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This document outlines several graphic organizer templates and their purposes: 1) A fishbone diagram is used to show the interaction of complex events/phenomena and identify causal factors and their relationships. 2) A Venn diagram compares and contrasts similarities and differences between two things. 3) A flow chart sequences a series of interacting events that produce repeated results through reinforcement. 4) A problem-solving diagram outlines the components and solutions in a problem-solving process. 5) An outline analyzes a central idea by describing its attributes and functions. 6) A Venn diagram also compares and contrasts similarities and differences between two things.
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163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021R. P. Dealey, M. R.
163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
R. P. Dealey, M. R. Evans (eds.), Discovering Theory in Clinical Practice,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57310-2_12
Chapter 12
Systems Theory: The Case of Esperanza
Madeline Pérez De Jesús, Enitzaida Rodríguez, and Gladis Anaya
Introduction to Systems Theory
Systems theory calls practitioners to examine the relational dynamics between
individuals, and between and within groups, organizations, or communities, as well
as mutually influencing factors in the environment (Leighninger, 1977). While
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sion would benefit from expanding its scope to intentionally explore issues of
diversity and the impact of trauma. This chapter demonstrates how systems theory
supports culturally informed clinical practice by highlighting the case of
“Esperanza,” a 16-year-old ninth-grade student who, with thousands of others,
migrated from Puerto Rico to urban cities in the Northeast and other areas in the
United States after being displaced by Hurricane Maria in 2017. Two Latinx social
workers enter Esperanza’s life in her new high school setting in Hartford,
Connecticut.
The authors’ overview of systems theory includes a perspective on how problems
arise, how systems theory facilitates understandings of the change process, and
implications regarding complementary interventions that are can be used based on
this theory. The case study of Esperanza details her demographics, family dynamics,
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M. P. De Jesús (*)
Department of Social Work and Equitable Community Practice, University of Saint Joseph,
West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Rodríguez
School Social Worker, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Anaya
University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
164
follows the case example, with the authors demonstrating how systems theory
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163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021R. P. Dealey, M. R.
163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
R. P. Dealey, M. R. Evans (eds.), Discovering Theory in Clinical Practice,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57310-2_12
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The authors’ overview of systems theory includes a perspective on how problems
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Department of Social Work and Equitable Community Practice, University of Saint Joseph,
West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Rodríguez
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e-mail: [email protected]
G. Anaya
University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
164
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locking relationships between people, families, social networks, neighborhoods,
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Understanding Job Satisfaction in the Causal Attitude Network (CAN) Model
Nathan T. Carter
University of Georgia
Megan R. Lowery
Strategic Management Decisions, Huntersville, North Carolina
Rachel Williamson Smith
Louisiana State University
Katelyn M. Conley
University of Georgia and Maximus International, Pyrmont,
New South Wales, Australia
Alexandra M. Harris
University of Georgia and Northwestern University
Benjamin Listyg
University of Georgia
Cynthia K. Maupin
Binghamton University (SUNY)
Rachel T. King
Shaker International, Cleveland, Ohio
Dorothy R. Carter
University of Georgia
Job satisfaction researchers typically assume a tripartite model, suggesting evaluations of the job are
explained by latent cognitive and affective factors. However, in the attitudes literature, connectionist
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interacting cognitive evaluations. Recently, the causal attitudes network (CAN; Dalege et al., 2016)
model was proposed as an integration of both these perspectives with network theory. Here, we describe
the CAN model and its implications for understanding job satisfaction. We extend the existing literature
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a single cluster, whereas networks regarding symbolic features (e.g., supervisor) increase in connectivity
with exposure (i.e., job tenure) and form clusters based on valence and cognitive-affective distinction.
We show these distinctions result in “small-world” networks for symbolic features wherein affective
reactions are more central than cognitive reactions, consistent with the affective primacy hypothesis. We
show the practical advantage of CAN by demonstrating in longitudinal data that items with high
centrality are more likely to affect change throughout the attitude network, and that network models are
better able to predict future voluntary turnover compared with structural equation models. Implications
of this exciting new model for research and practice are discussed.
Keywords: attitude theory, causal attitude network, job satisfaction, network analysis
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000469.supp
This article was published Online First December 19, 2019.
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System dynamics is a methodology for studying complex feedback systems over time. It involves identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, building a computer simulation model, testing the model, devising alternative policies, and implementing solutions. Transactional distance in distance education can be modeled using system dynamics by representing the dynamic relationship between dialogue and structure over time, and how varying these rates can control transactional distance. System dynamics provides a way to study interrelated educational variables and their relationships over a period of time.
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Use at least 6 sources. Follow MLA format.
Institutional failures
7-8 pages, + a bibliography.
You will research a specific institutional failure. You can probably identify an institution related to your major or career goal, whether that’s medicine, education, engineering, business/economics, or another field. Choose something that interests or concerns you; you’ll do a better job if you want to know more about the subject yourself.
Choose an institution, service, agency, protection, safety measure, or aspect of modern “first-world” life to focus on. Identify specific failures, whether they apply everywhere or only in specific areas or to specific people. Choose something we regard as essential or highly desirable in modern life, but that individuals or cities can’t really provide by themselves without funding or guidance or enforcement or negotiation or coordination by a larger entity (state or federal government, a large charity, a large private organization or citizens’ watch group…).
Explain what the failure is (
description, narration, illustration
), what causes or allows or fails to prevent or regulate it (
analysis and explanation
), and what could be done to improve the situation (
invention
).
For example, consider the crisis in Flint Michigan right now. You could identify a
specific
failure of water distribution or water safety or water access in Flint or in America as a whole. (You can choose another country, but check with me first.) You would
vividly
describe
the lack of water, or lack of clean water, or lack of affordable water, or risks of contaminated water, clearly and vividly. If the water is unsafe you would describe the effects of that water. You would then
clearly
explain
why the water is that way, how it became unavailable or contaminated or unaffordable. Explain why a service as basic as water is not being provided more effectively and safely. Who’s in charge, what agency or committee or aspect of government has responsibility, who’s allowing this failure, what’s keeping them from regulating or improving or preventing this problem, what’s the relevant history or context? You would want to be very specific about the nature of the causes, because that will help you to
specifically
propose
viable and relevant solutions. What could be done to make the water safer, or more accessible, or more equitably distributed? What would it cost to implement these solutions? What are the downsides, if any, of your solutions? How could this be done, and who would be in charge?
Do not simply make a general statement about the government fixing it.
(
Do not write this paper
! See me if you are inclined to write about water.)
You might want to review the chapters on Argument, Causes, and
Solution
s in the St. Martin’s Guide to Writing.
A successful essay will be clear and energetic, descriptive and specific, fair and objective, with a clear sense both of what happens and how it’s happening. A successful .
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163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021R. P. Dealey, M. R.
163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
R. P. Dealey, M. R. Evans (eds.), Discovering Theory in Clinical Practice,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57310-2_12
Chapter 12
Systems Theory: The Case of Esperanza
Madeline Pérez De Jesús, Enitzaida Rodríguez, and Gladis Anaya
Introduction to Systems Theory
Systems theory calls practitioners to examine the relational dynamics between
individuals, and between and within groups, organizations, or communities, as well
as mutually influencing factors in the environment (Leighninger, 1977). While
systems theory is commonly used in social work, the authors argue that the profes-
sion would benefit from expanding its scope to intentionally explore issues of
diversity and the impact of trauma. This chapter demonstrates how systems theory
supports culturally informed clinical practice by highlighting the case of
“Esperanza,” a 16-year-old ninth-grade student who, with thousands of others,
migrated from Puerto Rico to urban cities in the Northeast and other areas in the
United States after being displaced by Hurricane Maria in 2017. Two Latinx social
workers enter Esperanza’s life in her new high school setting in Hartford,
Connecticut.
The authors’ overview of systems theory includes a perspective on how problems
arise, how systems theory facilitates understandings of the change process, and
implications regarding complementary interventions that are can be used based on
this theory. The case study of Esperanza details her demographics, family dynamics,
and various ecological factors that influence her situation. Theoretical integration
M. P. De Jesús (*)
Department of Social Work and Equitable Community Practice, University of Saint Joseph,
West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Rodríguez
School Social Worker, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Anaya
University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
164
follows the case example, with the authors demonstrating how systems theory
informed social workers approach to treating the client and understanding the
client’s response. Important considerations regarding intracultural and intercultural
factors that influenced clinical intervention effectiveness are described. The authors
note that systems theory also served as a tool for resolving a practice conflict for the
social workers. In the concluding section, the authors pose discussion questions to
support readers in thinking critically about the usefulness of systems theory and the
process of integrating theory into clinical practice.
The overarching premise in systems theory is that there is reciprocity in the inter-
locking relationships between people, families, social networks, neighborhoods,
and other related systems (Leighninger, 1977). This reciprocity includes elements in
the environment such as nature, encompassing physics, chemistry, biology, and
social relationships. Wh ...
163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021R. P. Dealey, M. R.
163© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
R. P. Dealey, M. R. Evans (eds.), Discovering Theory in Clinical Practice,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57310-2_12
Chapter 12
Systems Theory: The Case of Esperanza
Madeline Pérez De Jesús, Enitzaida Rodríguez, and Gladis Anaya
Introduction to Systems Theory
Systems theory calls practitioners to examine the relational dynamics between
individuals, and between and within groups, organizations, or communities, as well
as mutually influencing factors in the environment (Leighninger, 1977). While
systems theory is commonly used in social work, the authors argue that the profes-
sion would benefit from expanding its scope to intentionally explore issues of
diversity and the impact of trauma. This chapter demonstrates how systems theory
supports culturally informed clinical practice by highlighting the case of
“Esperanza,” a 16-year-old ninth-grade student who, with thousands of others,
migrated from Puerto Rico to urban cities in the Northeast and other areas in the
United States after being displaced by Hurricane Maria in 2017. Two Latinx social
workers enter Esperanza’s life in her new high school setting in Hartford,
Connecticut.
The authors’ overview of systems theory includes a perspective on how problems
arise, how systems theory facilitates understandings of the change process, and
implications regarding complementary interventions that are can be used based on
this theory. The case study of Esperanza details her demographics, family dynamics,
and various ecological factors that influence her situation. Theoretical integration
M. P. De Jesús (*)
Department of Social Work and Equitable Community Practice, University of Saint Joseph,
West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Rodríguez
School Social Worker, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Anaya
University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
164
follows the case example, with the authors demonstrating how systems theory
informed social workers approach to treating the client and understanding the
client’s response. Important considerations regarding intracultural and intercultural
factors that influenced clinical intervention effectiveness are described. The authors
note that systems theory also served as a tool for resolving a practice conflict for the
social workers. In the concluding section, the authors pose discussion questions to
support readers in thinking critically about the usefulness of systems theory and the
process of integrating theory into clinical practice.
The overarching premise in systems theory is that there is reciprocity in the inter-
locking relationships between people, families, social networks, neighborhoods,
and other related systems (Leighninger, 1977). This reciprocity includes elements in
the environment such as nature, encompassing physics, chemistry, biology, and
social relationships. Wh ...
Sources of Avoidance Motivation
1) The study examined whether exerting physical effort to move an object on a computer screen using a "slow" mouse would generate negative valence toward ambient images, making them less liked.
2) In the effortful condition, participants dragged an image across the screen using a slow mouse requiring more corrections, while in the easy condition they used a normal mouse. They then rated how much they liked presented images.
3) The study found that participants liked the images less in the effortful condition compared to the easy condition, supporting the hypothesis that physical effort generates negative valence that influences liking of unrelated stimuli.
The Relations of Gender and Personality Traits on Different Cr.docx
This document examines how gender and personality traits relate to divergent thinking and insight problem solving abilities. It proposes that gender and traits may influence the choice of processing mode (System 1 intuitive/associative vs. System 2 logical/analytic) and thereby affect performance on the two creativity measures differently. The study found that Openness correlated with divergent thinking while Emotionality correlated negatively with insight problems. Women performed better at divergent thinking while men performed better at insight problems, and Openness mediated the gender-divergent thinking relationship.
Ferraro et al. 2015[308].pdf
The document discusses grand challenges that organizations face in addressing large, unresolved social problems. It identifies three key facets of grand challenges:
1) They are complex, involving many interacting parts and nonlinear dynamics that are difficult to comprehend fully.
2) They involve radical uncertainty, as the problems and potential solutions are difficult to predict for organizations.
3) They are evaluative, cutting across boundaries and implicating multiple values and criteria for assessing progress.
The document argues that to effectively address these large problems, organizations need approaches that can link distributed action to generating novel solutions, and it proposes a framework drawing from pragmatism and the concept of "robust action."
Sensemaking: A complexity perspective
We documented and illustrated the use of a data collection and analysis suite, SenseMaker, that was designed to collect and work with narrative fragments. The approach presented adds a new and inherently mixed tool to the mixed methods toolbox. Despite its novelty and potential utility, little has been written in the academic literature on the application of SenseMaker to complex problems. To the best of our knowledge, the approach has not been used in relation to climate change or climate change adaptation and has not been presented in the mixed methods literature. We sought to contribute to filling this gap through describing the approach used to generate the data that underpin the articles in this special feature. Our purpose was to illustrate some of the potential and most notable challenges of using the SenseMaker data collection and analysis process in a complex domain through examining adaptation to climate change. Our overview was not exhaustive but rather sought to highlight capabilities and challenges through examining experiences of adaptation from a stages of change perspective. SenseMaker provides a remarkably powerful tool for the capture of micronarratives of complex phenomena such as climate change. The capacity to have respondents interpret, i.e., make sense of, their own narratives is an important innovation that provides one plausible solution to the problem of analysts coding narratives.
Vocabulary of science
Three key steps to social science research are: 1) Select concepts of interest and variables, 2) Posit relationships between variables through hypotheses, and 3) Empirically test these hypotheses. Variables can be independent, influencing other dependent variables, and must be operationally defined to be observable and measurable. Common research methods include surveys, experiments, observation, and unobtrusive research using artifacts, statistics or content analysis. Samples are used to make inferences about larger populations.
Country NameYour nameHistory of the Corrections Sy
Country Name
Your name
History of the Corrections System
Correctional Statistics
Correctional Management/Organization
Types of Offenders
Women Offenders
Prison Environment and Design
Prison Violence
Gangs
Prisoner Rights
Programs
Probation/Parole
Death Penalty
References
Understanding Job Satisfaction in the Causal Attitude Network (CAN) Model
Nathan T. Carter
University of Georgia
Megan R. Lowery
Strategic Management Decisions, Huntersville, North Carolina
Rachel Williamson Smith
Louisiana State University
Katelyn M. Conley
University of Georgia and Maximus International, Pyrmont,
New South Wales, Australia
Alexandra M. Harris
University of Georgia and Northwestern University
Benjamin Listyg
University of Georgia
Cynthia K. Maupin
Binghamton University (SUNY)
Rachel T. King
Shaker International, Cleveland, Ohio
Dorothy R. Carter
University of Georgia
Job satisfaction researchers typically assume a tripartite model, suggesting evaluations of the job are
explained by latent cognitive and affective factors. However, in the attitudes literature, connectionist
theorists view attitudes as emergent structures resulting from the mutually reinforcing causal force of
interacting cognitive evaluations. Recently, the causal attitudes network (CAN; Dalege et al., 2016)
model was proposed as an integration of both these perspectives with network theory. Here, we describe
the CAN model and its implications for understanding job satisfaction. We extend the existing literature
by drawing from both attitude and network theory. Using multiple data sets and measures of job
satisfaction, we test these ideas empirically. First, drawing on the functional approach to attitudes, we
show the instrumental-symbolic distinction in attitude objects is evident in job satisfaction networks.
Specifically, networks for more instrumental features (e.g., pay) show stable, high connectivity and form
a single cluster, whereas networks regarding symbolic features (e.g., supervisor) increase in connectivity
with exposure (i.e., job tenure) and form clusters based on valence and cognitive-affective distinction.
We show these distinctions result in “small-world” networks for symbolic features wherein affective
reactions are more central than cognitive reactions, consistent with the affective primacy hypothesis. We
show the practical advantage of CAN by demonstrating in longitudinal data that items with high
centrality are more likely to affect change throughout the attitude network, and that network models are
better able to predict future voluntary turnover compared with structural equation models. Implications
of this exciting new model for research and practice are discussed.
Keywords: attitude theory, causal attitude network, job satisfaction, network analysis
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000469.supp
This article was published Online First December 19, 2019.
Nathan T. Carter, Department of Psyc ...
1609182308Mediation.pdf
This document provides a summary of Andrew F. Hayes' book "Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis." The book introduces regression-based methods for analyzing mediation, moderation, and their integration through conditional process models. It is suitable as a primary text for courses on these topics or as a supplementary reference. The book assumes basic knowledge of regression analysis and illustrates the techniques using real data examples. It aims to enable researchers to conduct and describe mediation, moderation, and conditional process analyses in their own work.
Complex Adaptive Systems and International Security Analysis
Overview of how various USG agencies use CAS concepts for analysis of international security problems. Presented as a university seminar to graduate students in international security policy studies at University of Maryland
Addressing moderated mediation preacher rucker_hayes_2007
This article provides guidance on analyzing conditional indirect effects, also known as moderated mediation. It aims to clarify conflicting definitions of moderated mediation and describe approaches for estimating and testing hypotheses about conditional indirect effects. These include standard errors for hypothesis testing, bootstrapping methods, and techniques for probing significant conditional indirect effects. The article introduces an SPSS macro and illustrates these methods using data on the indirect effect of student interest on math performance.
Problems,+contradictions+and+dilemmas draft 2002
This document discusses different types of problems including problematic problems, complex contradictions, muddy messes, dilemmas, and paradoxes. It notes that problems are often perceived incorrectly due to biases, assumptions, and limited perspectives. Different approaches are needed to address different problem types, such as applying rational problem solving for clear problems, negotiation for contradictions, and exploring dilemmas interactively with stakeholders. True problems cannot be ignored, while non-problems or perceived problems may not require solutions.
Addressing Gender Inequality In Science The Multifaceted Challenge Of Assess...
This document discusses approaches to assessing the impact of programs aimed at addressing gender inequality in science. It argues that a holistic, multidimensional approach is needed rather than focusing on a single issue. A complex, integrated solution is required as gender inequality stems from many interrelated factors. Assessing impact also needs to be complex to account for these interconnections and the multifaceted nature of the problem. A simple, linear model is insufficient and impact assessment must consider multiple components, contexts, and perspectives.
Complexity 101 by Cynthia Cavalli
This document provides an introduction to complexity science and key concepts related to complex adaptive systems. It discusses how complex systems are made up of relatively simple parts whose interactions give rise to new, unpredictable behaviors at a higher level. Emergence refers to behaviors that arise from interactions between components that cannot be predicted from studying the components individually. Complex adaptive systems can adapt based on feedback and are more robust than non-complex systems. The document outlines some basic terms like agents, feedback, and emergence, and provides historical context on the development of complexity science.
Human Reproduction and Utility Functions: An Evolutionary Approach
This document summarizes an academic paper that uses evolutionary game theory to model how individual utility functions may evolve endogenously based on reproductive success. It presents three evolutionary models: 1) replicator dynamics where offspring inherit strategies and only strategies maximizing individual fitness survive; 2) a model where populations use different evolutionary mechanisms and only mechanisms compatible with fitness maximization survive; 3) a model where individuals distinguish relatives from strangers and strategies maximizing total family fitness are stable. The document discusses limitations of applying these models to modern social populations and introduces the concept of "superindividuals" that influence behavior evolution.
Systems 550 ppt_art
System dynamics is a methodology for studying complex feedback systems over time. It involves identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, building a computer simulation model, testing the model, devising alternative policies, and implementing solutions. Transactional distance in distance education can be modeled using system dynamics by representing the dynamic relationship between dialogue and structure over time, and how varying these rates can control transactional distance. System dynamics provides a way to study interrelated educational variables and their relationships over a period of time.
Use at least 6 sources. Follow MLA format.Institutional failures.docx
Use at least 6 sources. Follow MLA format.
Institutional failures
7-8 pages, + a bibliography.
You will research a specific institutional failure. You can probably identify an institution related to your major or career goal, whether that’s medicine, education, engineering, business/economics, or another field. Choose something that interests or concerns you; you’ll do a better job if you want to know more about the subject yourself.
Choose an institution, service, agency, protection, safety measure, or aspect of modern “first-world” life to focus on. Identify specific failures, whether they apply everywhere or only in specific areas or to specific people. Choose something we regard as essential or highly desirable in modern life, but that individuals or cities can’t really provide by themselves without funding or guidance or enforcement or negotiation or coordination by a larger entity (state or federal government, a large charity, a large private organization or citizens’ watch group…).
Explain what the failure is (
description, narration, illustration
), what causes or allows or fails to prevent or regulate it (
analysis and explanation
), and what could be done to improve the situation (
invention
).
For example, consider the crisis in Flint Michigan right now. You could identify a
specific
failure of water distribution or water safety or water access in Flint or in America as a whole. (You can choose another country, but check with me first.) You would
vividly
describe
the lack of water, or lack of clean water, or lack of affordable water, or risks of contaminated water, clearly and vividly. If the water is unsafe you would describe the effects of that water. You would then
clearly
explain
why the water is that way, how it became unavailable or contaminated or unaffordable. Explain why a service as basic as water is not being provided more effectively and safely. Who’s in charge, what agency or committee or aspect of government has responsibility, who’s allowing this failure, what’s keeping them from regulating or improving or preventing this problem, what’s the relevant history or context? You would want to be very specific about the nature of the causes, because that will help you to
specifically
propose
viable and relevant solutions. What could be done to make the water safer, or more accessible, or more equitably distributed? What would it cost to implement these solutions? What are the downsides, if any, of your solutions? How could this be done, and who would be in charge?
Do not simply make a general statement about the government fixing it.
(
Do not write this paper
! See me if you are inclined to write about water.)
You might want to review the chapters on Argument, Causes, and
Solution
s in the St. Martin’s Guide to Writing.
A successful essay will be clear and energetic, descriptive and specific, fair and objective, with a clear sense both of what happens and how it’s happening. A successful .
Mental models long
Systems thinking examines how elements within a system influence each other and looks at relationships, patterns, and root causes rather than isolated problems. The iceberg model shows that most of an iceberg's mass is underwater and influences its above-water behavior, just as underlying factors greatly influence global issues. Stocks represent system conditions while flows are activities that change stock levels; intervening close to events has less leverage than addressing underlying factors. Mental models and assumptions must be challenged through tools like simulations to test theories and identify more effective solutions.
REGIONS and THIRD PLACES - Valuing and Evaluating Creativity for Sustainable ...
In this presentation I will try to put culture and creativity in a specific context, including theoretical references, but concentrating on a practical approach. With outcomes of an action-research project three connected hypothesis are proposed. To complement the otherwise rather limited quantitative data for this relatively new subject, a collaborative methodology is proposed, that will help contextualize the work and directly engage stakeholders in the process.
To stay close to the title of the conference, I will focus on the elements concerning culture and creativity. Giving a purpose to culture and creativity can allow us to concentrate on what it does rather than what it is. The presented research project (still in search of funding...) positions culture in a strategic role for collaborative processes, and proposes the creative stance, as an alternative to the critical stance, for innovative governance and planning development.
Causal Analysis Essay
This document provides guidance on writing a causal analysis essay. It defines a causal analysis essay as examining the relationship between causes and effects to understand why something occurred or what consequences resulted. The key components are identifying causes, effects, and their relationships. The document outlines purposes for a causal analysis essay, recommends structuring the essay around either causes or effects, and provides sample thesis statements and organizational patterns. It also includes guidelines for an effective causal analysis essay, such as fulfilling the essay's purpose and linking ideas coherently.
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The Relations of Gender and Personality Traits on Different Cr.docx
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Country NameYour nameHistory of the Corrections Sy
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5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
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The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
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- 1. Used to show the interaction of a complex event (an election, a nuclear explosion) or complex phenomenon (juvenile delinquency, learning disabilities). Key frame questions: What are the factors that cause X? How do they interrelate? Are the factors that cause X the same as those that cause X to persist?
- 2. Comparing and Contrasting Use to analyze similarities and differences between two things (people, places, events, ideas, etc.), by placing individual characteristics in either the left or right sections, and common characteristics within the overlapping section.
- 3. Sequencing Use to show how a series of events interact to produce a set of results again and again (weather phenomena, cycles of achievement and failure, the life cycle). Key frame questions: What are the critical events in the cycle? How are they related? In what ways are they self-reinforcing?
- 4. Sequencing Use to show the problem solving process by defining the components of the problem and attempted solutions. Basis elements of the problem may vary, but the process is similar.
- 5. Analyzing Used to describe a central idea: a thing (a geographic region), process (meiosis), concept (altruism), or proposition with support (experimental drugs should be available to AIDS victims). Key frame questions: What is the central idea? What are its attributes? What are its functions?
- 6. Comparing and Contrasting Use to show similarities and differences between two things (people, places, events, ideas, etc.). Key frame question: What things are being compared? How are they similar? How are they different?