PRODUCTION OF BIOENERGY FROM INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERWaliullah Wali
Abtract
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, very often by human activities. Water can be polluted by various ways; Industry and agriculture are the main source of water pollution. At present polluted water cause very harmful effect to the environment. However, treatment of water reduces some portion of this harmful effect, but this might involve high cost. As a results many industries in our country does not abide by the rules of Government environmental policy and through their waste water into the river. The discharge of wastewater into the environment poses a serious threat. This results environment pollution and causes harmful effect on animal lived in water (e.g. fish) as well as for human beings. But it is also a huge opportunity for ecological health, social wellbeing and green employment. If, high value product is obtained from this polluted industrial waste water, then it might be used by the Industries and environment will be less toxic. These studies show some useful application of industrial waste water to get high value products and services.
Abtract 3
Introduction 3
Types of water pollution 5
1. Nutrients Pollution 5
2. Surface water pollution 5
3. Oxygen Depleting 5
4. Ground water pollution 5
5. Microbiological 5
6. Suspended Matter 6
7. Chemical Water Pollution 6
8. Oil Spillage 6
Source of Water Pollution: 6
1. Industrial Waste and Effluent 7
2. Solid Waste and Sewage Disposal 8
3. Inadequate Sanitary Facilities 9
4. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water. 9
5. Underground storage and tube leakages 10
Effects of Water Pollution 11
1. Death of aquatic (water) animals 11
2. Disruption of food-chains 11
3. Diseases 12
4. Destruction of ecosystems 12
5. Human Health 12
6. Economic cost 13
Present wastewater management 13
1. Preventive practices 13
2. Capture the wastewater immediately 13
3. Treatment 13
4. Recycle and re-use water: 14
5. Education, Awareness, Advocacy and Stewardship: 14
Production of Bioenergy from Industrial And Agricultural Waste water 15
1. Production of Biological methane 15
2. Biological hydrogen production 18
3. Biological electricity production 22
4. Biological chemical production 26
Conclusion 29
References 29
FMCG companies are increasingly targeting rural Indian markets, which represent 70% of the population. To succeed, companies are innovating their marketing strategies, introducing new affordable products, and demonstrating product uses to rural consumers. They are also improving distribution networks and reducing costs through techniques like supply chain management and product diversification. With the right strategies, rural India represents a significant growth opportunity for FMCG sales and profits.
MyRice.it - Enjoy the genuine italian Countryside - VercelliDario Bertoli
Do you know about 'Vercelli' area?
Right in the middle of the route that links two metropolis in north Italy, between Milan and Turin finding quiet, fun, genuine places and tasty relax.
Browse this site and be ispired by the genuine of a travel into the authentic italian Countryside.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology and toxicology. It discusses the principles of how drugs interact with receptors in the body, including agonist and antagonist drug interactions. It also covers the pharmacokinetic principles of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated from the body. This involves processes like permeation through aqueous and lipid barriers, as well as special carriers and pumps that facilitate drug transport. The goal is for drugs to safely reach their intended site of action and then be eliminated from the body.
The document lists various drugs organized by their therapeutic class and brand name. It includes drugs for peptic ulcer like FAMO and ACEDONE-Z, drugs for hypertension like ACETOR and TOPRIL which are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and drugs for congestive heart failure like AGOXIN and CENTOXIN which are positive inotropic drugs. It also includes many prokinetic drugs for emetics like ADEGUT, ADOREX, ANET, APEDOM and ATIDON.
The document provides information on the different types of TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) tests, including the Computer Based Test (CBT), Paper Based Test (PBT), and Internet Based Test (iBT). It notes that the CBT has been discontinued, the PBT exists in remote areas but will be phased out, and the iBT will be the sole TOEFL test used going forward. The bulk of the document then focuses on providing details about the structure, scoring, and sections of the iBT, including reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Strategies are offered for each section.
PRODUCTION OF BIOENERGY FROM INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERWaliullah Wali
Abtract
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, very often by human activities. Water can be polluted by various ways; Industry and agriculture are the main source of water pollution. At present polluted water cause very harmful effect to the environment. However, treatment of water reduces some portion of this harmful effect, but this might involve high cost. As a results many industries in our country does not abide by the rules of Government environmental policy and through their waste water into the river. The discharge of wastewater into the environment poses a serious threat. This results environment pollution and causes harmful effect on animal lived in water (e.g. fish) as well as for human beings. But it is also a huge opportunity for ecological health, social wellbeing and green employment. If, high value product is obtained from this polluted industrial waste water, then it might be used by the Industries and environment will be less toxic. These studies show some useful application of industrial waste water to get high value products and services.
Abtract 3
Introduction 3
Types of water pollution 5
1. Nutrients Pollution 5
2. Surface water pollution 5
3. Oxygen Depleting 5
4. Ground water pollution 5
5. Microbiological 5
6. Suspended Matter 6
7. Chemical Water Pollution 6
8. Oil Spillage 6
Source of Water Pollution: 6
1. Industrial Waste and Effluent 7
2. Solid Waste and Sewage Disposal 8
3. Inadequate Sanitary Facilities 9
4. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water. 9
5. Underground storage and tube leakages 10
Effects of Water Pollution 11
1. Death of aquatic (water) animals 11
2. Disruption of food-chains 11
3. Diseases 12
4. Destruction of ecosystems 12
5. Human Health 12
6. Economic cost 13
Present wastewater management 13
1. Preventive practices 13
2. Capture the wastewater immediately 13
3. Treatment 13
4. Recycle and re-use water: 14
5. Education, Awareness, Advocacy and Stewardship: 14
Production of Bioenergy from Industrial And Agricultural Waste water 15
1. Production of Biological methane 15
2. Biological hydrogen production 18
3. Biological electricity production 22
4. Biological chemical production 26
Conclusion 29
References 29
FMCG companies are increasingly targeting rural Indian markets, which represent 70% of the population. To succeed, companies are innovating their marketing strategies, introducing new affordable products, and demonstrating product uses to rural consumers. They are also improving distribution networks and reducing costs through techniques like supply chain management and product diversification. With the right strategies, rural India represents a significant growth opportunity for FMCG sales and profits.
MyRice.it - Enjoy the genuine italian Countryside - VercelliDario Bertoli
Do you know about 'Vercelli' area?
Right in the middle of the route that links two metropolis in north Italy, between Milan and Turin finding quiet, fun, genuine places and tasty relax.
Browse this site and be ispired by the genuine of a travel into the authentic italian Countryside.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology and toxicology. It discusses the principles of how drugs interact with receptors in the body, including agonist and antagonist drug interactions. It also covers the pharmacokinetic principles of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated from the body. This involves processes like permeation through aqueous and lipid barriers, as well as special carriers and pumps that facilitate drug transport. The goal is for drugs to safely reach their intended site of action and then be eliminated from the body.
The document lists various drugs organized by their therapeutic class and brand name. It includes drugs for peptic ulcer like FAMO and ACEDONE-Z, drugs for hypertension like ACETOR and TOPRIL which are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and drugs for congestive heart failure like AGOXIN and CENTOXIN which are positive inotropic drugs. It also includes many prokinetic drugs for emetics like ADEGUT, ADOREX, ANET, APEDOM and ATIDON.
The document provides information on the different types of TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) tests, including the Computer Based Test (CBT), Paper Based Test (PBT), and Internet Based Test (iBT). It notes that the CBT has been discontinued, the PBT exists in remote areas but will be phased out, and the iBT will be the sole TOEFL test used going forward. The bulk of the document then focuses on providing details about the structure, scoring, and sections of the iBT, including reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Strategies are offered for each section.
This document discusses anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It focuses on aspirin and other salicylates. It explains that inflammation is a normal response to injury but can become inappropriate, and anti-inflammatory drugs work by blocking prostaglandin synthesis. Aspirin and other NSAIDs are commonly used to treat conditions involving pain, fever and inflammation like arthritis. While effective, these drugs can cause adverse effects like GI issues, bleeding risks and interactions with other medications if not taken carefully.
This document provides an overview of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. It discusses the principles, methods, applications, advantages, and limitations of both XRD and XRF. XRD is described as a technique that uses X-ray scattering from crystalline materials to determine their atomic structure, while XRF involves bombarding a material with X-rays and analyzing the characteristic secondary X-rays emitted to determine its elemental composition. A variety of applications are outlined for each technique in fields such as materials science, geology, and chemistry.
Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of AnalysisWaliullah Wali
Fine Particle Technology deals with preparation, characterization, and applications of particles in the micro-to-nano size range. Radiochemical methods use radioactive isotopes and their decay properties for chemical analysis and have applications in food preservation, cancer treatment, medical imaging, and more. There are three main types of radiochemical methods: isotope dilution, activation analysis, and tracer methods. Radiochemical methods provide accurate analysis while minimizing separations required in other techniques.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON SALT RESISTANT TRANSGENIC RICE VARIETY IN BANGLADESHWaliullah Wali
Introduction
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia including Bangladesh. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.
Transgenic Rice or Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified. Rice plants have been modified to increase micronutrients such as vitamin A, accelerate photosynthesis, tolerate herbicides, resist pests, increase grain size, generate nutrients, flavours or produce human proteins.
The natural movement of genes across species, often called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer, can also occur with rice through gene transfer mediated by natural vectors. However, the cultivation and use of genetically modified varieties of rice remains controversial and is not approved in some countries.
Objective of Transgenic rice production:
Objective of Transgenic rice production is to given bellow-
High-yielding varieties
Flood-tolerant rice
Drought-tolerant rice
Salt-tolerant rice
Environment-friendly rice
Future potential
Golden rice
Expression of human proteins
This document is a dental pharmacy assignment submitted by a student, Md. Waliullah Wali, to his lecturer at Southeast University. It discusses various topics related to dental pharmacy including the anatomy of teeth, common dental problems, and medications used in dentistry. The medications section covers 10 categories of drugs including anesthetics, analgesics, mouthwashes, antibiotics, antifungals, antiseptics, muscle relaxants, artificial saliva, and fluoride supplements. For each category, examples of drugs are provided along with their indications, dosages, and potential complications. The document concludes with sections on dental prophylactic preparations including mouthwashes and toothpastes, and recommendations for proper teeth brushing technique.
Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
In-plant Training Report at Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. by~ WaliullahWaliullah Wali
ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
In Plant Training
Training Period: From August 06, 2014 to August 19, 2014Duration: 14 Days
Training Areas:
WarehouseProduction DepartmentQuality Assurance & Quality Control Department Product Development DepartmentMaintenance & Engineering Department
Introduction
In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors within the country's economy.
This sector is also providing 97% of the total medicine requirement of the local market.
Recently few new industries have been established with high tech equipment’s and professionals which will enhance the strength of this sector.
Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd. is one of them.
PROFILE ABOUT ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Company Name: Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd.
Factory Location: Karol Surichala, Safipur, Gazipur
Head Office: Nurul tower, 34- Purana Paltan line, Dhaka-1000
Corporate Setup: Private Limited Company.
Manufacturing areas: 146500 sft.
Established Year: 1986
Popular Products OF ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Engineering department
Engineering department
The Engineering department deals with the complete maintenance of the production and companies total working environment .
The Engineering section of Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. covers the following Utilities :
Production machineries.
Electricity supply
Air Handling
Water supply
Emergency supply
Repairing, restoring and reporting
Worker distribution and pest control.
Engineering department
Utility Service
Electricity:
Required electricity mainly obtained from DESA, incase of load shedding heavy duty generator provide electricity.
Generator:
Name: Cummins
Type: diesel operated.
Capacity: 1750 kilowatt.
Requirement: 1500 kilowatt.
Engineering department
Engineering department
HVAC:
It means Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC). It maintains optimum temperature and humidity throughout the factory.
All seeks to provide thermal comfort , acceptable indoor air quality and reasonable installation operation.
Engineering department
HVAC:
Controlling of temperature and Relative Humidity in deferent areas-
Dispensing: 22±2°C 45±5% RH
Solid &Liquid: 22±2°C 55±5% RH
Sterile: 22±2°C 50±5% RH
Low humidity requiring rooms: 22±2°C 25±5% RH
Minimum air change rate:
Class B 30/hr
Class C 30/hr
Class D not less than 15/hr
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
Chiller system:
This system is involved for the production of chilled water which is supplied through the pipe to produce air conditioning system.
Process:
Engineering department
Engineering department
HEPA Filter
High-efficiency particulate air Filter or HEPA filter is an air filter that must remove (from the air that passes through) 99.97% of 0.3 µm size particles.
Smaller and larger particles are filtered at even greater efficiency.
The effi
Contents
Definition
Purposes
Ingredients
Types of toothpaste
How to choose a toothpaste?
Toxic components of a toothpaste
Caution on toothpaste usage
Definition
A toothpaste or dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth.
Toothpaste Ingredients
Different types of Toothpastes
ANTI-CARIES AGENTS
Fluoride:
considered to be the most effective caries-inhibiting agent, and almost all toothpastes today contain fluoride in one form or the other
The most common form is sodium fluoride (NaF), but mono-fluoro-phosphate (MFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF) are also used
Fluoride is most beneficial when the mouth is not rinsed with water after tooth brushing. In this way a bigger amount of fluoride is retained in the oral cavity
How do teeth decay?
Tooth decay begins when the outer surface of the tooth is attacked by acid. The acid is produced by bacteria which live on the surfaces of the teeth as a layer called plaque. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth, the bacteria within the plaque rapidly converts the sugars into acid. The plaque can hold the acid in contact with the tooth surface for up to 2 hours before it is neutralized by saliva.
During the time that the plaque is acidic, some of the calcium and phosphate minerals, of which enamel is largely composed, are dissolved out of the enamel into the plaque. This process is called demineralisation.
Fluoride:
There are three main theories considering the positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
Positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
the most important anti-caries effect is claimed to be due to the formation of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in plaque and on the enamel surface during and after rinsing or brushing with fluoride.
CaF2 serves as a fluoride reservoir.
When the pH drops, fluoride and calcium are released into the plaque fluid.
Fluoride diffuses with the acid from plaque into the enamel pores and forms fluoroapatite (FAP).
FAP incorporated in the enamel surface is more resistant to a subsequent acid attack.
Mouthwashes
A mouthwash is defined as a non-sterile aqueous solution used mostly for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.
Mouthwashes or rinses are designed to reduce oral bacteria, remove food particles, temporary reduce bad breathe and provide a pleasant taste.
Mouth rinses are generally classified as either cosmetic or therapeutic or a combination of the two.
Mouthwashes
Therapeutic rinses
often have the benefits of their cosmetic counterparts,
but also contain an added active ingredient, f. ex. fluoride or chlorhexidine, that help protect against some oral diseases.
This document discusses anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It focuses on aspirin and other salicylates. It explains that inflammation is a normal response to injury but can become inappropriate, and anti-inflammatory drugs work by blocking prostaglandin synthesis. Aspirin and other NSAIDs are commonly used to treat conditions involving pain, fever and inflammation like arthritis. While effective, these drugs can cause adverse effects like GI issues, bleeding risks and interactions with other medications if not taken carefully.
This document provides an overview of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. It discusses the principles, methods, applications, advantages, and limitations of both XRD and XRF. XRD is described as a technique that uses X-ray scattering from crystalline materials to determine their atomic structure, while XRF involves bombarding a material with X-rays and analyzing the characteristic secondary X-rays emitted to determine its elemental composition. A variety of applications are outlined for each technique in fields such as materials science, geology, and chemistry.
Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of AnalysisWaliullah Wali
Fine Particle Technology deals with preparation, characterization, and applications of particles in the micro-to-nano size range. Radiochemical methods use radioactive isotopes and their decay properties for chemical analysis and have applications in food preservation, cancer treatment, medical imaging, and more. There are three main types of radiochemical methods: isotope dilution, activation analysis, and tracer methods. Radiochemical methods provide accurate analysis while minimizing separations required in other techniques.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON SALT RESISTANT TRANSGENIC RICE VARIETY IN BANGLADESHWaliullah Wali
Introduction
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia including Bangladesh. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.
Transgenic Rice or Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified. Rice plants have been modified to increase micronutrients such as vitamin A, accelerate photosynthesis, tolerate herbicides, resist pests, increase grain size, generate nutrients, flavours or produce human proteins.
The natural movement of genes across species, often called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer, can also occur with rice through gene transfer mediated by natural vectors. However, the cultivation and use of genetically modified varieties of rice remains controversial and is not approved in some countries.
Objective of Transgenic rice production:
Objective of Transgenic rice production is to given bellow-
High-yielding varieties
Flood-tolerant rice
Drought-tolerant rice
Salt-tolerant rice
Environment-friendly rice
Future potential
Golden rice
Expression of human proteins
This document is a dental pharmacy assignment submitted by a student, Md. Waliullah Wali, to his lecturer at Southeast University. It discusses various topics related to dental pharmacy including the anatomy of teeth, common dental problems, and medications used in dentistry. The medications section covers 10 categories of drugs including anesthetics, analgesics, mouthwashes, antibiotics, antifungals, antiseptics, muscle relaxants, artificial saliva, and fluoride supplements. For each category, examples of drugs are provided along with their indications, dosages, and potential complications. The document concludes with sections on dental prophylactic preparations including mouthwashes and toothpastes, and recommendations for proper teeth brushing technique.
Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
In-plant Training Report at Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. by~ WaliullahWaliullah Wali
ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
In Plant Training
Training Period: From August 06, 2014 to August 19, 2014Duration: 14 Days
Training Areas:
WarehouseProduction DepartmentQuality Assurance & Quality Control Department Product Development DepartmentMaintenance & Engineering Department
Introduction
In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors within the country's economy.
This sector is also providing 97% of the total medicine requirement of the local market.
Recently few new industries have been established with high tech equipment’s and professionals which will enhance the strength of this sector.
Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd. is one of them.
PROFILE ABOUT ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Company Name: Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd.
Factory Location: Karol Surichala, Safipur, Gazipur
Head Office: Nurul tower, 34- Purana Paltan line, Dhaka-1000
Corporate Setup: Private Limited Company.
Manufacturing areas: 146500 sft.
Established Year: 1986
Popular Products OF ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Engineering department
Engineering department
The Engineering department deals with the complete maintenance of the production and companies total working environment .
The Engineering section of Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. covers the following Utilities :
Production machineries.
Electricity supply
Air Handling
Water supply
Emergency supply
Repairing, restoring and reporting
Worker distribution and pest control.
Engineering department
Utility Service
Electricity:
Required electricity mainly obtained from DESA, incase of load shedding heavy duty generator provide electricity.
Generator:
Name: Cummins
Type: diesel operated.
Capacity: 1750 kilowatt.
Requirement: 1500 kilowatt.
Engineering department
Engineering department
HVAC:
It means Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC). It maintains optimum temperature and humidity throughout the factory.
All seeks to provide thermal comfort , acceptable indoor air quality and reasonable installation operation.
Engineering department
HVAC:
Controlling of temperature and Relative Humidity in deferent areas-
Dispensing: 22±2°C 45±5% RH
Solid &Liquid: 22±2°C 55±5% RH
Sterile: 22±2°C 50±5% RH
Low humidity requiring rooms: 22±2°C 25±5% RH
Minimum air change rate:
Class B 30/hr
Class C 30/hr
Class D not less than 15/hr
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
Chiller system:
This system is involved for the production of chilled water which is supplied through the pipe to produce air conditioning system.
Process:
Engineering department
Engineering department
HEPA Filter
High-efficiency particulate air Filter or HEPA filter is an air filter that must remove (from the air that passes through) 99.97% of 0.3 µm size particles.
Smaller and larger particles are filtered at even greater efficiency.
The effi
Contents
Definition
Purposes
Ingredients
Types of toothpaste
How to choose a toothpaste?
Toxic components of a toothpaste
Caution on toothpaste usage
Definition
A toothpaste or dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth.
Toothpaste Ingredients
Different types of Toothpastes
ANTI-CARIES AGENTS
Fluoride:
considered to be the most effective caries-inhibiting agent, and almost all toothpastes today contain fluoride in one form or the other
The most common form is sodium fluoride (NaF), but mono-fluoro-phosphate (MFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF) are also used
Fluoride is most beneficial when the mouth is not rinsed with water after tooth brushing. In this way a bigger amount of fluoride is retained in the oral cavity
How do teeth decay?
Tooth decay begins when the outer surface of the tooth is attacked by acid. The acid is produced by bacteria which live on the surfaces of the teeth as a layer called plaque. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth, the bacteria within the plaque rapidly converts the sugars into acid. The plaque can hold the acid in contact with the tooth surface for up to 2 hours before it is neutralized by saliva.
During the time that the plaque is acidic, some of the calcium and phosphate minerals, of which enamel is largely composed, are dissolved out of the enamel into the plaque. This process is called demineralisation.
Fluoride:
There are three main theories considering the positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
Positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
the most important anti-caries effect is claimed to be due to the formation of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in plaque and on the enamel surface during and after rinsing or brushing with fluoride.
CaF2 serves as a fluoride reservoir.
When the pH drops, fluoride and calcium are released into the plaque fluid.
Fluoride diffuses with the acid from plaque into the enamel pores and forms fluoroapatite (FAP).
FAP incorporated in the enamel surface is more resistant to a subsequent acid attack.
Mouthwashes
A mouthwash is defined as a non-sterile aqueous solution used mostly for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.
Mouthwashes or rinses are designed to reduce oral bacteria, remove food particles, temporary reduce bad breathe and provide a pleasant taste.
Mouth rinses are generally classified as either cosmetic or therapeutic or a combination of the two.
Mouthwashes
Therapeutic rinses
often have the benefits of their cosmetic counterparts,
but also contain an added active ingredient, f. ex. fluoride or chlorhexidine, that help protect against some oral diseases.
2. PREMESSA
TerreRiflesse nasce dalla concreta necessità del
L’Associazione Turistica
nostro territorio di trovare un ruolo distintivo e
caratteristico nel virtuoso scenario turistico
della Regione Piemonte.
valorizzare un'area che
La nostra "mission" è quella di
dispone di buone potenzialità turistiche, che
possono crescere in modo rilevante attraverso iniziative coordinate territorialmente,
e di affermarsi in poco tempo come un nuovo
brand.
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
4. IL TURISMO IN PIEMONTE
• presenze: +58,7% dal 2000 al 2011
• presenze 2011: 12.8mln (cfr:Veneto 63mln)
ARRIVI 2011
LANGHE ALESSANDRIA
7%
• ARRIVI città di Torino: 6,0%
NOVARA
4%
◦ 2006 > 825mila BIELLA
CUNEO
7,0%
1,8%
◦ 2010 > 953mila (+16% in 4 anni) VERCELLI ASTI
1,9% 2,4%
• ARRIVI città di Vercelli: LAGHI
TORINO
47,1%
22,0%
◦ 2006 > 12mila (1.45% di Torino)
◦ 2010 > 10mila (1.05% di Torino)
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
5. IL TURISMO A VERCELLI
COSA NON FUNZIONA ?
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
6. PUNTI DI DEBOLEZZA
Vocazione del
territorio
Poca fiducia nel
turismo
Amministrazioni
pubbliche Disinteresse
Incapacità di
Poca formazione riconoscere
specifica potenzialità
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
8. COME REAGIRE
• turisti sul territorio (nicchie)
• comunicazione 2.0 + presenza sui S.M.
• creazione di un brand territoriale
• far vivere delle esperienze
• ritorno al rustico, al naturale, al vero
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
9. COME REAGIRE
• OFF LINE:
- produzione di pacchetti turistici esperienziali
- eventi e workshop sul turismo
- formazione alla filiera turistica
- progetti di sviluppo promossi dalla UE
- sostegno alla comunicazione di fiere e mostre
- progetto di "guida turistica virtuale" attraverso i QR
codes
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
10. COME REAGIRE
• ON LINE:
- Pagina Fan su Facebook
- Canale Twitter
- Canale Vimeo e Youtube (viral video)
- Dashboards Pinterest e Instagram
- Newsletter e campagne DEM
- Blog e storytelling
- Crossmedia storytelling (in futuro)
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
11. STRUMENTI
Blog + Storytelling Fanpage Facebook
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
12. COME REAGIRE
COSA RENDE IL PROGETTO “INNOVATIVO”?
TerreRiflesse è un’associazione che:
•NASCE DAL BASSO (bottom-up)
•NASCE DA IMPRENDITORI E PROFESSIONISTI
•INTENDE CREARE UNA RETE (persone+strutture)
•NON SOSTITUZIONE MA SOSTEGNO
•COLLABORAZIONE E CONDIVISIONE
•TRASPARENZA, ECONOMICITÀ E BUON SENSO
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
13. INVITO
SIETE TUTTI INVITATI A PARTECIPARE!
mercoledì 28 novembre 12
14. GRAZIE!
DARIO BERTOLI - dario.bertoli@gmail.com
mercoledì 28 novembre 12