India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world, producing 29,750 metric tons annually. Sugarcane is planted by splitting stems into foot-long pieces and planting them in furrows, then fertilizing and harvesting the mature cane. Sugarcane is used to produce sugar, ethanol, bioelectricity from bagasse, and bioplastics that use less oil than traditional plastics. The sugarcane processing involves milling the cane to extract juice, boiling and filtering the juice, and crystallizing it to produce sugar. Molasses and bagasse are also produced.

1. Presentation
on
Sugarcane

2. • India is a second largest producer of sugarcane
in world with Annual production of 29,750
metric tones of sugarcane in 2014.

4. How to Plant a Sugarcane
Part 1 of 3: Planting Sugar Cane
1. Select healthy sugar cane plants.
2. Split the sugar cane stems into foot-long pieces.

5. 3. Dig furrows in a sunny planting spot.
4. Moisten the furrows.

6. 5. Plant the sugar cane.
6. Wait for the sugar cane to grow.

7. Part 2 of 3: Growing and Harvesting Sugar
Cane
1. Fertilize the sugar cane with nitrogen.
2. Weed the planting bed often.

8. 3. Wait until fall to harvest.
4. Use a machete to cut the canes close to the ground.

9. 5. Don't hack into the ground.
6. Strip the leaves from the cut sugar cane.

10. Products of Sugarcane
Sugar
» The world’s favorite high-energy and all-natural sweetener.
Ethanol
» A clean, affordable, and renewable transportation fuel.
Bioelectricity
» Leftover sugarcane biomass can be burned and converted into
electricity.
Bio plastics
» Beverage containers, food packaging and other consumer products
made with sugarcane using less or no oil compared to standard
plastic.
Bio hydrocarbons and Beyond
» The cutting edge of sugarcane innovation where scientists are using
cane to produce fuels that could replace gasoline, diesel and jet fuel
without needing petroleum.

12. Sugar
• Sugar has been produced since very ancient times and is the
world’s most popular sweetener. Here are a few more facts
about this high-energy and natural food additive:
• Climate. Sugar crystals were first produced centuries ago from
sugarcane, a plant which grows best in warm temperate or
tropical regions. Approximately 100 countries located within the
tropics now grow sugarcane. In colder, northern regions, sugar
can be produced using sugar beets.
• Health and Nutrition. Crystalline sucrose sugar is a
carbohydrate, and moderate sugar intake can be part of a
healthy diet. Sugar not only sweetens food and beverages, but
also provides users with an instant jolt of energy. Humans should
derive 50 to 55 percent of their daily energy consumption from
carbohydrates.

15. Processing of Sugar from Sugarcane

16. Harvesting of Sugarcane
Sugarcane is broadly classified into three varieties early, general and
unapproved. Cane is sowed during February and October every year. The first
seed growth is known as the plant and subsequent growth after harvesting
from the stem is known as Ratoon. The early variety has more sugar content
than the general variety.

17. Transportation and Handling
• Animal driven
carts
• Trolleys
• Trucks

18. Cane is weighed using
an electronic weigh
bridge and unloaded
into cane carriers.
It is then prepared for
milling by knives and
shredders. Sugarcane juice
is then extracted by
pressing the prepared cane
through mills.

19. • Each mill consists of three rollers:
• Extracted juice mixed with water is weighed and sent to the boiling
house for further processing. Residual bagasse is sent to boilers for
use as fuel for steam generation
• This juice is heated and then treated with milk of lime and sulphur
dioxide. The treated juice is then further heated and sent to clarifies
for continuous settling. The settled mud is filtered by vacuum filters
and filtered juice is returned to be further processed while the Oliver
cake is sent out
• The clear juice is evaporated to a syrup stage, bleached by sulphur
dioxide and then sent to vacuum pans for further concentration and
sugar grain formation. Crystals are developed to a desired size and the
crystallized mass is then dropped in the crystallizers to exhaust the
mother liquor of its sugar as much as possible. This is then centrifuged
for separating the crystals from molasses. The molasses is re-boiled
for further crystallization

20. • Thus, the original syrup is desugarised progressively (normally three
times) till finally, a viscous liquid is obtained from which sugar can no
longer be recovered economically. This liquid, which is called final
molasses, is sent to the distillery for making alcohol.
• The sugar thus is separated from molasses in the centrifuge is dried,
bagged (50 Kg and 100 Kg), weighed and sent to storage houses.
• Sugar is made in different sizes and accordingly classified into various
grades I.E. large, medium and small.
• Many of the materials left over from the production of sugar are
recycled and reused. The leaves and tops of sugar beets are removed
after harvesting and used as livestock feed. Sugar beet residue, or pulp,
is used to produce a highly nutritious animal feed or is further processed
for use as fibre or other products.
• Much of the water removed through cane sugar refining and sugar beet
processing still contains sugar, so it is pumped back into the system to be
used again. Molasses is recycled through the sugar beet and cane sugar
refining process an average of four times to remove the maximum amount
of sugar. Molasses is also used by distillers, bakers and pharmaceutical
companies.

21. By-products of the sugar making
process
Bagasse
Fly Ash Press Mud

22. Bio-plastic

23. What is a Bio-Plastics ?
A bio plastic is a plastic that is made partly or wholly from
polymers derived from biological sources such as
sugarcane, potato starch or the cellulose from trees,
straw and cotton. Some bio plastics degrade in the open
air, others are made so that they compost in an industrial
composting plant, aided by fungi, bacteria and enzymes.
Others mimic the robustness and durability of
conventional plastics such as polyethylene or PET. Bio
plastics can generally be directly substituted for their oil-
based equivalent. Indeed, they can generally be made to be
chemically identical to the standard industrial plastics.

24. Overview
Overall even though bio-plastics are generally more expensive than
regular plastic, the variety of uses and benefits could outweigh the
cost. It cuts down on municipal waste, reduces GHGs, it’s
environmentally friendly, and it can be used as a fuel. Lastly with
developing technologies, these benefits will improve and the cost will
be competitive in the market.

25. Bio-plastics process

26. Benefits of Bio-plastics
Renewable:
Sugarcane polyethylene replaces 30 percent or more of
the petroleum that would otherwise be used to
manufacture the plastic.
Lower carbon footprint:
Each metric ton of bio - polyethylene produced avoids
the emission of 2 to 2.5 metric tons of carbon dioxide
on a lifecycle basis.
Use of bio-plastics is still developing. But a number of
leading companies have established themselves as major
players in this emerging area.

28. Process of Ethanol
• From field to mill:
 Mechanical harvesters cut the cane into small pieces during the
harvest. Each truck is weighed to check how much cane it is
delivering. Sugarcane must be processed as soon as possible to
avoid its sugar content deteriorating. Most cane is delivered within
24 hours of harvesting. One tonne of sugar cane produces around
85 liters of ethanol.
• Unloading:
 The truck unloads the cane onto conveyor belts that carry the
cane to the crushing system.
• Milling:
 A series of rollers crush the chopped cane and the juice flows
out. Cane fibre, called bagasse, goes to boilers to be burned. The
heat turns water into high pressure steam for electricity.

29. • Mixing and Filtering:
 The juice is heated and sulphur, lime and thickener are added.
 The mixture is pumped to rotating filters that separate the juice from
most impurities.
The filtered juice passes through sieves that remove any remaining
impurities. The pure juice then either goes to the evaporation process to
make sugar or to the fermentation process to make ethanol.
 Water and yeast are added to ferment the liquid.
 The fermented liquid, called beer, passes through centrifuges. The yeast is
removed, treated and reused.
• Distillation:
 The liquid flows through two distillation columns which heat it to remove
water.
 This produces hydrated ethanol which is blended with petrol for use as a
transport fuel.
 The liquid by-product called vinasse is sprayed onto fields as fertilizer.
 Some liquid flows into a third distillation column that further heats the
liquid to remove more water.
 This produces anhydrous ethanol which is used in its pure form as a
transport fuel in specially adapted cars known as flex fuel.
 The efficient industrial mills process sugarcane into ethanol in around 12-15
hours.
• Storage:
 The ethanol flows into tanks to be stored and then transported to the
market.

30. Use Of Ethanol
 Medical:
Ethanol is used in medical wipes and in most common antibacterial hand
sanitizer gels. Ethanol kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and
dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi, and
many viruses, but is ineffective against bacterial spores.
 Fuel:
Ethanol pump station in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
The largest single use of ethanol is as an engine fuel and fuel
additive. Brazil in particular relies heavily upon the use of ethanol as an
engine fuel, due in part to its role as the globe's leading producer of
ethanol.

31. Cont…
• Ethanol was commonly used as fuel in early bipropellant rocket vehicles,
in conjunction with an oxidizer such as liquid oxygen.
• The German V-2 rocket of World War II, credited with beginning the
space age, used ethanol, mixed with 25% of water to reduce the
combustion chamber temperature.
Fuel Cells:
• Commercial fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas, hydrogen
or methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative due to its wide
availability, low cost, high purity and low toxicity.
Solvent:
• Ethanol is miscible with water and is a good general purpose solvent. It
is found in paints, tinctures, markers, and personal care products such
as mouthwashes, perfumes and deodorants. However, polysaccharides
precipitate from aqueous solution in the presence of alcohol, and
ethanol precipitation is used for this reason in the purification of DNA
and RNA.

33. Bio-Electricity
• As it grows, sugarcane converts sunlight into chemical
energy which it stores inside the plant. Each of the
following main plant components contains
approximately one-third of this stored energy.
Juice
Bagasse
Straw
• Benefit :
 Low environmental impact
 Producers can obtain carbon credits
 Complementary to hydroelectricity

34. • Can you imagine filling up with renewable versions of
today’s gasoline, diesel or jet fuel that are made without
using any petroleum? That’s the next frontier of
sugarcane innovation – bio hydrocarbons.
• Bio hydrocarbons: fuel of the future
Advanced bio hydrocarbons are substantially similar to
conventional hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel or
jet-fuels but are produced from biomass feed stocks.
They are clean, low-carbon and renewable like ethanol, but
don’t require engine changes or additional infrastructure.
Because they have the same energy content as fossil fuels,
bio hydrocarbons can reduce dependency on gasoline and
increase environmental benefits.

35. Example :
– Sugarcane Diesel is used daily by approximately 400
public transit buses in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the
country’s largest cities.
– Tests carried out by Mercedes-Benz and MAN in Brazil
show a significant reduction in the emissions of
particulate matter (PM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
with as little as 10% blends of Renewable Diesel in
standard low sulfur diesel.

36. Bibliography
• http://www.vsisugar.com/india/statistics/
world_indiasugar.html
• http://www.sucrose.com/lcane.html
• http://www.mapsofindia.com/topten/india-
crops/sugercane.html
• http://sugarcane.org/sugarcane-products
• http://www.wikihow.com/Plant-Sugar-Cane
• http://www.bajajhindusthan.com/sugar-
manufacturing-process.php