing solidarity with the African liberation movement. APSC works under the leadership of the Uhuru Movement, led by the African People's Socialist Party. For more information, visit http://www.apscuhuru.org or http://www.uhurunews.com.
Rwandan genocide could have been stopped with as few as 5,000 troops, saving at least 300,000 African lives. Not only did Clinton refuse to, he blocked other countries and the United Nations from rescue efforts.
The document summarizes the history of oppression and civil war in El Salvador. It describes how nearly all the land was controlled by wealthy elites for decades, leading peasant farmers like Magdaleno to join the FMLN guerilla movement out of inability to feed their families. The civil war was sparked by violence at the funeral of Archbishop Romero, who had begged the US to stop supporting the military junta carrying out human rights abuses. During the war, US-trained paramilitary death squads committed atrocities like the El Mozote Massacre that killed over 800 civilians.
This document discusses the prejudice and discrimination faced by many groups throughout American history. It outlines how slaves, African American soldiers, Native Americans, Japanese immigrants, Chinese immigrants, women, homosexuals, and children all experienced unfair treatment and hostility due to factors such as their race, religion, gender or age. The document provides historical examples and definitions of prejudice and discrimination.
The arms-of-the-octopus-english-versionRizky Faisal
The document discusses symbols and signs that allegedly indicate a global conspiracy being carried out by a secretive New World Order group consisting of Freemasons and Jews. Some of the signs and symbols mentioned include the all-seeing eye on the US dollar and various Masonic symbols found on the Great Seal of the United States. The document suggests these symbols point to a plot to establish a global dictatorship and destroy freedom.
Slavery came under attack during the American Revolution. While Massachusetts abolished slavery, other Northern states implemented gradual emancipation laws. However, the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revitalized slavery in the South. Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison advocated for the immediate end of slavery through publications like The Liberator, but their provocative stances also pushed some moderates towards the anti-slavery cause. The 1850 Fugitive Slave Law required Northerners to aid in the capture of runaway slaves, angering them and strengthening opposition to slavery. Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin depicted the cruelty of slavery and increased Northern antipathy towards
The document summarizes key events and policies during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. It outlines Lincoln's 10% Plan for Reconstruction, the more radical Wade-Davis Bill, and Johnson's plans as Lincoln's successor. Congress passed the 14th Amendment and implemented Radical Reconstruction. The rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan opposed African American civil rights. Reconstruction ended in 1877 as federal troops withdrew from the South. Segregation and disenfranchisement policies replaced the civil rights gains of Reconstruction.
The civil rights movement of the 1960s achieved many accomplishments, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision declaring segregation unconstitutional, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 which prohibited racial discrimination and guaranteed equal voting rights. Key events included the Montgomery bus boycott launched by Rosa Parks, sit-ins led by student groups like SNCC, the March on Washington and MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech, and the violent Selma marches which helped pass the Voting Rights Act. However, the decade was also marked by ongoing violence and assassinations of leaders like MLK and Malcolm X.
Lecture 11ii american west & increasing conflicts over slaveryLACCD
This document summarizes the political conflicts over slavery in the United States between 1848-1860. It discusses the two political parties, the Whigs and Democrats, and their stances on slavery. It outlines the various compromises attempted, including the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It also discusses the growing sectional divide, the Dred Scott decision, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and concludes with Lincoln's election in 1860 triggering southern secession and the onset of the Civil War.
This presentation covers trends in antebellum life that gave way to some of the sectional tensions, between the North and the South, that will factor into the emergence of the American Civil War. It is the second in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
A CULTURE OF SILENCE: SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE LIVES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMENConstance Price
The document discusses the historical and ongoing sexual abuse and silencing of Black women in America. It details how slavery established patterns of rape and sexual assault of enslaved Black women. The auction block and stereotypes like Jezebel further dehumanized Black women and justified their abuse. Over 50% of enslaved women were sexually assaulted. This abuse continued post-emancipation under Jim Crow. Black women developed a "culture of silence" for survival and protection. The document also discusses how the legal system has failed to protect Black women and how myths in the Black community discourage reporting abuse.
This document discusses the history of sexual violence against African American women from slavery through the 20th century. It describes how slave owners routinely raped enslaved women and promoted stereotypes like "Jezebel" to justify this abuse. Even after emancipation, many black women faced continued sexual assault and had little legal recourse. They developed a "culture of silence" out of necessity, though figures like Rosa Parks secretly fought against this violence. The document suggests this history of abuse and silencing of black women's experiences of sexual assault still impacts their treatment today.
This document discusses several curses from Deuteronomy chapter 28 that were placed on the Israelites if they disobeyed God's commandments. It argues that these curses apply to Black/African Americans today based on the conditions they experienced during slavery and continue to face. Some key points made:
- Blacks have been cursed in cities and rural areas as shown by poor living conditions and high death rates historically and currently.
- Disease, lynching, burning, and violence described in the curses match what Blacks experienced through slavery and beyond.
- Blacks were removed and scattered across kingdoms of the earth through the slave trade, fulfilling another curse.
- In contrast, Jews and other groups came voluntarily and were not subjected
HISTORY UNFOLD (shared using http://VisualBee.com).VisualBee.com
This document provides an analysis of Deuteronomy chapter 28, which outlines blessings for obeying God's commands, and curses for disobeying them. The author argues that the curses described match the experiences of Black Americans, such as living in poverty in cities and rural areas, experiencing disease, violence, and oppression at the hands of enemies. In contrast, the author claims Jews have prospered despite also facing oppression, indicating Black Americans must be the biblical Israelites experiencing the curses for disobedience. The analysis seeks to connect the biblical curses to aspects of Black American history and condition.
This document provides an analysis of Deuteronomy chapter 28, which outlines blessings for obeying God's commands, and curses for disobeying them. The author argues that the curses described match the experiences of Black Americans, such as living in poverty in cities and rural areas, experiencing disease, violence, and oppression at the hands of enemies. In contrast, the author claims Jews have prospered despite also facing oppression, indicating Black Americans must be the biblical Israelites experiencing the curses for disobedience. The analysis seeks to connect the plight and identity of Black Americans to the biblical curses and promises tied to obedience to God.
HISTORY UNFOLD (shared using http://VisualBee.com).VisualBee.com
This document provides an analysis of Deuteronomy chapter 28, which outlines blessings for obeying God's commands, and curses for disobeying them. The author argues that the curses described match the experiences of Black Americans, such as living in poverty in cities and rural areas, experiencing disease, violence, and oppression at the hands of enemies. In contrast, the author claims Jews have prospered despite also facing oppression, indicating Black Americans must be the biblical Israelites experiencing the curses for disobedience. The analysis seeks to connect the plight and identity of Black Americans to the biblical curses and promises tied to obedience to God.
The document provides a summary of Professor Grace Chee's lecture on the consolidation of slavery in the South between 1790-1850. It discusses how slavery expanded and became entrenched, driven by the growth of cotton and the invention of the cotton gin. The internal slave trade transported over 800,000 slaves from the Upper South to the Deep South. Slaves resisted through escape, rebellion, and embracing religion. The pro-slavery movement argued it was a positive good. Strict laws were passed to control free blacks and suppress abolitionists. Slavery shaped Southern society, economics, and gender roles.
The document summarizes the social and political climate in Mississippi from the Great Depression through the 1950s that set the stage for the civil rights movement. It discusses how the Depression devastated the state's economy and disproportionately impacted African Americans. World War II and related industries provided economic opportunities. President Truman supported civil rights, alienating Southern Democrats who formed the Dixiecrats. The 1954 Brown v. Board decision found segregated schools unconstitutional, sparking massive resistance from whites in Mississippi. The brutal 1955 murder of Emmett Till drew national attention to racial violence in the state. Lynchings were also common. African American leaders emerged to advocate for civil rights amid this deeply entrenched racism.
This document discusses the views and practices of slavery among three of America's founding fathers: George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. It notes that while these men helped create a nation founded on equality and liberty, two of them - Washington and Jefferson - were slave owners. Washington inherited and grew his slave holdings, though he treated them relatively well and freed them after his wife's death. Adams strongly opposed slavery and never owned slaves. Jefferson owned hundreds of slaves to work his plantation, though he may have fathered children with one slave. The document examines how these men reconciled their positions with the ideals of the new nation.
Slavery was the central issue dividing the Northern and Southern United States and the primary cause of the Civil War. The Southern economy depended on slave labor for cotton production, while the North rejected slavery and embraced industrialization. Life for slaves was brutal, with frequent beatings, malnutrition, and lack of basic necessities even for children. Slave owners justified slavery through claims of black racial inferiority, despite slaves making up a large portion of the population. The divisions between the free North and slave-holding South grew too deep to be resolved through compromise, making war inevitable to decide the issue of slavery in America.
1) The document discusses the history of Cuban migration to the United States, specifically to places like Miami and Union City, New Jersey, in waves from the 1950s onward. It describes the political and economic factors that drove Cubans to emigrate, such as the 1959 Cuban Revolution.
2) It outlines the challenges Cubans faced in adjusting to life as immigrants in the US, including discrimination in housing and education. However, community support from other Cubans and organizations helped them establish themselves.
3) The document profiles the experiences of individual Cuban immigrants and their families, such as Marianela Cruz, who described political repression and economic hardship in Cuba that improved after she moved to the US.
The document discusses the history of slavery in early America, including that many Founding Fathers owned slaves, the institution was never mentioned in the Constitution, and the importation of slaves was permitted until 1808. It also describes how Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793 made slavery highly profitable, fueling a rapid increase in the slave population from 700,000 in 1790 to over 4 million by 1860 as the South became dominated by cotton production. Abolition movements emerged but were opposed by pro-slavery forces, heightening regional tensions over the issue of expanding slavery into new western territories, which escalated over events like the Dred Scott decision and led to the Civil War.
Basic Principles of African Internationalismapscuhuru
This document outlines the key points of African Internationalism, a political theory that calls for the reunification and liberation of Africa led by the African working class. It argues that capitalism was built on the enslavement and colonization of African people, and that imperialism continues to exploit Africa's resources and people. It presents the African People's Socialist Party and African Socialist International as the revolutionary organizations necessary to overthrow imperialism and neocolonialism and achieve self-determination for Africa and African people worldwide.
This document provides a summary of African American participation and experiences in major American wars from the Revolutionary War through World War I. It describes how African Americans fought for both sides in early wars and sought freedom and to prove their humanity. It highlights individual freedom fighters and soldiers who distinguished themselves in battle. It also discusses the context of slavery and racial attitudes during each war period and how African American soldiers faced discrimination but continued serving to fight for their rights.
This is the film link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGQaAddwjxg
This is a critical analysis of the film Birth of a Nation; the analysis must answer the following questions:
What was the film about?
What do you think was the director’s main goal in making this film?
How does it help us to understand the history of racism in the U.S. at that time and today?
What problems do you see with the film especially the ways in which the film portrays African-Americans and the Ku Klux Klan?
Crucial: your critique must be analytical, critical, and not only descriptive.
Grading of the Critique:
The review will be graded according to the quality of content, composition, and critical analysis. I will examine whether you have addressed the assignment, answering the four questions posed above.
The finished review must be in typewritten form, (5 pages) double spaced, the typed size must be 12 pt. Times New Roman font is required. Bold lettering is not acceptable. A cover page is required. It must include the title, your name, the date, and the name of the course. You do not need to use other sources for your critique but you may use them. If you use other sources aside from the film, you must include a bibliography. All sources must be cited according to the Turabian Style Manual. Outside sources not allowed.
The document is a lengthy complaint addressed to various government officials about the lack of adequate shower and toilet facilities for the homeless population in Houston, Texas. It describes the current facilities as insufficient to meet the needs of the thousands of homeless individuals. It also criticizes a member of the Houston city council for being out of touch with the realities faced by homeless residents and for not expediting the construction of improved sanitation facilities.
The document summarizes key events and policies during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. It outlines Lincoln's 10% Plan for Reconstruction, the more radical Wade-Davis Bill, and Johnson's plans as Lincoln's successor. Congress passed the 14th Amendment and implemented Radical Reconstruction. The rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan opposed African American civil rights. Reconstruction ended in 1877 as federal troops withdrew from the South. Segregation and disenfranchisement policies replaced the civil rights gains of Reconstruction.
The civil rights movement of the 1960s achieved many accomplishments, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision declaring segregation unconstitutional, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 which prohibited racial discrimination and guaranteed equal voting rights. Key events included the Montgomery bus boycott launched by Rosa Parks, sit-ins led by student groups like SNCC, the March on Washington and MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech, and the violent Selma marches which helped pass the Voting Rights Act. However, the decade was also marked by ongoing violence and assassinations of leaders like MLK and Malcolm X.
Lecture 11ii american west & increasing conflicts over slaveryLACCD
This document summarizes the political conflicts over slavery in the United States between 1848-1860. It discusses the two political parties, the Whigs and Democrats, and their stances on slavery. It outlines the various compromises attempted, including the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It also discusses the growing sectional divide, the Dred Scott decision, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and concludes with Lincoln's election in 1860 triggering southern secession and the onset of the Civil War.
This presentation covers trends in antebellum life that gave way to some of the sectional tensions, between the North and the South, that will factor into the emergence of the American Civil War. It is the second in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
A CULTURE OF SILENCE: SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE LIVES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMENConstance Price
The document discusses the historical and ongoing sexual abuse and silencing of Black women in America. It details how slavery established patterns of rape and sexual assault of enslaved Black women. The auction block and stereotypes like Jezebel further dehumanized Black women and justified their abuse. Over 50% of enslaved women were sexually assaulted. This abuse continued post-emancipation under Jim Crow. Black women developed a "culture of silence" for survival and protection. The document also discusses how the legal system has failed to protect Black women and how myths in the Black community discourage reporting abuse.
This document discusses the history of sexual violence against African American women from slavery through the 20th century. It describes how slave owners routinely raped enslaved women and promoted stereotypes like "Jezebel" to justify this abuse. Even after emancipation, many black women faced continued sexual assault and had little legal recourse. They developed a "culture of silence" out of necessity, though figures like Rosa Parks secretly fought against this violence. The document suggests this history of abuse and silencing of black women's experiences of sexual assault still impacts their treatment today.
This document discusses several curses from Deuteronomy chapter 28 that were placed on the Israelites if they disobeyed God's commandments. It argues that these curses apply to Black/African Americans today based on the conditions they experienced during slavery and continue to face. Some key points made:
- Blacks have been cursed in cities and rural areas as shown by poor living conditions and high death rates historically and currently.
- Disease, lynching, burning, and violence described in the curses match what Blacks experienced through slavery and beyond.
- Blacks were removed and scattered across kingdoms of the earth through the slave trade, fulfilling another curse.
- In contrast, Jews and other groups came voluntarily and were not subjected
HISTORY UNFOLD (shared using http://VisualBee.com).VisualBee.com
This document provides an analysis of Deuteronomy chapter 28, which outlines blessings for obeying God's commands, and curses for disobeying them. The author argues that the curses described match the experiences of Black Americans, such as living in poverty in cities and rural areas, experiencing disease, violence, and oppression at the hands of enemies. In contrast, the author claims Jews have prospered despite also facing oppression, indicating Black Americans must be the biblical Israelites experiencing the curses for disobedience. The analysis seeks to connect the biblical curses to aspects of Black American history and condition.
This document provides an analysis of Deuteronomy chapter 28, which outlines blessings for obeying God's commands, and curses for disobeying them. The author argues that the curses described match the experiences of Black Americans, such as living in poverty in cities and rural areas, experiencing disease, violence, and oppression at the hands of enemies. In contrast, the author claims Jews have prospered despite also facing oppression, indicating Black Americans must be the biblical Israelites experiencing the curses for disobedience. The analysis seeks to connect the plight and identity of Black Americans to the biblical curses and promises tied to obedience to God.
HISTORY UNFOLD (shared using http://VisualBee.com).VisualBee.com
This document provides an analysis of Deuteronomy chapter 28, which outlines blessings for obeying God's commands, and curses for disobeying them. The author argues that the curses described match the experiences of Black Americans, such as living in poverty in cities and rural areas, experiencing disease, violence, and oppression at the hands of enemies. In contrast, the author claims Jews have prospered despite also facing oppression, indicating Black Americans must be the biblical Israelites experiencing the curses for disobedience. The analysis seeks to connect the plight and identity of Black Americans to the biblical curses and promises tied to obedience to God.
The document provides a summary of Professor Grace Chee's lecture on the consolidation of slavery in the South between 1790-1850. It discusses how slavery expanded and became entrenched, driven by the growth of cotton and the invention of the cotton gin. The internal slave trade transported over 800,000 slaves from the Upper South to the Deep South. Slaves resisted through escape, rebellion, and embracing religion. The pro-slavery movement argued it was a positive good. Strict laws were passed to control free blacks and suppress abolitionists. Slavery shaped Southern society, economics, and gender roles.
The document summarizes the social and political climate in Mississippi from the Great Depression through the 1950s that set the stage for the civil rights movement. It discusses how the Depression devastated the state's economy and disproportionately impacted African Americans. World War II and related industries provided economic opportunities. President Truman supported civil rights, alienating Southern Democrats who formed the Dixiecrats. The 1954 Brown v. Board decision found segregated schools unconstitutional, sparking massive resistance from whites in Mississippi. The brutal 1955 murder of Emmett Till drew national attention to racial violence in the state. Lynchings were also common. African American leaders emerged to advocate for civil rights amid this deeply entrenched racism.
This document discusses the views and practices of slavery among three of America's founding fathers: George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. It notes that while these men helped create a nation founded on equality and liberty, two of them - Washington and Jefferson - were slave owners. Washington inherited and grew his slave holdings, though he treated them relatively well and freed them after his wife's death. Adams strongly opposed slavery and never owned slaves. Jefferson owned hundreds of slaves to work his plantation, though he may have fathered children with one slave. The document examines how these men reconciled their positions with the ideals of the new nation.
Slavery was the central issue dividing the Northern and Southern United States and the primary cause of the Civil War. The Southern economy depended on slave labor for cotton production, while the North rejected slavery and embraced industrialization. Life for slaves was brutal, with frequent beatings, malnutrition, and lack of basic necessities even for children. Slave owners justified slavery through claims of black racial inferiority, despite slaves making up a large portion of the population. The divisions between the free North and slave-holding South grew too deep to be resolved through compromise, making war inevitable to decide the issue of slavery in America.
1) The document discusses the history of Cuban migration to the United States, specifically to places like Miami and Union City, New Jersey, in waves from the 1950s onward. It describes the political and economic factors that drove Cubans to emigrate, such as the 1959 Cuban Revolution.
2) It outlines the challenges Cubans faced in adjusting to life as immigrants in the US, including discrimination in housing and education. However, community support from other Cubans and organizations helped them establish themselves.
3) The document profiles the experiences of individual Cuban immigrants and their families, such as Marianela Cruz, who described political repression and economic hardship in Cuba that improved after she moved to the US.
The document discusses the history of slavery in early America, including that many Founding Fathers owned slaves, the institution was never mentioned in the Constitution, and the importation of slaves was permitted until 1808. It also describes how Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793 made slavery highly profitable, fueling a rapid increase in the slave population from 700,000 in 1790 to over 4 million by 1860 as the South became dominated by cotton production. Abolition movements emerged but were opposed by pro-slavery forces, heightening regional tensions over the issue of expanding slavery into new western territories, which escalated over events like the Dred Scott decision and led to the Civil War.
Basic Principles of African Internationalismapscuhuru
This document outlines the key points of African Internationalism, a political theory that calls for the reunification and liberation of Africa led by the African working class. It argues that capitalism was built on the enslavement and colonization of African people, and that imperialism continues to exploit Africa's resources and people. It presents the African People's Socialist Party and African Socialist International as the revolutionary organizations necessary to overthrow imperialism and neocolonialism and achieve self-determination for Africa and African people worldwide.
This document provides a summary of African American participation and experiences in major American wars from the Revolutionary War through World War I. It describes how African Americans fought for both sides in early wars and sought freedom and to prove their humanity. It highlights individual freedom fighters and soldiers who distinguished themselves in battle. It also discusses the context of slavery and racial attitudes during each war period and how African American soldiers faced discrimination but continued serving to fight for their rights.
This is the film link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGQaAddwjxg
This is a critical analysis of the film Birth of a Nation; the analysis must answer the following questions:
What was the film about?
What do you think was the director’s main goal in making this film?
How does it help us to understand the history of racism in the U.S. at that time and today?
What problems do you see with the film especially the ways in which the film portrays African-Americans and the Ku Klux Klan?
Crucial: your critique must be analytical, critical, and not only descriptive.
Grading of the Critique:
The review will be graded according to the quality of content, composition, and critical analysis. I will examine whether you have addressed the assignment, answering the four questions posed above.
The finished review must be in typewritten form, (5 pages) double spaced, the typed size must be 12 pt. Times New Roman font is required. Bold lettering is not acceptable. A cover page is required. It must include the title, your name, the date, and the name of the course. You do not need to use other sources for your critique but you may use them. If you use other sources aside from the film, you must include a bibliography. All sources must be cited according to the Turabian Style Manual. Outside sources not allowed.
The document is a lengthy complaint addressed to various government officials about the lack of adequate shower and toilet facilities for the homeless population in Houston, Texas. It describes the current facilities as insufficient to meet the needs of the thousands of homeless individuals. It also criticizes a member of the Houston city council for being out of touch with the realities faced by homeless residents and for not expediting the construction of improved sanitation facilities.
This document discusses 1920s photography by Ansel Adams and Paul Strand. It provides titles, locations, and dates for 14 photographs by Adams from Yosemite National Park, Yellowstone National Park, the Sierra Nevada mountains, and Mono Lake in California, as well as 5 photographs by Strand from New York City, Italy, and an untitled 1916 work. The photographs document American landscapes, architecture, and industrial subjects from the early 20th century.
The document discusses plans to start a "Negro Nation" separate from the United States due to perceived ongoing racism and lack of civil rights protections for black people. It accuses the Koch brothers and Tea Party of imposing genocide through policies that starve and kill off black people. It demands a meeting with President Obama to establish protections for all citizens, including declaring martial law, and threatens another civil war if demands are not met.
Chief Defendant Antoine L. Freeman J. D. "Attorney at Law" Considered Pro Se ...Louis Charles Hamilton II
(1) The plaintiff, Louis Charles Hamilton II, files a pro se civil suit and offers a settlement to the defendant, Antoine L. Freeman.
(2) The settlement offer includes the return of lost wages and stolen tools by March 30th, 2015 or the plaintiff will seek damages of 2/3 the actual losses at a hearing on that date.
(3) If discovery requests are not answered within 90 days, the plaintiff will seek full treble damages under RICO and intend to depose the defendant.
Cmdr. bluefin (usn) 2015 “great pirate race”… “pirate curse” of the egyptian ...Louis Charles Hamilton II
“Port of Alexandria”, Egypt hub of the “smuggling” Networks on Egyptian coast.
I welcome you all to Cmdr. Bluefin (USN) 2015 “Great Pirate Race”, Special “Egyptian” Pirate Curse of the “Mummy Tomb” (Report).
The document describes a lawsuit filed by Louis Charles Hamilton II against Walter and Rosemary Dennis related to Hurricane Katrina damage and reconstruction work. Hamilton alleges that Willie M. Zanders, acting as the attorney for Dennis, committed fraud by disguising his identity and claiming Dennis were pro se in federal court over multiple years of litigation, when Zanders was actually representing them as their attorney. Hamilton is bringing this complaint before the court to establish that Zanders committed fraud and acted as a "crooked cloak rouge attorney."
Louis charles hamilton ii. vs america et al and state of texas et al.......Louis Charles Hamilton II
This document is a complaint filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas by Louis Charles Hamilton II against the United States of America, the State of Texas, and Harris County Texas alleging discrimination and civil rights violations. Hamilton, an African American veteran, claims the defendants have denied him equal protection under the law and caused emotional distress and financial damages dating back to slavery. He is seeking monetary damages totaling over $80 million.
The document proposes establishing a new "Freeman Bureau" to provide reconstruction assistance for African Americans and other disadvantaged groups in the United States, following the model of the Freedmen's Bureau established after the Civil War. It argues that the current financial crisis was caused by oppression of African Americans and greed of the white ruling class. A "Thaddeus Stevens' hidden reconstruction plan" from 1867 would be reprinted to benefit over 150 million modern Americans facing economic hardship. All Americans, regardless of race, would participate in rebuilding infrastructure through the new Freeman Bureau.
Pro se plaintiff, “louis charles hamilton ii”, co plaintiff(s) “united states...Louis Charles Hamilton II
U.S. Docket No. 15-MC-2283 Pro Se Plaintiff, “Louis Charles Hamilton II”, Co-Plaintiff(s) United States of America” et al, and Co-Plaintiff “State of Texas” et al, vs. Chief Defendant “Doctor Dinesh Chandra Khare”, Co-Defendant(s) “Geeta International” et al, Co-Defendant(s) “Geeta International Legal Division” et al, “Geeta International Co. Ltd.”, Co-Defendant(s) GEETA Group LLC et al, Co-Defendant Vipul Khare, Co-Defendant(s) “Rishu Khare” Plk LLC, And Co-Defendant(s) “Vijay Khare” Co-Defendant(s) “Greg Miller” of “Trillionaire Realty”, and “Trillionaire Assets”
Pro Se “Louis Charles Hamilton II” REQUESTS FOR ADMISSION, Cause No. 1:14-CV-...Louis Charles Hamilton II
To Defendant “Antoine L. Freeman J.D. (Attorney at Law), Pro Se Plaintiff “Louis Charles Hamilton II” herein propounding party
REQUESTS FOR ADMISSION, SET ONE
To: Antoine L. Freeman J. D. Attorney at Law AND HIS COUNSEL OF RECORD:
Pursuant to the provisions of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 36, it is hereby requested and demanded of Defendant
Antoine L. Freeman J. D. (hereinafter “YOU” or “YOUR”),
that YOU make admissions of the following statements of fact which are materially pertinent to Plaintiff claims hereto in accordance with Rule 36,
Under which rule of procedure this request for admissions is made, thereby answering the following facts in the above-entitled and number cause,
and that such answers be sworn to and filed promptly in the office of the District Clerk
Where this cause is pending and a copy delivered to the writer within thirty (30) days from the serving of this request upon you.
Otherwise, each of the matter of which an admission is requested
and demanded shall be deemed admitted by you in accordance with Rule 36 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Request for Admission
Truth of Facts
This document discusses the author's grievances against various individuals and institutions. It alleges that the US Attorney's office, under Eric Holder, aided Mormons in Salt Lake City in stealing a home video that showed the author's missing daughters. It accuses Holder and judges of racism and failing to protect the author's rights. It expresses anger at Holder for statements made regarding the New Black Panthers case. The author believes powerful orders were given to destroy evidence that could have reunited him with his daughters.
This document is a rambling letter from an individual named Louis Charles Hamilton II to Macy's regarding a dispute over money and merchandise. The letter threatens legal action against Macy's and demands $10,000 to settle the matter. It references past complaints and legal cases filed by Hamilton and warns that Macy's should take the demands seriously or face a federal lawsuit and damage to their reputation. The writing style is aggressive and uses profanity and racial slurs throughout.
The document discusses a legal case involving Louis Charles Hamilton and various defendants including Harry C. Arthur, an attorney. Hamilton accuses Arthur of hiding millions of dollars in assets while claiming to be broke. Hamilton believes Arthur is also involved in schemes to steal from a church. Hamilton threatens further legal action and demands a deposition from Arthur regarding his hidden assets.
Amend U.S. Civil Complaint Louis Charles Hamilton II vs. Chief Defendant Anto...Louis Charles Hamilton II
Wherefore Pro Se Plaintiff Louis Charles Hamilton II Respectfully Moves and Request the “Honorable Court Justice” for any further, Just, proper, Damages, Orders, and Awards
The “Honorable Court Justice” Deems favorable for the behalf of Pro Se Plaintiff “Louis Charles Hamilton II” herein in "Law and equity".
Cmdr. Bluefin discusses various political and economic topics in a colorful and unconventional way. He predicts that Obama and Boehner would make a surprising presidential ticket in 2012 due to their ability to work together despite fighting. He also recommends investing in "Mongolian beef stew" due to the uncertain economic outlook. Throughout, his language and references are profane and bizarre.
Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN) 2015 “We Thee Abused (American) “Negro Race”…...Louis Charles Hamilton II
Pursuant forever to “Dred Scott” Vs. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857)
In all 51 “States” of The Union of America Negro Race never a free slave until all 52 “States” free all their abducted “Nigger slaves” which was acquired on “Mississippi” finally freed the “Abused Slaves” on February 7th 2013 as was a disguised, sham, bogus false, fraudulent, sham, deceptive; patter and practices to shore up “Chief Defendant(s) namely
“Negro Slave Trade Corporations et al”, Prosperity to be a hidden gain in continual “Unjust Enrichment” of The “PLANTIFFS SLAVES” herein in an Economy and finance
Fraudulent conversion action of taking “PLANTIFFS SLAVES” herein “Monetary Taxes” into possession and converting or using them fraudulently for one's own use
This document discusses the history of affirmative action for white people in America from the colonial era to present. It argues that white identity and privilege were established from the beginning through laws that gave rights and status to whites that were denied to black slaves and native Americans. Over time, policies and systems like slavery, slave patrols, Jim Crow laws, and the failure to provide reparations for slavery institutionalized affirmative action for whites in the form of accumulated wealth and social advantages not available to people of color. Today, the myth of American innocence ignores this history and portrays policies like affirmative action for minorities as "reverse racism" against hardworking whites.
Dennison Hist a390 the american way sacco and vanzetti backupejdennison
The document discusses the Sacco and Vanzetti case from the early 20th century. It provides context on immigration laws in the US that targeted anarchists like Sacco and Vanzetti. It summarizes their arrest and trial for robbery and murder in 1920 and their execution in 1927 despite widespread protests arguing they did not receive a fair trial due to anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiment. The document examines how their case became an international symbol of injustice and the debate around citizenship, civil liberties, and the power of the state.
Hist a390 the american way sacco and vanzetti ejdennison
The document discusses the Sacco and Vanzetti case from the 1920s in which two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were anarchists, were tried and executed for murder despite a lack of evidence. It provides historical context on anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiment in America at the time as well as laws passed to restrict immigration by anarchists. It also examines the international outrage over the case and questions of whether Sacco and Vanzetti received a fair trial given bias against their ethnicity and political beliefs.
Hist a390 the american way sacco and vanzetti ejdennison
1) Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted of murder in 1920 and executed in 1927 despite protests that their political beliefs were the true reason for their conviction, not actual evidence of guilt.
2) Their trial and execution became an international cause célèbre that highlighted tensions between civil liberties and national security during the post-WWI Red Scare period in America.
3) The extensive documentation of their case and Vanzetti's eloquent writings established Sacco and Vanzetti as symbols of injustice and helped define the modern debate around citizenship, democracy, and the relationship between individuals and the state.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an influential American civil rights leader who was assassinated in 1968. The idea of making his birthday a federal holiday began soon after but it took over a decade of campaigning and legislative efforts before it was signed into law by President Reagan in 1983. Martin Luther King Day is now observed annually on the third Monday of January and aims to promote equal rights and opportunities for all Americans through nonviolent civic engagement and education about King's legacy.
This document provides a summary of influential Black historical figures from 1774 to the present. It discusses how slavery stripped Black people of their identities and culture. Key figures highlighted include Marcus Garvey who advocated for Black nationalism and nationhood, Malcolm X who promoted race pride, Ivan Van Sertima who sought to rewrite Black history accurately, and Bob Marley who sang about emancipating minds from mental slavery. The document honors these and other figures like Mary McLeod Bethune, Queen Hatshepsut, Booker T. Washington, Hannibal Barca, and Prophet Drew Ali for their roles in shaping Black history and empowering Black communities.
Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963. In the speech, he called for an end to racism and racial inequality in America, asserting his dream that black Americans would one day enjoy full equality and justice under the law. He envisioned a future where people would be judged not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. King expressed hope that one day the sons of former slaves and slave owners would be able to sit together in brotherhood, and that all of God's children, black and white, would join hands as sisters and brothers.
Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. in 1963. In the speech, he advocated for civil and economic rights for African Americans, calling America to fulfill its promise of equality and justice for all. He expressed his hope and dream that one day, black and white children would be able to join hands as brothers and sisters in a united country without racism or discrimination.
Similar to President “Barack Obama” “Heart to Heart” Honest Understanding for “Expedited Implement” of The 2014 Reparations Act”, (10)
Slave Negro Pro Se Plaintiff Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN) Vs. United Sta...Louis Charles Hamilton II
Pro Se Slave Negro Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN), herein reincorporates and State fully all of the above set forth herein paragraph (s) and Identified each for said “Individually and Collectively causes of
Actions against the , peace, civil rights, dignity, human life, and mental health as described herein said complaint all facts and actions described
Pro Se Slave Negro Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN), herein seeks actual, accumulative, compensatory, consequential, continuing, expectation damages, foreseeable,
Future, incidentals, indeterminate, reparable, lawful, proximate, prospective, special, speculative, substantial, exemplary/punitive, and permanent damages in excess of
(150) Million U.S. Dollars from
“Chief Defendant” United States of America et al with
6% interest incurred since date of “Actual Injury",
Namely “Bogus” Arrest of cutting up an unknown “white boy” with “razor knife”, which never even occurred as wrongfully claim on or about October 1st
Pro Se Slave Negro Louis Charles Hamilton II (USN), herein before Filed on October 4th, 2011 U.S. Docket 1:2011-CV-00510 from the Harris County Texas Jail
“three shipping Industries”, home based in “India” (Yep) that’s correct “Mr. President” and “Commander in Chief” (Obama), “The United States of America”, Her “Royal Majesty” The “Queen of England”, and “The British Royal Navy”.
Doctor Dinesh Chandra Khare, “Crooked Mean Little Old Thailand Pirate,” control not (2) “global pirate shipping company(s)”
there is in fact a “third” (secret) global shipping pirate company based also in “India”, and each day there flipping massive billions.
This document is a certified letter notifying multiple parties of an unpaid balance owed to Louis Charles Hamilton II and DeChavez Construction Co. for concrete labor provided for the BlueJack National Golf Club construction project. It states that the balance is past due and notes causes of action for breach of contract, theft of services, and misrepresentation. The letter serves as a pre-lien notice as required by law and a demand for payment, giving the notified parties 10 days to respond before a mechanic's lien will be filed and a lawsuit initiated to foreclose on the lien. It provides contact information and documentation of the work via photos posted online.
This document is a "Notice of Motion for Contempt of Court" filed by plaintiff Louis Charles Hamilton II against defendants Joyce Guy and Edward McCray in the 58th Judicial District Court of Jefferson County, Texas. The plaintiff motions the court to hold the defendants in contempt for failing to comply with a May 10, 2010 court order requiring them to produce documents related to property ownership and construction estimates. The plaintiff asserts that the defendants have refused to produce these documents as ordered. The plaintiff requests that the defendants be held in contempt of court and sanctioned for their noncompliance with the May 2010 court order.
Louis Charles Hamilton II PLAINTIFF MOTION FOR WRIT OF ATTACHMENT No. A-180805 Louis Charles Hamilton II
1. Defendant(s) “Joyce Guy and Edward McCray” having “Actual Damages” being owed to the Plaintiff in the Amount of $11,024.00 with full 6% interest rate incurred since date of injury November 16th 2007 To include but not limited to the “Actual Theft” of the Plaintiff entire Construction Company set of tools in excess of $3093.00 Dollars
2. Defendant(s) “Joyce Guy and Edward McCray” having “Actual Damages” being owed to the Plaintiff in the Amount of $336,000.00 minimal lost wages and lost earning capacity” per year with full 6% interest rate incurred since date of injury November 17th 2007
3. This do not include, or exempt any exemplary, intentional infliction, mental anguish, physical assault & battery upon the Plaintiff person, just awards and damages the Pro Se Plaintiff may be entitled in addition to Actual damages as described in Paragraph (1) and (2) above.
In The United States District Court Defendant “Antoine L. Freeman J.D. (Attor...Louis Charles Hamilton II
To: Defendant “Antoine L. Freeman J.D. (Attorney at Law)” and His Counsel of Record filed herein,
Pro Se Plaintiff Louis Charles Hamilton II Propounded “First Set” of Interrogatories.
Pursuant to the provisions of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 33, it is hereby requested and demanded of Defendant “Antoine L. Freeman J.D. (Attorney at Law)”
responds to this “First Set of Interrogatories” within 30 days after the service of the interrogatories.
Answers and Objections.
(1) Each interrogatory shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath, unless it is objected to,
in which event the objecting party shall state the reasons for objection and shall answer to the extent the interrogatory is not objectionable.
(2) The answers are to be signed by the person making them, and the objections signed by the attorney making them.
(3) The party upon whom the interrogatories have been served shall serve a copy of the answers, and objections if any, within 30 days after the service of the interrogatories.
A shorter or longer time may be directed by the court or, in the absence of such an order, agreed to in writing by the parties subject to Rule 29.
(4) All grounds for an objection to an interrogatory shall be stated with specificity.
Any ground not stated in a timely objection is waived unless the party's failure to object is excused by the court for good cause shown.
Explain in full expert Attorney at Law details, and Supply in full details also any and all legal court documents, letters, faxes, text, memos, emails, in support from the date of December 18th 2007 throughout the dates of October 14th 2009 you
Defendant “Antoine L. Freeman, J.D. Texas Bar No. 24058299 herein was (Only) acting in the “legal capacitates” as a Attorney at Law to file a General Denial (Only)
to reply in the Complaint made against Co-Defendant(s) Joyce M. Guy and Edward McCray( herein )
In a civil suit in the 58th Judicial District Court of Jefferson County Texas filed in Cause No. A-180805 that you were retain to for such services from said time frame of December 18th 2007
and still remaining (Acting) Attorney of record throughout the dates of October 14th 2009, up till the dates November 13th 2009 10:22 AM when you file a “Motion for Withdrawal” in cause No. A-180805
MOTION TO FREEZE DOCUMENTS, ASSETS, OF DEFENDANT ANTOINE L. FREEMAN J.D., "At...Louis Charles Hamilton II
This document is a motion filed by Louis Charles Hamilton II (the plaintiff) requesting a temporary restraining order and order to freeze the documents, records, and assets of defendant Antoine L. Freeman (an attorney) and co-defendants Joyce Guy and Edward McCray. The motion alleges that the defendants committed fraud, obstruction of justice, and violated RICO statutes in relation to civil suit number A-180805. It requests that the court issue orders prohibiting the destruction of records and freezing the defendants' assets until the case is resolved.
(RICO) Federal complaint Defendant(s) Antoine L. Freeman J. D. (Attorney at L...Louis Charles Hamilton II
This document is a civil complaint filed by Louis Charles Hamilton II against Antoine L. Freeman (an attorney), Joyce M. Guy, and Edward McCray alleging violations of federal racketeering and fraud statutes. Hamilton claims the defendants conspired to commit fraud and obstruct justice in a separate civil suit in Jefferson County involving insurance fraud related to hurricane damage. Hamilton alleges the attorney defendant committed fraud in court filings and documents to aid the co-defendants' scheme, which also involved defrauding the Texas Department of Housing and a federal grant of $76,000. Jurisdiction is claimed in federal court due to violations of federal racketeering and fraud laws.
The plaintiff is requesting a Writ of Execution to seize and sell property located at 448 DeQueen Blvd in Port Arthur, Texas to satisfy a judgment against the defendants. The defendants failed to provide documentation showing ownership of the property as ordered by the court. The plaintiff was awarded $16,576.61 in damages plus 6% interest annually for claims against the defendants dating back to 2007. The plaintiff is asking the court to enforce the Writ of Execution by having the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office seize the property, evict any occupants, sell the property in a court-ordered sale, and apply the proceeds to satisfy the judgment plus all accrued interest and court costs.
This document is a motion for writ of garnishment filed by plaintiff Louis Charles Hamilton II against defendants Joyce Guy and Edward McCray. It summarizes ongoing civil disputes over damages owed and properties located at 448 DeQueen Blvd in Port Arthur, Texas. The plaintiff alleges the defendants have refused court orders to provide discovery documents related to construction liens, property transfers, and grants involving the property in question. The plaintiff seeks to garnish businesses located at the property address that are allegedly owned by the defendants.
This motion for final summary judgment alleges that the defendants entered into a $10,850 contract with the plaintiff to repair hurricane damage to their home but then breached the contract. It claims the defendants received insurance money for repairs but spent it elsewhere and confiscated the plaintiff's tools. The plaintiff argues there are no genuine issues of material fact and he is entitled to damages, lost profits, and return of his tools as a matter of law.
1. The plaintiff filed a motion for sanctions against the defendants for failing to comply with a court order to produce documents related to property ownership and hurricane damage estimates.
2. The court had previously ordered the defendants to produce deeds, property records, and construction estimates for hurricane damage to a property by May 2010, but the defendants did not comply.
3. The plaintiff is requesting sanctions in the amount of $4,500 against the defendants for disregarding the court order from May 2010 through December 2014.
1. The plaintiff, Louis Charles Hamilton II, is motioning the court to place a property lien on a property located at 448 DeQueen Blvd. in Port Arthur, Texas.
2. The defendants, Joyce Guy and Edward McCray, were previously ordered by the court to provide documents showing ownership of the property but failed to do so.
3. The plaintiff is requesting the lien and enforcement by the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office to secure any judgment in this ongoing civil lawsuit over the disputed property.
This document contains a series of rants directed at various political figures. It uses profanity and racially charged insults. It accuses Governor Rick Perry of corruption and covering up environmental disasters. It criticizes Speaker of the House John Boehner for suing President Obama and claims the US legal system has been corrupted by white people since the establishment of slavery. It praises President Obama but urges him to send the Navy to attack militants in Syria. The writing style is disjointed and incoherent.
Real fact as They "Officially" Stand in 2014 For (Negro) Race and The "Unholy...Louis Charles Hamilton II
The document summarizes the history of racism within the Mormon church. It describes how the Mormon church had extreme racist doctrines for over 130 years, such as barring black people from the priesthood and temples. In 1978, church leaders claimed God had a revelation to change this policy, but the document argues this was actually done to avoid losing tax-exempt status due to racial discrimination. It provides numerous direct quotes from early Mormon leaders promoting racist views, such as that black people bore the "Mark of Cain" and were servants to white people. The document criticizes how the Mormon church changed its doctrines in response to laws rather than biblical truth.
United states of america "XXX Crooked Ass" U. S. Assistant Attorney "Andrea L...Louis Charles Hamilton II
Criminal Conduct of U. S. Assistant Attorney Andrea L> Parker, With The Church of Jesus Christ of Ladder- Day Saints (LDS) Mormon "Lowell And Helena Walker" of Salt Lake City (Utah) in The Matter concerning My Daughters "Chandra & Natasha Hamilton (Walker) and The Theft of a Home Movie Video, and other matter already filed in United States Federal Docket No. 1:2011-CV-00240 Hamilton II Vs. U.S. Attorney Office, CVS/Caremark and UPS
Moo ha-ha-ha “cmdr. bluefin†halloween special iv… it’s bloody soakin...Louis Charles Hamilton II
Cmdr. Bluefin discusses the potential government shutdown and recommends that President Obama take control of the US government using military force. He suggests rounding up GOP members of Congress for execution or imprisonment. He also expresses support for military action against Syria in response to chemical weapons use.
1) Sherlock Holmes and Lord Nigel travel to the town of Damanhour, Egypt to procure explosives while Watson and Irene Adler set up camp in the desert landscape.
2) That evening, Holmes and Lord Nigel return with five nomadic Bedouin people to assist their small group.
3) The next morning, they pack up and travel to engage in a decisive battle, hoping their superior weapons and tactics will allow victory against a much larger enemy force despite being outnumbered.
Depostion "Live" of Houston Scrooge Attorney Harry C. Arthur Attroney at Law
Cmdr. Bluefin "Sherlock Holmes Case of: "The Talking Treasure Box" Aronold Anderson (Andy) Vickery & Andrew T. Mc.Kinney,
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
President “Barack Obama” “Heart to Heart” Honest Understanding for “Expedited Implement” of The 2014 Reparations Act”,
1. President “Barack Obama” “Heart to Heart” Honest Understanding for “Expedited
Implement” of The 2014 Reparations Act”, By Louis Charles Hamilton II. (Part I)
“Mr. President Barack Obama”,
“Sir”
The Solutions is quite “Elementary Very Super Simple” as it has been fully
staring The Negro African Americans (Race) Right Dead in Their Own Slow Faces
for many years to past and comes without any “Extricate Entanglement” of the
very lame actions of “United States of America Congress”
Whom absolutely refused from the past well into this very undersigned day
described herein,
In Direct “Honorable Acts” of being regarded with great respect to fulfill
such a “Distinguished Honor” and “Obligations of Citizenship” of “The United
States of America” In Full Consideration of the hostile
“White America Ruling Class” extreme Coerced and Uncompensated force
labor of the (Negro) African Americans Ancestors to actually build the New World
Namely “The United States of America.
Notwithstanding all (Negro) whom having performed under complete killer
distress over Centuries, even with the cost of their very own lives, lives of their
entire families,
With such very unkind, malicious, vicious, emotionally-charged angry
everyday “White Ruling Class” behavior in the enforcement of aggression to
facilitate a estimates free labor that the total of Reparations due is over 100
Trillion U.S. Dollars,
Based on 222,505,049 hours of “forced labor”, between, 1619-1865, (246)
years, with a compounded Interest of 6% payment “past due” to the descendants
of “Slaves” in the current standing of The United States of America..!
On the behalf of the entire “Negro African American Race” population in
excess of 44.5 Millions (Negro) for a “Hasten Reparations Acts” of extreme
2. measures in “Monetary Authority” targeting a rate of “Interest for the Purpose”
compensation in many “Variety of Forms”.
The Never-ending useless United States of America Lame Congress “Escape
goat” lame strategy clause of “which (Negro) descendants would receive such
payments, whom ever exactly should be paying them (Negro) African American
descendants,
And in what “Monetary value from” , highly controversial crooked conduct
as of this undersigned date has fully come to pass to its “Road Ends.
“Elementary” Doctor “Watson” or shall (I) “Louis Charles Hamilton II”
herein “Respectfully” say to you Mr. “President” and “Commander in Chief”
Barack Obama
We Thee (Negro) African American Nation descendants of the new world
herein namely “The United States of America” pay in full our very own 100% dam
described interpretations of a “2014 Reparations Acts. Da’ (ha ha)
Nor will there ever be The Need for “Systematic study” or “Crooked
Corrupted Congress” withholding Investigation(s) into “Reparations for Slavery”,
while holding lame wasted meetings of bull crap for more Money/Time invested
in a Sorry slow moving “Congressional Hearings”,
Notwithstanding “Stupid Speaking” out of the “Deep Depth” of their very
own sorry “Tea Party” Republican Asses “Task Force”,
Or any “Slime Commissions” derived thereof, and not one single wasted
paper on the surly going nowhere ever (Negro) Petitions. With the likes of U.S.
House Bill H.R. 40
Putting to RIP forever the infamous, “40 Acres” and a “Lame Broke Dick
Mangy Dead Mule”.
We Thee (Negro) African American Nation descendants of the new world
herein namely “The United States of America” will now completely accumulate,
maintain, and keep our own (Surprised) 2014 super economic resources that’s
3. 100% brand new and coming into reckoned from this particular point in
time, 2014 forever to last on, and quite separate from (Negro) African American
Nation descendants herein required duty to pay National Taxes..!
With said new 2014 economic resources “Booming”, “Snowballing”
development effect being deposited into our very own Financial (Negro) African
American Nation, “Banking Institution”,
“Fully and Forever Everlasting”, free from “White Ruling Class” Congress
and its counterpart of (American) “Greed”, “Theft” and “Corruption”.
With such a, “New 2014 Economic Growth”, in a very quick, “Smart Finance
Fashion, (25) years of steady growth 100% actual surplus.
Fast “Superseding” the “United States of America”
Very Own National Debt of $17.075 Trillion U.S. Dollars. According to
figures posted online by the U.S. Treasury Department on Friday
The Estimated population of The United States of America is 317,487,972
with each citizen share of this debt is $54,441.00 U.S. Dollars
Subtract 44.5 Million (Negro) African Americans from this equation leaving
272,987,972 share in the remaining population x $54,441.00 U.S. Dollars
With the (Negro) African Americans population standing at 44,500,000
share in the remaining debt x $54,441.00 U.S. Dollars
While the New (Negro) African American Banking Institution, surplus
freeing (Crooked America) from Financial Ruin, “Irony”
The same simpletons Namely “The United States of America” who gain in
excess of 100 Trillion U.S. Dollars from such enforcement of “Slavery” against The
(Negro) African Americans descendants from 1619-1865 (246) years
Of hard killer gruesome steady “New World” free profits and refused to
make a single “Fair”, “Honest”, “Proper”, “Wholesome”, and “Rightful”
4. “Reparations” payment to the (Negro) African American descendants described
fully herein.
To Be Continue By: Louis Charles Hamilton II
Key To (USA) 2014 Reparation Act "Mr. President Barack Obama" (Active)
in The Grave Dormant with "Thaddeus Stevens" ..xoxo!
Mr. President Barack Obama, as (I) study every inch of "Slavery 1619through out its continual effect herein as of this very undersigned date,
my quest was led to the most important characteristic of all
Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868)
A fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against African-Americans,
Stevens sought to secure their rights during Reconstruction, in opposition
to President Andrew Johnson.
And The Answer is correct of "Thaddeus Stevens", however the real honest
100% question is in 2014 Are "You"
Negro African American "President Barack Obama" ready and (Really) care
to open up the grave,
and give to your (Negro) African American People in The United States of
America,
What truly belongs to them "Full legitimate standing for a 2014 Reparation
Act..!
Or are you "Mr. President Barack Obama just beating your dam gums,
ignoring,
and turning your Back fully own your very own (Negro) African American
People
5. "Speak" now or Forever hold your Peace and the real change you claim to
seek "Well"
"You" Mr. President Barack Obama continue to just walk away from it
(Thee) Negro African American descendants whom all prayed for this day
to come
for a (Negro) African Citizen to hold office of the President of the United
States of America"
And Make Real Change that includes the (Negro) People in the History of
2014 and well into 2080
There is noting hard about this issue of Reparations at all, and Congress
will never cross this path to be 100% Fair in 2014 as they the "White
Control Ruling Class"
Forever place old holds on the Issue of Their own criminal pass to ungodly
hold on to the rightful "ill-gotten gains" acquired by evil, dishonest
"Killer Means of Slavery being set into play well into 2016 election until the
Death of not only you ,
but the passing death of our own (Negro) Grandchildren forever suffering
narrow-minded;
bigoted endless bounded black listed forbidden Congress old school Laws
School Home work for this Very Day
dor·mant
1. Lying asleep or as if asleep; inactive.
2. Latent but capable of being activated: "a harrowing experience which . .
.
lay dormant but still menacing" (Charles Jackson).
6. 3. Temporarily quiescent:
a dormant volcano. A.K.A (Thaddeus Stevens)
United States of America "Slavery"
When war began in April 1861, Stevens argued that the Confederates were
revolutionaries, to be crushed by force.
He also believed that the Confederacy had placed itself beyond the
protection of the U.S. Constitution by making war, and in a reconstituted
United States,
slavery would have no place. Speaker Galusha Grow, whose views placed
him with Stevens among the members becoming known as the Radical
Republicans
(for their position on slavery, as opposed to the Conservative or Moderate
Republicans),
appointed him as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. This
position gave him power over the House's agenda.
Abolition—Yes! abolish everything on the face of the earth but this Union;
free every slave—slay every traitor—burn every rebel mansion,
if these things be necessary to preserve this temple of freedom to the
world and to our posterity.
Stevens accepting renomination for his congressional seat, September 1,
1862
In July 1861, Stevens secured the passage of an act to confiscate the
property, including slaves, of certain rebels. In November 1861,
7. Stevens introduced a resolution to emancipate all slaves; it was defeated.
However legislation did pass that abolished slavery in the District of
Columbia and in the territories.
By March 1862, to Stevens's exasperation, the most Lincoln had publicly
supported was gradual emancipation in the Border States,
with the masters compensated by the federal government.
Stevens and other radicals were frustrated at how slow Lincoln was to
adopt their policies for emancipation; according to Brodie,
"Lincoln seldom succeeded in matching Stevens's pace, though both were
marching towards the same bright horizon".
In April 1862, Stevens wrote to a friend, "As for future hopes, they are
poor as Lincoln is nobody."
The radicals aggressively pushed the issue, provoking Lincoln to comment:
"Stevens, Sumner and [Massachusetts Senator Henry] Wilson
simply haunt me with their importunities for a Proclamation of
Emancipation.
Wherever I go and whatever way I turn, they are on my tail, and still in my
heart, I have the deep conviction that the hour [to issue one] has not yet
come."
The President stated that if it came to a showdown between the radicals
and their enemies, he would have to side with Stevens and his fellows,
and deemed them "the unhandiest devils in the world to deal with" but
"with their faces ... set Zionwards".
Although Lincoln composed his proclamation in June and July 1862, the
secret was held within his Cabinet,
8. And the President turned aside radical pleadings to issue one until after the
Union victory at the Battle of Antietam in September.
Stevens quickly adopted the Emancipation Proclamation for use in his
successful reelection campaign.
When Congress returned in December, Stevens maintained his criticism of
Lincoln's policies, calling them "flagrant usurpations, deserving the
condemnation of the community".
Stevens generally opposed Lincoln's plans to colonize freed slaves abroad,
though sometimes he supported emigration proposals for political reasons.
During the Confederate incursion into the North in mid-1863 that
culminated in the Battle of Gettysburg,
Confederates twice sent parties to Stevens's Caledonia Forge. Stevens, who
had been there supervising operations,
was hastened away by his workers against his will. General Jubal Early
looted and vandalized the Forge, causing a loss to Stevens of about
$80,000.
Early said that the North had done the same to southern figures, and that
Stevens was well known for his vindictiveness towards the South.
Asked if he would have taken the congressman to Libby Prison in
Richmond; Early replied that he would have hanged Stevens and divided
his bones among the Confederate states.
Stevens pushed Congress to pass a constitutional amendment abolishing
slavery.
The Emancipation Proclamation was a wartime measure, did not apply to
all slaves, and might be reversed by peacetime courts;
an amendment would be slavery's end.[38] The Thirteenth
9. Amendment[a]—which outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude except
as punishment for crime—
easily passed the Senate, but failed in the House in June; fears that it
might not pass delayed a renewed attempt there.
Lincoln campaigned aggressively for the amendment after his re-election in
1864, and Stevens described his December annual message to Congress as
"the most important and best message that has been communicated to
Congress for the last 60 years".
Stevens closed the debate on the amendment on January 13, 1865. Illinois
Representative Isaac Arnold wrote:
"distinguished soldiers and citizens filled every available seat, to hear the
eloquent old man speak on a measure that was to consummate the
warfare of forty years against slavery".
The amendment passed narrowly after heavy pressure exerted by Lincoln
himself, along with offers of political appointments from the "Seward
lobby".
Allegations of bribery were made by Democrats; Stevens stated "the
greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption,
aided and abetted by the purest man in America."
The amendment was declared ratified on December 18, 1865. Stevens
continued to push for a broad interpretation of it that included economic
justice in addition to the formal end of slavery.
After passing the Thirteenth Amendment, Congress debated the economic
rights of the freedmen.
Urged on by Stevens, it voted to authorize the Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands,
with a mandate (though no funding) to set up schools and to distribute
10. "not more than forty acres" of confiscated Confederate land to each family
of freed slaves.
Stevens worked closely with Lincoln administration officials on legislation to
finance the war.
Within a day of his appointment as Ways and Means chairman, he had
reported a bill for a war loan.
Legislation to pay the soldiers Lincoln had already called into service and to
allow the administration to borrow to prosecute the war quickly followed.
These acts and more were pushed through the House by Stevens. To
defeat the delaying tactics of Copperhead opponents, he had the House set
debate limits as short as half a minute.
Stevens played a major part in the passage of the Legal Tender Act of
1862, when for the first time the United States issued currency backed only
by its own credit, not by gold or silver.
Early makeshifts to finance the war, such as war bonds, had failed as it
became clear the war would not be short.
In 1863, Stevens aided the passage of the National Banking Act, that
required that banks limit their currency issues to the amount of federal
bonds that they were required to hold.
The system endured for a half-century, until supplanted by the Federal
Reserve System in 1913.
Although the Legal Tender legislation allowed for the payment of
government obligations in paper money,
Stevens was unable to get the Senate to agree that interest on the national
debt should be paid with greenbacks.
As the value of paper money dropped, Stevens railed against gold
speculators,
11. and in June 1864 after consultation with Treasury Secretary Salmon P.
Chase, proposed what became known as the Gold Bill—
to abolish the gold market by forbidding its sale by brokers or for future
delivery.
It passed Congress in June; the chaos caused by the lack of an organized
gold market caused the value of paper to drop even faster.
Under heavy pressure from the business community, Congress repealed
the bill on July 1, twelve days after its passage.
Stevens was unrepentant even as the value of paper currency recovered in
late 1864 amid the expectation of Union victory,
proposing legislation to make paying a premium in greenbacks for an
amount in gold coin a criminal offense. It did not pass.
The (First) Reconstruction Era of the United States
Problem of reconstructing the South
As Congress debated how the U.S. would be organized after the war, the
status of freed slaves and former Confederates remained undetermined.
Stevens stated that what was needed was a "radical reorganization of
southern institutions, habits, and manners".
Stevens, Sumner and other radicals argued that the southern states should
be treated like conquered provinces, without constitutional rights. Lincoln,
on the contrary, said that only individuals, not states, had rebelled.
In July 1864, Stevens pushed Lincoln to sign the Wade–Davis Bill, which
required at least half of prewar voters to sign an oath of loyalty for a state
to gain readmission.
12. Lincoln, who advocated his more lenient ten percent plan, pocket vetoed it.
Stevens reluctantly voted for Lincoln at the convention of the National
Union Party, a coalition of Republicans and War Democrats.
He would have preferred to vote for the sitting vice president, Hannibal
Hamlin, as Lincoln's running mate in 1864,
but his delegation voted to cast the state's ballots for the administration's
favored candidate, Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson,
a War Democrat who had been a Tennessee senator and elected governor.
Stevens was disgusted at Johnson's nomination, complaining,
"can't you get a candidate for Vice-President without going down into a
damned rebel province for one?"
Stevens campaigned for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket; it was elected, as was
Stevens for another term in the House.
When in January 1865 Congress learned that Lincoln had attempted peace
talks with Confederate leaders,
an outraged Stevens declared that if the American electorate could vote
again, they would elect General Benjamin Butler instead of Lincoln.
Presidential Reconstruction
Before leaving town after Congress adjourned in March 1865, Stevens
privately urged Lincoln to press the South hard militarily, though the war
was ending.
Lincoln replied, "Stevens, this is a pretty big hog we are trying to catch and
to hold when we catch him.
We must take care that he does not slip away from us."[97] Never to see
13. Lincoln again,
Stevens left with "a homely metaphor but no real certainty of having left as
much as a thumbprint on Lincoln's policy".
On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate
sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.
Stevens did not attend the ceremonies when Lincoln's funeral train stopped
in Lancaster; he was said to be ill.
Trefousse speculated he may avoided the rites for other reasons. According
to Lincoln biographer Carl Sandburg,
Stevens stood at a railroad bridge and lifted his hat.
In May 1865, Andrew Johnson began what came to be known as
"Presidential Reconstruction": recognizing a provisional government of
Virginia led by Francis Harrison Pierpont,
calling for other former rebel states to organize constitutional conventions,
declaring amnesty for many southerners,
and issuing individual pardons to even more. Johnson did not push the
states to protect the rights of freed slaves,
and immediately began to counteract the land reform policies of the
Freedmen's Bureau.
These actions outraged Stevens and others who took his view.
The radicals saw that freedmen in the South risked losing the economic
and political liberty necessary to sustain emancipation from slavery.
14. They began to call for universal male suffrage and continued their
demands for land reform.
Stevens wrote to Johnson that his policies were gravely damaging the
country and that he should call a special session of Congress,
which was not scheduled to meet until December. When his
communications were ignored,
Stevens began to discuss with other radicals how to prevail over Johnson
when the two houses convened.
Congress has the constitutional power to be the judge of whether those
seeking to be its members are properly elected;
Stevens urged that no senators or representatives from the South be
seated.
He argued that the states should not be readmitted as thereafter Congress
would lack the power to force race reform.
In September, Stevens gave a widely reprinted speech in Lancaster in
which he set forth what he wanted for the South.
He proposed that the government confiscate the estates of the largest
70,000 landholders there, those who owned more than 200 acres (81 ha).
Much of this property he wanted distributed in plots of 40 acres (16 ha) to
the freedmen; other lands would go to reward loyalists in both North and
South,
or to meet government obligations. He warned that under the President's
15. plan,
the southern states would send rebels to Congress who would join with
northern Democrats and Johnson to govern the nation and perhaps undo
emancipation.[104]
Through late 1865, the southern states held white-only balloting and in
congressional elections,
chose many former rebels, most prominently Confederate Vice President
Alexander Stephens,
voted as senator by the Georgia Legislature. Violence against AfricanAmericans was common and unpunished in the South; the new legislatures
enacted Black Codes,
depriving the freedmen of most civil rights.
These actions, seen as provocative in the North, both privately dismayed
Johnson and helped turn northern public opinion against him.
By this time, Stevens was in his seventies and in poor health; he was
carried everywhere in a special chair.
When Congress convened in early December 1865, Stevens made
arrangements with the Clerk of the House that when the roll was called,
the names of the southern electees be omitted. The Senate also excluded
southern claimants. A new congressman, Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes,
described Stevens,
"He is radical throughout, except, I am told, he don't believe in hanging.
He is leader."
16. As the responsibilities of the Ways and Means chairman had been divided,
Stevens took the post of chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations,
retaining control over the House's agenda.
Stevens focused on legislation that would secure the freedom promised by
the newly ratified Thirteenth Amendment.
He proposed and then co-chaired the Joint Committee on Reconstruction
with Maine Senator William Pitt Fessenden.
This body, also called the Committee of Fifteen, investigated conditions in
the South.
It heard not only of the violence against African-Americans, but against
Union loyalists, and against what southerners termed "carpetbaggers",
northerners who had journeyed south after the restoration of peace.
Stevens declared: that "our loyal brethren at the South,
whether they be black or white" required urgent protection "from the
barbarians who are now daily murdering them."
The Committee of Fifteen began consideration of what would become the
Fourteenth Amendment.
Stevens had begun drafting versions in December 1865, before the
Committee had even formed.
In January 1866, a subcommittee including Stevens and John Bingham
proposed two amendments:
17. one giving Congress the unqualified power to secure equal rights,
privileges, and protections for all citizens;
the other explicitly annulling all racially discriminatory laws.
Stevens believed that the Declaration of Independence and Organic Acts
already bound the federal government to these principles,
but that an amendment was necessary to allow enforcement against
discrimination at the State level.
The resolution providing for what would become the Fourteenth
Amendment was watered down in Congress; during the closing debate,
Stevens said these changes had shattered his lifelong dream in equality for
all Americans.
Nevertheless, stating that he lived among men, not angels, he supported
the passage of the compromise amendment.
Still, Stevens told the House: "Forty acres of land and a hut would be more
valuable to [the African-American] than the immediate right to vote."
When Illinois Senator Lyman Trumbull introduced legislation to reauthorize
and expand the Freedmen's Bureau,
Stevens called the Bill a "robbery" because it did not include sufficient
provisions for land reform
or protect the property of refugees given them by the military occupation
of the South.
18. Johnson vetoed the Bill anyway, calling the Freedmen's Bureau
unconstitutional, and decrying its cost—
Congress had never purchased land, established schools, or provided
financial help for "our own people".
Congress was unable to override Johnson's veto in February, but five
months later passed a similar bill.
Stevens criticized the passage of the Southern Homestead Act of 1866
arguing that the low-quality land it made available would not drive real
economic growth for black families.
Congress overrode a Johnson veto to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (also
introduced by Trumbull),
granting African-Americans citizenship and equality before the law, and
forbidding any action by a state to the contrary.
Johnson made the gap between him and Congress wider when he accused
Stevens, Sumner, and Wendell Phillips of trying to destroy the government.
After Congress adjourned in July, the campaigning for the fall elections
began.
Johnson embarked on a trip by rail, dubbed the "Swing Around the Circle",
that won him few supporters;
his arguments with hecklers were deemed undignified. He attacked
Stevens and other radicals during this tour.
Stevens campaigned for firm measures against the South, his hand
strengthened by violence in Memphis and New Orleans,
19. where African-Americans and white Unionists had been attacked by mobs,
including the police. Stevens was returned to Congress by his constituents;
Republicans would have a two-thirds majority in both houses in the next
Congress
Radical Reconstruction
In January 1867, Stevens introduced legislation to divide the South into
five district
each commanded by an army general empowered to override civil
authorities.
These military officers were to supervise elections with all males, of
whatever race, entitled to vote,
except for those who could not take an oath of past loyalty—most white
southerners could not.
The states were to write new constitutions (subject to approval by
Congress) and hold elections for state officials.
Only if a state ratified the Fourteenth Amendment would its delegation be
seated in Congress.
The system gave power to a Republican coalitions of freedmen (mobilized
by the Union League), carpetbaggers and co-operative southerners
(the last dubbed scalawags by indignant ex-rebels) in most southern
states.
20. These states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, which became part of the
Constitution in mid-1868.
Stevens introduced a Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnson from firing
officials who had received Senate confirmation without getting that body's
consent.
The Tenure of Office Act was ambiguous, since it could be read to protect
officeholders only during the tenure of the president who appointed them,
and most of the officials the radicals sought to protect had been named by
Lincoln. Chief among these was Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a radical
himself.
Stevens steered a bill to enfranchise African-Americans in the District of
Columbia through the House; the Senate passed it in 1867,
and it was enacted over Johnson's veto. Congress was downsizing the
Army for peacetime; Stevens offered an amendment,
which became part of the bill as enacted, to have two regiments of AfricanAmerican cavalry. His solicitude for African-Americans extended to the
Native American;
Stevens was successful in defeating a bill to place reservations under state
law, noting that the native people had often been abused by the states.
An expansionist, he supported the railroads.[126] Although he sought to
protect manufacturers with high tariffs,
he also sought unsuccessfully to get a bill passed to protect labor with an
eight-hour day in the District of Columbia.
21. Stevens advocated a bill to give government workers raises; it did not pass.
Freedmen's Bureau, Securities wrongfully remove from "Power" to
overthrow The First Reconstruction Era
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Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually
referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau,
was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen
(freed slaves) during the Reconstruction era of the United States,
though by 1870 it had been considerably weakened.
22. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau in
March 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln
and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.
The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of the early
Reconstruction,
Assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of
the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General
Oliver O. Howard,
The Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under
President Ulysses S. Grant.
The Bureau encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their
plantations, urged African Americans to gain employment,
Kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, and pushed
both whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees
rather than as masters and as slaves.
Throughout the first year, it became clear that these tasks were more
difficult than had been previously believed.
In 1866, Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau, which President
Andrew Johnson vetoed because he thought it was unconstitutional.
Its powers were expanded to help find lost family for African Americans
and teach them to read and write so they could better do so themselves.
Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both
local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues.
By 1869, the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been
forced to cut much of its staff.
23. Day-to-day duties
The Bureau helped solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves,
such as clothing, food, water, health care, communication with family
members, and jobs.
It distributed 15 million rations of food to African Americans and set up a
system where planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they
employed.
Although the Bureau set aside $350,000 for this service, only $35,000
(10%) was borrowed.
Despite the good intentions, efforts, and limited success of the Bureau,
medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient.
Jim Downs, Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering
during the Civil War and Reconstruction (NY: Oxford U.P., 2012)
Gender roles
Freedman's Bureau agents, at first, complained that freed women were
refusing to contract their labor.
They attempted to make freed women work by insisting that their
husbands sign contracts making the whole family to work in the cotton
industry,
and by declaring that unemployed freed women should be treated as
vagrants just as men were.
The Bureau did allow some exceptions such as married women with
employed husbands and some "worthy" women who had been widowed
or abandoned and had large families of small children and thus could not
work. "Unworthy" women, meaning the unruly and prostitutes, were the
ones usually subjected to punishment for vagrancy.
24. Under slavery, some marriages were informal, though there are many
documented accounts of slave owners presiding over marriage ceremonies
for their slaves.
Others were separated during wartime chaos. The Bureau agents helped
many families in their attempts to reunite after the war.
The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed
agents to send inquiries and provide answers.
It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families. Freedmen and
freed women turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of
abandonment and divorce
Education
The most widely recognized among the achievements of the Freedman’s
Bureau are its accomplishments in the field of education.
Prior to the Civil War, no southern state had a system of universal, statesupported public education.
Former slaves wanted such a system while the wealthier whites opposed
the idea.
Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write and worked hard
to establish schools in their communities prior to the advent of the
Freedmen's Bureau.
Oliver Otis Howard was the first Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner.
Through his leadership the bureau was divided into four divisions:
Government-Controlled Lands, Records, Financial Affairs, and Medical
Affairs.
Education was considered part of the Records division. Howard turned over
confiscated property, government buildings, books,
25. and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen
and provided transportation and room and board for teachers.
The Misses Cooke's school room, Freedman's Bureau, Richmond, Virginia,
1866.
By 1866, missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the
Freedmen's Bureau to provide education for former slaves.
The American Missionary Association was particularly active, establishing
eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen.
The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and
manage schools, while the secondary focus was the day-to-day operation
of individual schools.
After 1866, Congress appropriated some funds to use in the freedmen's
schools.
The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a
Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen's Bureau the power to seize
Confederate property for educational use.
George Ruby, an African American, served as teacher and school
administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau, observing local
conditions,
Aiding in the establishment of black schools, and evaluating the
performance of Bureau field officers. Blacks supported him, but planters
and other whites opposed him.
Overall, the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks. By the
end of 1865, more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in
public schools.
Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were between 79 and 82
percent.
26. Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong created and led Hampton
Normal and Agricultural Institute in 1868.
The Freedmen's Bureau published their own freedmen's textbook. They
emphasized the bootstrap philosophy, meaning that everyone had the
ability to work hard
and pull themselves up by their bootstraps and do better in life.
These readers had some traditional literacy lessons and others on the life
and works of Abraham Lincoln,
excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness, biographies of famous
African Americans with emphasis on their piety, humbleness and industry;
and essays on humility, the work ethic, temperance, loving your enemies,
and avoiding bitterness.
By 1870, there were more than 1,000 schools for freedmen in the South.
J. W. Alvord, an inspector for the Bureau, wrote that the freedmen "have
the natural thirst for knowledge," aspire to "power and influence … coupled
with learning,"
And are excited by "the special study of books." Among the former slaves,
children and adults sought this new opportunity to learn.
After the Bureau was abolished, some of its achievements collapsed under
the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks.
After the 1870s, when white Democrats regained power of southern
governments, they reduced funds available to fund public education.
In the 1890s they passed Jim Crow laws establishing legal segregation of
public places. Segregated schools and other services for blacks were
consistently underfunded.
27. By 1871, Northerners' interest in reconstructing the South with military
power had waned. Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that
Reconstruction required,
Were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections,
and were ready for the South to take care of itself.
All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established
universal, publicly funded education.
Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward
universities and colleges founded to educate African-American leaders.
Teachers
Until recently historians had believed that most Bureau teachers were welleducated women motivated by religion and abolitionism.
New research finds that half the teachers were southern whites; one-third
were blacks, and one-sixth were northern whites.
Few were abolitionists; few came from New England. Men outnumbered
women.
The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners, who
were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian
motivation.
As a group, only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality;
they were the ones most likely to remain teachers.
The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north.
Colleges
The building and opening of schools of higher learning for African
Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen's Aid Societies
28. from an elementary education for all African Americans to a high school
and college education for African-American leaders.
Both of these events worked in concert with concern on the part of white
officials working with African Americans in the South.
These officials were concerned about the lack of a moral or financial
foundation seen in the African-American community and traced that lack of
foundation back to slavery.
Generally, they believed that blacks needed help to enter a free labor
market and reconstruct family life.
Heads of local American Missionary Associations sponsored various
educational and religious efforts for African Americans.
Samuel Chapman Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T.
Washington began the call for institutions of higher learning
So black students could leave home and "live in an atmosphere conducive
not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement".
Most of these colleges, universities and normal schools combined what
they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the
home.
At the majority of these schools, students were expected to bathe a
prescribed number of times per week,
maintain an orderly living space, and present a particular appearance. At
many of these institutions, Christian principles and practices were also part
of the daily regime.
Educational legacy
Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedman's Bureau, its legacy still
lives on through historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs).
29. Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau, together with the
American Missionary Association in many cases, from approximately 1866
until its termination in 1872,
an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were
established,
many of which remain in operation today (for example, St. Augustine's
College, Fisk University, Johnson C. Smith University, Clark Atlanta
University,
Dillard University, Shaw University, Virginia Union University, and Tougaloo
College).
As of 2009, there exist approximately 105 United Negro College Fund
HBCUs that range in scope, size, organization and orientation.
Under the Education Act of 1965, Congress officially defined an HBCU as
"an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of
Black Americans".
HBCUs graduate over 50% of African-American professionals, 50% of
African-American public school teachers, and 70% of African-American
dentists.
In addition, 50% of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs go on to
pursue graduate or professional degrees.
One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences,
and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics were
earned at HBCUs.
Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University, founded
in Washington, D.C., in 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau, General
Oliver Otis Howard
30. Church establishment
After the Civil War, control over existing churches was a contentious issue.
The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations prior to the
war.
In some cities, Northern Methodists seized control of Southern Methodist
buildings. Numerous northern denominations,
Including the independent black denominations of the African Methodist
Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion, sent missionaries to
the South to help the freedmen.
By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well
organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen.
Within a decade, the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of
thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new
congregations.
Even before the war, blacks had established independent Baptist
congregations in some cities and towns, such as Silver Bluff, Charleston,
Petersburg, and Richmond.
In many places, especially in more rural areas, they shared public services
with whites. Often enslaved blacks met secretly to conduct their own
services away from white supervision or oversight.
After the war, freedmen mostly withdrew from multi-racial congregations in
order to be free to worship as they pleased away from white supervision.
Northern mission societies raised funds for land, buildings, teachers'
salaries, and basic necessities such as books and furniture.
For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for
31. freedmen's education and worship.
Continuing insurgency
Most of the assistant commissioners, realizing that African Americans would
not receive fair trials in the civil courts,
tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts. Southern whites
objected that this was unconstitutional.
In Alabama, state and county judges were commissioned as Bureau
agents. They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on
racial grounds.
If a judge refused, martial law could be instituted in his district. All but
three judges accepted their unwanted commissions, and the governor
urged compliance.
Perhaps the most difficult region was Louisiana's Caddo-Bossier district. It
had not experienced wartime devastation or Union occupation.
Understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops,
well-meaning Bureau agents found their investigations blocked and
authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners.
Murders of freedmen were common, and suspects in these cases went
unprosecuted.
Bureau agents did manage to negotiate labor contracts, build schools and
hospitals, and provide the freedmen a sense of their own humanity through
the agents' willingness to help.
In March 1872, at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant and the
Secretary of the Interior, Columbus Delano,
General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner
of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west.
32. Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872, General Howard
discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially
terminated by Congress, effective as of June (Howard, 1907).
In his autobiography, General Howard expressed great frustration in regard
to what had taken place without his knowledge,
Stating "the legislative action, however, was just what I desired, except
that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau
and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in my absence."
All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen's Bureau were
transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of
the United States Congress
State reports in May 1866
The following was summary on a state by state basis from the Freedmen's
Bureau report from May 8, 1866
and filed by Generals Steedman and Fullerton, the Commissioners
appointed by the President to investigate the operations of the Freedmen's
Bureau in the Southern States.
Virginia
The Freedmen's bureau had, 58 clerks and superintendents of farms, paid
average monthly wages $78.50; 12 assistant superintendents, paid average
monthly wages 87.00;
and 163 laborers, paid average monthly wages 11.75; as personnel in the
state of Virginia. Other personnel included orderlies and guards.
The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter,
explaining:
33. "A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished
are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities
where labor could be procured.
The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their
accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is
unproductive and the demand for labor is limited.
As long as these people remain in the present localities, the civil authorities
refuse to provide for the able-bodied, and are unable to care for the
helpless and destitute among them,
owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the
counties in which they have congregated during the war.
The necessity for the relief extended to these people, both able-bodied and
helpless, by the Government, will continue as long as they remain in their
present condition,
and while rations are issued to the able-bodied they will not voluntarily
change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor.
North Carolina
In North Carolina, the bureau employed: 9 contract surgeons, at $100 per
month; 26 hospital attendants, at average pay each per month $11.25; 18
civilian employees, clerks, agents, etc.,
at an average pay per month of $17.20; 4 laborers, at an average pay per
month of $11.90; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies, guards, etc.,
by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the
Bureau are serving.
Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau
agents were using their posts for personal gains. Colonel E. Whittlesey,
34. who interrogated on this matter had stated that he was not involved in nor
knew of anyone involved in such activities.
Also, the arbitrary powers of the bureau,making arrests, imposing fines,
and inflicting punishments, disregarding the local laws and especially the
statute of limitations,
caused resentment toward the federal government in general. These
powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many
to want the agency to leave.
The recommendation of Steedman and Fullerton echoed the conclusion
they had in Virginia which was to withdraw the bureau and turn day to day
responsibility over to the military.
South Carolina
In South Carolina, the bureau employed, nine clerks, at average pay each
per month $108.33, one rental agent, at monthly pay of $75.00, one clerk,
at monthly pay of $50.00,
one storekeeper, at monthly pay of $85.00, one counselor, at monthly pay
of $125.00, one superintendent of education, at monthly pay of $150.00,
one printer, at monthly pay of $100.00, one contract surgeon, at monthly
pay of $100.00, twenty-five laborers, at average pay per month $19.20.
The bureau management had a systemic problem that was bad at the
leadership position.
General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina and
had performed his with numerous mistakes and blunders that made
matters bad for those the bureau were trying to help.
Saxton was described as being pernicious. He was replaced by Brigadier
General R.K. Scott. Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic
and a competent officer.
35. It appeared that he took great pains to turn thing around and correct the
mistakes made by his predecessors.
There had reports of murder of freedmen from a band of outlaws. These
outlaws were though to be from other states such as Texas, Kentucky and
Tennessee who were apart of the rebel army.
When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested,
many answered that the bureau with the support of the military had the
primary authority.
In certain areas, such as the sea islands, many freedmen were in a state of
destitution. Many had tried to cultivate the land and begin businesses with
little to no success.
Georgia
There was no report to make as it had been reported in Virginia, North
Carolina and South Carolina because the bureau did not operate in the
same manner as it had in the before mentioned states.
Major General David Tilson was the commissioner for the Georgia bureau
office.
He had abolished all local and state authorities and established a moched
mini United States. In doing so, it created confusion and disorder.
In some area such as the Islands off the coast of Georgia, had been a
majority population of freedmen in which great disorganization
characterized life on the islands.
But order was restored by mid-1865 with the freedmen receiving great
economic gains.
Florida
On the whole, the bureau was working effectively for all. Col. T. W.
36. Osborne, the assistant commissioner of the Bureau for Florida had nothing
but praise in descriptions from white and blacks alike.
In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the "Freedmen's Bureau Preservation
Act,"
which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of
the Bureau on microfilm, and work with educational institutions to index
the records.
In addition to the those of the Bureau headquarters, assistant
commissioners, and superintendents of education,
The National Archives now has records of the field offices, marriage
records, and records of the Freedmen's Branch of the Adjutant General on
microfilm.
These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the
Bureau, political and social conditions in the Reconstruction Era, and the
genealogies of freedpeople.