This document describes a student project to detect object movement using a webcam. The project uses Python and OpenCV libraries. Key steps include capturing video frames, comparing frames to detect differences indicating movement, and highlighting the moving regions. The project aims to build a low-cost motion detection system for home users. It analyzes image frames to detect movement and displays the regions in separate color, gray, delta, and threshold frames for clear understanding.

1. .
DEPARTMENT
OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
PROJECT ON
DETECTING THE MOVEMENT OF AN OBJECT USING WEB CAM
BY
K.PRANAY – 19P81A0501
K.PRAVEEN YADAV – 19P81A0539
N.POOJIH – 19P81A0550
APPROVED BY
HEAD OF DEPT : P.MANINDAR
GUIDED BY : KEERTHI

2. INTRODUCTION :
 Motion detection is the process of detecting a change in the position of an object
relative to its surroundings or a change in the surroundings relative to an object. Motion
detection can be achieved by either mechanical or electronic methods. When motion
detection is accomplished by natural organisms, it is called motion perception
 A motion detector is a device that detects moving objects, particularly people. Such a
device is often integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task
or alerts a user of motion in an area
 Motion controllers are also used for video game consoles as game controllers. A camera
can also allow the body's movements to be used as an input device, such as in the
Kinect system. In video editing motion estimation is a type of video compression
scheme.

3.  In this we are going to write a python program which is going to analyze the images taken from the webcam and
try to detect the movement. Videos can be treated as a stack of pictures called frames.
 Here I am comparing different frames(pictures) to the first frame which should be static (No movements initially).
We compare two images by comparing the intensity value of each pixel.
 In my project, I used Python Programming Language and its most important and specific libraries OpenCV which
is most required for solving problems related to images and videos and this is an Open-Source Computer Vision
based personal project to detect Human Faces and different objects coming in front of the webcam for a specific
time frame.
Advantages:
 1. Requires less memory.
 2. Analysis is done automatically.
 3. Alert systems may be implemented automatically when the motion is detected.
PROPOSED PROJECT :

4. EXISTING SYSTEM:
 Digital surveillance systems are mostly specifically designed for commercial use and it has always been out
of reach for other users. The cost for CCD cameras, networking devices and the software designed for this
system has made it inaccessible and impractical for home users with moderate requirements
Disadvantages :
 Used for Commercial purposes
 Inaccessible to the other users (common people).
 CCD cameras, networking devices are Expensive.

5. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS :
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
• System : MINIMUM i3.
• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Ram : 4 GB.
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
• Operating System: Windows 8
• Coding Language: Python 3.7

6. UML DIAGRAMS :-
 UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the
field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the Object
Management Group.
 The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization, Constructing and
documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems.
 The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the software development
process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of software projects.

7. UML DIAGRAMS IN OUR PROJECT :-
 USE CASE DIAGRAM
 CLASS DIAGRAM
 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
USE CASE DIAGRAM:
o A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language
(UML) is a type of behavioral diagram defined by and
created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present
a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a
system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use
cases), and any dependencies between those use cases.
o The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what
system functions are performed for which actor. Roles of
the actors in the system can be depicted.

8. CLASS DIAGRAM:
o In software engineering, a class diagram in the
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of
static structure diagram that describes the
structure of a system by showing the system's
classes, their attributes, operations (or methods),
and the relationships among the classes. It
explains which class contains information.

9. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:
o A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling
Language (UML) is a kind of interaction
diagram that shows how processes
operate with one another and in what
order.
o It is a construct of a Message Sequence
Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes
called event diagrams, event scenarios,
and timing diagrams.

10. ACTIVITY DIAGRAM :-
o Activity diagrams are graphical representations of
workflows of stepwise activities and actions with
support for choice, iteration and concurrency.
o In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams
can be used to describe the business and operational
step-by-step workflows of components in a system.
o An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.

11. Modules Used in Project :-
 Numpy
 Pandas
 Matplotlib
1. Numpy
o Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package.
o It provides a high-performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.
o It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features including
these important ones:

12. Pandas :-
• Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and analysis
tool using its powerful data structures.
• Python was majorly used for data munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data
analysis. Pandas solved this problem.
• Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of
the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze.
• Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains
including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

13. Matplotlib :-
• Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy
formats and interactive environments across platforms.
• Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts, the Python and I python shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application
servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits.
• Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power
spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code.
• For examples, see the sample plot and thump nail gallery .

14. Algorithm :
o In our project we have aimed to build such a motion detection system, which detects the area where there is a
movement and displays that region highlighted in a color frame and for clear understanding the area is shown in
three other frames(separate windows for each) which are Gray frame , Delta frame and Threshold frame.
STEP BY STEP PROCESS :-
The process followed in detecting motion is given step by step below:
Steps in Python program for implementing Webcam Motion Detector include...
1. Importing OpenCV, time
2. Importing datetime class from datetime library
3. Assigning our static _ back to None
4. List when any moving object appear
5. Time of movement (list)
6. Capturing video

15. Functions used from OpenCV library :-
1. Video Capture( ):- Class for video capturing from video files, image sequences or cameras. The class provides C++
API for capturing video from cameras or for reading video files and image sequences.
2. cvt Color( ):- It is a method used to convert an image from one color space to another. There are more than 150
color-space conversion methods available in OpenCV.
3. Gaussian Blur( ):- Gaussian blur is the result of blurring an image by a Gaussian function. It is a widely used effect
in graphics software, typically to reduce image noise and reduce detail.
4. Abs diff( ):- Calculates the per-element absolute difference between two arrays or between an array and a scalar.

16. 4. Abs diff( ):- Calculates the per-element absolute difference between two arrays or between an array and a
scalar.
5. threshold( ):- This function returns a tuple of two values. The first value, T , is the value that was used for the
thresholding. In our case, this will be the same value as thresh that 16 we pass into the cv2.threshold function .
The second value is our actual thres holded image.
6. Find Contours( ):- function that helps in extracting the contours from the image. It works best on binary images,
so we should first apply thresholding techniques, Sobel edges, etc.

17. OUT PUT SCREENS :-
 COLOR FRAME

18.  GRAY FRAME

19.  GRAY FRAME

20.  GRAY FRAME