This document provides an overview of business basics including different types of businesses, business ethics and law, basic economics, finance, and accounting. It discusses sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies as common business types. It also outlines important concepts in economics like supply and demand, microeconomics, macroeconomics, and GDP. Basic corporate finance responsibilities and financial accounting principles are also summarized.
This document discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&As) from a global and regional perspective. It defines M&As and explains their use as a way for companies to grow through consolidation rather than organic growth. The document contrasts M&As with greenfield investments as two methods for foreign direct investment. It also discusses how regional trade agreements and reductions in barriers have led to increased cross-border M&As and foreign investment flows within regions.
This document discusses international and cross-border turnarounds. It notes that insolvency is generally value destructive, while consensual restructuring through negotiation preserves more value and is usually quicker. Key issues in international turnarounds include different insolvency laws between countries, stakeholder leverage and recovery percentages, and operational challenges. Forum shopping can occur to gain leverage advantages, though regulatory structures aim for cooperation over harmonization.
Master class management and leadership trainingyasser maksoud
The document outlines a management and leadership training course. It discusses the importance of effective management for business success. Lesson 1 focuses on how to be a great manager through strong leadership. It lists five key points for strong leadership: develop trust and credibility, share vision clearly, help employees succeed through coaching/mentoring, make decisions and be accountable, and keep everything under control. The document then provides further explanation and examples for each of these points. It also outlines four parts of the training that will provide tips on employee interaction, professional advice, personal advice, and words of wisdom.
The document discusses why financial institutions exist and how they promote economic efficiency. It covers topics like transaction costs, adverse selection, moral hazard, and how these concepts influence financial structure. Financial institutions help address issues like the "lemons problem" that can arise from asymmetric information between parties. They do this through tools like producing private information, regulation, financial intermediation, debt contracts, collateral requirements, and monitoring borrowers.
Credit risk refers to the possibility that a borrower or counterparty will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. There are several types of credit risk, including default risk, concentration risk, country risk, and credit spread risk. The KMV-Merton model is a structural model used to estimate credit risk by calculating the distance to default and probability of default of a company using factors such as the market value and volatility of the company's assets, and the market value of its debt. The model can be adapted to estimate default probabilities for private companies using financial data from their statements in place of market values.
1. Read the information on the STREAMING VIDEO INDUSTRY and apply .docxjeremylockett77
This document provides instructions for analyzing three different cases related to industries and companies.
1. It asks the reader to analyze the streaming video industry using PESTEL, Porter, and strategic group analyses and discuss macroenvironmental factors impacting growth.
2. It asks the reader to analyze how the coronavirus impacts industry forces for two industries using macroenvironmental and industry analyses.
3. It asks the reader to interpret Tesla's strategy as disruptive or sustaining innovation and as blue or red ocean, using company documents and financial performance.
This document provides an overview of marketing and sales concepts for business basics. It discusses key topics like the marketing environment, market research, analyzing customers and competitors, market segmentation and targeting, and the four Ps of marketing - product, price, place, and promotion. The document aims to explain fundamental marketing strategies and considerations to help a company's financial health through effective sales.
This document discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&As) from a global and regional perspective. It defines M&As and explains their use as a way for companies to grow through consolidation rather than organic growth. The document contrasts M&As with greenfield investments as two methods for foreign direct investment. It also discusses how regional trade agreements and reductions in barriers have led to increased cross-border M&As and foreign investment flows within regions.
This document discusses international and cross-border turnarounds. It notes that insolvency is generally value destructive, while consensual restructuring through negotiation preserves more value and is usually quicker. Key issues in international turnarounds include different insolvency laws between countries, stakeholder leverage and recovery percentages, and operational challenges. Forum shopping can occur to gain leverage advantages, though regulatory structures aim for cooperation over harmonization.
Master class management and leadership trainingyasser maksoud
The document outlines a management and leadership training course. It discusses the importance of effective management for business success. Lesson 1 focuses on how to be a great manager through strong leadership. It lists five key points for strong leadership: develop trust and credibility, share vision clearly, help employees succeed through coaching/mentoring, make decisions and be accountable, and keep everything under control. The document then provides further explanation and examples for each of these points. It also outlines four parts of the training that will provide tips on employee interaction, professional advice, personal advice, and words of wisdom.
The document discusses why financial institutions exist and how they promote economic efficiency. It covers topics like transaction costs, adverse selection, moral hazard, and how these concepts influence financial structure. Financial institutions help address issues like the "lemons problem" that can arise from asymmetric information between parties. They do this through tools like producing private information, regulation, financial intermediation, debt contracts, collateral requirements, and monitoring borrowers.
Credit risk refers to the possibility that a borrower or counterparty will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. There are several types of credit risk, including default risk, concentration risk, country risk, and credit spread risk. The KMV-Merton model is a structural model used to estimate credit risk by calculating the distance to default and probability of default of a company using factors such as the market value and volatility of the company's assets, and the market value of its debt. The model can be adapted to estimate default probabilities for private companies using financial data from their statements in place of market values.
1. Read the information on the STREAMING VIDEO INDUSTRY and apply .docxjeremylockett77
This document provides instructions for analyzing three different cases related to industries and companies.
1. It asks the reader to analyze the streaming video industry using PESTEL, Porter, and strategic group analyses and discuss macroenvironmental factors impacting growth.
2. It asks the reader to analyze how the coronavirus impacts industry forces for two industries using macroenvironmental and industry analyses.
3. It asks the reader to interpret Tesla's strategy as disruptive or sustaining innovation and as blue or red ocean, using company documents and financial performance.
This document provides an overview of marketing and sales concepts for business basics. It discusses key topics like the marketing environment, market research, analyzing customers and competitors, market segmentation and targeting, and the four Ps of marketing - product, price, place, and promotion. The document aims to explain fundamental marketing strategies and considerations to help a company's financial health through effective sales.
Credit risk refers to the risk that a borrower will default on any type of debt by failing to make payments which it is obligated to do. The risk is primarily that of the lender and includes lost principal and interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial and can arise in a number of circumstances. For example:
• A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan
• A company is unable to repay amounts secured by a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company
• A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due
• A business does not pay an employee's earned wages when due
• A business or government bond issuer does not make a payment on a coupon or principal payment when due
• An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligation
• An insolvent bank won't return funds to a depositor
• A government grants bankruptcy protection to an insolvent consumer or business.
To reduce the lender's credit risk, the lender may perform a credit check on the prospective borrower, may require the borrower to take out appropriate insurance, such as mortgage insurance or seek security or guarantees of third parties, besides other possible strategies. In general, the higher the risk, the higher will be the interest rate that the debtor will be asked to pay on the debt.
The document discusses issues around directors being disqualified in the UK. It notes that there has been a 25% increase in disqualifications last year, with 1 in 20 directors of insolvent companies being disqualified. It outlines the various ways a director can be disqualified, such as being bankrupt, criminal offenses, or civil court rulings for breaches of conduct. Defences against disqualification are also discussed, such as claiming one was not truly a director or that the conduct was a commercial misjudgment. The length of disqualification orders and factors for mitigating the length are also covered.
The document discusses the benefits of incorporating a real estate investing business in Nevada as a Limited Liability Company (LLC). Key points include:
- Incorporating provides liability protection for owners, protects personal assets, enhances credibility with investors/lenders, and allows access to tax deductions and credits.
- Nevada offers strong liability protection as its corporate veil is rarely pierced. It also has no state taxes which can save substantial money compared to other states.
- Incorporating in Nevada provides privacy protections against the threats of identity theft and lawsuits.
This document discusses the nature and aims of business. It defines business as any lawful economic activity concerned with production and distribution of goods and services for profit. It classifies businesses into three main divisions: commerce, industry, and services. Within each division, there are further classifications. The document also discusses the objectives of business, which primarily include making a profit but may also include other goals like political influence or community involvement.
International BusinessPresentation(By;Zaman).pptxzaman raza
This document discusses risks in international business and factors that influence capital structure decisions for multinational corporations. It begins by outlining various risks like political, regulatory, economic, currency, and cultural risks that companies face when doing business abroad. It then examines methods for valuing capital projects, including payback period, internal rate of return, and net present value. Finally, it analyzes how company characteristics like cash flow stability and credit risk as well as country characteristics like tax laws and currency values influence an MNC's capital structure decisions.
This document discusses types and applications of data warehouses. It describes common types including financial, telecommunications, insurance, and human resources data warehouses. It then provides examples of typical applications that leverage data warehouses like fraud detection, profitability analysis, direct marketing, credit risk prediction, yield management, and inventory management. These applications aim to streamline and maximize profitability for organizations. The document concludes with a recent application in agriculture systems.
The document provides an overview of Kingfisher Airlines and financial distress. It defines key terms like default, bankruptcy, and financial distress. It then describes common responses to financial distress, such as asset restructuring through asset sales or mergers, and financial restructuring like issuing new securities or negotiating with creditors. The document also introduces the Z-score model, developed by Edward Altman, as a statistical technique to predict bankruptcy by analyzing multiple financial ratios combined into a single score. It provides the formulas for the original and modified Z-score models and an example calculation.
Whistleblowing how to manage reputational risks - 8th webinar 16 nov 2017FERMA
Companies need to incorporate whistleblowing procedures into their corporate culture. Whistleblowing is an instrument used to reinforce trust inside the company and to strengthen corporate culture.
It helps to safeguard and uphold tenets such as corporate integrity, anti-corruption, anti-bribery regulations and codes of ethics. It also forms a key means of addressing wrongdoing and dysfunctional behaviour.
The participants were Michel de Fabiani (Non-Executive Director Valeo/Valco/Ebtrans), Kate Kenny (Professor in Management and Organisation Studies at Queen’s University Belfast), Richard Eveleigh (AIG) and Alex Lowe, Senior Associate for Mills & Reeve LLP.
The webinar was moderated by Dr. Roger Barker, Senior Consultant, Institute of Directors, IoD, UK.
The webinar covered:
- How is whistleblowing integrated in the corporate culture? What type of education/training is needed to support the process?
- With the whistleblower phenomenon increasing, institutions have started taking measures to handle it. What are the best practices?
- The role division / allocation between internal auditors, risk managers and board members.
The document discusses several legal factors that affect businesses in their operating environment. These include organizational law, securities law, contract law, consumer protection laws, employee protection laws, health and safety laws, laws regarding termination of employees, immigration laws, and government procurement laws. All of these legal factors play an important role in determining the success of businesses around the world by creating the structure for how businesses can operate and protecting important stakeholders such as consumers, employees, and investors.
D&O insurance policies offer liability cover for company managers to protect them from claims which may arise from the decisions and actions taken within the scope of their regular duties. D&O cover was first conceived in the late 19th century, and after a long period of obscurity has spread rapidly throughout the industrialized world since the 1980s. Such policies cover the personal liability of company directors and officers as individuals, reimbursement of the insured company if it pays a claim on behalf of its managers, and cover for securities claims against publicly listed companies. The document discusses why companies purchase D&O insurance, how D&O cover functions in terms of who and what is covered, and developments in the D&O insurance market globally.
International financial management involves managing finance in an international business environment through foreign currency exchange. The main objective is to maximize shareholder wealth. It includes functions like fund generation, deployment, and risk management of financing and investment decisions. Practitioners require knowledge of factors like exchange rates, interest rates, economic indicators, and political risks across countries. Common international business methods include licensing, franchising, subsidiaries and acquisitions, strategic alliances, and exporting.
The document discusses various objectives and theories of business firms. It outlines that while profit is often seen as the main objective, there are debates around how to define and measure profit. Alternative theories suggest managers may pursue objectives like sales revenue maximization, growth rate maximization, or satisficing behavior. The document also examines debates around profit maximization versus reasonable profit targets and standards.
Working Capital ManagementChapter 15Working Ca.docxdunnramage
Working Capital Management
Chapter 15
Working Capital Terminology
Working capital: current assets.
Net working capital:
current assets - current liabilities.
Net operating working capital:
current assets - (current liabilities - notes payable).
Working capital management:
controlling cash, inventories, and A/R, plus short-term liability management.
2
Working Capital Financing Policies
Aggressive: Use short-term financing to finance permanent assets.
Moderate: Match the maturity of the assets with the maturity of the financing.
Maturity Matching, or “Self-Liquidating”, approach
Conservative: Use permanent capital for permanent assets and temporary assets.
3
Cash Conversion Cycle
The cash conversion cycle focuses on the length of time between when a company makes payments to its creditors and when a company receives payments from its customers.
4
Cash Conversion Cycle
15-5
5
Cash Budget
Forecasts cash inflows, outflows, and ending cash balances.
Used to plan loans needed or funds available to invest.
Can be daily, weekly, or monthly, forecasts.
Monthly for annual planning and daily for actual cash management.
6
Cash and Marketable Securities
Currency
Demand Deposit
Marketable Securities
Inventories
Supplies
Raw materials
Work in process
Finished goods
Accounts Receivable: Credit Policy
Credit Period: How long to pay? Shorter period reduces days sales outstanding (DSO) and average A/R, but it may discourage sales.
Cash Discounts: Lowers price. Attracts new customers and reduces DSO.
Credit Standards: Restrictive standards tend to reduce sales, but reduce bad debt expense. Fewer bad debts reduce DSO.
Collection Policy: How tough? Restrictive policy will reduce DSO but may damage customer relationships.
9
Accounts Payable: Trade Credit
Trade credit is credit furnished by a firm’s suppliers.
Trade credit is often the largest source of short-term credit, especially for small firms.
Spontaneous, easy to get, but cost can be high.
10
period
deferral
Payables
period
collection
Average
period
conversion
Inventory
CCC
-
+
=
Capital Structure Policy
Chapter 13
Learning Objectives
Understand the difference between business risk and financial risk.
Use the technique of break-even analysis.
Understand capital structure theories.
Business Risk
Business Risk is the variation in the firm’s expected earnings attributable to the industry in which the firm operates.
Determinants of business risk:
The stability of the domestic economy
The exposure to, and stability of, foreign economies
Sensitivity to the business cycle
Competitive pressures in the firm’s industry
Operating Risk
Operating risk is the variation in the firm’s operating earnings that results from firm’s cost structure (mix of fixed and variable operating costs).
Earnings of firms with higher proportion of fixed operating costs are more vulnerable to change in revenues.
5
Operating Lev.
Fundamentals of financial_institutions_powerpointhe22_sinceforum
This document discusses why financial institutions exist and some of the key concepts in financial markets and institutions. It covers transaction costs, asymmetric information including adverse selection and moral hazard, and conflicts of interest. Financial institutions help address issues like transaction costs, information problems, and principal-agent problems. They provide services that help the financial system function more efficiently through economies of scale and scope in producing and applying financial information. However, conflicts can arise when institutions have multiple objectives and competing interests.
The document is a newsletter from the law firm Tharpe & Howell summarizing recent business law developments. It discusses several court cases related to personal guarantees, maintaining corporate separateness, employer liability for cyberbullying, and tenant waivers. It also provides information on new personal guarantee insurance, the proposed Cybersecurity Act of 2012, and vicarious liability when a special relationship exists.
This document provides an overview of workplace health promotion (WHP) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) across 19 European countries. It analyzes general economic and health conditions, current regulations and procedures, and factors that inhibit or promote WHP practices in SMEs. SMEs make up over 99% of companies and employ 77 million people in Europe. However, they have fewer resources for formal OHS programs due to their small size and independent nature. Labor inspections focus on large companies due to limited resources. OHS services and employee representation are also less common in small enterprises.
Tornaritis Law is the contributor from Cyprus for the Euromoney Global Insolvency & Restructuring Review
The 262-page review includes articles on harmonising insolvency law, insolvency and restructuring law reform in the Middle East, restructuring in family-owned companies, effective and efficient resolution of non-performing loans, distressed debt assets, IBA Section on Insolvency, Restructuring and Creditors’ Rights and the work of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and much more.A total of 33 country reports outline insolve
WG Consulting & ZE PowerGroup Lunch and Learn: Presenting a Dodd-Frank Softwa...WG Consulting
During a Lunch and Learn held with one of our esteemed Partners, ZE PowerGroup, our panel of experts discussed the challenges corporations find with Dodd-Frank and presented the software that WG Consulting and ZE PowerGroup built as an answer to those challenges.
This document discusses different aspects of fashion including types of fashion styles, how fashion has changed over time in different parts of the world, and new fashion trends. It covers the main types of fashion as sporty, feminine, dramatic, classic, alluring, and romantic. It also explores how fashion in places like Egypt, Italy, Paris, Africa, Japan, America, and Turkey has evolved from past to present. The document aims to provide a broad overview of global fashion traditions and emerging styles.
Thrombosis occurs when an imbalance in the blood coagulation system causes a blood clot or thrombus to form, blocking blood flow through a vein or artery and posing health risks. A thrombus can detach and lodge in the lungs, causing a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. The normal response that prevents significant blood loss after an injury is called hemostasis, involving platelets, cells, and activation of coagulation factors to form a blood clot.
Credit risk refers to the risk that a borrower will default on any type of debt by failing to make payments which it is obligated to do. The risk is primarily that of the lender and includes lost principal and interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial and can arise in a number of circumstances. For example:
• A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan
• A company is unable to repay amounts secured by a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company
• A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due
• A business does not pay an employee's earned wages when due
• A business or government bond issuer does not make a payment on a coupon or principal payment when due
• An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligation
• An insolvent bank won't return funds to a depositor
• A government grants bankruptcy protection to an insolvent consumer or business.
To reduce the lender's credit risk, the lender may perform a credit check on the prospective borrower, may require the borrower to take out appropriate insurance, such as mortgage insurance or seek security or guarantees of third parties, besides other possible strategies. In general, the higher the risk, the higher will be the interest rate that the debtor will be asked to pay on the debt.
The document discusses issues around directors being disqualified in the UK. It notes that there has been a 25% increase in disqualifications last year, with 1 in 20 directors of insolvent companies being disqualified. It outlines the various ways a director can be disqualified, such as being bankrupt, criminal offenses, or civil court rulings for breaches of conduct. Defences against disqualification are also discussed, such as claiming one was not truly a director or that the conduct was a commercial misjudgment. The length of disqualification orders and factors for mitigating the length are also covered.
The document discusses the benefits of incorporating a real estate investing business in Nevada as a Limited Liability Company (LLC). Key points include:
- Incorporating provides liability protection for owners, protects personal assets, enhances credibility with investors/lenders, and allows access to tax deductions and credits.
- Nevada offers strong liability protection as its corporate veil is rarely pierced. It also has no state taxes which can save substantial money compared to other states.
- Incorporating in Nevada provides privacy protections against the threats of identity theft and lawsuits.
This document discusses the nature and aims of business. It defines business as any lawful economic activity concerned with production and distribution of goods and services for profit. It classifies businesses into three main divisions: commerce, industry, and services. Within each division, there are further classifications. The document also discusses the objectives of business, which primarily include making a profit but may also include other goals like political influence or community involvement.
International BusinessPresentation(By;Zaman).pptxzaman raza
This document discusses risks in international business and factors that influence capital structure decisions for multinational corporations. It begins by outlining various risks like political, regulatory, economic, currency, and cultural risks that companies face when doing business abroad. It then examines methods for valuing capital projects, including payback period, internal rate of return, and net present value. Finally, it analyzes how company characteristics like cash flow stability and credit risk as well as country characteristics like tax laws and currency values influence an MNC's capital structure decisions.
This document discusses types and applications of data warehouses. It describes common types including financial, telecommunications, insurance, and human resources data warehouses. It then provides examples of typical applications that leverage data warehouses like fraud detection, profitability analysis, direct marketing, credit risk prediction, yield management, and inventory management. These applications aim to streamline and maximize profitability for organizations. The document concludes with a recent application in agriculture systems.
The document provides an overview of Kingfisher Airlines and financial distress. It defines key terms like default, bankruptcy, and financial distress. It then describes common responses to financial distress, such as asset restructuring through asset sales or mergers, and financial restructuring like issuing new securities or negotiating with creditors. The document also introduces the Z-score model, developed by Edward Altman, as a statistical technique to predict bankruptcy by analyzing multiple financial ratios combined into a single score. It provides the formulas for the original and modified Z-score models and an example calculation.
Whistleblowing how to manage reputational risks - 8th webinar 16 nov 2017FERMA
Companies need to incorporate whistleblowing procedures into their corporate culture. Whistleblowing is an instrument used to reinforce trust inside the company and to strengthen corporate culture.
It helps to safeguard and uphold tenets such as corporate integrity, anti-corruption, anti-bribery regulations and codes of ethics. It also forms a key means of addressing wrongdoing and dysfunctional behaviour.
The participants were Michel de Fabiani (Non-Executive Director Valeo/Valco/Ebtrans), Kate Kenny (Professor in Management and Organisation Studies at Queen’s University Belfast), Richard Eveleigh (AIG) and Alex Lowe, Senior Associate for Mills & Reeve LLP.
The webinar was moderated by Dr. Roger Barker, Senior Consultant, Institute of Directors, IoD, UK.
The webinar covered:
- How is whistleblowing integrated in the corporate culture? What type of education/training is needed to support the process?
- With the whistleblower phenomenon increasing, institutions have started taking measures to handle it. What are the best practices?
- The role division / allocation between internal auditors, risk managers and board members.
The document discusses several legal factors that affect businesses in their operating environment. These include organizational law, securities law, contract law, consumer protection laws, employee protection laws, health and safety laws, laws regarding termination of employees, immigration laws, and government procurement laws. All of these legal factors play an important role in determining the success of businesses around the world by creating the structure for how businesses can operate and protecting important stakeholders such as consumers, employees, and investors.
D&O insurance policies offer liability cover for company managers to protect them from claims which may arise from the decisions and actions taken within the scope of their regular duties. D&O cover was first conceived in the late 19th century, and after a long period of obscurity has spread rapidly throughout the industrialized world since the 1980s. Such policies cover the personal liability of company directors and officers as individuals, reimbursement of the insured company if it pays a claim on behalf of its managers, and cover for securities claims against publicly listed companies. The document discusses why companies purchase D&O insurance, how D&O cover functions in terms of who and what is covered, and developments in the D&O insurance market globally.
International financial management involves managing finance in an international business environment through foreign currency exchange. The main objective is to maximize shareholder wealth. It includes functions like fund generation, deployment, and risk management of financing and investment decisions. Practitioners require knowledge of factors like exchange rates, interest rates, economic indicators, and political risks across countries. Common international business methods include licensing, franchising, subsidiaries and acquisitions, strategic alliances, and exporting.
The document discusses various objectives and theories of business firms. It outlines that while profit is often seen as the main objective, there are debates around how to define and measure profit. Alternative theories suggest managers may pursue objectives like sales revenue maximization, growth rate maximization, or satisficing behavior. The document also examines debates around profit maximization versus reasonable profit targets and standards.
Working Capital ManagementChapter 15Working Ca.docxdunnramage
Working Capital Management
Chapter 15
Working Capital Terminology
Working capital: current assets.
Net working capital:
current assets - current liabilities.
Net operating working capital:
current assets - (current liabilities - notes payable).
Working capital management:
controlling cash, inventories, and A/R, plus short-term liability management.
2
Working Capital Financing Policies
Aggressive: Use short-term financing to finance permanent assets.
Moderate: Match the maturity of the assets with the maturity of the financing.
Maturity Matching, or “Self-Liquidating”, approach
Conservative: Use permanent capital for permanent assets and temporary assets.
3
Cash Conversion Cycle
The cash conversion cycle focuses on the length of time between when a company makes payments to its creditors and when a company receives payments from its customers.
4
Cash Conversion Cycle
15-5
5
Cash Budget
Forecasts cash inflows, outflows, and ending cash balances.
Used to plan loans needed or funds available to invest.
Can be daily, weekly, or monthly, forecasts.
Monthly for annual planning and daily for actual cash management.
6
Cash and Marketable Securities
Currency
Demand Deposit
Marketable Securities
Inventories
Supplies
Raw materials
Work in process
Finished goods
Accounts Receivable: Credit Policy
Credit Period: How long to pay? Shorter period reduces days sales outstanding (DSO) and average A/R, but it may discourage sales.
Cash Discounts: Lowers price. Attracts new customers and reduces DSO.
Credit Standards: Restrictive standards tend to reduce sales, but reduce bad debt expense. Fewer bad debts reduce DSO.
Collection Policy: How tough? Restrictive policy will reduce DSO but may damage customer relationships.
9
Accounts Payable: Trade Credit
Trade credit is credit furnished by a firm’s suppliers.
Trade credit is often the largest source of short-term credit, especially for small firms.
Spontaneous, easy to get, but cost can be high.
10
period
deferral
Payables
period
collection
Average
period
conversion
Inventory
CCC
-
+
=
Capital Structure Policy
Chapter 13
Learning Objectives
Understand the difference between business risk and financial risk.
Use the technique of break-even analysis.
Understand capital structure theories.
Business Risk
Business Risk is the variation in the firm’s expected earnings attributable to the industry in which the firm operates.
Determinants of business risk:
The stability of the domestic economy
The exposure to, and stability of, foreign economies
Sensitivity to the business cycle
Competitive pressures in the firm’s industry
Operating Risk
Operating risk is the variation in the firm’s operating earnings that results from firm’s cost structure (mix of fixed and variable operating costs).
Earnings of firms with higher proportion of fixed operating costs are more vulnerable to change in revenues.
5
Operating Lev.
Fundamentals of financial_institutions_powerpointhe22_sinceforum
This document discusses why financial institutions exist and some of the key concepts in financial markets and institutions. It covers transaction costs, asymmetric information including adverse selection and moral hazard, and conflicts of interest. Financial institutions help address issues like transaction costs, information problems, and principal-agent problems. They provide services that help the financial system function more efficiently through economies of scale and scope in producing and applying financial information. However, conflicts can arise when institutions have multiple objectives and competing interests.
The document is a newsletter from the law firm Tharpe & Howell summarizing recent business law developments. It discusses several court cases related to personal guarantees, maintaining corporate separateness, employer liability for cyberbullying, and tenant waivers. It also provides information on new personal guarantee insurance, the proposed Cybersecurity Act of 2012, and vicarious liability when a special relationship exists.
This document provides an overview of workplace health promotion (WHP) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) across 19 European countries. It analyzes general economic and health conditions, current regulations and procedures, and factors that inhibit or promote WHP practices in SMEs. SMEs make up over 99% of companies and employ 77 million people in Europe. However, they have fewer resources for formal OHS programs due to their small size and independent nature. Labor inspections focus on large companies due to limited resources. OHS services and employee representation are also less common in small enterprises.
Tornaritis Law is the contributor from Cyprus for the Euromoney Global Insolvency & Restructuring Review
The 262-page review includes articles on harmonising insolvency law, insolvency and restructuring law reform in the Middle East, restructuring in family-owned companies, effective and efficient resolution of non-performing loans, distressed debt assets, IBA Section on Insolvency, Restructuring and Creditors’ Rights and the work of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and much more.A total of 33 country reports outline insolve
WG Consulting & ZE PowerGroup Lunch and Learn: Presenting a Dodd-Frank Softwa...WG Consulting
During a Lunch and Learn held with one of our esteemed Partners, ZE PowerGroup, our panel of experts discussed the challenges corporations find with Dodd-Frank and presented the software that WG Consulting and ZE PowerGroup built as an answer to those challenges.
This document discusses different aspects of fashion including types of fashion styles, how fashion has changed over time in different parts of the world, and new fashion trends. It covers the main types of fashion as sporty, feminine, dramatic, classic, alluring, and romantic. It also explores how fashion in places like Egypt, Italy, Paris, Africa, Japan, America, and Turkey has evolved from past to present. The document aims to provide a broad overview of global fashion traditions and emerging styles.
Thrombosis occurs when an imbalance in the blood coagulation system causes a blood clot or thrombus to form, blocking blood flow through a vein or artery and posing health risks. A thrombus can detach and lodge in the lungs, causing a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. The normal response that prevents significant blood loss after an injury is called hemostasis, involving platelets, cells, and activation of coagulation factors to form a blood clot.
Presntation communication skill for phrmacistyasser maksoud
This document outlines basic communication skills for pharmacists. It discusses setting the stage for communication, establishing relationships with patients, counseling patients, interviewing techniques, educating patients, consulting on nonprescription medications, collaborating with physicians, managing conflicts, and developing writing skills. The document covers key topics such as introducing oneself to patients, asking open-ended questions, demonstrating empathy, and clearly communicating with physicians. The goal is to effectively communicate with patients and colleagues to provide the best possible care.
The document discusses operations management and quality management. It describes key aspects of operations management including designing production systems, managing operations, and continuously improving operations. It also discusses tools for operations decision making like cost-benefit analysis and break-even analysis. Quality management aims to meet customer requirements and involves quality control, assurance, and improvement. Popular quality methods like Six Sigma and its DMAIC process are explained.
This document provides guidance on effectively communicating through business communication and managing change. It discusses best practices for business writing, verbal communication, holding meetings, presentations, and communicating change to employees. The key recommendations are to communicate clearly and concisely, actively listen, get buy-in from others, and explain the reasons for and goals of any changes being made. Effective communication is important for management success.
The document discusses how to deal with conflict, difficult employees, and firing in the workplace. It provides examples of different types of conflicts that may arise, such as personality clashes or disagreements. The document recommends determining the type and severity of conflict and following steps like counseling, verbal warnings, and written warnings to resolve issues. It also gives guidance on handling poor performance, attendance problems, difficult employees who gossip or have a bad attitude, and firing employees when necessary. The overall message is that managers should address conflicts and problems as soon as possible, following proper procedures and documentation.
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Presentation1.ppt lesson 8
1. 12:09 م12:09 م12:09 م12:09 م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoudDR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 11
LESSON 8LESSON 8
BUSINESS BASICS PART I - BUSINESSBUSINESS BASICS PART I - BUSINESS
TYPES, ETHICS AND LAW,TYPES, ETHICS AND LAW,
ECONOMICS, FINANCE ANDECONOMICS, FINANCE AND
ACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING
2. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 2
Business TypesBusiness Types
A business in its most basic form sellsA business in its most basic form sells
aa productproduct or delivers aor delivers a serviceservice
Here are the most common forms toHere are the most common forms to
set up a business organization, withset up a business organization, with
a brief explanation of eacha brief explanation of each::
11--Sole Proprietorship (A businessSole Proprietorship (A business
owned by one personowned by one person((
22--Partnership – (A business owned byPartnership – (A business owned by
two or more individualstwo or more individuals((
3. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 3
33--CorporationCorporation––
A business in which legally the ownersA business in which legally the owners
are not personally liable for theare not personally liable for the
financial obligations of thefinancial obligations of the
business. can also ownbusiness. can also own
stocks. Owners are not personallystocks. Owners are not personally
liable and a corporation is oftenliable and a corporation is often
referred to as a “legal person.” Itreferred to as a “legal person.” It
can use the terms “Inc.”can use the terms “Inc.”
“Incorporated,” or “Company“Incorporated,” or “Company.”.”
4. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 4
44--Limited Liability Company (LLCLimited Liability Company (LLC( -( -
--A business authorized by stateA business authorized by state
law. Although exact characteristics varylaw. Although exact characteristics vary
by state, the most common characteristicsby state, the most common characteristics
of the limited liability company are that itof the limited liability company are that it
hashas::
11..Limited liability, that is, the owners of theLimited liability, that is, the owners of the
company are not liable for more than thecompany are not liable for more than the
capital they have invested in the businesscapital they have invested in the business..
22..Managed by members or managers,Managed by members or managers,
owners can be members or managersowners can be members or managers..
33..Limitations on the transfer of ownershipLimitations on the transfer of ownership..
5. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 5
Business Ethics and LawBusiness Ethics and Law
Using the same moral guidelines youUsing the same moral guidelines you
already follow yourself, knowing thealready follow yourself, knowing the
difference between right and wrong,difference between right and wrong,
also goes for businessalso goes for business
6. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 6
Some business ethics, however, are muchSome business ethics, however, are much
more easily recognizable as beingmore easily recognizable as being
obviously ethically wrong. To name a fewobviously ethically wrong. To name a few::
--Money lost to FraudMoney lost to Fraud
--Money lost to EmbezzlementMoney lost to Embezzlement
--Accuracy of books, records, and expenseAccuracy of books, records, and expense
reportsreports
--Proper use of organizational assetsProper use of organizational assets
--Protecting proprietary informationProtecting proprietary information
--DiscriminationDiscrimination
--LyingLying
--Over chargingOver charging
7. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 7
--Charging for work that was not necessaryCharging for work that was not necessary
--Withholding needed informationWithholding needed information
--Abusive or intimidating behavior toward othersAbusive or intimidating behavior toward others
--Misreporting actual time or hours workedMisreporting actual time or hours worked
--False insurance claimsFalse insurance claims
--Kickbacks and briberyKickbacks and bribery
--Proper exercise of authorityProper exercise of authority
--Theft of business equipment and suppliesTheft of business equipment and supplies
--Trading or accepting goods for unauthorized favorsTrading or accepting goods for unauthorized favors
--Moonlighting, which causes poorer workMoonlighting, which causes poorer work
performanceperformance
--Knowingly ignoring the health and safety ofKnowingly ignoring the health and safety of
employeesemployees
--Sexual harassmentSexual harassment
--Evading someone’s privacyEvading someone’s privacy
8. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 8
Basically, business law governs the rules of conductBasically, business law governs the rules of conduct
of people and organizations in business, and isof people and organizations in business, and is
meant to enforce justice and obligationmeant to enforce justice and obligation..
The major areas of business law areThe major areas of business law are::
11--AntitrustAntitrust––
22--BankruptcyBankruptcy––
33--Business organizationBusiness organization––
44--Consumer protection and product liabilityConsumer protection and product liability
55--ContractsContracts––
66--EmploymentEmployment––
77--Intellectual propertyIntellectual property––
88--Securities regulationSecurities regulation––
9. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 9%
Basic Economics overviewBasic Economics overview
Economics is basically “the study of whatEconomics is basically “the study of what
constitutes rational human behavior in theconstitutes rational human behavior in the
endeavor to fulfill needs and wantsendeavor to fulfill needs and wants.”.”
The foundation of economics isThe foundation of economics is ScarcityScarcity, which, which
refers to the tension between our limitedrefers to the tension between our limited
resources and our unlimited wants and needsresources and our unlimited wants and needs..
SupplySupply is theis the quantityquantity of a product produced andof a product produced and
offered for saleoffered for sale..
DemandDemand is based onis based on price.price. The law of demand isThe law of demand is
basically; the higher the price, the lower thebasically; the higher the price, the lower the
quantity demanded, and the lower the price, thequantity demanded, and the lower the price, the
higher the quantity demandedhigher the quantity demanded..
10. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 10
The optimal is to have equilibriumThe optimal is to have equilibrium
where the price point for thewhere the price point for the
quantity supplied is in balance withquantity supplied is in balance with
the quantity demandedthe quantity demanded..
EquilibriumEquilibrium. This means that the. This means that the
quantity demanded equals thequantity demanded equals the
quantity suppliedquantity supplied..
11. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 11
Two branches of economicsTwo branches of economics
11--Microeconomics:- is the study of the decisions ofMicroeconomics:- is the study of the decisions of
individuals, households, and businesses inindividuals, households, and businesses in
specific marketsspecific markets,,
focuses on supply and demand and other forcesfocuses on supply and demand and other forces
that determine the price levels seen in thethat determine the price levels seen in the
economyeconomy..
22--Macroeconomics:- is the study of the overallMacroeconomics:- is the study of the overall
functioning of an economy such as basicfunctioning of an economy such as basic
economic growth, unemployment, recession,economic growth, unemployment, recession,
depression, or inflation.depression, or inflation. focuses on the nationalfocuses on the national
economy as a whole and provides a basiceconomy as a whole and provides a basic
knowledge of how things work in the businessknowledge of how things work in the business
worldworld,,
12. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 12
The way we usually measure the size of anThe way we usually measure the size of an
economy is byeconomy is by:-:-
Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product orGDP. GDP is theorGDP. GDP is the
value of all the goods and servicesvalue of all the goods and services
produced within our borders in one yearproduced within our borders in one year..
··GDP = C + I + G + (Ex – IM). C is forGDP = C + I + G + (Ex – IM). C is for
Consumption (household spending), I isConsumption (household spending), I is
for Investments (business spending), G isfor Investments (business spending), G is
for government (federal, state and localfor government (federal, state and local
spending). Ex is for Export (goodsspending). Ex is for Export (goods
shipped out of the country that madeshipped out of the country that made
them) and Im is for Import (goodsthem) and Im is for Import (goods
shipped into the country that outsideshipped into the country that outside
countries madecountries made(.(.
13. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 13
The Federal Reserve, also known as “theThe Federal Reserve, also known as “the
Fed,” controls the money supply. It is theFed,” controls the money supply. It is the
central banking systemcentral banking system..
--The Fed manages two kinds of economicThe Fed manages two kinds of economic
policypolicy::
11--Fiscal policyFiscal policy:- which is the spending and:- which is the spending and
taxation to stimulate or “cool” thetaxation to stimulate or “cool” the
economy by adjusting taxes and spendingeconomy by adjusting taxes and spending..
22--Monetary policy:-Monetary policy:- which uses interestwhich uses interest
rates, purchases, and sales of governmentrates, purchases, and sales of government
securities to heat or cool the economysecurities to heat or cool the economy..
14. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 14
Here are some more economic terms, andHere are some more economic terms, and
key economic indicators or trends, whichkey economic indicators or trends, which
are commonly usedare commonly used::
11--BubbleBubble––
22--Business cycleBusiness cycle--
33--CapitalismCapitalism––
44--Consumer ConfidenceConsumer Confidence––
55--DepreciationDepreciation--
66--DepressionDepression––
77--Housing StartsHousing Starts––
88--InflationInflation--
15. 12:09%م12:09%م DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 15
99--Pareto principle (also known as thePareto principle (also known as the
80-20 rule80-20 rule( –( –
1010--Prime RatePrime Rate––
1111--RecessionRecession--
1212--SecuritiesSecurities––
1313--Stock marketStock market––
1414--Unemployment rateUnemployment rate--
1515--Venture Capital (VCVenture Capital (VC( –( –
1616--YieldYield––
16. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 16
Corporate Finance OverviewCorporate Finance Overview
Finance analyzes the health and growth of aFinance analyzes the health and growth of a
company, manages the company’s cash,company, manages the company’s cash,
and deals with banksand deals with banks..
-)-)Chief Financial Officer) CFO who overseesChief Financial Officer) CFO who oversees
the finance department, which normallythe finance department, which normally
consists of a controller, managerialconsists of a controller, managerial
accountant and/or general ledgeraccountant and/or general ledger
accountantaccountant..
17. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 17
Some more detailed responsibilities ofSome more detailed responsibilities of
corporate finance arecorporate finance are::
11--Cash flow budgeting and working capitalCash flow budgeting and working capital
management, which ismanagement, which is managing themanaging the
relationship between a firm's short-termrelationship between a firm's short-term
assets and its short-term liabilities.assets and its short-term liabilities.
““current assets minus current liabilitiescurrent assets minus current liabilities.”.”
22--Comparing alternative proposalsComparing alternative proposals..
33--Forecasting and risk analysisForecasting and risk analysis..
44--Raise and manage its capitalRaise and manage its capital::
18. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 18
55--Allocations of funds to long-term capitalAllocations of funds to long-term capital
investments vs. optimize short-term cash flowinvestments vs. optimize short-term cash flow..
66--Dividend policyDividend policy..
77--The risk-return framework and the identificationThe risk-return framework and the identification
of the asset appropriate discount rateof the asset appropriate discount rate..
88--Valuation of assets. Discounting of relevant cashValuation of assets. Discounting of relevant cash
flows, relative valuation, and contingent claimflows, relative valuation, and contingent claim
valuationvaluation..
99--The optimum allocation of funds. What to investThe optimum allocation of funds. What to invest
in? How much to invest? When to investin? How much to invest? When to invest??
1010--How much money will be needed at variousHow much money will be needed at various
points in the future? How will it be fundedpoints in the future? How will it be funded??
1111--Identification of required expenditure of a publicIdentification of required expenditure of a public
sector entitysector entity..
1212--Source of that entity's revenueSource of that entity's revenue..
19. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 19Å
Financial Accounting and ManagerialFinancial Accounting and Managerial
AccountingAccounting
Accounting provides the reliable andAccounting provides the reliable and
relevant financial information useful inrelevant financial information useful in
making decisionsmaking decisions..
Financial Accounting provides informationFinancial Accounting provides information
for external parties who are interested infor external parties who are interested in
the company’s accounting informationthe company’s accounting information..
Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles
(GAAP) is the common standards that(GAAP) is the common standards that
indicate how to report economic eventsindicate how to report economic events..
20. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 20
Managerial Accounting provides accountingManagerial Accounting provides accounting
information to internal parties for profitinformation to internal parties for profit
planning and budgeting, costs of anplanning and budgeting, costs of an
organizations products and services, andorganizations products and services, and
performance reports such as budget vs.performance reports such as budget vs.
actual resultsactual results..
Managerial Accounting focuses on theManagerial Accounting focuses on the
future, rather than reporting on the pastfuture, rather than reporting on the past..
CostingCosting is also a major part of managerialis also a major part of managerial
accountingaccounting..
----Direct materials or raw materialsDirect materials or raw materials
----Direct Labor costsDirect Labor costs
----Manufacturing overheadManufacturing overhead
21. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 21
Financial Statements: The Balance SheetFinancial Statements: The Balance Sheet
The balance sheet is often described as aThe balance sheet is often described as a
“Snapshot” of the current company’s“Snapshot” of the current company’s
financial condition on a certain date. Itfinancial condition on a certain date. It
shows the “Assets” on the left, or top, ofshows the “Assets” on the left, or top, of
the balance sheet, and the “Liabilities andthe balance sheet, and the “Liabilities and
Owners Equity” on the right, or bottom.Owners Equity” on the right, or bottom.
The Assets must balance out with theThe Assets must balance out with the
Liabilities and Owners Equity. Assets areLiabilities and Owners Equity. Assets are
what a company owns, such as equipment,what a company owns, such as equipment,
buildings and inventory.buildings and inventory.
The formula is Assets = Liabilities +The formula is Assets = Liabilities +
Owners’ Equity.Owners’ Equity.
22. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 22
ASSETS – which is everything the companyASSETS – which is everything the company
ownsowns..
Here are the most common types of assetsHere are the most common types of assets::
11--Cash, both in checking and savings alongCash, both in checking and savings along
with petty cashwith petty cash..
22--Marketable Securities, which are short-Marketable Securities, which are short-
term investments, like U.S. Governmentterm investments, like U.S. Government
securities or the commercial paper ofsecurities or the commercial paper of
other firmsother firms..
33--Accounts Receivable, which is money owedAccounts Receivable, which is money owed
to the company by its customers, usuallyto the company by its customers, usually
within 10 to 60 dayswithin 10 to 60 days..
44--Notes Receivable, which is money dueNotes Receivable, which is money due
from debtorsfrom debtors..
23. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 23
55--Inventory:-which is the goods for sale toInventory:-which is the goods for sale to
customers, or goods in the manufacturingcustomers, or goods in the manufacturing
processprocess------
··The inventory for aThe inventory for a ManufacturerManufacturer wouldwould
be the raw materials to make its productsbe the raw materials to make its products,,
··The inventory for aThe inventory for a RetailerRetailer would bewould be
just the finished goodsjust the finished goods..
··The inventory for aThe inventory for a ServiceService companycompany
would have little to no inventory on theirwould have little to no inventory on their
balance sheet due to the nature of thebalance sheet due to the nature of the
businessbusiness..
..
24. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 24
66--LongLong--Term Assets or Tangibles also knownTerm Assets or Tangibles also known
as “Fixed Assetsas “Fixed Assets.”.” The land, buildings,The land, buildings,
factories, and warehouses, including thefactories, and warehouses, including the
machinery, furniture, computers, andmachinery, furniture, computers, and
fixtures that are owned by the companyfixtures that are owned by the company..
------Accumulated depreciation is a way toAccumulated depreciation is a way to
allocate, which means assigning, the costallocate, which means assigning, the cost
of a fixed asset with a life of over oneof a fixed asset with a life of over one
yearyear.. The cost of the asset is chargedThe cost of the asset is charged
against income over the life of the assetagainst income over the life of the asset
rather than all in one yearrather than all in one year.. This is alsoThis is also
known as a “contra account,” which inknown as a “contra account,” which in
essence carries a minus signessence carries a minus sign..
25. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 25
77--Intangible Assets-which are nonIntangible Assets-which are non--physicalphysical
products likeproducts like patentspatents,, which are exclusive legalwhich are exclusive legal
rights granted to an investor for a period of 17rights granted to an investor for a period of 17
yearsyears,,trademarkstrademarks,, which are distinctive names orwhich are distinctive names or
symbols granted for 28 years with option forsymbols granted for 28 years with option for
renewalrenewal,, goodwillgoodwill,, which is the amount of moneywhich is the amount of money
paid for the asset above the value it was assignedpaid for the asset above the value it was assigned
by the previous owner, andby the previous owner, and copyrightscopyrights,, which is awhich is a
form of intellectual property that gives theform of intellectual property that gives the
creator of an original work exclusive rights for acreator of an original work exclusive rights for a
certain time periodcertain time period
8-Investments, Prepayments and Deferred Charges,8-Investments, Prepayments and Deferred Charges,
which is monies already spent, that will yieldwhich is monies already spent, that will yield
benefits in upcoming years like insurancebenefits in upcoming years like insurance
coverage, rent, etccoverage, rent, etc..
26. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 26
LIABILITIESLIABILITIES –– which is everything thewhich is everything the
company owes, mostly to suppliers andcompany owes, mostly to suppliers and
creditorscreditors.. Current liabilities are thoseCurrent liabilities are those
payable within a year of the date of thepayable within a year of the date of the
balance sheet. Types----------balance sheet. Types----------
1-Long-term debt which is the debt due1-Long-term debt which is the debt due
after one year of the date of the balanceafter one year of the date of the balance
sheet.sheet.
2-Notes Payable which are short-term2-Notes Payable which are short-term
borrowings that are payable within theborrowings that are payable within the
year. It is a promissory note, which isyear. It is a promissory note, which is
basically a written promise to pay.basically a written promise to pay.
3-Accounts Payable, which is the amount3-Accounts Payable, which is the amount
the company owes to suppliers.the company owes to suppliers.
27. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 27
4-Federal income taxes-and when applicable4-Federal income taxes-and when applicable
city and state taxescity and state taxes. ,. ,
5-Accrued Expenses Payable, which is all5-Accrued Expenses Payable, which is all
other monies, owed at the time of creatingother monies, owed at the time of creating
the balance sheet including employees,the balance sheet including employees,
contractors, utilities, etccontractors, utilities, etc..
6-I6-I..ee.. Current portion of longCurrent portion of long--term debtterm debt
which is the amount due within a yearwhich is the amount due within a year
from the date of the balance sheetfrom the date of the balance sheet.. ThisThis
would be considered a current liabilitywould be considered a current liability
28. 12:09Åم12:09Åم DR/Ysser Abd elmaksoud 28
77--Notes Payable-which are non currentNotes Payable-which are non current ((duedue
after 12 monthsafter 12 months)) borrowingsborrowings.. It is aIt is a
promissory note, which is basically apromissory note, which is basically a
written promise to paywritten promise to pay
8-Bonds payable-which is the obligation due8-Bonds payable-which is the obligation due
on maturity of bonds.on maturity of bonds.
9-Pension obligations, -which is the liability9-Pension obligations, -which is the liability
for future pension benefits due tofor future pension benefits due to
employees.employees.
10-Deferred Taxes -which are the longer-10-Deferred Taxes -which are the longer-
term tax obligations that have beenterm tax obligations that have been
deferred to some future period.deferred to some future period.
11-Minority interest, -which is the11-Minority interest, -which is the
ownership of minority shareholders in theownership of minority shareholders in the
equity of consolidated subsidiaries.equity of consolidated subsidiaries. ..
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OWNERS' EQUITY (also known as Stockholders’OWNERS' EQUITY (also known as Stockholders’
Equity - when applicable) –Equity - when applicable) –
which is the amount left over for the company’swhich is the amount left over for the company’s
owners after the liabilities are subtracted fromowners after the liabilities are subtracted from
the assetsthe assets..
The formula is “Assets – Liabilities = OwnersThe formula is “Assets – Liabilities = Owners
Equity.” This is also referred to as “NetEquity.” This is also referred to as “Net
Worth.” If the company is incorporated, they canWorth.” If the company is incorporated, they can
issue stock. Stocks represent ownership in aissue stock. Stocks represent ownership in a
corporation.corporation.
1-Preferred Stock, which is a type of stock that1-Preferred Stock, which is a type of stock that
pays a dividend. It is a payment from profit madepays a dividend. It is a payment from profit made
to stockholders out of the company’s income at ato stockholders out of the company’s income at a
specific rate, regardless on how the companyspecific rate, regardless on how the company
performs.performs.
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22--Common StockCommon Stock
which the owners have voting rights, but do notwhich the owners have voting rights, but do not
receive dividends at a fixed pricereceive dividends at a fixed price.. The value ofThe value of
the stock can rise or fallthe stock can rise or fall
33--Capital SurplusCapital Surplus
also known as “additional paidalso known as “additional paid--in capital,” is thein capital,” is the
amount paid to the company in excess of the paramount paid to the company in excess of the par
valuevalue
44--Retained EarningsRetained Earnings,,
which is money reinvested into the company andwhich is money reinvested into the company and
becomes part of the capital that finances thebecomes part of the capital that finances the
companycompany..
55--Treasury stockTreasury stock,,
which is stock in the company that has beenwhich is stock in the company that has been
repurchased and not retiredrepurchased and not retired..
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As you can see, the “Total Assets” for eachAs you can see, the “Total Assets” for each
year equaled the “Total Liabilitiesyear equaled the “Total Liabilities
EquityEquity.”.” It is called a “Balance Sheet”It is called a “Balance Sheet”
because it has to balancebecause it has to balance.. Each dollarEach dollar
value was a “Snapvalue was a “Snap--Shot” on the date ofShot” on the date of
the financial statementthe financial statement.. Assets are inAssets are in
order of their liquidity and how fast theyorder of their liquidity and how fast they
can be converted into cashcan be converted into cash.. CurrentCurrent
assets are expected to be liquidated withinassets are expected to be liquidated within
one year of the date of the Balanceone year of the date of the Balance
SheetSheet.. Liabilities and Equity are in orderLiabilities and Equity are in order
in which they are to be paidin which they are to be paid.. CurrentCurrent
Liabilities are payable within oneLiabilities are payable within one
yearyear.. Also, as you can see, there are twoAlso, as you can see, there are two
years of figures on the balance sheet foryears of figures on the balance sheet for
comparison and trending purposescomparison and trending purposes..
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ProportionProportion::
Your company’s financial reports revealYour company’s financial reports reveal
interesting and important information oninteresting and important information on
the proportion of physical assetsthe proportion of physical assets ((plantplant
and equipmentand equipment)) versus cash flowversus cash flow
DirectionDirection::
A general sense of a company’s directionA general sense of a company’s direction
can be assessed from its financialcan be assessed from its financial
statements.statements.
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Financial Statements: TheFinancial Statements: The
Income StatementIncome Statement
Income statements show the results of a company’sIncome statements show the results of a company’s
operations, which are usually given quarterly oroperations, which are usually given quarterly or
by fiscal year The Income Statement is alsoby fiscal year The Income Statement is also
known as the “Profit Loss” statement orknown as the “Profit Loss” statement or
“PL.” Simply put, the formula is: “Revenue –“PL.” Simply put, the formula is: “Revenue –
Expenses = Income.” The easiest and bestExpenses = Income.” The easiest and best
scenario is,scenario is,
The income statement gives you the “Net Income,”The income statement gives you the “Net Income,”
also known as “The Bottom Line,” after all costsalso known as “The Bottom Line,” after all costs
and expenses have been subtracted from alland expenses have been subtracted from all
possible income including total sales, interestpossible income including total sales, interest
earned on investments, and sale of a non-tangibleearned on investments, and sale of a non-tangible
item like a patent.item like a patent.
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Here is a brief explanation of the type ofHere is a brief explanation of the type of
accounts associated with a commonaccounts associated with a common
Income StatementIncome Statement::
11--Revenues – also called “Sales, “SalesRevenues – also called “Sales, “Sales
Revenue,” or “Sales of Goods orRevenue,” or “Sales of Goods or
Services.” It is also known as the “TopServices.” It is also known as the “Top
Line.” It is the amount of money theLine.” It is the amount of money the
company made, before any expenses, oncompany made, before any expenses, on
its operationsits operations..
22--Cost of Goods Sold – also known as, andCost of Goods Sold – also known as, and
pronounced, “COGS” or “Cost of Sales” –pronounced, “COGS” or “Cost of Sales” –
These are direct costs or direct expensesThese are direct costs or direct expenses
because they are directly associated withbecause they are directly associated with
making what the company sells (i.e.making what the company sells (i.e.
manufacturermanufacturer(,(,
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33--Gross Income – also called “GrossGross Income – also called “Gross
Profit.” It is the money the companyProfit.” It is the money the company
earns on its sales before SGAearns on its sales before SGA..
44--Selling, General, and AdministrativeSelling, General, and Administrative
Expense also known as “SGA” – – It isExpense also known as “SGA” – – It is
the salary of the sales peoplethe salary of the sales people
55--Operating Income Before Depreciation -Operating Income Before Depreciation -
This is gross income or gross profit minusThis is gross income or gross profit minus
SGA. This is also the EBITDASGA. This is also the EBITDA
number. For more information on EBITDAnumber. For more information on EBITDA
66--Depreciation Expense – This is the amountDepreciation Expense – This is the amount
of depreciation charged against salesof depreciation charged against sales
during the periodduring the period..
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77--Operating Income – Gross income minusOperating Income – Gross income minus
SGA gives you the operating income. ThisSGA gives you the operating income. This
is also considered EBIT or operating profitis also considered EBIT or operating profit..
88--Interest Expense – This item reflects theInterest Expense – This item reflects the
costs of a company's borrowingscosts of a company's borrowings..
99--Non-operating Income – An example ofNon-operating Income – An example of
this would be money won from a lawsuitthis would be money won from a lawsuit..
1010--Non-operating Expenses – This could beNon-operating Expenses – This could be
the cost of litigation or settlements paid inthe cost of litigation or settlements paid in
lawsuits, closing down a division, etclawsuits, closing down a division, etc..
1111--Pre-Tax Accounting Income – Also knownPre-Tax Accounting Income – Also known
as “Income Before Taxes.” This is theas “Income Before Taxes.” This is the
income before taxesincome before taxes..
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1212--Provision for Income Taxes – Taxes thatProvision for Income Taxes – Taxes that
will be charged against the income in thiswill be charged against the income in this
period, even if they have not been paid inperiod, even if they have not been paid in
this period. This will be the income taxthis period. This will be the income tax
charged to income for the periodcharged to income for the period..
1313--Income before Extraordinary Items – ThisIncome before Extraordinary Items – This
is the pre-tax minus income taxis the pre-tax minus income tax..
1414--Preferred Stock Dividends - Each share ofPreferred Stock Dividends - Each share of
preferred stock is normally paid apreferred stock is normally paid a
guaranteed, relatively high dividend andguaranteed, relatively high dividend and
has first dibs over common stock at thehas first dibs over common stock at the
company's assets in the event ofcompany's assets in the event of
bankruptcybankruptcy..
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1515--Net Income Available to CommonNet Income Available to Common
Stockholders - The net income applicableStockholders - The net income applicable
to common shares figure is the bottom-to common shares figure is the bottom-
line profit the company reportedline profit the company reported..
1616--Extraordinary items - Are events thatExtraordinary items - Are events that
occur infrequently and are unusualoccur infrequently and are unusual..
1717--Discontinued operations - Occur when aDiscontinued operations - Occur when a
significant segment of a business has beensignificant segment of a business has been
identified for disposalidentified for disposal
1818--Net Income or (Loss) – This is also knownNet Income or (Loss) – This is also known
as, “The Bottom Line.” Net income isas, “The Bottom Line.” Net income is
what’s left after subtracting the COGS,what’s left after subtracting the COGS,
SGA, and all the rest of the expenses andSGA, and all the rest of the expenses and
taxes on the income statementtaxes on the income statement..
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1919--Earnings Per Share (EPS) - This is NetEarnings Per Share (EPS) - This is Net
income remaining for stockholders ÷income remaining for stockholders ÷
Common shares outstanding, alsoCommon shares outstanding, also
considered part of the bottom lineconsidered part of the bottom line..
Income statements are like a managementIncome statements are like a management
report card. It lets you investigate wherereport card. It lets you investigate where
sales are rising or falling, whether costssales are rising or falling, whether costs
are rising or falling faster or slower thanare rising or falling faster or slower than
sales, if interests expense is rising orsales, if interests expense is rising or
falling year to year, of if there were anyfalling year to year, of if there were any
extraordinary changes, etcextraordinary changes, etc..
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Financial Analysis Tools - RatiosFinancial Analysis Tools - Ratios
Financial ratios are used to show theFinancial ratios are used to show the
relationship of two financialrelationship of two financial
statement accounts to measure astatement accounts to measure a
company’s performance, andcompany’s performance, and
whether it is creditworthywhether it is creditworthy..
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LIQUIDITY RATIOSLIQUIDITY RATIOS
11--Liquidity ratios demonstrate a company's abilityLiquidity ratios demonstrate a company's ability
to pay its current obligationsto pay its current obligations..
Current ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current LiabilitiesCurrent ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
22--Quick ratio (acid test)Quick ratio (acid test) == Quick AssetsQuick Assets (cash +(cash +
marketable securities + receivables)marketable securities + receivables) ÷ Current÷ Current
LiabilitiesLiabilities::
33--Accounts Receivables Turnover = NetAccounts Receivables Turnover = Net
Sales ÷ Accounts ReceivableSales ÷ Accounts Receivable
44--Annual Inventory TurnoverAnnual Inventory Turnover == COGS for the Year ÷COGS for the Year ÷
Average Inventory BalanceAverage Inventory Balance::
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LEVERAGE RATIOSLEVERAGE RATIOS
Leverage Ratios are used to understand aLeverage Ratios are used to understand a
company's ability to meet it long termcompany's ability to meet it long term
financial obligationsfinancial obligations..
11--Debt-to-Equity ratio = Total LiabilitiesDebt-to-Equity ratio = Total Liabilities ÷÷
Total OwnersTotal Owners''
Equity:Equity: ThisThis indicates what proportion ofindicates what proportion of
debt (trade credit, liabilities, anddebt (trade credit, liabilities, and
borrowings) and equity (shareholdersborrowings) and equity (shareholders
purchased stock and earnings reinvestedpurchased stock and earnings reinvested
into the company rather than taken asinto the company rather than taken as
dividends) that the company is using todividends) that the company is using to
finance its assetsfinance its assets..
22--Debt ratio = Long Term Debt ÷ TotalDebt ratio = Long Term Debt ÷ Total
AssetsAssets::
33--Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (orEarnings Before Interest and Taxes (or
EBIT, pronounced e-bitEBIT, pronounced e-bit)) = Revenue -= Revenue -
Operating Expenses or OPEXOperating Expenses or OPEX::
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44--Times Interest Earned (TIE)Times Interest Earned (TIE)
RatioRatio == Earnings Before Interest andEarnings Before Interest and
Taxes (EBIT or Operating Income) ÷Taxes (EBIT or Operating Income) ÷
Interest ExpenseInterest Expense::
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PROFITABILITY RATIOSPROFITABILITY RATIOS
Profitability Ratios are used to assess a business'sProfitability Ratios are used to assess a business's
ability to generate earnings as compared to itsability to generate earnings as compared to its
expenses and other relevant costs incurredexpenses and other relevant costs incurred
during a specific period of timeduring a specific period of time..
11--Gross MarginGross Margin == Gross Income ÷ Net SalesGross Income ÷ Net Sales
(Revenue): Also known as Gross profit(Revenue): Also known as Gross profit..
22--Operating Margin = Operating Income (aka EBIT)Operating Margin = Operating Income (aka EBIT)
÷ Net Sales (Revenue÷ Net Sales (Revenue(:(:
33--Net Margin = Net Income ÷ Net SalesNet Margin = Net Income ÷ Net Sales
(Revenue): Also known as Net profitability(Revenue): Also known as Net profitability..
44--Asset TurnoverAsset Turnover == Net Sales (Revenue) ÷ TotalNet Sales (Revenue) ÷ Total
AssetsAssets
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55--Return on assets (ROA)Return on assets (ROA) == Net Income ÷Net Income ÷
Total AssetsTotal Assets
66--Return on investment (ROI)Return on investment (ROI) == Net IncomeNet Income
÷ Owners' Equity÷ Owners' Equity::
By calculating ratios, you can find patternsBy calculating ratios, you can find patterns
like is the company generating cash? Islike is the company generating cash? Is
the liquidity strong? Does the companythe liquidity strong? Does the company
have too much debt or too manyhave too much debt or too many
assets? Is it growing the assets fasterassets? Is it growing the assets faster
than sales? Are the margins weak orthan sales? Are the margins weak or
strong? How do the ratios compare to thestrong? How do the ratios compare to the
last couple of years, etclast couple of years, etc??
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Some other ratios that investors look at areSome other ratios that investors look at are::
11--Earnings Per Share (EPS) = Net incomeEarnings Per Share (EPS) = Net income
remaining for stockholders ÷ Commonremaining for stockholders ÷ Common
shares outstanding (also considered partshares outstanding (also considered part
of the bottom lineof the bottom line(. (.
22--Price Earning Ratio (PE) = Market price ÷Price Earning Ratio (PE) = Market price ÷
Earnings per shareEarnings per share
33--Dividend Payout Ratio = Dividends perDividend Payout Ratio = Dividends per
share ÷ Earnings per shareshare ÷ Earnings per share
44--Dividend Yield Ratio = Dividends per shareDividend Yield Ratio = Dividends per share
÷ Current market price÷ Current market price
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What is the Cash Flow Statement?What is the Cash Flow Statement?
The cash flow statement is a measure ofThe cash flow statement is a measure of
a company's financial healtha company's financial health. .
11--Cash flows from operating activitiesCash flows from operating activities. .
22--Cash flows from investing activitiesCash flows from investing activities. .
33--Cash flows from financing activitiesCash flows from financing activities. .
Cash for purposes of the cash flowCash for purposes of the cash flow
statement normally includes cash and cashstatement normally includes cash and cash
equivalentsequivalents. .
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Accounting and the AccountantAccounting and the Accountant
Accounting keeps track of the flow of money byAccounting keeps track of the flow of money by
keeping financial records of sales, expenses,keeping financial records of sales, expenses,
receipts, and disbursements of cash, includingreceipts, and disbursements of cash, including
calculating the taxes the company owes.calculating the taxes the company owes.
the controller of the accountant are:the controller of the accountant are:
· · Accounts Receivable, which tracks the moneyAccounts Receivable, which tracks the money
the company is owed and paidthe company is owed and paid..
· · Accounts Payable, which tracks expendituresAccounts Payable, which tracks expenditures
and authorizes checks to be cut to pay bills toand authorizes checks to be cut to pay bills to
supplierssuppliers..
· · Payroll, which ensures employees get paidPayroll, which ensures employees get paid..
· · Credit, decides just how much credit will beCredit, decides just how much credit will be
extended to a customerextended to a customer. .
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These two entries offset each other andThese two entries offset each other and
keep the books in balancekeep the books in balance::
The debit representsThe debit represents::
An increase in an asset accountAn increase in an asset account..
A decrease in a liability accountA decrease in a liability account..
A decrease in a revenue accountA decrease in a revenue account..
An increase in an expense accountAn increase in an expense account..
The credit representsThe credit represents::
A decrease in an asset accountA decrease in an asset account..
An increase in a liability or owners equityAn increase in a liability or owners equity
accountaccount..
An increase in a revenue accountAn increase in a revenue account..
A decrease in an expense accountA decrease in an expense account..
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Accounting for Inventory and DepreciationAccounting for Inventory and Depreciation
Inventory is defined as assets that areInventory is defined as assets that are
intended for sale, are in process of beingintended for sale, are in process of being
produced for sale, or are to be used inproduced for sale, or are to be used in
producing goodsproducing goods. .
Counting inventory is done in two waysCounting inventory is done in two ways: :
11--TheThe Periodic methodPeriodic method, which is a physical, which is a physical
count daily, weekly, monthly or yearlycount daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, ,
22--Perpetual inventoryPerpetual inventory methodmethod, which adjusts, which adjusts
inventory with each transaction throughinventory with each transaction through
computerized software, such as Fishbowlcomputerized software, such as Fishbowl
inventoryinventory..
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The following equation expresses how a company'sThe following equation expresses how a company's
inventory is determinedinventory is determined::
Beginning Inventory + Net Purchases - Cost ofBeginning Inventory + Net Purchases - Cost of
Goods Sold (COGS) = Ending InventoryGoods Sold (COGS) = Ending Inventory
Beginning Inventory + Net Purchases - EndingBeginning Inventory + Net Purchases - Ending
Inventory = Cost of Goods SoldInventory = Cost of Goods Sold
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FIFO, LIFO and Average CostingFIFO, LIFO and Average Costing
MethodMethod
These are three of the most common methods ofThese are three of the most common methods of
accounting for inventoriesaccounting for inventories. .
11--FIFO (First in, First out. Pronounced fife-oh) - TheFIFO (First in, First out. Pronounced fife-oh) - The
company assumes that the first item making itscompany assumes that the first item making its
way into inventory is the first soldway into inventory is the first sold. .
22--LIFO (Last in, First out. Pronounced life-oh) -LIFO (Last in, First out. Pronounced life-oh) -
The company assumes that the last item makingThe company assumes that the last item making
its way into inventory, or most recent, is assumedits way into inventory, or most recent, is assumed
to be sold firstto be sold first..
33--Average Costing Method – This is used when COGSAverage Costing Method – This is used when COGS
fluctuate frequently throughout the yearfluctuate frequently throughout the year. .
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Accounting for depreciation deals with adjustmentsAccounting for depreciation deals with adjustments
that are made to company profits once a month,that are made to company profits once a month,
or once a year, to account for expenses such asor once a year, to account for expenses such as
depreciation and amortizationdepreciation and amortization. .
11--Straight-line depreciation = Cost of asset ÷Straight-line depreciation = Cost of asset ÷
asset’s years of lifeasset’s years of life..
22--Double declining balance = Book value of theDouble declining balance = Book value of the
asset times twice the straight-line rateasset times twice the straight-line rate..
33--Sum of the year’s digits is a method of calculatingSum of the year’s digits is a method of calculating
depreciation of an asset that assumes higherdepreciation of an asset that assumes higher
depreciation charges and greater tax benefits indepreciation charges and greater tax benefits in
the early years of an asset's lifethe early years of an asset's life..
44--MACRS (Modified Asset Cost Recovery System) isMACRS (Modified Asset Cost Recovery System) is
the new accelerated cost recovery system,the new accelerated cost recovery system,
created after the release of the Tax Reform Act ofcreated after the release of the Tax Reform Act of
1986, which allows for greater accelerated1986, which allows for greater accelerated
depreciation over longer time periodsdepreciation over longer time periods. .
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Setting up a budget for your departmentSetting up a budget for your department
Every manager needs to know what costs areEvery manager needs to know what costs are
associated with their department, and how inassociated with their department, and how in
relation are they doing to that budget.relation are they doing to that budget.
Budgets need to be realistic.Budgets need to be realistic.
There are basically two types of budgets, a capitalThere are basically two types of budgets, a capital
expenditure budget and operating budget:expenditure budget and operating budget:
1-Capital expenditure (also known as “Capex”)1-Capital expenditure (also known as “Capex”)
relates to costs associated with plant andrelates to costs associated with plant and
equipment.equipment.
2-Operating budget, which is related to the normal2-Operating budget, which is related to the normal
day-to-day operations and expenditures such asday-to-day operations and expenditures such as
payroll, supplies, and miscellaneous.payroll, supplies, and miscellaneous.
·· Sales budgetSales budget ------------------Expense budgetExpense budget
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. . Finance acts as a middleman betweenFinance acts as a middleman between
department heads and upper-managementdepartment heads and upper-management
when it comes to budgetswhen it comes to budgets..
The two issues that stand out the most areThe two issues that stand out the most are
overtime and flight costs.overtime and flight costs.
The two issues that stand out the most areThe two issues that stand out the most are
overtime and flight costs.overtime and flight costs.
The way you set up your department shouldThe way you set up your department should
help greatly in justifying certain requests,help greatly in justifying certain requests,
such as raises based on skill levels,such as raises based on skill levels,
materials to streamline process, andmaterials to streamline process, and
trending data that shows the need fortrending data that shows the need for
more staff throughout the year.more staff throughout the year.
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Quick Lesson SummaryQuick Lesson Summary
1-Four of the most common business1-Four of the most common business
types are: Sole Proprietorship,types are: Sole Proprietorship,
Partnership, Corporation, and LLC’s.Partnership, Corporation, and LLC’s.
2-2-Always practice good businessAlways practice good business
ethics and you should never get intoethics and you should never get into
any trouble.any trouble.
3-3-Knowing some of the mostKnowing some of the most
common economics terms, andcommon economics terms, and
economy basics, can help youeconomy basics, can help you
understand the effect it can have onunderstand the effect it can have on
your company.your company.
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44--There will be times when you are in anThere will be times when you are in an
upper management meeting, or listeningupper management meeting, or listening
to a company wide CEO conference call,to a company wide CEO conference call,
where many financial terms are used. Youwhere many financial terms are used. You
should know and understand the mostshould know and understand the most
commonly used terms and theory likecommonly used terms and theory like
EBIT, EBITDA, Margins, ROI and BottomEBIT, EBITDA, Margins, ROI and Bottom
lineline. .
55--Know how finance and accountingKnow how finance and accounting
practices are associated with your yearlypractices are associated with your yearly
budgetbudget